Chinese treasure ship

1689:) in the official names, the site is distinct from the actual Longjiang Shipyard, which was located on a different site and produced different types of ships. The Treasure Shipyard, where Zheng He's fleet were believed to have been built in the Ming Dynasty, once consisted of thirteen basins (based on a 1944 map), most of which have now been covered by the construction of buildings in the 20th century. The basins are believed to have been connected to the Yangtze via a series of gates. Three long basins survive, each with wooden structures inside them that were interpreted to be frames for the ships to be built on. The largest basin extends for a length of 421 metres (1,381 ft). While they were long enough to accommodate the largest claimed Zheng He treasure ship, they were not wide enough to fit even a ship half the claimed size. The basin was only 41 metres (135 ft) wide at most, with only a 10 metres (33 ft) width area of it showing evidence of structures. They were also not deep enough, being only 4 metres (13 ft) deep. Other remains of ships in the site indicate that the ships were only slightly larger than the frames that supported them. Moreover, the basin structures were grouped into clusters with large gaps between them, if each cluster was interpreted as a ship framework, then the largest ship would not exceed 75 metres (246 ft) at most, probably less. 1406: 44: 1701: 759: 1670: 1594: 1105: 1647:

visor, and carrying a certain weapon attached to a spear. Their vessels are armed with bombards, shorter than those in use with us. Once every two years they return with 20 or 25 vessels. They are unable to tell what people they are, nor what merchandise they bring to this city, save that it includes very fine linen-cloth and brass-ware. They load spices. Their vessels have four masts like those of Spain. If they were Germans it seems to me that we should have had some notice about them; possibly they may be Russians if they have a port there. On the arrival of the

657:

victorious al-Mahaṭṭa to accept the brilliant gifts of the ruler of China. It was a splendid present consisting of all manner of rarities , splendid Chinese silk cloth woven with gold , top quality musk, storax and many kinds of chinaware vessels, the present being valued at twenty thousand Chinese mithqāl . It was accompanied by the Qādi Wajīh al-Dīn ʿAbd al-Rahman b. Jumay. And this was on 26 Muharram in the year 822 . His majesty, the Sultan al-Malik al-Nāsir ordered that the Envoy of the ruler of China returned with gifts of his own, including many rare, with

1574: 1353:) at Nanjing, the size is as follows: LOA 166 ft (50.60 m), bottom's hull length 102.6 ft (31.27 m), overhanging "tail" length 23.4 ft (7.13 m), front depth 6.9 ft (2.10 m), front width 19.5 ft (5.94 m), mid-hull depth 8.1 ft (2.47 m), mid-hull width 24.3 ft (7.41 m), tail depth 12 ft (3.66 m), tail width 21.6 ft (6.58 m), and the length to width ratio is 7:1. Arabic Studies and Islamic Material Culture researcher 919: 836:

regions, but they oil them in such a way as I shall tell you, because they have another thing which seems to them to be better than pitch. For I tell you that they take lime, and hemp chopped small, and they pound it all together, mixed with an oil from a tree. And after they have pounded them well, these three things together, I tell you that it becomes sticky and holds like birdlime. And with this thing they smear their ships, and this is worth quite as much as pitch.

1402:(horse ship). In his calculations, the treasure ships would have had a length of 52.5 m, a width of 9.89 m, and a height of 4.71 m. The horse ships would have a length of 46.63 m, a width of 8.8 m, and a height of 4.19 m. Richard Barker estimated that the treasure ships would have a length of 230 ft (70.10 m), a width of 65 ft (19.81 m), and a draught of 20 ft (6.10 m). He estimated it using an assumed displacement of 3100 tons. 1215: 829:

food staves it in... And then the water entering through the hole runs to the bilge, which never remains occupied with any things. And then the sailors find out where the ship is staved, and then the hold which answers to the break is emptied into others, for the water cannot pass from one hold to another, so strongly are they shut in; and then they repair the ship there, and put back there the goods which had been taken out.

1256:. The dimensions of ships are no coincidence. The number "4" has numerological significance as a symbol of the 4 cardinal directions, 4 seasons, and 4 virtues. The number 4 was an auspicious association for treasure ships. These dimensions first appeared in a novel published in 1597, more than a century and a half after Zheng He's voyages. The 3 contemporary accounts of Zheng He's voyages do not have the ship dimensions. 276: 61: 528: 1371: 858: 1693:

ship to which it belonged was estimated at 149–166 meters. However, such use of this piece of archeological evidence rests upon supposing proportions between the rudder and the length of the ship, which have also been the object of intense contestation: That length was estimated using steel, engine-driven ship as the reference. By comparing the rudder shaft to the

1619:, the treasure ships had nine staggered masts and twelve square sails, increasing its speed. Treasure ships also had 24 cast-bronze cannons with a maximum range of 240 to 275 m (800–900 feet). However, treasure ships were considered luxury ships rather than warships. As such, they lacked the fuchuan's raised platforms or extended planks used for battle. 806:), Liuhe, Taicang is 68 m (223.1 ft). However, the usual Chinese trading junks pre-1500 was around 20–30 m (65.6–98.4 ft) long, with the length of 30 m (98.4 ft) only becoming the norm after 1500 CE. Large size could be a disadvantage for shallow harbors of southern seas, and the presence of numerous reefs exacerbates this. 703:ʿAjlān, emir of Mecca, and to Saʾd al-Dīn Ibrāhīm ibn al-Marra, controller of Judda , asking permission to come to Judda. The two wrote to the Sultan about this, and made him eager for the large amount that would result if they came. The Sultan wrote to them to let them come to Judda, and to show them honor. 1692:

In 1957, a large 11-meter-long rudder shaft was discovered during excavations at the Treasure shipyards. The rudder blade, which did not survive, was attached to a 6-meter section of the axis. According to Chinese archaeologists, the area of the rudder was approximately 42.5 m², and the length of the

892:

The vessels have four decks, upon which there are cabins and saloons for merchants. Several of these 'misriya' contain cupboards and other conveniences; they have doors which can be locked, and keys for their occupiers. (The merchants) take with them their wives and concubines. It often happens that

876:

A single one of the greater ships carries 12 sails, and the smaller ones only three. The sails of these vessels are made of strips of bamboo, woven into the form of matting. The sailors never lower them (while sailing, but simply) change the direction of them according to whether the wind is blowing

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The treasure ships were different in size, but not in speed. Under favorable conditions, such as sailing with the winter monsoon from Fujian to Southeast Asia, Zheng He's fleet developed an average speed of about 2.5 knots (4.63 km/h); on many other segments of his route, a significantly lower

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weighing over a thousand pounds each, used for mooring offshore. Like many Chinese anchors, these had four flukes set at a sharp angle against the main shaft. Watertight compartments were also used to add strength to the treasure ships. The ships also had a balanced rudder which could be raised and

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size treasure ships, if they were built, was that they were used only for a display of imperial power by the emperor and imperial bureaucrats on the Yangtze River when on court business, including when reviewing Zheng He's actual expedition fleet. The Yangtze River, with its calmer waters, may have

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ships famously experienced. Beyond a certain size (about 300 feet or 91.44 m in length) a wooden ship is structurally unsafe. It was not until the mid to late 19th century that the length of the largest western wooden ship began to exceed 100 meters, even this was done using modern industrial tools

1439:

It took four centuries (from the Renaissance to the modern era) for Western ships to increase in size from 1500 to 5000 tons displacement. For Chinese ships to have reached three or four times this size in just two years (from Emperor Yongle's accession in 1403 to the launch of the first expedition

899:

The Commander of such a vessel is a great Emir; when he lands, the archers and the Ethiops march before him bearing javelins and swords, with drums beating and trumpets blowing. When he arrives at the guesthouse where he is to stay, they set up their lances on each side of the gate, and mount guard

883:

This is the manner after which they are made; two (parallel) walls of very thick wooden (planking) are raised, and across the space between them are placed very thick planks (the bulkheads) secured longitudinally and transversely by means of large nails, each three ells in length. When these walls

828:

Some ships, namely those which are larger, have besides quite 13 holds, that is, divisions, on the inside, made with strong planks fitted together, so that if by accident that the ship is staved in any place, namely that either it strikes on a rock, or a whale-fish striking against it in search of

1100:

Edward L. Dreyer claims that Luo Maodeng's novel is unsuitable as historical evidence. The novel contains a number of fantasy elements; for example the ships were "constructed with divine help by the immortal Lu Ban". Scholars have worked, however, to distinguish the fictional elements from those

702:

had come from China to the seaports of India, and two of them had anchored in the port of Aden, but their goods, chinaware, silk, musk, and the like, were not disposed of there because of the disorder of the state of Yemen. The captains of these two junks wrote to the Sharīf Barakāt ibn Hasan ibn

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Arrival of Dragon-ships in the protected harbour city and with them the messengers of the ruler of China with brilliant gifts for his Majesty, the Sultan al-Malik al-Nāsir in the month of l’Hijja in the year 821 . His Majesty, the Sultan al-Malik al-Nāsiṛ’s in the Protected Dār al-Jund send the

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estimated a size of 200–250 ft (60.96 m–76.2 m) and maximum weight of 700 tons for the escort ships based on his observation of Arabic and Asian shipwrights, while for the flag ship, Agius estimates 447 ft (139.4 m) at very most, based on the with information about the ship's weight in

1646:

It is now about 80 years since there arrived in this city of Chalicut certain vessels of white Christians, who wore their hair long like Germans, and had no beards except around the mouth, such as are worn at Constantinople by cavaliers and courtiers. They landed, wearing a cuirass, helmet, and

1432:

A ship of these dimensions would need masts that were 100 meters (328 feet) tall. Several timbers would have to be joined vertically. As a single tree trunk would not be large enough in diameter to support such a mast, multiple timbers would need to be combined at the base as well. There is no

835:

And the boards of the ship, inside and outside, are thus fitted together, that is, they are, in the common speech of our sailors, caulked both outside and inside, and they are well nailed inside and outside with iron pins. They are not pitched with pitch, because they have none of it in those

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On 14 February 1408, 48 treasure ships were ordered from the Ministry of Works in Nanjing. This is the only contemporary account containing references to both treasure ships and a specific place of construction. Coincidentally, the only physical evidence of treasure ships comes from Nanjing.

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They have one floor, which with us is called a deck, one for each, and on this deck there are commonly in all the greater number quite 60 little rooms or cabins, and in some, more, and in some, fewer, according as the ships are larger and smaller, where, in each, a merchant can stay

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From the comments of modern scholars on Medieval Chinese accounts and reports, it is apparent that a wooden ship had a natural limit to her size, which going beyond would have made her structurally unsafe as well as causing a considerable loss of maneuverability, something the

1638:(which dates back to late Yuan dynasty), and iron cannons with several rings on their muzzle (in the wrecks they are 76 and 73 cm long, weighing 110 and 74 kg), which according to Tang Zhiba, a typical of early Ming iron cannon. They may also carry incendiary bombs ( 1144:. In addition, in the contemporary account of Zheng He's 7th voyage by Gong Zhen, says it took 200 to 300 men to handle one of Zheng He's ships. Ming minister Song Li indicated a ratio of 1 man per 2.5 tons of cargo, which would imply Zheng He's ships were 500 to 750 tons. 1409:

A restored copy of the illustration of Zheng He's visits to the West on the flyleaf of the book "Heavenly Princess Classics" in 1420. This invaluable picture is the earliest pictorial record of Zheng He treasure-ships. The ships are depicted with 6 masts, but only 3 sails

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would have been between 385 by 157.5 feet and 440 by 180 feet (117.5 by 48 metres, and 134 by 55 metres). Louise Levathes estimates that it had a maximum size of 110–124 m (390–408 feet) long and 49–51 m (160–166 feet) wide instead, taking 1

1425:

With the benefit of modern technology it would be difficult to manufacture a wooden ship of 10,000 tons, let alone one that was 1.5 to 2 times that size. It was only when ships began to be built of iron in the 1860s that they could exceed 10,000

1341:, argues that Zheng He's treasure ships could not have been 450 ft long, and suggests that they were probably closer to 200–250 ft (61–76 m) in length. Hsu Yun-Ts'iao does not agree with Xin Yuan'ou: Estimating the size of a 2,000 1461:

been navigable for such large but unseaworthy ships. Zheng He would not have had the privilege in rank to command the largest of these ships. Some of the largest ships of Zheng He's fleet were the 6 masted 2000-liao ships. This would give

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great vessels containing precious gifts, the value of which was twenty lacs of gold... (The sultan) dispatched to him wild animals and splendid sultanic robes, an abundant quality, and ordered him to be escorted to the city of

1605:

would partially fill with water when the ship pitched forward, thus lessening the violent turbulence caused by waves. Treasure ships also used floating anchors cast off the sides of the ship in order to increase stability. The

5599: 652:, compiled in the years 1439–1440. It reports the arrival of Chinese ships in 1419, 1423, and 1432, which approximately correspond to Zheng He's fifth, sixth, and seventh voyages. The 1419 arrival is described thus: 1422:

Ships of the dimensions given in the Ming shi would have been 15,000–20,000 tons according to his calculations, exceeding a natural limit to the size of a wooden ocean-going ship of about 7,000 tons displacement.

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ship, obtaining a length of 61.2 m (200.79 ft), width of 13.8 m (45.28 ft), and draught of 3.9 m (12.80 ft). Zheng Ming believes that the "Heavenly Princess Classics" depict 2,000

1532:

would be equal to between 1.5 meters and 1.6 meters; this means the Dutch ship would be 45–48 m (147–157 ft) long and the cannon would be 3–3.2 m (9.8–10.5 ft) long. Taking the upper limit of 1.6 meters for 1

665:, wild ass, thousands of wild lion and tame cheetahs. And they travelled in the company of Qādi Wajīh al-Dīn ʿAbd al-Rahman b. Jumay out of the sheltered harbour of Aden in the month of Safar of the year 822 . 1615:

lowered, creating additional stability like an extra keel. The balanced rudder placed as much of the rudder forward of the stern post as behind it, making such large ships easier to steer. Unlike a typical

1191:

ship would have a dimension of 71.1 m (233.27 ft), width of 14.05 m (46.10 ft), with 6.1 m (20.01 ft) draught, and the displacement would reach more than 2,700 tons. The 5,000

1200:

ships were not used until after the 3rd voyage, when the voyages were extended beyond India. Judging from the three images from the Ming era, the largest ships had 3–4 main masts and 2–3 auxiliary masts.

903:

Among the inhabitants of China there are those who own numerous ships, on which they send their agents to foreign places. For nowhere in the world are there to be found people richer than the Chinese.

794:) would carry 200–300 men. Unlike Ming treasure ships, Song and Yuan great junks were propelled by oars, and had with them smaller junks, probably for help in maneuvering. The largest junks (5,000 1326:

Modern scholars have argued on engineering grounds that it is highly unlikely that Zheng He's ship was 450 feet (137 m) in length. Guan Jincheng (1947) proposed a much more modest size of 20

514:, which has been interpreted by some modern scholars as over 100 m (330 ft) in length, while others have stated that Zheng He's largest ship was around 70 m (230 ft) or less. 741:

Other translations of the passage give the size as a 2000 butts, which would be around 1000 tons, a butt being half a ton. Christopher Wake noted that the transcription of the unit is actually

5592: 4041: 3722: 3447:"再议明代宝船尺度——洪保墓寿藏铭记五千料巨舶的思考 (Re-discussion on the Scale of Treasure Ships in the Ming Dynasty: Reflections on the Five Thousand Ships Remembered in the Life Collection of Hong Bao's Tomb)" 5670: 5655: 5585: 825:

And four masts and four sails, and they often add to them two masts more, which are raised and put away every time they wish, with two sails, according to the state of the weather.

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The 200 to 300 sailors as mentioned by Gong Zhen could not have managed a 20,000 ton ship. According to Xin, a ship of such size would have had to have a complement of 8,000 men.

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There are three kinds: the greatest is called 'jonouq', or, in the singular, 'jonq' (certainly chuan); the middling sized is a 'zaw' (probably sao); and the least a 'kakam'.

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Wake, Christopher (December 1997), "The Great Ocean-Going Ships of Southern China in the Age of Chinese Maritime Voyaging to India, Twelfth to Fifteenth Centuries",

922:

A stationary full-size model of a treasure ship (63.25 m long) at the Treasure Ship Shipyard site in Nanjing. It was built c. 2005 from concrete and wooden planking

1913: 43: 1436:

A ship with 9 masts would be unable to resist the combined strength and force of such huge sails; she would not be able to cope with strong wind and would break.

3674:

Zhengning, Hu (2015), "郑和下西洋研究二题—基于洪保《寿藏铭》的考察 (Two topics on Zheng He's voyages to the West—Based on the investigation of Hong Bao's "Shou Zang Inscription")",

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in 2010. A new date of completion was set for 2013; when this dateline failed to be met in 2014, reportedly due to funding issues, the project was put on hold.

3715: 3385:

China as Sea Power 1127-1368: A Preliminary Survey of the Maritime Expansion and Naval Exploits of the Chinese People During the Southern Song and Yuan Periods

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is taken to be 3.2 m. It is known that the measuring unit during the Ming era was not unified: A measurement of East and West Pagoda in Quanzhou resulted in a

1796:. Until the 17th century, ton referred to both the unit of weight and the unit of volume. A tun is 252 gallons, which weighs 2092 lbs, which is around a ton. 2763:. New York, NY: The Viking Press. Page 209–10; he asserts that the Spanish ships were “over-masted for Atlantic weather and had rigging which was too light”. 5685: 607:

does not distinguish the order of 250 ships from the treasure ships. As such the first fleet would have been around 250 ships including the treasure ships.

722:–1469), a contemporary of Zheng He, was also an eyewitness of Chinese ships in Southeast Asia, claiming to have seen five-masted junks of about 2000 tons* 597:(1520), giving the combined fleet of the first voyage a total of 317 ships. However, the addition of 255 ships is a case of double accounting according to 1358:

literature and possible dimensions of the 15th century technologies. Tang Zhiba, Xin Yuan'ou, and Zheng Ming have calculated the dimensions of the 2,000

839:

Moreover I tell you that these ships want some 300 sailors, some 200, some 150, some more, some fewer, according as the ships are larger and smaller.

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On the sides of these pieces of wood also the oars are found; they are as big as masts, and are worked by 10 to 15 men (each), who row standing up.

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A Facet of the Commercial Interactions in the Indian Ocean during the 15th Century: On the Visit of a Division from Zheng He's Expedition to Yemen

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The sailors also have their children in such cabins; and (in some parts of the ship) they sow garden herbs, vegetables, and ginger in wooden tubs.

3138: 1750: 1685:(the former capital of the Ming Dynasty), near the Yangtze River. Despite the site being referred to as the "Longjiang Treasure Shipyard" (龍江寶船廠— 1517:

is taken to be 3.2 meters, the Dutch ship would be 96 m or 316 ft long, an enormous increase over the largest Dutch ships of the time. The Dutch

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The pieces of wood, and those parts of the hull, near the water (-line) serve for the crew to wash and to accomplish their natural necessities.

880:

These vessels are nowhere made except in the city of Zaytong (Quanzhou) in China, or at Sin-Kilan, which is the same as Sin al-Sin (Guangdong).

2182:. Translated by William Popper. Berkeley: University of California Press, translated from the Arabic annals of Abu l-Maḥāsin Ibn Taghrī Birdī. 5878: 5609: 3266: 3175: 2417: 5680: 5665: 1429:

Watertight compartments characteristic of traditional Chinese ships tended to make the vessels transversely strong but longitudinally weak.

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of 500 tons and a displacement tonnage of about 800 tons. Because they were built and based in Nanjing, and repeatedly sailed along the

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Finlay, Robert (1992). "Portuguese and Chinese Maritime Imperialism: Camoes's Lusiads and Luo Maodeng's Voyage of the San Bao Eunuch".

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while the smaller ships sailed at Musi; but at least the draught of the ship that reached Palembang could not have been more than 6 m.

1334:

wide (204 ft by 25.5 ft or 62.2 m by 7.8 m). Xin Yuan'ou, a shipbuilding engineer and professor of the history of science at

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The second voyage consisted of 249 ships. The Jinghai Temple inscription gave the ship dimensions in 1409 as 1500 liao (375 tons).

3508:

Papelitzky, Elke (December 2019), "Weapons Used Aboard Ming Chinese Ships and Some Thoughts on the Armament of Zheng He's Fleet",

2482: 1655:, who was given him by the Moorish king, and whom he took away contrary to his inclinations, is with him, and may be able to tell. 1469:(including in winter, when the water is low), their draught cannot exceed 7–7.5 m. It is also known that Zheng He's fleet visited 893:

a man can be in his cabin without others on board realising it, and they do not see him until the vessel has arrived in some port.

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As historians note, these speeds were relatively low by the standards of later European sailing fleets, even in comparison with

5963: 4060: 3993: 1725:'s squadron, consisting of 10 ships of the line, crossed the Atlantic Ocean at an average speed of 4.9 knots (9.07 km/h). 1002: 786:(1304–1369) attest to large multi-masted ships carrying 500 to 1000 passengers in Chinese waters. The large ships (up to 5,000 758: 644:

The most contemporary non-Chinese record of the expeditions is an untitled and anonymous annalistic account of the then-ruling

3663:"郑和宝船尺度新考——从泉州东西塔的尺度谈起 (A New Research on the Scale of Zheng He's Treasure Ship——From the Scale of Quanzhou East-West Pagoda)" 5634: 2193: 1677:

overlooking the former 4th working pool of the Longjiang Shipyard (now a park), where treasure ships were built 600 years ago

469: 1669: 1314:, the dimensions of the largest of these ships were 135 metres (440 ft) by 55 metres (180 ft). American historian 1593: 1104: 5948: 5625: 5479: 1414:

Naval engineer and historian Xin Yuan'ou has argued that Zheng He's ships could not have been as large as recorded in the

1338: 461: 5700: 5695: 5690: 5630: 5495: 4199: 3731: 1634:, such as can be found on early 15th century Bakau shipwreck. Comparing with Penglai wrecks, the fleet may have carried 1462: 5978: 5953: 5918: 5640: 4206: 506:

in Zheng He's fleet, has been a subject of much controversy, with some old Chinese records mentioning the size of 44

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In June 2010, a new inscription was found in Hong Bao's tomb, confirming the existence of the Ming dynasty's 5,000

5973: 5753: 4826: 4067: 3987: 3463: 3240:被误读的远行: 郑和下西洋与马哥孛罗来华考 (The Misunderstood Journey: Zheng He's Voyages to the West and Marco Polo's Visit to China) 1196:

ship may have been used as the flagship but the number of ships was relatively small. Wake argued that the 5,000

832:

They are indeed nailed in such a way; for they are all lined, that is, that they have two boards above the other.

540: 1573: 1477:. It is unknown whether Zheng He's ships sailed as far as Palembang, or whether they waited on the shore in the 946:

In 1407, 249 vessels were ordered "to be prepared for embassies to the several countries of the Western Ocean".

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have thus been built, the lower deck is fitted in, and the ship is launched before the upper works are finished.

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The inscription on the tomb of Hong Bao, an official in Zheng He's fleet, mentions the construction of a 5,000

573:(1739) credits the first voyage with 62 treasure ships crewed by 27,800 men. A Zheng He era inscription in the 5530: 3745: 973: 730:

They doe make bigger Shippes than wee do, that is to say, of 2000 tons, with five sayles, and so many mastes'.

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bottles). Girolamo Sernigi (1499) gives an account of the armament of what are possibly the Chinese vessels:

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to be 500 lb (226.80 kg) burthen, that would be 1,250 tons burthen. Sleeswyk argued that the term

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A 71.1-metre (233.3 ft) copy of a treasure ship was announced in 2006 to be completed in time for the

1386:(料 — material) by deducing the data from mid-16th century Chinese river junks. He suggested that the 2,000 591: 5710: 5388: 4793: 4034: 3974: 2931: 2756: 1474: 1187:

would be equivalent to 500 kg (1,102.31 lb) of displacement. According to Zheng Ming, the 5,000

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print, thought to represent Zheng He's ships. The ships are depicted with 7 masts, but only 4 sails used.

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that the author had access to but have subsequently been lost, including both written and oral sources.

981:, notes that the plans for the treasure ships had vanished from the ship yard in which they were built. 581:

gave the size of Zheng He ships in 1405 as 2,000 liao (500 tons), but did not give the number of ships.

532: 4053: 3930: 1793: 5808: 5778: 5545: 3980: 3890: 3130: 1541:

treasure ship would be 70.4 m (230.97 ft) long and 28.8 m (94.49 ft) wide, or 22

953:

On 2 October 1419, 41 treasure ships were ordered without disclosing the specific builders involved.

940:

On 4 September 1403, 200 "seagoing transport ships" were ordered from the Capital Guards in Nanjing.

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People sail on the China seas only in Chinese ships, so let us mention the order observed upon them.

586: 5566: 5500: 5138: 4968: 4095: 3916: 3865: 3404:(November 25, 2019), "The Bakau or Maranei shipwreck: a Chinese smuggling vessel and its context", 1601:

The keel consisted of wooden beams bound together with iron hoops. In stormy weather, holes in the

1493:(丈) used in the conversions was mistaken. Seventeenth-century Ming records state that the European 1283:

of 13.3 inches. Some of the ships in the treasure fleet, but not the treasure ships, were built in

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Non-gunpowder weapons on Zheng He's vessels seems to be bows. For gunpowder weapons, they carried

961: 937:, which contains 24 notices from 1403 to 1419 for the construction of ships at several locations. 877:

from one side or the other. When the ships cast anchor, the sails are left standing in the wind...

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Dreyer estimated the length of between 538 and 600 feet (163.98 and 182.88 m) for the ship.

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Sleeswyk, André Wegener (2004), "Notes on the overall dimensions of Cheng Ho's largest ships",

2953: 1214: 1041:), carrying horses and tribute goods and repair material for the fleet, eight-masted, 37 by 15 5403: 5174: 5097: 4390: 4220: 4178: 4000: 3923: 3469: 3431: 3272: 3262: 3244: 3189: 3171: 2964: 2423: 2413: 1755: 1627: 5194: 5143: 5067: 5052: 4464: 4365: 4334: 4329: 4185: 3642: 3610: 3573: 3553: 3517: 3413: 3364: 3292: 3218: 1718: 1623: 1315: 615: 598: 553: 495: 3544:

Sleeswyk, André Wegener (1996), "The Liao and the Displacement of Ships in the Ming Navy",

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was 12.2 inches and the value fluctuated depending on region. The Ministry of Works used a

5768: 5474: 5454: 5449: 5337: 5267: 4907: 4751: 4693: 4668: 4593: 4013: 3844: 3802: 1674: 1433:

evidence that China had the type of joining materials necessary to accomplish these tasks.

1228: 1218:

A model of one of Zheng He's giant treasure ships based on the disputed dimensions in the

1140: 691: 645: 569: 3418: 1721:, which were built with an emphasis on armament rather than speed. For example, in 1809, 5897: 5872: 5758: 5520: 5418: 5398: 5247: 4846: 4768: 4711: 4479: 4469: 4360: 4157: 4150: 4143: 4027: 3945: 3898: 3484:"船坚炮利：一个明代已有的欧洲印象 (Ship and Guns: An Existing European Impression of the Ming Dynasty)" 3401: 3116:

Nanking is building a "Treasure ship" again; to sail again to the Western Ocean in 2013

1652: 1449: 1311: 995: 966: 633: 574: 2693:

Barker, Richard (1989). "The size of the 'treasure ships' and other Chinese vessels".

17: 5937: 5903: 5891: 5763: 5423: 5408: 5347: 5327: 5216: 5037: 5027: 4973: 4459: 4246: 4136: 3967: 3960: 3938: 3837: 3654: 3622: 3585: 3529: 3312: 3230: 3056: 1945:) or "Heavenly Princess Classics" from ca. 1420, which depicted ships with six masts. 1694: 1648: 1505:(90, 120, 150, and 180 meters) in length. The length of a Dutch ship recorded in the 1494: 1478: 1466: 933: 862: 799: 790:

or 1520–1860 tons burden) would carry 500–600 men, and the second class (1,000–2,000

4274: 3109: 636:

and Changle Inscriptions, the seventh voyage had "more than a hundred large ships".

619:(1436), the third voyage consisted of 48 treasure ships, not including other ships. 275: 60: 5826: 5675: 5515: 5393: 5352: 5302: 5206: 5148: 5108: 4953: 4933: 4680: 4426: 4400: 4081: 3905: 3884: 3856: 3784: 3774: 3768: 3577: 3557: 3355:

Lewis, Archibald (December 1973), "Maritime Skills in the Indian Ocean 1368-1500",

1370: 1238: 767: 658: 626:

states that the fourth voyage consisted of 63 treasure ships crewed by 27,670 men.

499: 487: 280: 65: 4653: 4021: 3238: 3165: 2407: 1714:

average speed was recorded, of the order of 1.4–1.8 knots (2.59–3.33 km/h).

1528:(6.4 m or 21 ft) long. A comparative study by Hu Xiaowei (2018) concluded that 1 629:

There are no sources for number of ships or men for the fifth and sixth voyages.

5850: 5535: 5510: 5428: 5322: 5277: 5272: 5221: 5153: 5113: 5057: 4841: 4831: 4816: 4773: 4763: 4746: 4731: 4618: 4598: 4494: 4439: 4355: 4324: 4102: 4088: 3951: 3755: 3061: 2623:” 鄭和下西洋的船, Dongfang zazhi 東方雜誌 43 (15 January 1947) 1, pp. 47-51, reprinted in 1631: 1616: 822:

They have one good sweep or helm, which in the vulgar tongue is called a rudder.

783: 3646: 3614: 2963:. Adelaide: Maritime Archaeology Program, Flinders University. pp. 32–49. 2454:

Introduction: Sanbao Taijian Xiyang Ji Tongsu Yanyi:: An Annotated Bibliography

527: 5865: 5843: 5816: 5413: 5362: 5282: 5231: 5158: 5128: 4978: 4917: 4912: 4856: 4821: 4783: 4658: 4608: 4449: 4415: 4410: 4375: 4339: 3809: 3779: 3762: 3521: 3296: 3222: 1308: 1244: 1171:

could accommodate between 500 to 600 passengers while ships of 1,000 to 2,000

815:

I tell you that they are mostly built of the wood which is called fir or pine.

779: 763: 564:(1658), the first voyage consisted of 63 treasure ships crewed by 27,870 men. 3662: 3630: 3483: 3446: 2427: 558: 5910: 5798: 5469: 5464: 5297: 5211: 5201: 5133: 4993: 4721: 4578: 4543: 4509: 4213: 4128: 3795: 3348:

When China Ruled the Seas: The Treasure Fleet of the Dragon Throne 1405-1433

3276: 1639: 1586: 1518: 1470: 1122:

The contemporary inscription of Zheng He's ships in the Jinghai temple (靜海寺—

857: 3204:"Zheng He: An Investigation into the Plausibility of 450-ft Treasure Ships" 943:

On 1 March 1404, 50 "seagoing ships" were ordered from the Capital Guards.

254: 5856: 5342: 5332: 5118: 5103: 5088: 5083: 5032: 4948: 4866: 4851: 4801: 4701: 4648: 4643: 4638: 4633: 4518: 4484: 4395: 4380: 4370: 4192: 1635: 1335: 1164: 1134:(275 tons), which are far too low than would be implied by a ship of 444 544: 491: 424: 222: 5884: 5793: 5357: 5307: 5287: 5184: 5093: 5062: 5042: 4988: 4983: 4958: 4943: 4897: 4887: 4811: 4741: 4628: 4583: 4573: 4553: 4538: 4523: 4454: 4310: 4306: 4263: 3700: 3376: 1738: 1682: 1681:

From 2003 to 2004, the Treasure Shipyard was excavated in northwestern

1582: 1498: 1276: 1045:, about 103 m (338 ft) long and 42 m (138 ft) wide. 578: 536: 31: 3304: 1697:, Church estimated that the ship was 150 ft (45.72 m) long. 1291:

was 10.4 to 11 inches. Assuming a range of 10.5 to 12 inches for each

1062:, about 78 m (256 ft) long and 35 m (115 ft) wide. 5550: 5525: 5383: 5317: 5312: 5123: 5047: 4938: 4902: 4861: 4806: 4756: 4736: 4726: 4588: 4558: 4528: 4434: 4405: 4385: 3911: 3820: 1611: 1284: 1079:, about 67 m (220 ft) long and 25 m (82 ft) wide. 746: 687: 584:

Alongside the treasures were also another 255 ships according to the

477: 3465:

The Age of Titans: The Rise and Fall of the Great Hellenistic Navies

3368: 1794:

https://gizmodo.com/butt-is-an-actual-unit-of-measurement-1622427091

3259:

Zheng He: China and the Oceans in the Early Ming Dynasty, 1405-1433

2961:

Shipwreck ASIA: Thematic Studies in East Asian Maritime Archaeology

2049:

Ling, Xue (July 12, 2022). Li, Ma; Limin, Wu; Xiuling, Pei (eds.).

1010:), the treasure fleet consisted of five distinct classes of ships: 931:

The most contemporary accounts of the treasure ships come from the

698:

Shawwāl 22 . A report came from Mecca the Honored that a number of

5505: 5459: 5433: 5292: 5011: 4963: 4871: 4836: 4778: 4706: 4663: 4603: 4533: 4489: 4474: 1699: 1668: 1607: 1592: 1572: 1369: 1213: 1103: 917: 856: 757: 699: 649: 526: 3538:

The impact of Zheng He's expeditions on Indian Ocean interactions

1028:, about 127 metres (417 feet) long and 52 metres (171 feet) wide. 5540: 5367: 4716: 4613: 4563: 4548: 4499: 4444: 3186:

Empire of the Winds: The Global Role of Asia's Great Archipelago

2954:"Two Ming Dynasty Shipyards in Nanjing and their Infrastructure" 1704:

A large tiller discovered at the Treasure Boat Shipyard in 2004.

1602: 662: 503: 5581: 4278: 3704: 3428:

Ying-yai Sheng-lan: 'The Overall Survey of the Ocean's Shores'

1830:

Wake, June 2004: 63, quoting Guan Jincheng, 15 January 1947: 49

1659:

Girolamo Sernigi (1499) about the then-unknown Chinese visitors

1108:

An old anchor discovered at the Treasure Boat Shipyard in 2004.

27:

Large wooden vessel commanded by the Chinese admiral Zheng He

3695:

Traditions and Encounters - A Global Perspective on the Past

3324:(The Ships with which Zheng He Went to the Western Ocean)", 3167:

Classic Ships of Islam: From Mesopotamia to the Indian Ocean

3081:"East China to Rebuild Ship from Ancient Navigator Zheng He" 2051:"郑和大号宝船到底有多大？ (How big was Zheng He's large treasure ship?)" 1925: 1923: 2412:. 社会科学文献出版社 (Social Science Literature Press). p. 98. 1872: 1870: 1868: 1295:, the dimensions of the treasure ships as recorded by the 1058:), containing staple for the crew, seven-masted, 28 by 12 2933:

A Journal of the First Voyage of Vasco da Gama, 1497–1499

2555: 2553: 2513: 2511: 3357:

Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient

2635: 2633: 2353: 2351: 2338: 2336: 2334: 2332: 2330: 2119: 2117: 2115: 2075: 2073: 2071: 2069: 2067: 1263:

was fixed at 141 inches in the 19th century, making the

2664: 2662: 2660: 2090: 2088: 2716: 2714: 2712: 2710: 2708: 1889: 1887: 1885: 1855: 1853: 30:"Baochuan" redirects here. For the city in Korea, see 2540: 2538: 2032: 2030: 2028: 2015: 2013: 2011: 1986: 1984: 1183:

refers to the displacement and not cargo weight, one

723: 1900:

A Technical Analysis of the Size of Zheng He's Ships

1737:. However, the copy was still under construction in 1577:

Section of the Zheng He's treasure ship (mock-up in

1236:—明史), completed in 1739, the treasure ships were 44 778:

Although active prior to the treasure voyages, both

5807: 5746: 5739: 5709: 5616: 5559: 5488: 5442: 5376: 5260: 5240: 5167: 5076: 5020: 4926: 4880: 4792: 4692: 4677: 4508: 4424: 4348: 4317: 4256: 4238: 4127: 3855: 3819: 3738: 1840: 1838: 1836: 1557:unit of 2.5–2.56 m. According to Chen Cunren, one 486:, literally "gem ship") is a type of large wooden 3596:, Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies 3501:Science and Civilization in China Volume 4 Part 3 3394:中国古代造船史 (History of Ancient Chinese Shipbuilding) 2146: 2144: 3503:, Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press 3383:Lo, Jung-pang (2012) , Elleman, Bruce A. (ed.), 2475:"Old tomb sheds light on Ming dynasty's voyages" 1382:André Wegener Sleeswyk extrapolated the size of 842:They also carry a much greater burden than ours. 3243:, 广西师范大学出版社 (Guangxi Normal University Press), 3188:, London, New York: I.B. Tauris & Co. Ltd, 1267:14.1 inches. However the common Ming value for 868: 813: 728: 696: 675: 654: 1307:According to British scientist, historian and 1175:could carry 200 to 300 passengers. Taking the 1126:) inscription in Nanjing gives sizes of 2,000 502:. The size of the treasure ships, the largest 5593: 4290: 3716: 3631:"The Myth of Zheng He's Great Treasure Ships" 1954:Depiction on the 17th century woodblock print 1896:Guanyu Zheng He baochuan chidu de jishu fenxi 1083: 1066: 1049: 1032: 1015: 1008:Eunuch Sanbao Western Records Popular Romance 798:) may have had a hull length twice that of a 8: 3320:Jincheng, Guan (January 15, 1947), "鄭和下西洋的船 1318:is in broad agreement with Needham's views. 3667:海交史研究 (Journal of Maritime History Studies) 2761:The Voyage of the Armada: The Spanish Story 1929: 1651:we may learn who these people are, for the 1473:in Sumatra, where they needed to cross the 749:butt, and estimated a burthen of 1300 tons. 661:-wrapped coral trees, wild animals such as 5743: 5600: 5586: 5578: 4689: 4297: 4283: 4275: 3723: 3709: 3701: 3285:Comparative Studies in Society and History 3131:"Construction of ship replica put on hold" 2916: 2892: 1912:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3635:International Journal of Maritime History 3603:International Journal of Maritime History 3430:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 3417: 3129:Cang, Wei; Song, Wenwei (June 16, 2014). 2928:Sernigi, Girolamo (1499). Translation in 2502: 1003:Sanbao Taijian Xia Xiyang Ji Tongsu Yanyi 985:Sanbao Taijian Xia Xiyang Ji Tongsu Yanyi 450:References: Voyages, tonnages, dimensions 2680: 2559: 2529: 1876: 1489:It is also possible that the measure of 1404: 2936:. London: Hakluyt Society. p. 131. 2868: 2856: 2844: 2832: 2595: 2517: 2468: 2466: 2409:海疆开发史话 (History of Coastal Development) 2321: 2309: 2297: 2261: 2218: 2206: 1823: 1785: 1167:in 1274, large merchant ships of 5,000 3043: 3031: 3019: 3007: 2995: 2939: 2904: 2880: 2820: 2808: 2796: 2784: 2772: 2744: 2720: 2639: 2607: 2583: 2571: 2440: 2393: 2381: 2369: 2357: 2342: 2185: 2123: 2106: 2094: 2079: 1975: 1905: 1859: 352:Seventh voyage of Zheng He (1431–1433) 150:Seventh voyage of Zheng He (1431–1433) 38: 2732: 2668: 2651: 1963: 1096:, about 50 m (160 ft) long. 343:Fourth voyage of Zheng He (1412–1415) 273: 141:Fourth voyage of Zheng He (1412–1415) 135:Second voyage of Zheng He (1407–1409) 58: 48:Sketch of four-masted Zheng He's ship 7: 3118:] (in Chinese), October 21, 2010 2983: 2544: 2285: 2273: 2249: 2036: 2019: 2002: 1990: 1751:List of world's largest wooden ships 539:'s expeditions to the northeast and 349:Sixth voyage of Zheng He (1421–1422) 346:Fifth voyage of Zheng He (1416–1419) 147:Sixth voyage of Zheng He (1421–1422) 144:Fifth voyage of Zheng He (1416–1419) 138:Third voyage of Zheng He (1409–1411) 132:First voyage of Zheng He (1405–1407) 3594:Admiral Zheng He and Southeast Asia 3057:"China To Revive Zheng He's Legend" 2165: 2135: 1769:Ancient Chinese wooden architecture 1561:in the Ming Dynasty is only half a 979:Record of the Dragon River Shipyard 3087:. October 24, 2010. Archived from 2178:Yūsuf Ibn Taġrībardī (1954–1963). 1844: 1597:Inside the display ship in Nanjing 1376:Treatise of the Longjiang shipyard 1347:Treatise of the Longjiang shipyard 25: 5671:Five Dynasties & Ten Kingdoms 1394:(treasure ship), while the 1,500 1163:ship. According to a resident of 315:Longjiang shipyards, Ming dynasty 104:Longjiang shipyards, Ming dynasty 3462:Murray, William Michael (2014), 3069:from the original on 2016-03-03. 1579:the Maritime Experiential Museum 1252:in length, and had a beam of 18 274: 253: 248:References: Tonnages, dimensions 59: 42: 3676:江苏社会科 (Jiangsu Social Sciences) 3629:Wake, Christopher (June 2004), 3396:, Wuhan: Wuhan University Press 3339:Sailing ships of war, 1400-1860 3141:from the original on 2023-04-07 2930:Ravenstein, E. G., ed. (1898). 1636:cannons with bowl-shaped muzzle 1524:was recorded to be more than 2 3578:10.1080/00253359.2004.10656907 3558:10.1080/00253359.1996.10656579 3419:10.18520/cs/v117/i10/1640-1646 2625:Zheng He yanjiu ziliao huibian 2237:India in the Fifteenth Century 2233:"The travels of Niccolo Conti" 1630:bombards) and various kind of 498:during the early 15th-century 482: 473: 465: 1: 3261:, New York: Pearson Longman, 2627:鄭和研究資料匯編 (1985), pp. 268-272. 2239:, Hakluyt Society, p. 27 716: 5496:Bristol Channel pilot cutter 3322:Zheng He xia Xiyang de chuan 3164:Agius, Dionisius A. (2008), 2621:Zheng He xia Xiyang de chuan 1610:had two 2.5 m (8 foot) iron 1374:A four masted junk from the 669:The later Yemeni historian, 5919:Self Strengthening Movement 3468:, Oxford University Press, 2473:Sophia (October 19, 2018). 2058:扬子晚报 (Yangtze Evening News) 1902:]. Shanghai. p. 8. 1418:for the following reasons: 1138:(450 ft) given by the 400:14.05 m (46.1 ft) 392:71.1 m (233.3 ft) 259:Early 17th century Chinese 5995: 5651:Jin & Sixteen Kingdoms 3647:10.1177/084387140401600105 3615:10.1177/084387149700900205 3257:Dreyer, Edward L. (2007), 2231:Major, R. H., ed. (1857), 2192:: CS1 maint: postscript ( 2180:History of Egypt 1382–1469 1456:One suggestion for the 44 1092:), five-masted, 18 by 6.8 1024:) nine-masted, 44.4 by 18 977:(1553), also known as the 198:24.3 ft (7.41 m) 190:166 ft (50.60 m) 29: 3592:Suryadinata, Leo (2005), 3522:10.1163/2589465X-00102004 3346:Levathes, Louise (1994), 3297:10.1017/S0010417500017667 3223:10.1179/mon.2005.53.1.001 3202:Church, Sally K. (2005), 2952:Sally K., Church (2010). 2406:京 (Jing), 安 (An) (2012). 1762:, about the same size as 1687:lóng jiāng bǎo chuánchǎng 1351:lóng jiāng chuánchǎng zhì 1275:of 12.1 inches while the 1118:Contemporary descriptions 1084: 1075:), six-masted, 24 by 9.4 1067: 1050: 1033: 1016: 408:6.1 m (20.0 ft) 359: 268: 252: 206:8.1 ft (2.47 m) 157: 53: 41: 5610:Chinese military history 5190:Iron-hulled sailing ship 3499:Needham, Joseph (1971), 3451:郑和研究 (Zheng He Research) 3426:Mills, J. V. G. (1970). 3184:Bowring, Philip (2019), 2959:. In Kimura, Jun (ed.). 2151:Hikoichi Yajima (1974). 1501:were 30, 40, 50, and 60 1304:as 10.53–11.037 inches. 974:Longjiang Chuanchang Zhi 957:Longjiang Chuanchang Zhi 766:'s 1871 illustration of 490:in the fleet of admiral 5656:Northern & Southern 4999:Square-rigged caravel ( 3697:by Bentley and Ziegler. 3341:, Conway Maritime Press 3326:東方雜誌 (Dong Fang Za Zhi) 1792:See definition of butt 1774:Pagoda of Fogong Temple 772:Mongol invasion of Java 360:General characteristics 158:General characteristics 5964:Ming treasure voyages. 5879:Ming gunpowder weapons 5834:Song gunpowder weapons 3488:史学月刊 (History Monthly) 3482:Naiming, Pang (2016), 3387:, Singapore: NUS Press 3350:, Simon & Schuster 3337:Howard, Frank (1979), 1941:Depiction on the 天妃经 ( 1758:, English flagship of 1705: 1678: 1662: 1653:Italian-speaking pilot 1598: 1590: 1485:Measurement conversion 1440:in 1405) was unlikely. 1411: 1379: 1223: 1109: 923: 911: 866: 850: 775: 738: 705: 680: 667: 548: 18:Chinese treasure fleet 5719:Ming treasure voyages 5608:Ancient and dynastic 5531:Pinnace (ship's boat) 4893:Chinese treasure ship 4069:Sovereign of the Seas 3879:Chinese treasure ship 3790:Roman ship of Marausa 3746:Caligula's Giant Ship 3237:Cunren, Chen (2008), 3065:. September 4, 2006. 1703: 1672: 1644: 1626:(albeit shorter than 1596: 1576: 1408: 1373: 1217: 1130:(500 tons) and 1,500 1107: 921: 900:throughout his visit. 860: 770:war junk used in the 761: 673:(1461–1537), writes: 601:, who notes that the 533:Ming treasure voyages 530: 458:Chinese treasure ship 88:(lit. sea going ship) 5949:Naval ships of China 5898:Breechloading musket 5546:Thames sailing barge 5377:Recreational vessels 3732:Largest wooden ships 3661:Xiaowei, Hu (2018), 3536:Sen, Tansen (2016), 3445:Ming, Zheng (2011), 3392:Longfei, Xi (2015), 3111:南京复建"郑和宝船" 2013年再下西洋 2460:12 (2015): 151-155. 1894:Xin Yuan'ou (2002). 1339:Jiao Tong University 707: 694:(1411–1470) writes: 5567:Nautical operations 5501:Floating restaurant 5389:Ljungström sailboat 4969:Full-rigged pinnace 4111:William D. Lawrence 3821:Medieval and modern 2787:, pp. 229–232. 2683:, p. 305, 307. 2324:, pp. 469–470. 2264:, pp. 460–470. 1151:displacement ship. 754:Song and Yuan junks 470:traditional Chinese 368:Armed merchant ship 295:(lit. giant ship), 166:Armed merchant ship 80:(lit. large ship), 5979:Seven-masted ships 5954:15th-century ships 5839:Thunder crash bomb 5784:Repeating crossbow 4684:and other vessels 4678:Naval and merchant 4042:Santisima Trinidad 3751:Hatshepsut's barge 3034:, p. 152-153. 3010:, p. 103-104. 2919:, p. 212-213. 2895:, p. 217-219. 2847:, p. 111-112. 2372:, p. 104-105. 2300:, p. 128-129. 2276:, pp. 57, 67. 1735:2008 Olympic Games 1706: 1679: 1599: 1591: 1412: 1380: 1355:Dionisius A. Agius 1224: 1110: 924: 867: 776: 549: 543:'s embassy to the 462:simplified Chinese 5969:Four-masted ships 5959:Exploration ships 5931: 5930: 5927: 5926: 5575: 5574: 5404:Sailing hydrofoil 5256: 5255: 5175:Blackwall frigate 5098:Baltimore Clipper 4272: 4271: 4048:São João Baptista 4001:Peter Pomegranate 3857:Wind-powered only 3823:oar-powered ships 3412:(10): 1640–1646, 3268:978-0-321-08443-9 3177:978-90-04-15863-4 3170:, Leiden: Brill, 2986:, pp. 65–66. 2479:Life of Guangzhou 2419:978-7-5097-3196-3 2288:, pp. 66–67. 2005:, p. 64, 75. 1756:Grace Dieu (ship) 1719:ships of the line 1665:Physical evidence 1565:in modern times. 1226:According to the 1065:Transport ships ( 713:Niccolò de' Conti 708:Niccolò de' Conti 632:According to the 613:According to the 551:According to the 454: 453: 339:Participated in: 128:Participated in: 16:(Redirected from 5986: 5974:Six-masted ships 5744: 5602: 5595: 5588: 5579: 5144:Ship of the line 5068:Ship of the line 4690: 4686:(by origin date) 4465:Full-rigged ship 4366:Fore-and-aft rig 4335:Age of Discovery 4330:Maritime history 4299: 4292: 4285: 4276: 4008:Peter von Danzig 3873:Baron of Renfrew 3866:Adler von Lübeck 3725: 3718: 3711: 3702: 3683: 3670: 3657: 3625: 3597: 3588: 3566:Mariner's Mirror 3560: 3546:Mariner's Mirror 3540: 3532: 3504: 3495: 3478: 3458: 3441: 3422: 3421: 3397: 3388: 3379: 3363:(2/3): 238–264, 3351: 3342: 3333: 3316: 3279: 3253: 3233: 3211:Monumenta Serica 3208: 3198: 3180: 3150: 3149: 3147: 3146: 3126: 3120: 3119: 3106: 3100: 3099: 3097: 3096: 3085:Want China Times 3077: 3071: 3070: 3053: 3047: 3041: 3035: 3029: 3023: 3017: 3011: 3005: 2999: 2993: 2987: 2981: 2975: 2974: 2958: 2949: 2943: 2937: 2926: 2920: 2914: 2908: 2902: 2896: 2890: 2884: 2878: 2872: 2866: 2860: 2854: 2848: 2842: 2836: 2835:, p. 56-57. 2830: 2824: 2818: 2812: 2806: 2800: 2799:, p. 3, 37. 2794: 2788: 2782: 2776: 2770: 2764: 2754: 2748: 2742: 2736: 2730: 2724: 2718: 2703: 2702: 2695:Mariner's Mirror 2690: 2684: 2678: 2672: 2666: 2655: 2649: 2643: 2637: 2628: 2617: 2611: 2605: 2599: 2593: 2587: 2581: 2575: 2569: 2563: 2557: 2548: 2542: 2533: 2532:, p. 11-12. 2527: 2521: 2515: 2506: 2500: 2494: 2493: 2491: 2490: 2481:. Archived from 2470: 2461: 2450: 2444: 2438: 2432: 2431: 2403: 2397: 2391: 2385: 2379: 2373: 2367: 2361: 2355: 2346: 2340: 2325: 2319: 2313: 2307: 2301: 2295: 2289: 2283: 2277: 2271: 2265: 2259: 2253: 2247: 2241: 2240: 2228: 2222: 2216: 2210: 2204: 2198: 2197: 2191: 2183: 2175: 2169: 2163: 2157: 2156: 2148: 2139: 2133: 2127: 2121: 2110: 2104: 2098: 2092: 2083: 2077: 2062: 2061: 2055: 2046: 2040: 2034: 2023: 2017: 2006: 2000: 1994: 1988: 1979: 1973: 1967: 1961: 1955: 1952: 1946: 1939: 1933: 1930:Suryadinata 2005 1927: 1918: 1917: 1911: 1903: 1891: 1880: 1879:, p. 81-82. 1874: 1863: 1857: 1848: 1842: 1831: 1828: 1806: 1803: 1797: 1790: 1537:, Zheng He's 44 1453:and iron parts. 1322:Modern estimates 1316:Edward L. Dreyer 1279:builders used a 1087: 1086: 1070: 1069: 1053: 1052: 1036: 1035: 1019: 1018: 1014:Treasure ships ( 999: 970: 909: 848: 782:(1254–1325) and 736: 735:Niccolò Da Conti 721: 718: 624:Xingcha Shenglan 616:Xingcha Shenglan 599:Edward L. Dreyer 595: 562: 484: 475: 467: 283: 278: 257: 68: 63: 46: 39: 21: 5994: 5993: 5989: 5988: 5987: 5985: 5984: 5983: 5934: 5933: 5932: 5923: 5803: 5789:Siege equipment 5735: 5705: 5612: 5606: 5576: 5571: 5555: 5484: 5438: 5372: 5261:Fishing vessels 5252: 5236: 5163: 5072: 5016: 4922: 4876: 4788: 4752:Tessarakonteres 4685: 4683: 4679: 4673: 4594:Outrigger canoe 4504: 4420: 4344: 4313: 4303: 4273: 4268: 4252: 4234: 4123: 4097:Victoria (1859) 3851: 3822: 3815: 3803:Tessarakonteres 3734: 3729: 3691: 3689:Further reading 3686: 3673: 3660: 3628: 3600: 3591: 3563: 3543: 3535: 3507: 3498: 3481: 3476: 3461: 3444: 3438: 3425: 3406:Current Science 3402:Miksic, John M. 3400: 3391: 3382: 3369:10.2307/3596216 3354: 3345: 3336: 3319: 3282: 3269: 3256: 3251: 3236: 3206: 3201: 3196: 3183: 3178: 3163: 3159: 3154: 3153: 3144: 3142: 3128: 3127: 3123: 3108: 3107: 3103: 3094: 3092: 3079: 3078: 3074: 3055: 3054: 3050: 3042: 3038: 3030: 3026: 3018: 3014: 3006: 3002: 2994: 2990: 2982: 2978: 2971: 2956: 2951: 2950: 2946: 2929: 2927: 2923: 2917:Papelitzky 2019 2915: 2911: 2907:, p. 1642. 2903: 2899: 2893:Papelitzky 2019 2891: 2887: 2879: 2875: 2867: 2863: 2855: 2851: 2843: 2839: 2831: 2827: 2819: 2815: 2807: 2803: 2795: 2791: 2783: 2779: 2771: 2767: 2755: 2751: 2743: 2739: 2731: 2727: 2719: 2706: 2692: 2691: 2687: 2679: 2675: 2667: 2658: 2650: 2646: 2642:, pp. 1–2. 2638: 2631: 2618: 2614: 2606: 2602: 2594: 2590: 2582: 2578: 2570: 2566: 2558: 2551: 2543: 2536: 2528: 2524: 2516: 2509: 2501: 2497: 2488: 2486: 2472: 2471: 2464: 2452:Barbara Witt, " 2451: 2447: 2439: 2435: 2420: 2405: 2404: 2400: 2392: 2388: 2380: 2376: 2368: 2364: 2356: 2349: 2341: 2328: 2320: 2316: 2308: 2304: 2296: 2292: 2284: 2280: 2272: 2268: 2260: 2256: 2248: 2244: 2230: 2229: 2225: 2217: 2213: 2205: 2201: 2184: 2177: 2176: 2172: 2164: 2160: 2150: 2149: 2142: 2134: 2130: 2122: 2113: 2105: 2101: 2093: 2086: 2078: 2065: 2053: 2048: 2047: 2043: 2035: 2026: 2018: 2009: 2001: 1997: 1989: 1982: 1974: 1970: 1962: 1958: 1953: 1949: 1940: 1936: 1928: 1921: 1904: 1893: 1892: 1883: 1875: 1866: 1858: 1851: 1843: 1834: 1829: 1825: 1820: 1815: 1810: 1809: 1804: 1800: 1791: 1787: 1782: 1747: 1731: 1711: 1667: 1656: 1617:fuchuan warship 1571: 1507:History of Ming 1487: 1416:History of Ming 1324: 1297:History of Ming 1229:History of Ming 1220:History of Ming 1212: 1210:History of Ming 1207: 1157: 1155:5,000 liao ship 1141:History of Ming 1120: 1115: 993: 987: 964: 959: 929: 916: 910: 907: 902: 901: 898: 897: 895: 894: 891: 889: 888: 886: 885: 882: 881: 879: 878: 875: 874: 872: 871: 855: 849: 846: 841: 840: 838: 837: 834: 833: 831: 830: 827: 826: 824: 823: 821: 820: 817: 816: 812: 756: 737: 734: 719: 710: 692:Ibn Taghribirdi 685: 646:Rasūlid dynasty 642: 589: 570:History of Ming 556: 525: 520: 355: 299:(lit. gem ship) 279: 264: 153: 64: 49: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5992: 5990: 5982: 5981: 5976: 5971: 5966: 5961: 5956: 5951: 5946: 5944:Ships of China 5936: 5935: 5929: 5928: 5925: 5924: 5922: 5921: 5916: 5915: 5914: 5907: 5900: 5895: 5888: 5876: 5873:Huolongchushui 5869: 5862: 5861: 5860: 5848: 5847: 5846: 5841: 5831: 5830: 5829: 5819: 5813: 5811: 5805: 5804: 5802: 5801: 5796: 5791: 5786: 5781: 5776: 5771: 5766: 5761: 5756: 5750: 5748: 5741: 5737: 5736: 5734: 5733: 5731:Late Qing Navy 5728: 5727: 5726: 5724:treasure ships 5715: 5713: 5707: 5706: 5704: 5703: 5698: 5693: 5688: 5683: 5678: 5673: 5668: 5663: 5658: 5653: 5648: 5646:Three Kingdoms 5643: 5638: 5635:Warring States 5628: 5622: 5620: 5614: 5613: 5607: 5605: 5604: 5597: 5590: 5582: 5573: 5572: 5570: 5569: 5563: 5561: 5557: 5556: 5554: 5553: 5548: 5543: 5538: 5533: 5528: 5523: 5521:Norfolk wherry 5518: 5513: 5508: 5503: 5498: 5492: 5490: 5486: 5485: 5483: 5482: 5477: 5472: 5467: 5462: 5457: 5452: 5446: 5444: 5440: 5439: 5437: 5436: 5431: 5426: 5421: 5419:Trailer sailer 5416: 5411: 5406: 5401: 5399:Pocket cruiser 5396: 5391: 5386: 5380: 5378: 5374: 5373: 5371: 5370: 5365: 5360: 5355: 5350: 5345: 5340: 5335: 5330: 5325: 5320: 5315: 5310: 5305: 5300: 5295: 5290: 5285: 5280: 5275: 5270: 5264: 5262: 5258: 5257: 5254: 5253: 5251: 5250: 5248:Montagu whaler 5244: 5242: 5238: 5237: 5235: 5234: 5229: 5224: 5219: 5214: 5209: 5204: 5199: 5198: 5197: 5187: 5182: 5177: 5171: 5169: 5165: 5164: 5162: 5161: 5156: 5151: 5146: 5141: 5136: 5131: 5126: 5121: 5116: 5111: 5106: 5101: 5091: 5086: 5080: 5078: 5074: 5073: 5071: 5070: 5065: 5060: 5055: 5050: 5045: 5040: 5035: 5030: 5024: 5022: 5018: 5017: 5015: 5014: 5009: 4996: 4991: 4986: 4981: 4976: 4971: 4966: 4961: 4956: 4951: 4946: 4941: 4936: 4930: 4928: 4924: 4923: 4921: 4920: 4915: 4910: 4905: 4900: 4895: 4890: 4884: 4882: 4878: 4877: 4875: 4874: 4869: 4864: 4859: 4854: 4849: 4844: 4839: 4834: 4829: 4824: 4819: 4814: 4809: 4804: 4798: 4796: 4794:Post-classical 4790: 4789: 4787: 4786: 4781: 4776: 4771: 4766: 4761: 4760: 4759: 4754: 4749: 4744: 4739: 4734: 4724: 4719: 4714: 4712:Borobudur ship 4709: 4704: 4698: 4696: 4687: 4675: 4674: 4672: 4671: 4666: 4661: 4656: 4651: 4646: 4641: 4636: 4631: 4626: 4621: 4616: 4611: 4606: 4601: 4596: 4591: 4586: 4581: 4576: 4571: 4566: 4561: 4556: 4551: 4546: 4541: 4536: 4531: 4526: 4521: 4515: 4513: 4506: 4505: 4503: 4502: 4497: 4492: 4487: 4482: 4477: 4472: 4470:Jackass-barque 4467: 4462: 4457: 4452: 4447: 4442: 4437: 4431: 4429: 4422: 4421: 4419: 4418: 4413: 4408: 4403: 4398: 4393: 4391:Ljungström rig 4388: 4383: 4378: 4373: 4368: 4363: 4358: 4352: 4350: 4346: 4345: 4343: 4342: 4337: 4332: 4327: 4321: 4319: 4315: 4314: 4304: 4302: 4301: 4294: 4287: 4279: 4270: 4269: 4267: 4266: 4260: 4258: 4254: 4253: 4251: 4250: 4242: 4240: 4236: 4235: 4233: 4232: 4225: 4218: 4211: 4204: 4197: 4190: 4183: 4180:George Spencer 4176: 4173:Frank O'Connor 4169: 4162: 4155: 4148: 4141: 4133: 4131: 4125: 4124: 4122: 4121: 4114: 4107: 4100: 4093: 4086: 4079: 4072: 4065: 4058: 4051: 4044: 4039: 4032: 4025: 4018: 4011: 4004: 3997: 3985: 3978: 3971: 3964: 3957: 3949: 3946:Great Republic 3942: 3935: 3928: 3921: 3914: 3909: 3902: 3899:Flor de la Mar 3895: 3888: 3881: 3876: 3869: 3861: 3859: 3853: 3852: 3850: 3849: 3842: 3835: 3827: 3825: 3817: 3816: 3814: 3813: 3806: 3799: 3792: 3787: 3782: 3777: 3772: 3765: 3760: 3753: 3748: 3742: 3740: 3736: 3735: 3730: 3728: 3727: 3720: 3713: 3705: 3699: 3698: 3690: 3687: 3685: 3684: 3671: 3658: 3626: 3598: 3589: 3561: 3541: 3533: 3516:(2): 192–224, 3510:China and Asia 3505: 3496: 3479: 3474: 3459: 3442: 3436: 3423: 3398: 3389: 3380: 3352: 3343: 3334: 3317: 3291:(2): 225–241. 3280: 3267: 3254: 3249: 3234: 3199: 3194: 3181: 3176: 3160: 3158: 3155: 3152: 3151: 3121: 3101: 3072: 3048: 3046:, p. 162. 3036: 3024: 3012: 3000: 2988: 2976: 2969: 2944: 2921: 2909: 2897: 2885: 2873: 2871:, p. 110. 2861: 2859:, p. 113. 2849: 2837: 2825: 2823:, p. 111. 2813: 2811:, p. 173. 2801: 2789: 2777: 2765: 2757:Howarth, David 2749: 2737: 2735:, p. 222. 2725: 2704: 2685: 2673: 2671:, p. 223. 2656: 2654:, p. 250. 2644: 2629: 2612: 2600: 2598:, p. 480. 2588: 2586:, p. 102. 2576: 2564: 2549: 2534: 2522: 2520:, p. 481. 2507: 2505:, p. 231. 2503:Zhengning 2015 2495: 2462: 2445: 2433: 2418: 2398: 2386: 2384:, p. 220. 2374: 2362: 2360:, p. 105. 2347: 2345:, p. 104. 2326: 2314: 2312:, p. 466. 2302: 2290: 2278: 2266: 2254: 2242: 2223: 2221:, p. 468. 2211: 2209:, p. 452. 2199: 2170: 2168:, p. 620. 2158: 2140: 2138:, p. 619. 2128: 2126:, p. 126. 2111: 2109:, p. 124. 2099: 2084: 2082:, p. 123. 2063: 2041: 2024: 2007: 1995: 1980: 1978:, p. 227. 1968: 1956: 1947: 1934: 1932:, p. 135. 1919: 1881: 1864: 1849: 1847:, p. 114. 1832: 1822: 1821: 1819: 1816: 1814: 1811: 1808: 1807: 1798: 1784: 1783: 1781: 1778: 1777: 1776: 1771: 1766: 1753: 1746: 1743: 1730: 1727: 1723:Admiral Nelson 1710: 1707: 1675:stone tortoise 1666: 1663: 1570: 1567: 1486: 1483: 1450:Spanish Armada 1445: 1444: 1441: 1437: 1434: 1430: 1427: 1423: 1345:ship with the 1323: 1320: 1312:Joseph Needham 1211: 1208: 1206: 1203: 1156: 1153: 1119: 1116: 1114: 1111: 1098: 1097: 1080: 1063: 1048:Supply ships ( 1046: 1031:Equine ships ( 1029: 1000:'s 1597 novel 986: 983: 958: 955: 928: 925: 915: 912: 905: 854: 851: 844: 811: 808: 755: 752: 751: 750: 732: 709: 706: 684: 681: 641: 638: 587:Shuyu Zhouzilu 575:Jinghai Temple 524: 521: 519: 516: 452: 451: 448: 444: 443: 440: 436: 435: 434:500–600 person 432: 428: 427: 422: 418: 417: 414: 410: 409: 406: 402: 401: 398: 394: 393: 390: 386: 385: 382: 378: 377: 374: 370: 369: 366: 365:Class and type 362: 361: 357: 356: 354: 353: 350: 347: 344: 340: 337: 333: 332: 329: 328:Out of service 325: 324: 321: 317: 316: 313: 309: 308: 305: 301: 300: 289: 285: 284: 271: 270: 266: 265: 258: 250: 249: 246: 242: 241: 238: 234: 233: 232:200–300 person 230: 226: 225: 220: 216: 215: 212: 208: 207: 204: 200: 199: 196: 192: 191: 188: 184: 183: 180: 176: 175: 172: 168: 167: 164: 163:Class and type 160: 159: 155: 154: 152: 151: 148: 145: 142: 139: 136: 133: 129: 126: 122: 121: 118: 117:Out of service 114: 113: 110: 106: 105: 102: 98: 97: 94: 90: 89: 74: 70: 69: 56: 55: 51: 50: 47: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5991: 5980: 5977: 5975: 5972: 5970: 5967: 5965: 5962: 5960: 5957: 5955: 5952: 5950: 5947: 5945: 5942: 5941: 5939: 5920: 5917: 5913: 5912: 5908: 5906: 5905: 5904:Xun Lei Chong 5901: 5899: 5896: 5894: 5893: 5892:San yan chong 5889: 5887: 5886: 5882: 5881: 5880: 5877: 5875: 5874: 5870: 5868: 5867: 5863: 5859: 5858: 5854: 5853: 5852: 5849: 5845: 5842: 5840: 5837: 5836: 5835: 5832: 5828: 5825: 5824: 5823: 5820: 5818: 5815: 5814: 5812: 5810: 5806: 5800: 5797: 5795: 5792: 5790: 5787: 5785: 5782: 5780: 5777: 5775: 5772: 5770: 5767: 5765: 5762: 5760: 5757: 5755: 5752: 5751: 5749: 5745: 5742: 5738: 5732: 5729: 5725: 5722: 5721: 5720: 5717: 5716: 5714: 5712: 5708: 5702: 5699: 5697: 5694: 5692: 5689: 5687: 5684: 5682: 5679: 5677: 5674: 5672: 5669: 5667: 5664: 5662: 5659: 5657: 5654: 5652: 5649: 5647: 5644: 5642: 5639: 5636: 5632: 5629: 5627: 5624: 5623: 5621: 5619: 5615: 5611: 5603: 5598: 5596: 5591: 5589: 5584: 5583: 5580: 5568: 5565: 5564: 5562: 5558: 5552: 5549: 5547: 5544: 5542: 5539: 5537: 5534: 5532: 5529: 5527: 5524: 5522: 5519: 5517: 5514: 5512: 5509: 5507: 5504: 5502: 5499: 5497: 5494: 5493: 5491: 5487: 5481: 5478: 5476: 5473: 5471: 5468: 5466: 5463: 5461: 5458: 5456: 5453: 5451: 5448: 5447: 5445: 5443:Special terms 5441: 5435: 5432: 5430: 5427: 5425: 5422: 5420: 5417: 5415: 5412: 5410: 5409:Sailing yacht 5407: 5405: 5402: 5400: 5397: 5395: 5392: 5390: 5387: 5385: 5382: 5381: 5379: 5375: 5369: 5366: 5364: 5361: 5359: 5356: 5354: 5351: 5349: 5346: 5344: 5341: 5339: 5336: 5334: 5331: 5329: 5326: 5324: 5321: 5319: 5316: 5314: 5311: 5309: 5306: 5304: 5301: 5299: 5296: 5294: 5291: 5289: 5286: 5284: 5281: 5279: 5276: 5274: 5271: 5269: 5266: 5265: 5263: 5259: 5249: 5246: 5245: 5243: 5239: 5233: 5230: 5228: 5225: 5223: 5220: 5218: 5215: 5213: 5210: 5208: 5205: 5203: 5200: 5196: 5193: 5192: 5191: 5188: 5186: 5183: 5181: 5178: 5176: 5173: 5172: 5170: 5166: 5160: 5157: 5155: 5152: 5150: 5147: 5145: 5142: 5140: 5137: 5135: 5132: 5130: 5127: 5125: 5122: 5120: 5117: 5115: 5112: 5110: 5107: 5105: 5102: 5099: 5095: 5092: 5090: 5087: 5085: 5082: 5081: 5079: 5075: 5069: 5066: 5064: 5061: 5059: 5056: 5054: 5051: 5049: 5046: 5044: 5041: 5039: 5038:East Indiaman 5036: 5034: 5031: 5029: 5028:Bermuda sloop 5026: 5025: 5023: 5019: 5013: 5010: 5008: 5006: 5002: 4997: 4995: 4992: 4990: 4987: 4985: 4982: 4980: 4977: 4975: 4972: 4970: 4967: 4965: 4962: 4960: 4957: 4955: 4952: 4950: 4947: 4945: 4942: 4940: 4937: 4935: 4932: 4931: 4929: 4925: 4919: 4916: 4914: 4911: 4909: 4906: 4904: 4901: 4899: 4896: 4894: 4891: 4889: 4886: 4885: 4883: 4879: 4873: 4870: 4868: 4865: 4863: 4860: 4858: 4855: 4853: 4850: 4848: 4845: 4843: 4840: 4838: 4835: 4833: 4830: 4828: 4825: 4823: 4820: 4818: 4815: 4813: 4810: 4808: 4805: 4803: 4800: 4799: 4797: 4795: 4791: 4785: 4782: 4780: 4777: 4775: 4772: 4770: 4767: 4765: 4762: 4758: 4755: 4753: 4750: 4748: 4745: 4743: 4740: 4738: 4735: 4733: 4730: 4729: 4728: 4725: 4723: 4720: 4718: 4715: 4713: 4710: 4708: 4705: 4703: 4700: 4699: 4697: 4695: 4691: 4688: 4682: 4681:sailing ships 4676: 4670: 4667: 4665: 4662: 4660: 4657: 4655: 4652: 4650: 4647: 4645: 4642: 4640: 4637: 4635: 4632: 4630: 4627: 4625: 4622: 4620: 4617: 4615: 4612: 4610: 4607: 4605: 4602: 4600: 4597: 4595: 4592: 4590: 4587: 4585: 4582: 4580: 4577: 4575: 4572: 4570: 4567: 4565: 4562: 4560: 4557: 4555: 4552: 4550: 4547: 4545: 4542: 4540: 4537: 4535: 4532: 4530: 4527: 4525: 4522: 4520: 4517: 4516: 4514: 4511: 4507: 4501: 4498: 4496: 4493: 4491: 4488: 4486: 4483: 4481: 4478: 4476: 4473: 4471: 4468: 4466: 4463: 4461: 4458: 4456: 4453: 4451: 4448: 4446: 4443: 4441: 4438: 4436: 4433: 4432: 4430: 4428: 4423: 4417: 4414: 4412: 4409: 4407: 4404: 4402: 4399: 4397: 4394: 4392: 4389: 4387: 4384: 4382: 4379: 4377: 4374: 4372: 4369: 4367: 4364: 4362: 4359: 4357: 4354: 4353: 4351: 4347: 4341: 4338: 4336: 4333: 4331: 4328: 4326: 4323: 4322: 4320: 4316: 4312: 4308: 4300: 4295: 4293: 4288: 4286: 4281: 4280: 4277: 4265: 4262: 4261: 4259: 4255: 4249: 4248: 4247:Al-Hashemi-II 4244: 4243: 4241: 4237: 4231: 4230: 4226: 4224: 4223: 4219: 4217: 4216: 4212: 4210: 4209: 4205: 4203: 4202: 4198: 4196: 4195: 4191: 4189: 4188: 4187:Great Western 4184: 4182: 4181: 4177: 4175: 4174: 4170: 4168: 4167: 4163: 4161: 4160: 4156: 4154: 4153: 4149: 4147: 4146: 4142: 4140: 4139: 4135: 4134: 4132: 4130: 4129:Steam-powered 4126: 4120: 4119: 4115: 4113: 4112: 4108: 4106: 4105: 4101: 4099: 4098: 4094: 4092: 4091: 4087: 4085: 4084: 4080: 4078: 4077: 4073: 4071: 4070: 4066: 4064: 4063: 4059: 4057: 4056: 4052: 4050: 4049: 4045: 4043: 4040: 4038: 4037: 4033: 4031: 4030: 4026: 4024: 4023: 4019: 4017: 4016: 4012: 4010: 4009: 4005: 4003: 4002: 3998: 3995: 3991: 3990: 3986: 3984: 3983: 3979: 3977: 3976: 3972: 3970: 3969: 3968:Madre de Deus 3965: 3963: 3962: 3958: 3956: 3955: 3950: 3948: 3947: 3943: 3941: 3940: 3939:Great Michael 3936: 3934: 3933: 3929: 3927: 3926: 3922: 3920: 3919: 3915: 3913: 3910: 3908: 3907: 3903: 3901: 3900: 3896: 3894: 3893: 3889: 3887: 3886: 3882: 3880: 3877: 3875: 3874: 3870: 3868: 3867: 3863: 3862: 3860: 3858: 3854: 3848: 3847: 3843: 3841: 3840: 3836: 3834: 3833: 3829: 3828: 3826: 3824: 3818: 3812: 3811: 3807: 3805: 3804: 3800: 3798: 3797: 3793: 3791: 3788: 3786: 3785:Obelisk ships 3783: 3781: 3778: 3776: 3773: 3771: 3770: 3766: 3764: 3761: 3759: 3758: 3754: 3752: 3749: 3747: 3744: 3743: 3741: 3739:Ancient ships 3737: 3733: 3726: 3721: 3719: 3714: 3712: 3707: 3706: 3703: 3696: 3693: 3692: 3688: 3681: 3677: 3672: 3668: 3664: 3659: 3656: 3652: 3648: 3644: 3640: 3636: 3632: 3627: 3624: 3620: 3616: 3612: 3608: 3604: 3599: 3595: 3590: 3587: 3583: 3579: 3575: 3571: 3567: 3562: 3559: 3555: 3551: 3547: 3542: 3539: 3534: 3531: 3527: 3523: 3519: 3515: 3511: 3506: 3502: 3497: 3493: 3489: 3485: 3480: 3477: 3475:9780199382255 3471: 3467: 3466: 3460: 3456: 3452: 3448: 3443: 3439: 3437:0-521-01032-2 3433: 3429: 3424: 3420: 3415: 3411: 3407: 3403: 3399: 3395: 3390: 3386: 3381: 3378: 3374: 3370: 3366: 3362: 3358: 3353: 3349: 3344: 3340: 3335: 3331: 3327: 3323: 3318: 3314: 3310: 3306: 3302: 3298: 3294: 3290: 3286: 3281: 3278: 3274: 3270: 3264: 3260: 3255: 3252: 3250:9787563370764 3246: 3242: 3241: 3235: 3232: 3228: 3224: 3220: 3216: 3212: 3205: 3200: 3197: 3195:9781788314466 3191: 3187: 3182: 3179: 3173: 3169: 3168: 3162: 3161: 3156: 3140: 3136: 3132: 3125: 3122: 3117: 3113: 3112: 3105: 3102: 3091:on 2012-03-14 3090: 3086: 3082: 3076: 3073: 3068: 3064: 3063: 3058: 3052: 3049: 3045: 3040: 3037: 3033: 3028: 3025: 3022:, p. 30. 3021: 3016: 3013: 3009: 3004: 3001: 2998:, p. 29. 2997: 2992: 2989: 2985: 2980: 2977: 2972: 2970:9780646548265 2966: 2962: 2955: 2948: 2945: 2941: 2940:Finlay (1992) 2935: 2934: 2925: 2922: 2918: 2913: 2910: 2906: 2901: 2898: 2894: 2889: 2886: 2883:, p. 60. 2882: 2877: 2874: 2870: 2865: 2862: 2858: 2853: 2850: 2846: 2841: 2838: 2834: 2829: 2826: 2822: 2817: 2814: 2810: 2805: 2802: 2798: 2793: 2790: 2786: 2781: 2778: 2775:, p. 36. 2774: 2769: 2766: 2762: 2758: 2753: 2750: 2747:, p. 23. 2746: 2741: 2738: 2734: 2729: 2726: 2722: 2717: 2715: 2713: 2711: 2709: 2705: 2701:(3): 273–275. 2700: 2696: 2689: 2686: 2682: 2681:Sleeswyk 2004 2677: 2674: 2670: 2665: 2663: 2661: 2657: 2653: 2648: 2645: 2641: 2636: 2634: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2616: 2613: 2609: 2604: 2601: 2597: 2592: 2589: 2585: 2580: 2577: 2573: 2568: 2565: 2562:, p. 80. 2561: 2560:Levathes 1994 2556: 2554: 2550: 2547:, p. 14. 2546: 2541: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2530:Sleeswyk 1996 2526: 2523: 2519: 2514: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2499: 2496: 2485:on 2019-03-06 2484: 2480: 2476: 2469: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2449: 2446: 2442: 2437: 2434: 2429: 2425: 2421: 2415: 2411: 2410: 2402: 2399: 2395: 2390: 2387: 2383: 2378: 2375: 2371: 2366: 2363: 2359: 2354: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2339: 2337: 2335: 2333: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2318: 2315: 2311: 2306: 2303: 2299: 2294: 2291: 2287: 2282: 2279: 2275: 2270: 2267: 2263: 2258: 2255: 2252:, p. 58. 2251: 2246: 2243: 2238: 2234: 2227: 2224: 2220: 2215: 2212: 2208: 2203: 2200: 2195: 2189: 2181: 2174: 2171: 2167: 2162: 2159: 2154: 2147: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2132: 2129: 2125: 2120: 2118: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2103: 2100: 2097:, p. 10. 2096: 2091: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2076: 2074: 2072: 2070: 2068: 2064: 2059: 2052: 2045: 2042: 2039:, p. 75. 2038: 2033: 2031: 2029: 2025: 2022:, p. 15. 2021: 2016: 2014: 2012: 2008: 2004: 1999: 1996: 1993:, p. 74. 1992: 1987: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1972: 1969: 1965: 1960: 1957: 1951: 1948: 1944: 1943:Tian Fei Jing 1938: 1935: 1931: 1926: 1924: 1920: 1915: 1909: 1901: 1897: 1890: 1888: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1877:Levathes 1994 1873: 1871: 1869: 1865: 1862:, p. 16. 1861: 1856: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1841: 1839: 1837: 1833: 1827: 1824: 1817: 1812: 1802: 1799: 1795: 1789: 1786: 1779: 1775: 1772: 1770: 1767: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1754: 1752: 1749: 1748: 1744: 1742: 1740: 1736: 1728: 1726: 1724: 1720: 1715: 1708: 1702: 1698: 1696: 1695:Quanzhou ship 1690: 1688: 1684: 1676: 1671: 1664: 1661: 1660: 1654: 1650: 1643: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1620: 1618: 1613: 1609: 1604: 1595: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1575: 1568: 1566: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1521: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1495:East Indiamen 1492: 1484: 1482: 1480: 1479:Bangka Strait 1476: 1472: 1468: 1467:Yangtze river 1464: 1459: 1454: 1451: 1442: 1438: 1435: 1431: 1428: 1424: 1421: 1420: 1419: 1417: 1407: 1403: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1377: 1372: 1368: 1366: 1361: 1356: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1321: 1319: 1317: 1313: 1310: 1305: 1303: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1257: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1246: 1241: 1240: 1235: 1231: 1230: 1221: 1216: 1209: 1205:44 zhang ship 1204: 1202: 1199: 1195: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1154: 1152: 1150: 1145: 1143: 1142: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1117: 1112: 1106: 1102: 1095: 1091: 1081: 1078: 1074: 1064: 1061: 1057: 1047: 1044: 1040: 1030: 1027: 1023: 1013: 1012: 1011: 1009: 1005: 1004: 997: 992: 989:According to 984: 982: 980: 976: 975: 968: 963: 956: 954: 951: 947: 944: 941: 938: 936: 935: 934:Taizong Shilu 927:Taizong Shilu 926: 920: 913: 904: 864: 863:Fra Mauro map 861:Ships of the 859: 852: 843: 809: 807: 805: 801: 800:Quanzhou ship 797: 793: 789: 785: 781: 773: 769: 765: 760: 753: 748: 744: 740: 739: 731: 727: 725: 714: 704: 701: 695: 693: 689: 682: 679: 674: 672: 671:Ibn al-Daybaʿ 666: 664: 660: 653: 651: 647: 639: 637: 635: 630: 627: 625: 620: 618: 617: 611: 608: 606: 605: 604:Taizong Shilu 600: 596: 593: 588: 582: 580: 576: 572: 571: 565: 563: 560: 555: 546: 542: 538: 534: 529: 522: 517: 515: 513: 509: 505: 501: 497: 496:seven voyages 493: 489: 485: 479: 471: 463: 459: 449: 446: 445: 441: 438: 437: 433: 430: 429: 426: 423: 420: 419: 415: 412: 411: 407: 404: 403: 399: 396: 395: 391: 388: 387: 383: 380: 379: 375: 372: 371: 367: 364: 363: 358: 351: 348: 345: 342: 341: 338: 335: 334: 330: 327: 326: 322: 319: 318: 314: 311: 310: 306: 303: 302: 298: 294: 290: 287: 286: 282: 277: 272: 267: 262: 256: 251: 247: 244: 243: 239: 236: 235: 231: 228: 227: 224: 221: 218: 217: 213: 210: 209: 205: 202: 201: 197: 194: 193: 189: 186: 185: 181: 178: 177: 173: 170: 169: 165: 162: 161: 156: 149: 146: 143: 140: 137: 134: 131: 130: 127: 124: 123: 119: 116: 115: 111: 108: 107: 103: 100: 99: 95: 92: 91: 87: 83: 79: 75: 72: 71: 67: 62: 57: 52: 45: 40: 37: 33: 19: 5909: 5902: 5890: 5883: 5871: 5864: 5855: 5822:Flamethrower 5723: 5516:Norfolk punt 5394:Mast aft rig 5303:Herring buss 5227:West Country 5149:Sloop-of-war 5004: 5000: 4934:Crommesteven 4892: 4427:sailing rigs 4401:Mast aft rig 4349:Sailing rigs 4309:vessels and 4245: 4228: 4221: 4214: 4207: 4200: 4193: 4186: 4179: 4172: 4165: 4158: 4151: 4144: 4137: 4117: 4110: 4103: 4096: 4089: 4082: 4075: 4068: 4062:Soleil Royal 4061: 4054: 4047: 4035: 4028: 4020: 4014: 4007: 3999: 3988: 3981: 3973: 3966: 3959: 3953: 3944: 3937: 3931: 3924: 3917: 3906:Ganj-i-Sawai 3904: 3897: 3891: 3885:Cinco Chagas 3883: 3878: 3872: 3864: 3846:Galère Réale 3845: 3838: 3830: 3808: 3801: 3794: 3775:Marsala Ship 3769:Leontophoros 3767: 3756: 3694: 3679: 3675: 3669:(2): 107–116 3666: 3638: 3634: 3609:(2): 51–81, 3606: 3602: 3593: 3569: 3565: 3549: 3545: 3537: 3513: 3509: 3500: 3491: 3487: 3464: 3454: 3450: 3427: 3409: 3405: 3393: 3384: 3360: 3356: 3347: 3338: 3329: 3325: 3321: 3288: 3284: 3258: 3239: 3214: 3210: 3185: 3166: 3143:. Retrieved 3134: 3124: 3115: 3110: 3104: 3093:. Retrieved 3089:the original 3084: 3075: 3060: 3051: 3039: 3027: 3015: 3003: 2991: 2979: 2960: 2947: 2932: 2924: 2912: 2900: 2888: 2876: 2869:Xiaowei 2018 2864: 2857:Xiaowei 2018 2852: 2845:Xiaowei 2018 2840: 2833:Naiming 2016 2828: 2816: 2804: 2792: 2780: 2768: 2760: 2752: 2740: 2728: 2723:, p. 3. 2698: 2694: 2688: 2676: 2647: 2624: 2620: 2615: 2603: 2596:Needham 1971 2591: 2579: 2574:, p. 5. 2567: 2525: 2518:Needham 1971 2498: 2487:. Retrieved 2483:the original 2478: 2457: 2448: 2443:, p. 7. 2436: 2408: 2401: 2396:, p. 6. 2389: 2377: 2365: 2322:Needham 1971 2317: 2310:Needham 1971 2305: 2298:Bowring 2019 2293: 2281: 2269: 2262:Needham 1971 2257: 2245: 2236: 2226: 2219:Needham 1971 2214: 2207:Needham 1971 2202: 2179: 2173: 2161: 2152: 2131: 2102: 2057: 2044: 1998: 1971: 1966:, p. 2. 1959: 1950: 1942: 1937: 1899: 1895: 1826: 1801: 1788: 1763: 1732: 1716: 1712: 1691: 1686: 1680: 1658: 1645: 1632:hand cannons 1621: 1600: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1549:wide if the 1546: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1529: 1525: 1519: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1490: 1488: 1457: 1455: 1446: 1415: 1413: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1381: 1375: 1364: 1359: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1331: 1330:long by 2.4 1327: 1325: 1306: 1301: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1287:, where the 1280: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1258: 1253: 1249: 1243: 1237: 1233: 1227: 1225: 1219: 1197: 1193: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1160: 1158: 1148: 1146: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1121: 1099: 1093: 1089: 1076: 1072: 1059: 1055: 1042: 1038: 1025: 1021: 1007: 1001: 988: 978: 972: 962:Li Zhaoxiang 960: 952: 948: 945: 942: 939: 932: 930: 869: 819:comfortably. 814: 803: 795: 791: 787: 777: 768:Yuan dynasty 742: 729: 711: 697: 686: 676: 668: 659:frankincense 655: 643: 631: 628: 623: 621: 614: 612: 609: 602: 585: 583: 568: 566: 552: 550: 511: 507: 500:Ming dynasty 488:Chinese junk 481: 457: 455: 381:Tons burthen 373:Displacement 296: 292: 281:Ming dynasty 179:Tons burthen 171:Displacement 85: 81: 77: 66:Ming dynasty 36: 5851:Hand cannon 5747:Traditional 5686:Jurchen Jin 5511:Mersey flat 5489:Other types 5278:Barca-longa 5180:Down Easter 4817:Bomb vessel 4769:K'un-lun po 4747:Quadriremes 4732:Penteconter 4619:Quadrimaran 4440:Barquentine 4356:Bermuda rig 4325:Age of Sail 4208:La Bretagne 4152:Continental 4145:Australasia 4076:Susquehanna 3994:Océan class 3932:Great Harry 3839:Galera Real 3832:Cakra Dunia 3572:: 305–308, 3552:(1): 3–13, 3135:China Daily 3062:China Daily 3044:Dreyer 2007 3032:Dreyer 2007 3020:Church 2005 3008:Dreyer 2007 2996:Church 2005 2905:Miksic 2019 2881:Cunren 2008 2821:Dreyer 2007 2809:Murray 2014 2797:Church 2005 2785:Howard 1979 2773:Church 2005 2745:Church 2005 2721:Church 2005 2640:Church 2005 2608:Dreyer 2007 2584:Dreyer 2007 2572:Church 2005 2441:Church 2005 2394:Church 2005 2382:Dreyer 2007 2370:Dreyer 2007 2358:Dreyer 2007 2343:Dreyer 2007 2124:Dreyer 2007 2107:Dreyer 2007 2095:Church 2005 2080:Dreyer 2007 1976:Finlay 1992 1860:Church 2005 1545:long and 9 1398:ships were 1390:ships were 1248:, i.e. 444 1124:Jìng hǎi sì 1056:Liáng Chuán 994: [ 991:Luo Maodeng 965: [ 914:Description 908:Ibn Battuta 853:Ibn Battuta 784:Ibn Battuta 720: 1395 590: [ 557: [ 307:Before 1412 5938:Categories 5866:Hu dun pao 5844:Fire lance 5817:Fire arrow 5475:Treenailed 5455:Lashed lug 5450:Inflatable 5429:Windsurfer 5414:Sportsboat 5363:Well smack 5232:Windjammer 5159:Trincadour 5129:Padewakang 4979:Man-of-war 4918:Trabaccolo 4857:Malangbang 4659:Vaka katea 4609:Pentamaran 4450:Brigantine 4411:Square rig 4406:Pinisi rig 4386:Lateen rig 4376:Gunter rig 4340:Navigation 4159:Dunderberg 4138:Appomattox 4055:Shenandoah 4036:Santa Anna 3925:Grace Dieu 3810:Thalamegos 3780:Nemi ships 3763:Khufu ship 3145:2024-06-20 3095:2011-03-25 2733:Agius 2008 2669:Agius 2008 2652:Agius 2008 2489:2019-03-02 2458:Crossroads 1964:Mills 1970 1813:References 1628:Portuguese 1475:Musi river 1309:sinologist 1113:Dimensions 1090:Zhàn Chuán 1082:Warships ( 847:Marco Polo 810:Marco Polo 780:Marco Polo 774:(1293 CE). 764:Henry Yule 745:, that is 690:historian 634:Liujiagang 541:Chen Cheng 535:alongside 494:, who led 442:24 cannons 431:Complement 413:Propulsion 320:In service 293:liao ju bo 240:24 cannons 229:Complement 211:Propulsion 109:In service 78:liao da bo 5911:Hongyipao 5827:Petroleum 5809:Gunpowder 5740:Equipment 5470:Tall ship 5298:Gableboat 5212:Leti leti 5202:Janggolan 5134:Post ship 5005:de armada 4994:Speronara 4722:Fire ship 4654:Va'a-tele 4579:Kora kora 4544:Catamaran 4510:Multihull 4416:Tanja rig 4361:Crab claw 4318:Overviews 4305:Types of 4215:L.R. Doty 4083:Tenacious 3975:Mahmudiye 3952:Javanese 3918:Götheborg 3796:Syracusia 3682:: 231–235 3655:162302303 3641:: 59–76, 3623:130906334 3586:220325919 3530:213253271 3313:144362957 3231:161434221 2984:Wake 2004 2938:See also 2545:Ming 2011 2428:886189859 2286:Wake 1997 2274:Wake 1997 2250:Wake 1997 2188:cite book 2037:Wake 2004 2020:Ming 2011 2003:Wake 2004 1991:Wake 2004 1908:cite book 1818:Citations 1640:quicklime 1587:Singapore 1569:Structure 1513:. If the 1471:Palembang 1392:bao chuan 1022:Bǎo Chuán 421:Sail plan 416:6–7 masts 384:1860 tons 376:3100 tons 261:woodblock 219:Sail plan 86:hai chuan 5857:Huochong 5799:War cart 5779:Crossbow 5774:Elephant 5769:Polearms 5424:Wharrams 5343:Sixareen 5338:Nordland 5333:Patorani 5119:Gundalow 5104:Gallivat 5089:Chialoup 5084:Bilander 5033:Corvette 4949:Galleass 4908:Lancaran 4867:Tongkang 4852:Longship 4802:Balinger 4702:Balangay 4649:Ungalawa 4644:Trimaran 4639:Tongiaki 4634:Tipairua 4485:Schooner 4381:Junk rig 4371:Gaff rig 4239:Immobile 4015:Pretoria 3892:Columbus 3277:64592164 3217:: 1–43, 3139:Archived 3067:Archived 2759:(1981). 2166:Sen 2016 2136:Sen 2016 1764:baochuan 1745:See also 1624:bombards 1585:island, 1499:galleons 1400:ma chuan 1336:Shanghai 1234:Ming shi 1165:Hangzhou 1073:uò Chuán 1039:Mǎ Chuán 906:— 845:— 747:Venetian 733:— 545:Timurids 518:Accounts 510:or 44.4 492:Zheng He 483:bǎochuán 439:Armament 425:Junk rig 297:baochuan 237:Armament 223:Junk rig 182:500 tons 174:800 tons 5885:Huo Che 5794:Stirrup 5754:Chariot 5560:Related 5358:Tartane 5308:Jangada 5288:Felucca 5283:Falkuša 5241:20th c. 5195:Warship 5185:Golekan 5168:19th c. 5094:Clipper 5077:18th c. 5063:Polacca 5043:Frigate 5021:17th c. 4989:Patache 4984:Manchua 4959:Flyboat 4944:Galleon 4927:16th c. 4898:Caravel 4888:Carrack 4881:15th c. 4847:Kondura 4812:Birlinn 4742:Trireme 4694:Ancient 4629:Tepukei 4584:Lakatoi 4574:Karakoa 4554:Guilalo 4539:Camakau 4524:Amatasi 4512:vessels 4480:Mistico 4455:Catboat 4396:Lug rig 4307:sailing 4264:Belyana 4229:Orlando 4201:Jylland 4118:Wyoming 4104:Victory 4029:Roanoke 3494:: 51–65 3457:: 13–15 3377:3596216 3332:: 47–51 3157:Sources 1845:Lo 2012 1760:Henry V 1739:Nanjing 1729:Replica 1683:Nanjing 1649:captain 1612:anchors 1583:Sentosa 1509:was 30 1463:burthen 1367:ships. 1349:(龙江船厂志— 1277:Jiangsu 865:(1460). 802:(1,000 743:vegetes 724:burthen 683:Mamluks 579:Nanjing 537:Yishiha 523:Chinese 405:Draught 312:Builder 304:Ordered 269:History 214:4 masts 203:Draught 101:Builder 93:Ordered 54:History 32:Pocheon 5764:Swords 5759:Armour 5618:Armies 5551:Wherry 5526:Pausik 5384:Dinghy 5328:Mayang 5323:Masula 5318:Lugger 5313:Jukung 5217:Palari 5139:74-gun 5124:Lanong 5048:Galeas 4974:Lorcha 4939:Galiot 4903:Ghurab 4862:Shitik 4807:Benawa 4757:Dromon 4737:Bireme 4727:Galley 4589:Lanong 4559:Jukung 4529:Baurua 4460:Cutter 4435:Barque 4222:Mersey 4166:Eureka 4022:Rahīmī 3989:Orient 3961:Kronan 3912:Ghurab 3653: 3621: 3584: 3528: 3472: 3434: 3375: 3311: 3305:178944 3303: 3275: 3265: 3247: 3229: 3192: 3174: 2967: 2942:, 225. 2426: 2416: 1522:cannon 1520:Hongyi 1378:, 1553 1285:Fujian 688:Mamluk 554:Guoque 480:: 478:pinyin 472:: 464:: 389:Length 291:5,000 187:Length 82:hai po 76:2,000 5626:Shang 5506:Fusta 5460:Razee 5434:Yacht 5353:Smack 5348:Sgoth 5293:Fifie 5268:Bagan 5222:Tamar 5207:Lambo 5109:Garay 5012:Xebec 5001:round 4964:Fluyt 4954:Ghali 4872:Zabra 4837:Knarr 4779:Mtepe 4707:Boita 4664:Vinta 4624:Takia 4604:Paraw 4569:Kalia 4534:Bigiw 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Chinese treasure ship

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