Chinese treasure ship - Knowledge (XXG)

1678:) in the official names, the site is distinct from the actual Longjiang Shipyard, which was located on a different site and produced different types of ships. The Treasure Shipyard, where Zheng He's fleet were believed to have been built in the Ming Dynasty, once consisted of thirteen basins (based on a 1944 map), most of which have now been covered by the construction of buildings in the 20th century. The basins are believed to have been connected to the Yangtze via a series of gates. Three long basins survive, each with wooden structures inside them that were interpreted to be frames for the ships to be built on. The largest basin extends for a length of 421 metres (1,381 ft). While they were long enough to accommodate the largest claimed Zheng He treasure ship, they were not wide enough to fit even a ship half the claimed size. The basin was only 41 metres (135 ft) wide at most, with only a 10 metres (33 ft) width area of it showing evidence of structures. They were also not deep enough, being only 4 metres (13 ft) deep. Other remains of ships in the site indicate that the ships were only slightly larger than the frames that supported them. Moreover, the basin structures were grouped into clusters with large gaps between them, if each cluster was interpreted as a ship framework, then the largest ship would not exceed 75 metres (246 ft) at most, probably less. 1395: 33: 1690: 748: 1659: 1583: 1094: 1636:

visor, and carrying a certain weapon attached to a spear. Their vessels are armed with bombards, shorter than those in use with us. Once every two years they return with 20 or 25 vessels. They are unable to tell what people they are, nor what merchandise they bring to this city, save that it includes very fine linen-cloth and brass-ware. They load spices. Their vessels have four masts like those of Spain. If they were Germans it seems to me that we should have had some notice about them; possibly they may be Russians if they have a port there. On the arrival of the

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victorious al-Mahaṭṭa to accept the brilliant gifts of the ruler of China. It was a splendid present consisting of all manner of rarities , splendid Chinese silk cloth woven with gold , top quality musk, storax and many kinds of chinaware vessels, the present being valued at twenty thousand Chinese mithqāl . It was accompanied by the Qādi Wajīh al-Dīn ʿAbd al-Rahman b. Jumay. And this was on 26 Muharram in the year 822 . His majesty, the Sultan al-Malik al-Nāsir ordered that the Envoy of the ruler of China returned with gifts of his own, including many rare, with

1563: 1342:) at Nanjing, the size is as follows: LOA 166 ft (50.60 m), bottom's hull length 102.6 ft (31.27 m), overhanging "tail" length 23.4 ft (7.13 m), front depth 6.9 ft (2.10 m), front width 19.5 ft (5.94 m), mid-hull depth 8.1 ft (2.47 m), mid-hull width 24.3 ft (7.41 m), tail depth 12 ft (3.66 m), tail width 21.6 ft (6.58 m), and the length to width ratio is 7:1. Arabic Studies and Islamic Material Culture researcher 908: 825:

regions, but they oil them in such a way as I shall tell you, because they have another thing which seems to them to be better than pitch. For I tell you that they take lime, and hemp chopped small, and they pound it all together, mixed with an oil from a tree. And after they have pounded them well, these three things together, I tell you that it becomes sticky and holds like birdlime. And with this thing they smear their ships, and this is worth quite as much as pitch.

1391:(horse ship). In his calculations, the treasure ships would have had a length of 52.5 m, a width of 9.89 m, and a height of 4.71 m. The horse ships would have a length of 46.63 m, a width of 8.8 m, and a height of 4.19 m. Richard Barker estimated that the treasure ships would have a length of 230 ft (70.10 m), a width of 65 ft (19.81 m), and a draught of 20 ft (6.10 m). He estimated it using an assumed displacement of 3100 tons. 1204: 818:

food staves it in... And then the water entering through the hole runs to the bilge, which never remains occupied with any things. And then the sailors find out where the ship is staved, and then the hold which answers to the break is emptied into others, for the water cannot pass from one hold to another, so strongly are they shut in; and then they repair the ship there, and put back there the goods which had been taken out.

1245:. The dimensions of ships are no coincidence. The number "4" has numerological significance as a symbol of the 4 cardinal directions, 4 seasons, and 4 virtues. The number 4 was an auspicious association for treasure ships. These dimensions first appeared in a novel published in 1597, more than a century and a half after Zheng He's voyages. The 3 contemporary accounts of Zheng He's voyages do not have the ship dimensions. 265: 50: 517: 1360: 847: 1682:

ship to which it belonged was estimated at 149–166 meters. However, such use of this piece of archeological evidence rests upon supposing proportions between the rudder and the length of the ship, which have also been the object of intense contestation: That length was estimated using steel, engine-driven ship as the reference. By comparing the rudder shaft to the

1608:, the treasure ships had nine staggered masts and twelve square sails, increasing its speed. Treasure ships also had 24 cast-bronze cannons with a maximum range of 240 to 275 m (800–900 feet). However, treasure ships were considered luxury ships rather than warships. As such, they lacked the fuchuan's raised platforms or extended planks used for battle. 795:), Liuhe, Taicang is 68 m (223.1 ft). However, the usual Chinese trading junks pre-1500 was around 20–30 m (65.6–98.4 ft) long, with the length of 30 m (98.4 ft) only becoming the norm after 1500 CE. Large size could be a disadvantage for shallow harbors of southern seas, and the presence of numerous reefs exacerbates this. 692:ʿAjlān, emir of Mecca, and to Saʾd al-Dīn Ibrāhīm ibn al-Marra, controller of Judda , asking permission to come to Judda. The two wrote to the Sultan about this, and made him eager for the large amount that would result if they came. The Sultan wrote to them to let them come to Judda, and to show them honor. 1681:

In 1957, a large 11-meter-long rudder shaft was discovered during excavations at the Treasure shipyards. The rudder blade, which did not survive, was attached to a 6-meter section of the axis. According to Chinese archaeologists, the area of the rudder was approximately 42.5 m², and the length of the

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The vessels have four decks, upon which there are cabins and saloons for merchants. Several of these 'misriya' contain cupboards and other conveniences; they have doors which can be locked, and keys for their occupiers. (The merchants) take with them their wives and concubines. It often happens that

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A single one of the greater ships carries 12 sails, and the smaller ones only three. The sails of these vessels are made of strips of bamboo, woven into the form of matting. The sailors never lower them (while sailing, but simply) change the direction of them according to whether the wind is blowing

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The treasure ships were different in size, but not in speed. Under favorable conditions, such as sailing with the winter monsoon from Fujian to Southeast Asia, Zheng He's fleet developed an average speed of about 2.5 knots (4.63 km/h); on many other segments of his route, a significantly lower

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weighing over a thousand pounds each, used for mooring offshore. Like many Chinese anchors, these had four flukes set at a sharp angle against the main shaft. Watertight compartments were also used to add strength to the treasure ships. The ships also had a balanced rudder which could be raised and

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size treasure ships, if they were built, was that they were used only for a display of imperial power by the emperor and imperial bureaucrats on the Yangtze River when on court business, including when reviewing Zheng He's actual expedition fleet. The Yangtze River, with its calmer waters, may have

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ships famously experienced. Beyond a certain size (about 300 feet or 91.44 m in length) a wooden ship is structurally unsafe. It was not until the mid to late 19th century that the length of the largest western wooden ship began to exceed 100 meters, even this was done using modern industrial tools

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It took four centuries (from the Renaissance to the modern era) for Western ships to increase in size from 1500 to 5000 tons displacement. For Chinese ships to have reached three or four times this size in just two years (from Emperor Yongle's accession in 1403 to the launch of the first expedition

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The Commander of such a vessel is a great Emir; when he lands, the archers and the Ethiops march before him bearing javelins and swords, with drums beating and trumpets blowing. When he arrives at the guesthouse where he is to stay, they set up their lances on each side of the gate, and mount guard

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This is the manner after which they are made; two (parallel) walls of very thick wooden (planking) are raised, and across the space between them are placed very thick planks (the bulkheads) secured longitudinally and transversely by means of large nails, each three ells in length. When these walls

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Some ships, namely those which are larger, have besides quite 13 holds, that is, divisions, on the inside, made with strong planks fitted together, so that if by accident that the ship is staved in any place, namely that either it strikes on a rock, or a whale-fish striking against it in search of

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Edward L. Dreyer claims that Luo Maodeng's novel is unsuitable as historical evidence. The novel contains a number of fantasy elements; for example the ships were "constructed with divine help by the immortal Lu Ban". Scholars have worked, however, to distinguish the fictional elements from those

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had come from China to the seaports of India, and two of them had anchored in the port of Aden, but their goods, chinaware, silk, musk, and the like, were not disposed of there because of the disorder of the state of Yemen. The captains of these two junks wrote to the Sharīf Barakāt ibn Hasan ibn

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Arrival of Dragon-ships in the protected harbour city and with them the messengers of the ruler of China with brilliant gifts for his Majesty, the Sultan al-Malik al-Nāsir in the month of l’Hijja in the year 821 . His Majesty, the Sultan al-Malik al-Nāsiṛ’s in the Protected Dār al-Jund send the

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estimated a size of 200–250 ft (60.96 m–76.2 m) and maximum weight of 700 tons for the escort ships based on his observation of Arabic and Asian shipwrights, while for the flag ship, Agius estimates 447 ft (139.4 m) at very most, based on the with information about the ship's weight in

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It is now about 80 years since there arrived in this city of Chalicut certain vessels of white Christians, who wore their hair long like Germans, and had no beards except around the mouth, such as are worn at Constantinople by cavaliers and courtiers. They landed, wearing a cuirass, helmet, and

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A ship of these dimensions would need masts that were 100 meters (328 feet) tall. Several timbers would have to be joined vertically. As a single tree trunk would not be large enough in diameter to support such a mast, multiple timbers would need to be combined at the base as well. There is no

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And the boards of the ship, inside and outside, are thus fitted together, that is, they are, in the common speech of our sailors, caulked both outside and inside, and they are well nailed inside and outside with iron pins. They are not pitched with pitch, because they have none of it in those

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On 14 February 1408, 48 treasure ships were ordered from the Ministry of Works in Nanjing. This is the only contemporary account containing references to both treasure ships and a specific place of construction. Coincidentally, the only physical evidence of treasure ships comes from Nanjing.

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They have one floor, which with us is called a deck, one for each, and on this deck there are commonly in all the greater number quite 60 little rooms or cabins, and in some, more, and in some, fewer, according as the ships are larger and smaller, where, in each, a merchant can stay

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From the comments of modern scholars on Medieval Chinese accounts and reports, it is apparent that a wooden ship had a natural limit to her size, which going beyond would have made her structurally unsafe as well as causing a considerable loss of maneuverability, something the

1627:(which dates back to late Yuan dynasty), and iron cannons with several rings on their muzzle (in the wrecks they are 76 and 73 cm long, weighing 110 and 74 kg), which according to Tang Zhiba, a typical of early Ming iron cannon. They may also carry incendiary bombs ( 1133:. In addition, in the contemporary account of Zheng He's 7th voyage by Gong Zhen, says it took 200 to 300 men to handle one of Zheng He's ships. Ming minister Song Li indicated a ratio of 1 man per 2.5 tons of cargo, which would imply Zheng He's ships were 500 to 750 tons. 1398:

A restored copy of the illustration of Zheng He's visits to the West on the flyleaf of the book "Heavenly Princess Classics" in 1420. This invaluable picture is the earliest pictorial record of Zheng He treasure-ships. The ships are depicted with 6 masts, but only 3 sails

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would have been between 385 by 157.5 feet and 440 by 180 feet (117.5 by 48 metres, and 134 by 55 metres). Louise Levathes estimates that it had a maximum size of 110–124 m (390–408 feet) long and 49–51 m (160–166 feet) wide instead, taking 1

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With the benefit of modern technology it would be difficult to manufacture a wooden ship of 10,000 tons, let alone one that was 1.5 to 2 times that size. It was only when ships began to be built of iron in the 1860s that they could exceed 10,000

1330:, argues that Zheng He's treasure ships could not have been 450 ft long, and suggests that they were probably closer to 200–250 ft (61–76 m) in length. Hsu Yun-Ts'iao does not agree with Xin Yuan'ou: Estimating the size of a 2,000 1450:

been navigable for such large but unseaworthy ships. Zheng He would not have had the privilege in rank to command the largest of these ships. Some of the largest ships of Zheng He's fleet were the 6 masted 2000-liao ships. This would give

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great vessels containing precious gifts, the value of which was twenty lacs of gold... (The sultan) dispatched to him wild animals and splendid sultanic robes, an abundant quality, and ordered him to be escorted to the city of

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would partially fill with water when the ship pitched forward, thus lessening the violent turbulence caused by waves. Treasure ships also used floating anchors cast off the sides of the ship in order to increase stability. The

5588: 641:, compiled in the years 1439–1440. It reports the arrival of Chinese ships in 1419, 1423, and 1432, which approximately correspond to Zheng He's fifth, sixth, and seventh voyages. The 1419 arrival is described thus: 1411:

Ships of the dimensions given in the Ming shi would have been 15,000–20,000 tons according to his calculations, exceeding a natural limit to the size of a wooden ocean-going ship of about 7,000 tons displacement.

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ship, obtaining a length of 61.2 m (200.79 ft), width of 13.8 m (45.28 ft), and draught of 3.9 m (12.80 ft). Zheng Ming believes that the "Heavenly Princess Classics" depict 2,000

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would be equal to between 1.5 meters and 1.6 meters; this means the Dutch ship would be 45–48 m (147–157 ft) long and the cannon would be 3–3.2 m (9.8–10.5 ft) long. Taking the upper limit of 1.6 meters for 1

654:, wild ass, thousands of wild lion and tame cheetahs. And they travelled in the company of Qādi Wajīh al-Dīn ʿAbd al-Rahman b. Jumay out of the sheltered harbour of Aden in the month of Safar of the year 822 . 1604:

lowered, creating additional stability like an extra keel. The balanced rudder placed as much of the rudder forward of the stern post as behind it, making such large ships easier to steer. Unlike a typical

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ship would have a dimension of 71.1 m (233.27 ft), width of 14.05 m (46.10 ft), with 6.1 m (20.01 ft) draught, and the displacement would reach more than 2,700 tons. The 5,000

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ships were not used until after the 3rd voyage, when the voyages were extended beyond India. Judging from the three images from the Ming era, the largest ships had 3–4 main masts and 2–3 auxiliary masts.

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Among the inhabitants of China there are those who own numerous ships, on which they send their agents to foreign places. For nowhere in the world are there to be found people richer than the Chinese.

783:) would carry 200–300 men. Unlike Ming treasure ships, Song and Yuan great junks were propelled by oars, and had with them smaller junks, probably for help in maneuvering. The largest junks (5,000 1315:

Modern scholars have argued on engineering grounds that it is highly unlikely that Zheng He's ship was 450 feet (137 m) in length. Guan Jincheng (1947) proposed a much more modest size of 20

503:, which has been interpreted by some modern scholars as over 100 m (330 ft) in length, while others have stated that Zheng He's largest ship was around 70 m (230 ft) or less. 730:

Other translations of the passage give the size as a 2000 butts, which would be around 1000 tons, a butt being half a ton. Christopher Wake noted that the transcription of the unit is actually

5581: 4030: 3711: 3436:"再议明代宝船尺度——洪保墓寿藏铭记五千料巨舶的思考 (Re-discussion on the Scale of Treasure Ships in the Ming Dynasty: Reflections on the Five Thousand Ships Remembered in the Life Collection of Hong Bao's Tomb)" 5659: 5644: 5574: 814:

And four masts and four sails, and they often add to them two masts more, which are raised and put away every time they wish, with two sails, according to the state of the weather.

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The 200 to 300 sailors as mentioned by Gong Zhen could not have managed a 20,000 ton ship. According to Xin, a ship of such size would have had to have a complement of 8,000 men.

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There are three kinds: the greatest is called 'jonouq', or, in the singular, 'jonq' (certainly chuan); the middling sized is a 'zaw' (probably sao); and the least a 'kakam'.

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Wake, Christopher (December 1997), "The Great Ocean-Going Ships of Southern China in the Age of Chinese Maritime Voyaging to India, Twelfth to Fifteenth Centuries",

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A stationary full-size model of a treasure ship (63.25 m long) at the Treasure Ship Shipyard site in Nanjing. It was built c. 2005 from concrete and wooden planking

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A ship with 9 masts would be unable to resist the combined strength and force of such huge sails; she would not be able to cope with strong wind and would break.

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Zhengning, Hu (2015), "郑和下西洋研究二题—基于洪保《寿藏铭》的考察 (Two topics on Zheng He's voyages to the West—Based on the investigation of Hong Bao's "Shou Zang Inscription")",

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in 2010. A new date of completion was set for 2013; when this dateline failed to be met in 2014, reportedly due to funding issues, the project was put on hold.

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China as Sea Power 1127-1368: A Preliminary Survey of the Maritime Expansion and Naval Exploits of the Chinese People During the Southern Song and Yuan Periods

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is taken to be 3.2 m. It is known that the measuring unit during the Ming era was not unified: A measurement of East and West Pagoda in Quanzhou resulted in a

1785:. Until the 17th century, ton referred to both the unit of weight and the unit of volume. A tun is 252 gallons, which weighs 2092 lbs, which is around a ton. 2752:. New York, NY: The Viking Press. Page 209–10; he asserts that the Spanish ships were “over-masted for Atlantic weather and had rigging which was too light”. 5674: 596:

does not distinguish the order of 250 ships from the treasure ships. As such the first fleet would have been around 250 ships including the treasure ships.

711:–1469), a contemporary of Zheng He, was also an eyewitness of Chinese ships in Southeast Asia, claiming to have seen five-masted junks of about 2000 tons* 586:(1520), giving the combined fleet of the first voyage a total of 317 ships. However, the addition of 255 ships is a case of double accounting according to 1347:

literature and possible dimensions of the 15th century technologies. Tang Zhiba, Xin Yuan'ou, and Zheng Ming have calculated the dimensions of the 2,000

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Moreover I tell you that these ships want some 300 sailors, some 200, some 150, some more, some fewer, according as the ships are larger and smaller.

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On the sides of these pieces of wood also the oars are found; they are as big as masts, and are worked by 10 to 15 men (each), who row standing up.

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A Facet of the Commercial Interactions in the Indian Ocean during the 15th Century: On the Visit of a Division from Zheng He's Expedition to Yemen

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The sailors also have their children in such cabins; and (in some parts of the ship) they sow garden herbs, vegetables, and ginger in wooden tubs.

3127: 1739: 1674:(the former capital of the Ming Dynasty), near the Yangtze River. Despite the site being referred to as the "Longjiang Treasure Shipyard" (龍江寶船廠— 1506:

is taken to be 3.2 meters, the Dutch ship would be 96 m or 316 ft long, an enormous increase over the largest Dutch ships of the time. The Dutch

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The pieces of wood, and those parts of the hull, near the water (-line) serve for the crew to wash and to accomplish their natural necessities.

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These vessels are nowhere made except in the city of Zaytong (Quanzhou) in China, or at Sin-Kilan, which is the same as Sin al-Sin (Guangdong).

2171:. Translated by William Popper. Berkeley: University of California Press, translated from the Arabic annals of Abu l-Maḥāsin Ibn Taghrī Birdī. 5867: 5598: 3255: 3164: 2406: 5669: 5654: 1418:

Watertight compartments characteristic of traditional Chinese ships tended to make the vessels transversely strong but longitudinally weak.

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of 500 tons and a displacement tonnage of about 800 tons. Because they were built and based in Nanjing, and repeatedly sailed along the

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Finlay, Robert (1992). "Portuguese and Chinese Maritime Imperialism: Camoes's Lusiads and Luo Maodeng's Voyage of the San Bao Eunuch".

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while the smaller ships sailed at Musi; but at least the draught of the ship that reached Palembang could not have been more than 6 m.

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wide (204 ft by 25.5 ft or 62.2 m by 7.8 m). Xin Yuan'ou, a shipbuilding engineer and professor of the history of science at

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The second voyage consisted of 249 ships. The Jinghai Temple inscription gave the ship dimensions in 1409 as 1500 liao (375 tons).

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Papelitzky, Elke (December 2019), "Weapons Used Aboard Ming Chinese Ships and Some Thoughts on the Armament of Zheng He's Fleet",

2471: 1644:, who was given him by the Moorish king, and whom he took away contrary to his inclinations, is with him, and may be able to tell. 1458:(including in winter, when the water is low), their draught cannot exceed 7–7.5 m. It is also known that Zheng He's fleet visited 882:

a man can be in his cabin without others on board realising it, and they do not see him until the vessel has arrived in some port.

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As historians note, these speeds were relatively low by the standards of later European sailing fleets, even in comparison with

5952: 4049: 3982: 1714:'s squadron, consisting of 10 ships of the line, crossed the Atlantic Ocean at an average speed of 4.9 knots (9.07 km/h). 991: 775:(1304–1369) attest to large multi-masted ships carrying 500 to 1000 passengers in Chinese waters. The large ships (up to 5,000 747: 633:

The most contemporary non-Chinese record of the expeditions is an untitled and anonymous annalistic account of the then-ruling

3652:"郑和宝船尺度新考——从泉州东西塔的尺度谈起 (A New Research on the Scale of Zheng He's Treasure Ship——From the Scale of Quanzhou East-West Pagoda)" 5623: 2182: 1666:

overlooking the former 4th working pool of the Longjiang Shipyard (now a park), where treasure ships were built 600 years ago

458: 1658: 1303:, the dimensions of the largest of these ships were 135 metres (440 ft) by 55 metres (180 ft). American historian 1582: 1093: 5937: 5614: 5468: 1403:

Naval engineer and historian Xin Yuan'ou has argued that Zheng He's ships could not have been as large as recorded in the

1327: 450: 5689: 5684: 5679: 5619: 5484: 4188: 3720: 1623:, such as can be found on early 15th century Bakau shipwreck. Comparing with Penglai wrecks, the fleet may have carried 1451: 5967: 5942: 5907: 5629: 4195: 495:

in Zheng He's fleet, has been a subject of much controversy, with some old Chinese records mentioning the size of 44

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In June 2010, a new inscription was found in Hong Bao's tomb, confirming the existence of the Ming dynasty's 5,000

5962: 5742: 4815: 4056: 3976: 3452: 3229:被误读的远行: 郑和下西洋与马哥孛罗来华考 (The Misunderstood Journey: Zheng He's Voyages to the West and Marco Polo's Visit to China) 1185:

ship may have been used as the flagship but the number of ships was relatively small. Wake argued that the 5,000

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They are indeed nailed in such a way; for they are all lined, that is, that they have two boards above the other.

529: 1562: 1466:. It is unknown whether Zheng He's ships sailed as far as Palembang, or whether they waited on the shore in the 935:

In 1407, 249 vessels were ordered "to be prepared for embassies to the several countries of the Western Ocean".

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have thus been built, the lower deck is fitted in, and the ship is launched before the upper works are finished.

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The inscription on the tomb of Hong Bao, an official in Zheng He's fleet, mentions the construction of a 5,000

562:(1739) credits the first voyage with 62 treasure ships crewed by 27,800 men. A Zheng He era inscription in the 5519: 3734: 962: 719:

They doe make bigger Shippes than wee do, that is to say, of 2000 tons, with five sayles, and so many mastes'.

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bottles). Girolamo Sernigi (1499) gives an account of the armament of what are possibly the Chinese vessels:

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to be 500 lb (226.80 kg) burthen, that would be 1,250 tons burthen. Sleeswyk argued that the term

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A 71.1-metre (233.3 ft) copy of a treasure ship was announced in 2006 to be completed in time for the

1375:(料 — material) by deducing the data from mid-16th century Chinese river junks. He suggested that the 2,000 580: 5699: 5377: 4782: 4023: 3963: 2920: 2745: 1463: 1176:

would be equivalent to 500 kg (1,102.31 lb) of displacement. According to Zheng Ming, the 5,000

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print, thought to represent Zheng He's ships. The ships are depicted with 7 masts, but only 4 sails used.

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that the author had access to but have subsequently been lost, including both written and oral sources.

970:, notes that the plans for the treasure ships had vanished from the ship yard in which they were built. 570:

gave the size of Zheng He ships in 1405 as 2,000 liao (500 tons), but did not give the number of ships.

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treasure ship would be 70.4 m (230.97 ft) long and 28.8 m (94.49 ft) wide, or 22

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On 2 October 1419, 41 treasure ships were ordered without disclosing the specific builders involved.

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On 4 September 1403, 200 "seagoing transport ships" were ordered from the Capital Guards in Nanjing.

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People sail on the China seas only in Chinese ships, so let us mention the order observed upon them.

575: 5555: 5489: 5127: 4957: 4084: 3905: 3854: 3393:(November 25, 2019), "The Bakau or Maranei shipwreck: a Chinese smuggling vessel and its context", 1590:

The keel consisted of wooden beams bound together with iron hoops. In stormy weather, holes in the

1482:(丈) used in the conversions was mistaken. Seventeenth-century Ming records state that the European 1272:

of 13.3 inches. Some of the ships in the treasure fleet, but not the treasure ships, were built in

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Non-gunpowder weapons on Zheng He's vessels seems to be bows. For gunpowder weapons, they carried

950: 926:, which contains 24 notices from 1403 to 1419 for the construction of ships at several locations. 866:

from one side or the other. When the ships cast anchor, the sails are left standing in the wind...

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Dreyer estimated the length of between 538 and 600 feet (163.98 and 182.88 m) for the ship.

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Sleeswyk, André Wegener (2004), "Notes on the overall dimensions of Cheng Ho's largest ships",

2942: 1203: 1030:), carrying horses and tribute goods and repair material for the fleet, eight-masted, 37 by 15 5392: 5163: 5086: 4379: 4209: 4167: 3989: 3912: 3458: 3420: 3261: 3251: 3233: 3178: 3160: 2953: 2412: 2402: 1744: 1616: 5183: 5132: 5056: 5041: 4453: 4354: 4323: 4318: 4174: 3631: 3599: 3562: 3542: 3506: 3402: 3353: 3281: 3207: 1707: 1612: 1304: 604: 587: 542: 484: 3533:

Sleeswyk, André Wegener (1996), "The Liao and the Displacement of Ships in the Ming Navy",

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was 12.2 inches and the value fluctuated depending on region. The Ministry of Works used a

5757: 5463: 5443: 5438: 5326: 5256: 4896: 4740: 4682: 4657: 4582: 4002: 3833: 3791: 1663: 1422:

evidence that China had the type of joining materials necessary to accomplish these tasks.

1217: 1207:

A model of one of Zheng He's giant treasure ships based on the disputed dimensions in the

1129: 680: 634: 558: 3407: 1710:, which were built with an emphasis on armament rather than speed. For example, in 1809, 5886: 5861: 5747: 5509: 5407: 5387: 5236: 4835: 4757: 4700: 4468: 4458: 4349: 4146: 4139: 4132: 4016: 3934: 3887: 3473:"船坚炮利：一个明代已有的欧洲印象 (Ship and Guns: An Existing European Impression of the Ming Dynasty)" 3390: 3105:

Nanking is building a "Treasure ship" again; to sail again to the Western Ocean in 2013

1641: 1438: 1300: 984: 955: 622: 563: 2682:

Barker, Richard (1989). "The size of the 'treasure ships' and other Chinese vessels".

5926: 5892: 5880: 5752: 5412: 5397: 5336: 5316: 5205: 5026: 5016: 4962: 4448: 4235: 4125: 3956: 3949: 3927: 3826: 3643: 3611: 3574: 3518: 3301: 3219: 3045: 1934:) or "Heavenly Princess Classics" from ca. 1420, which depicted ships with six masts. 1683: 1637: 1494:(90, 120, 150, and 180 meters) in length. The length of a Dutch ship recorded in the 1483: 1467: 1455: 922: 851: 788: 779:

or 1520–1860 tons burden) would carry 500–600 men, and the second class (1,000–2,000

4263: 3098: 625:

and Changle Inscriptions, the seventh voyage had "more than a hundred large ships".

608:(1436), the third voyage consisted of 48 treasure ships, not including other ships. 264: 49: 5815: 5664: 5504: 5382: 5341: 5291: 5195: 5137: 5097: 4942: 4922: 4669: 4415: 4389: 4070: 3894: 3873: 3845: 3773: 3763: 3757: 3566: 3546: 3344:

Lewis, Archibald (December 1973), "Maritime Skills in the Indian Ocean 1368-1500",

1359: 1227: 756: 647: 615:

states that the fourth voyage consisted of 63 treasure ships crewed by 27,670 men.

488: 476: 269: 54: 4642: 4010: 3227: 3154: 2396: 1703:

average speed was recorded, of the order of 1.4–1.8 knots (2.59–3.33 km/h).

1517:(6.4 m or 21 ft) long. A comparative study by Hu Xiaowei (2018) concluded that 1 618:

There are no sources for number of ships or men for the fifth and sixth voyages.

5839: 5524: 5499: 5417: 5311: 5266: 5261: 5210: 5142: 5102: 5046: 4830: 4820: 4805: 4762: 4752: 4735: 4720: 4607: 4587: 4483: 4428: 4344: 4313: 4091: 4077: 3940: 3744: 3050: 2612:” 鄭和下西洋的船, Dongfang zazhi 東方雜誌 43 (15 January 1947) 1, pp. 47-51, reprinted in 1620: 1605: 811:

They have one good sweep or helm, which in the vulgar tongue is called a rudder.

772: 3635: 3603: 2952:. Adelaide: Maritime Archaeology Program, Flinders University. pp. 32–49. 2443:

Introduction: Sanbao Taijian Xiyang Ji Tongsu Yanyi:: An Annotated Bibliography

516: 5854: 5832: 5805: 5402: 5351: 5271: 5220: 5147: 5117: 4967: 4906: 4901: 4845: 4810: 4772: 4647: 4597: 4438: 4404: 4399: 4364: 4328: 3798: 3768: 3751: 3510: 3285: 3211: 1297: 1233: 1160:

could accommodate between 500 to 600 passengers while ships of 1,000 to 2,000

804:

I tell you that they are mostly built of the wood which is called fir or pine.

768: 752: 553:(1658), the first voyage consisted of 63 treasure ships crewed by 27,870 men. 3651: 3619: 3472: 3435: 2416: 547: 5899: 5787: 5458: 5453: 5286: 5200: 5190: 5122: 4982: 4710: 4567: 4532: 4498: 4202: 4117: 3784: 3337:

When China Ruled the Seas: The Treasure Fleet of the Dragon Throne 1405-1433

3265: 1628: 1575: 1507: 1459: 1111:

The contemporary inscription of Zheng He's ships in the Jinghai temple (靜海寺—

846: 3193:"Zheng He: An Investigation into the Plausibility of 450-ft Treasure Ships" 932:

On 1 March 1404, 50 "seagoing ships" were ordered from the Capital Guards.

243: 5845: 5331: 5321: 5107: 5092: 5077: 5072: 5021: 4937: 4855: 4840: 4790: 4690: 4637: 4632: 4627: 4622: 4507: 4473: 4384: 4369: 4359: 4181: 1624: 1324: 1153: 1123:(275 tons), which are far too low than would be implied by a ship of 444 533: 480: 413: 211: 5873: 5782: 5346: 5296: 5276: 5173: 5082: 5051: 5031: 4977: 4972: 4947: 4932: 4886: 4876: 4800: 4730: 4617: 4572: 4562: 4542: 4527: 4512: 4443: 4299: 4295: 4252: 3689: 3365: 1727: 1671: 1670:

From 2003 to 2004, the Treasure Shipyard was excavated in northwestern

1571: 1487: 1265: 1034:, about 103 m (338 ft) long and 42 m (138 ft) wide. 567: 525: 20: 3293: 1686:, Church estimated that the ship was 150 ft (45.72 m) long. 1280:

was 10.4 to 11 inches. Assuming a range of 10.5 to 12 inches for each

1051:, about 78 m (256 ft) long and 35 m (115 ft) wide. 5539: 5514: 5372: 5306: 5301: 5112: 5036: 4927: 4891: 4850: 4795: 4745: 4725: 4715: 4577: 4547: 4517: 4423: 4394: 4374: 3900: 3809: 1600: 1273: 1068:, about 67 m (220 ft) long and 25 m (82 ft) wide. 735: 676: 573:

Alongside the treasures were also another 255 ships according to the

466: 3454:

The Age of Titans: The Rise and Fall of the Great Hellenistic Navies

3357: 1783:

https://gizmodo.com/butt-is-an-actual-unit-of-measurement-1622427091

3248:

Zheng He: China and the Oceans in the Early Ming Dynasty, 1405-1433

2950:

Shipwreck ASIA: Thematic Studies in East Asian Maritime Archaeology

2038:

Ling, Xue (July 12, 2022). Li, Ma; Limin, Wu; Xiuling, Pei (eds.).

999:), the treasure fleet consisted of five distinct classes of ships: 920:

The most contemporary accounts of the treasure ships come from the

687:

Shawwāl 22 . A report came from Mecca the Honored that a number of

5494: 5448: 5422: 5281: 5000: 4952: 4860: 4825: 4767: 4695: 4652: 4592: 4522: 4478: 4463: 1688: 1657: 1596: 1581: 1561: 1358: 1202: 1092: 906: 845: 746: 688: 638: 515: 3527:

The impact of Zheng He's expeditions on Indian Ocean interactions

1017:, about 127 metres (417 feet) long and 52 metres (171 feet) wide. 5529: 5356: 4705: 4602: 4552: 4537: 4488: 4433: 3175:

Empire of the Winds: The Global Role of Asia's Great Archipelago

2943:"Two Ming Dynasty Shipyards in Nanjing and their Infrastructure" 1693:

A large tiller discovered at the Treasure Boat Shipyard in 2004.

1591: 651: 492: 5570: 4267: 3693: 3417:

Ying-yai Sheng-lan: 'The Overall Survey of the Ocean's Shores'

1819:

Wake, June 2004: 63, quoting Guan Jincheng, 15 January 1947: 49

1648:

Girolamo Sernigi (1499) about the then-unknown Chinese visitors

1097:

An old anchor discovered at the Treasure Boat Shipyard in 2004.

16:

Large wooden vessel commanded by the Chinese admiral Zheng He

3684:

Traditions and Encounters - A Global Perspective on the Past

3313:(The Ships with which Zheng He Went to the Western Ocean)", 3156:

Classic Ships of Islam: From Mesopotamia to the Indian Ocean

3070:"East China to Rebuild Ship from Ancient Navigator Zheng He" 2040:"郑和大号宝船到底有多大？ (How big was Zheng He's large treasure ship?)" 1914: 1912: 2401:. 社会科学文献出版社 (Social Science Literature Press). p. 98. 1861: 1859: 1857: 1284:, the dimensions of the treasure ships as recorded by the 1047:), containing staple for the crew, seven-masted, 28 by 12 2922:

A Journal of the First Voyage of Vasco da Gama, 1497–1499

2544: 2542: 2502: 2500: 3346:

Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient

2624: 2622: 2342: 2340: 2327: 2325: 2323: 2321: 2319: 2108: 2106: 2104: 2064: 2062: 2060: 2058: 2056: 1252:

was fixed at 141 inches in the 19th century, making the

2653: 2651: 2649: 2079: 2077: 2705: 2703: 2701: 2699: 2697: 1878: 1876: 1874: 1844: 1842: 19:"Baochuan" redirects here. For the city in Korea, see 2529: 2527: 2021: 2019: 2017: 2004: 2002: 2000: 1975: 1973: 1172:

refers to the displacement and not cargo weight, one

712: 1889:

A Technical Analysis of the Size of Zheng He's Ships

1726:. However, the copy was still under construction in 1566:

Section of the Zheng He's treasure ship (mock-up in

1225:—明史), completed in 1739, the treasure ships were 44 767:

Although active prior to the treasure voyages, both

5796: 5735: 5728: 5698: 5605: 5548: 5477: 5431: 5365: 5249: 5229: 5156: 5065: 5009: 4915: 4869: 4781: 4681: 4666: 4497: 4413: 4337: 4306: 4245: 4227: 4116: 3844: 3808: 3727: 1829: 1827: 1825: 1546:unit of 2.5–2.56 m. According to Chen Cunren, one 475:, literally "gem ship") is a type of large wooden 3585:, Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies 3490:Science and Civilization in China Volume 4 Part 3 3383:中国古代造船史 (History of Ancient Chinese Shipbuilding) 2135: 2133: 3492:, Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press 3372:Lo, Jung-pang (2012) , Elleman, Bruce A. (ed.), 2464:"Old tomb sheds light on Ming dynasty's voyages" 1371:André Wegener Sleeswyk extrapolated the size of 831:They also carry a much greater burden than ours. 3232:, 广西师范大学出版社 (Guangxi Normal University Press), 3177:, London, New York: I.B. Tauris & Co. Ltd, 1256:14.1 inches. However the common Ming value for 857: 802: 717: 685: 664: 643: 1296:According to British scientist, historian and 1164:could carry 200 to 300 passengers. Taking the 1115:) inscription in Nanjing gives sizes of 2,000 491:. The size of the treasure ships, the largest 5582: 4279: 3705: 3620:"The Myth of Zheng He's Great Treasure Ships" 1943:Depiction on the 17th century woodblock print 1885:Guanyu Zheng He baochuan chidu de jishu fenxi 1072: 1055: 1038: 1021: 1004: 997:Eunuch Sanbao Western Records Popular Romance 787:) may have had a hull length twice that of a 8: 3309:Jincheng, Guan (January 15, 1947), "鄭和下西洋的船 1307:is in broad agreement with Needham's views. 3656:海交史研究 (Journal of Maritime History Studies) 2750:The Voyage of the Armada: The Spanish Story 1918: 1640:we may learn who these people are, for the 1462:in Sumatra, where they needed to cross the 738:butt, and estimated a burthen of 1300 tons. 650:-wrapped coral trees, wild animals such as 5732: 5589: 5575: 5567: 4678: 4286: 4272: 4264: 3712: 3698: 3690: 3274:Comparative Studies in Society and History 3120:"Construction of ship replica put on hold" 2905: 2881: 1901:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3624:International Journal of Maritime History 3592:International Journal of Maritime History 3419:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 3406: 3118:Cang, Wei; Song, Wenwei (June 16, 2014). 2917:Sernigi, Girolamo (1499). Translation in 2491: 992:Sanbao Taijian Xia Xiyang Ji Tongsu Yanyi 974:Sanbao Taijian Xia Xiyang Ji Tongsu Yanyi 439:References: Voyages, tonnages, dimensions 2669: 2548: 2518: 1865: 1478:It is also possible that the measure of 1393: 2925:. London: Hakluyt Society. p. 131. 2857: 2845: 2833: 2821: 2584: 2506: 2457: 2455: 2398:海疆开发史话 (History of Coastal Development) 2310: 2298: 2286: 2250: 2207: 2195: 1812: 1774: 1156:in 1274, large merchant ships of 5,000 3032: 3020: 3008: 2996: 2984: 2928: 2893: 2869: 2809: 2797: 2785: 2773: 2761: 2733: 2709: 2628: 2596: 2572: 2560: 2429: 2382: 2370: 2358: 2346: 2331: 2174: 2112: 2095: 2083: 2068: 1964: 1894: 1848: 341:Seventh voyage of Zheng He (1431–1433) 139:Seventh voyage of Zheng He (1431–1433) 27: 2721: 2657: 2640: 1952: 1085:, about 50 m (160 ft) long. 332:Fourth voyage of Zheng He (1412–1415) 262: 130:Fourth voyage of Zheng He (1412–1415) 124:Second voyage of Zheng He (1407–1409) 47: 37:Sketch of four-masted Zheng He's ship 7: 3107:] (in Chinese), October 21, 2010 2972: 2533: 2274: 2262: 2238: 2025: 2008: 1991: 1979: 1740:List of world's largest wooden ships 528:'s expeditions to the northeast and 338:Sixth voyage of Zheng He (1421–1422) 335:Fifth voyage of Zheng He (1416–1419) 136:Sixth voyage of Zheng He (1421–1422) 133:Fifth voyage of Zheng He (1416–1419) 127:Third voyage of Zheng He (1409–1411) 121:First voyage of Zheng He (1405–1407) 3583:Admiral Zheng He and Southeast Asia 3046:"China To Revive Zheng He's Legend" 2154: 2124: 1758:Ancient Chinese wooden architecture 1550:in the Ming Dynasty is only half a 968:Record of the Dragon River Shipyard 3076:. October 24, 2010. Archived from 2167:Yūsuf Ibn Taġrībardī (1954–1963). 1833: 1586:Inside the display ship in Nanjing 1365:Treatise of the Longjiang shipyard 1336:Treatise of the Longjiang shipyard 14: 5660:Five Dynasties & Ten Kingdoms 1383:(treasure ship), while the 1,500 1152:ship. According to a resident of 304:Longjiang shipyards, Ming dynasty 93:Longjiang shipyards, Ming dynasty 3451:Murray, William Michael (2014), 3058:from the original on 2016-03-03. 1568:the Maritime Experiential Museum 1241:in length, and had a beam of 18 263: 242: 237:References: Tonnages, dimensions 48: 31: 3665:江苏社会科 (Jiangsu Social Sciences) 3618:Wake, Christopher (June 2004), 3385:, Wuhan: Wuhan University Press 3328:Sailing ships of war, 1400-1860 3130:from the original on 2023-04-07 2919:Ravenstein, E. G., ed. (1898). 1625:cannons with bowl-shaped muzzle 1513:was recorded to be more than 2 3567:10.1080/00253359.2004.10656907 3547:10.1080/00253359.1996.10656579 3408:10.18520/cs/v117/i10/1640-1646 2614:Zheng He yanjiu ziliao huibian 2226:India in the Fifteenth Century 2222:"The travels of Niccolo Conti" 1619:bombards) and various kind of 487:during the early 15th-century 471: 462: 454: 1: 3250:, New York: Pearson Longman, 2616:鄭和研究資料匯編 (1985), pp. 268-272. 2228:, Hakluyt Society, p. 27 705: 5485:Bristol Channel pilot cutter 3311:Zheng He xia Xiyang de chuan 3153:Agius, Dionisius A. (2008), 2610:Zheng He xia Xiyang de chuan 1599:had two 2.5 m (8 foot) iron 1363:A four masted junk from the 658:The later Yemeni historian, 5908:Self Strengthening Movement 3457:, Oxford University Press, 2462:Sophia (October 19, 2018). 2047:扬子晚报 (Yangtze Evening News) 1891:]. Shanghai. p. 8. 1407:for the following reasons: 1127:(450 ft) given by the 389:14.05 m (46.1 ft) 381:71.1 m (233.3 ft) 248:Early 17th century Chinese 5984: 5640:Jin & Sixteen Kingdoms 3636:10.1177/084387140401600105 3604:10.1177/084387149700900205 3246:Dreyer, Edward L. (2007), 2220:Major, R. H., ed. (1857), 2181:: CS1 maint: postscript ( 2169:History of Egypt 1382–1469 1445:One suggestion for the 44 1081:), five-masted, 18 by 6.8 1013:) nine-masted, 44.4 by 18 966:(1553), also known as the 187:24.3 ft (7.41 m) 179:166 ft (50.60 m) 18: 3581:Suryadinata, Leo (2005), 3511:10.1163/2589465X-00102004 3335:Levathes, Louise (1994), 3286:10.1017/S0010417500017667 3212:10.1179/mon.2005.53.1.001 3191:Church, Sally K. (2005), 2941:Sally K., Church (2010). 2395:京 (Jing), 安 (An) (2012). 1751:, about the same size as 1676:lóng jiāng bǎo chuánchǎng 1340:lóng jiāng chuánchǎng zhì 1264:of 12.1 inches while the 1107:Contemporary descriptions 1073: 1064:), six-masted, 24 by 9.4 1056: 1039: 1022: 1005: 397:6.1 m (20.0 ft) 348: 257: 241: 195:8.1 ft (2.47 m) 146: 42: 30: 5599:Chinese military history 5179:Iron-hulled sailing ship 3488:Needham, Joseph (1971), 3440:郑和研究 (Zheng He Research) 3415:Mills, J. V. G. (1970). 3173:Bowring, Philip (2019), 2948:. In Kimura, Jun (ed.). 2140:Hikoichi Yajima (1974). 1490:were 30, 40, 50, and 60 1293:as 10.53–11.037 inches. 963:Longjiang Chuanchang Zhi 946:Longjiang Chuanchang Zhi 755:'s 1871 illustration of 479:in the fleet of admiral 5645:Northern & Southern 4988:Square-rigged caravel ( 3686:by Bentley and Ziegler. 3330:, Conway Maritime Press 3315:東方雜誌 (Dong Fang Za Zhi) 1781:See definition of butt 1763:Pagoda of Fogong Temple 761:Mongol invasion of Java 349:General characteristics 147:General characteristics 5953:Ming treasure voyages. 5868:Ming gunpowder weapons 5823:Song gunpowder weapons 3477:史学月刊 (History Monthly) 3471:Naiming, Pang (2016), 3376:, Singapore: NUS Press 3339:, Simon & Schuster 3326:Howard, Frank (1979), 1930:Depiction on the 天妃经 ( 1747:, English flagship of 1694: 1667: 1651: 1642:Italian-speaking pilot 1587: 1579: 1474:Measurement conversion 1429:in 1405) was unlikely. 1400: 1368: 1212: 1098: 912: 900: 855: 839: 764: 727: 694: 669: 656: 537: 5708:Ming treasure voyages 5597:Ancient and dynastic 5520:Pinnace (ship's boat) 4882:Chinese treasure ship 4058:Sovereign of the Seas 3868:Chinese treasure ship 3779:Roman ship of Marausa 3735:Caligula's Giant Ship 3226:Cunren, Chen (2008), 3054:. September 4, 2006. 1692: 1661: 1633: 1615:(albeit shorter than 1585: 1565: 1397: 1362: 1206: 1119:(500 tons) and 1,500 1096: 910: 889:throughout his visit. 849: 759:war junk used in the 750: 662:(1461–1537), writes: 590:, who notes that the 522:Ming treasure voyages 519: 447:Chinese treasure ship 77:(lit. sea going ship) 5938:Naval ships of China 5887:Breechloading musket 5535:Thames sailing barge 5366:Recreational vessels 3721:Largest wooden ships 3650:Xiaowei, Hu (2018), 3525:Sen, Tansen (2016), 3434:Ming, Zheng (2011), 3381:Longfei, Xi (2015), 3100:南京复建"郑和宝船" 2013年再下西洋 2449:12 (2015): 151-155. 1883:Xin Yuan'ou (2002). 1328:Jiao Tong University 696: 683:(1411–1470) writes: 5556:Nautical operations 5490:Floating restaurant 5378:Ljungström sailboat 4958:Full-rigged pinnace 4100:William D. Lawrence 3810:Medieval and modern 2776:, pp. 229–232. 2672:, p. 305, 307. 2313:, pp. 469–470. 2253:, pp. 460–470. 1140:displacement ship. 743:Song and Yuan junks 459:traditional Chinese 357:Armed merchant ship 284:(lit. giant ship), 155:Armed merchant ship 69:(lit. large ship), 5968:Seven-masted ships 5943:15th-century ships 5828:Thunder crash bomb 5773:Repeating crossbow 4673:and other vessels 4667:Naval and merchant 4031:Santisima Trinidad 3740:Hatshepsut's barge 3023:, p. 152-153. 2999:, p. 103-104. 2908:, p. 212-213. 2884:, p. 217-219. 2836:, p. 111-112. 2361:, p. 104-105. 2289:, p. 128-129. 2265:, pp. 57, 67. 1724:2008 Olympic Games 1695: 1668: 1588: 1580: 1401: 1369: 1344:Dionisius A. Agius 1213: 1099: 913: 856: 765: 538: 532:'s embassy to the 451:simplified Chinese 5958:Four-masted ships 5948:Exploration ships 5920: 5919: 5916: 5915: 5564: 5563: 5393:Sailing hydrofoil 5245: 5244: 5164:Blackwall frigate 5087:Baltimore Clipper 4261: 4260: 4037:São João Baptista 3990:Peter Pomegranate 3846:Wind-powered only 3812:oar-powered ships 3401:(10): 1640–1646, 3257:978-0-321-08443-9 3166:978-90-04-15863-4 3159:, Leiden: Brill, 2975:, pp. 65–66. 2468:Life of Guangzhou 2408:978-7-5097-3196-3 2277:, pp. 66–67. 1994:, p. 64, 75. 1745:Grace Dieu (ship) 1708:ships of the line 1654:Physical evidence 1554:in modern times. 1215:According to the 1054:Transport ships ( 702:Niccolò de' Conti 697:Niccolò de' Conti 621:According to the 602:According to the 540:According to the 443: 442: 328:Participated in: 117:Participated in: 5975: 5963:Six-masted ships 5733: 5591: 5584: 5577: 5568: 5133:Ship of the line 5057:Ship of the line 4679: 4675:(by origin date) 4454:Full-rigged ship 4355:Fore-and-aft rig 4324:Age of Discovery 4319:Maritime history 4288: 4281: 4274: 4265: 3997:Peter von Danzig 3862:Baron of Renfrew 3855:Adler von Lübeck 3714: 3707: 3700: 3691: 3672: 3659: 3646: 3614: 3586: 3577: 3555:Mariner's Mirror 3549: 3535:Mariner's Mirror 3529: 3521: 3493: 3484: 3467: 3447: 3430: 3411: 3410: 3386: 3377: 3368: 3352:(2/3): 238–264, 3340: 3331: 3322: 3305: 3268: 3242: 3222: 3200:Monumenta Serica 3197: 3187: 3169: 3139: 3138: 3136: 3135: 3115: 3109: 3108: 3095: 3089: 3088: 3086: 3085: 3074:Want China Times 3066: 3060: 3059: 3042: 3036: 3030: 3024: 3018: 3012: 3006: 3000: 2994: 2988: 2982: 2976: 2970: 2964: 2963: 2947: 2938: 2932: 2926: 2915: 2909: 2903: 2897: 2891: 2885: 2879: 2873: 2867: 2861: 2855: 2849: 2843: 2837: 2831: 2825: 2824:, p. 56-57. 2819: 2813: 2807: 2801: 2795: 2789: 2788:, p. 3, 37. 2783: 2777: 2771: 2765: 2759: 2753: 2743: 2737: 2731: 2725: 2719: 2713: 2707: 2692: 2691: 2684:Mariner's Mirror 2679: 2673: 2667: 2661: 2655: 2644: 2638: 2632: 2626: 2617: 2606: 2600: 2594: 2588: 2582: 2576: 2570: 2564: 2558: 2552: 2546: 2537: 2531: 2522: 2521:, p. 11-12. 2516: 2510: 2504: 2495: 2489: 2483: 2482: 2480: 2479: 2470:. Archived from 2459: 2450: 2439: 2433: 2427: 2421: 2420: 2392: 2386: 2380: 2374: 2368: 2362: 2356: 2350: 2344: 2335: 2329: 2314: 2308: 2302: 2296: 2290: 2284: 2278: 2272: 2266: 2260: 2254: 2248: 2242: 2236: 2230: 2229: 2217: 2211: 2205: 2199: 2193: 2187: 2186: 2180: 2172: 2164: 2158: 2152: 2146: 2145: 2137: 2128: 2122: 2116: 2110: 2099: 2093: 2087: 2081: 2072: 2066: 2051: 2050: 2044: 2035: 2029: 2023: 2012: 2006: 1995: 1989: 1983: 1977: 1968: 1962: 1956: 1950: 1944: 1941: 1935: 1928: 1922: 1919:Suryadinata 2005 1916: 1907: 1906: 1900: 1892: 1880: 1869: 1868:, p. 81-82. 1863: 1852: 1846: 1837: 1831: 1820: 1817: 1795: 1792: 1786: 1779: 1526:, Zheng He's 44 1442:and iron parts. 1311:Modern estimates 1305:Edward L. Dreyer 1268:builders used a 1076: 1075: 1059: 1058: 1042: 1041: 1025: 1024: 1008: 1007: 1003:Treasure ships ( 988: 959: 898: 837: 771:(1254–1325) and 725: 724:Niccolò Da Conti 710: 707: 613:Xingcha Shenglan 605:Xingcha Shenglan 588:Edward L. Dreyer 584: 551: 473: 464: 456: 272: 267: 246: 57: 52: 35: 28: 5983: 5982: 5978: 5977: 5976: 5974: 5973: 5972: 5923: 5922: 5921: 5912: 5792: 5778:Siege equipment 5724: 5694: 5601: 5595: 5565: 5560: 5544: 5473: 5427: 5361: 5250:Fishing vessels 5241: 5225: 5152: 5061: 5005: 4911: 4865: 4777: 4741:Tessarakonteres 4674: 4672: 4668: 4662: 4583:Outrigger canoe 4493: 4409: 4333: 4302: 4292: 4262: 4257: 4241: 4223: 4112: 4086:Victoria (1859) 3840: 3811: 3804: 3792:Tessarakonteres 3723: 3718: 3680: 3678:Further reading 3675: 3662: 3649: 3617: 3589: 3580: 3552: 3532: 3524: 3496: 3487: 3470: 3465: 3450: 3433: 3427: 3414: 3395:Current Science 3391:Miksic, John M. 3389: 3380: 3371: 3358:10.2307/3596216 3343: 3334: 3325: 3308: 3271: 3258: 3245: 3240: 3225: 3195: 3190: 3185: 3172: 3167: 3152: 3148: 3143: 3142: 3133: 3131: 3117: 3116: 3112: 3097: 3096: 3092: 3083: 3081: 3068: 3067: 3063: 3044: 3043: 3039: 3031: 3027: 3019: 3015: 3007: 3003: 2995: 2991: 2983: 2979: 2971: 2967: 2960: 2945: 2940: 2939: 2935: 2918: 2916: 2912: 2906:Papelitzky 2019 2904: 2900: 2896:, p. 1642. 2892: 2888: 2882:Papelitzky 2019 2880: 2876: 2868: 2864: 2856: 2852: 2844: 2840: 2832: 2828: 2820: 2816: 2808: 2804: 2796: 2792: 2784: 2780: 2772: 2768: 2760: 2756: 2744: 2740: 2732: 2728: 2720: 2716: 2708: 2695: 2681: 2680: 2676: 2668: 2664: 2656: 2647: 2639: 2635: 2631:, pp. 1–2. 2627: 2620: 2607: 2603: 2595: 2591: 2583: 2579: 2571: 2567: 2559: 2555: 2547: 2540: 2532: 2525: 2517: 2513: 2505: 2498: 2490: 2486: 2477: 2475: 2461: 2460: 2453: 2441:Barbara Witt, " 2440: 2436: 2428: 2424: 2409: 2394: 2393: 2389: 2381: 2377: 2369: 2365: 2357: 2353: 2345: 2338: 2330: 2317: 2309: 2305: 2297: 2293: 2285: 2281: 2273: 2269: 2261: 2257: 2249: 2245: 2237: 2233: 2219: 2218: 2214: 2206: 2202: 2194: 2190: 2173: 2166: 2165: 2161: 2153: 2149: 2139: 2138: 2131: 2123: 2119: 2111: 2102: 2094: 2090: 2082: 2075: 2067: 2054: 2042: 2037: 2036: 2032: 2024: 2015: 2007: 1998: 1990: 1986: 1978: 1971: 1963: 1959: 1951: 1947: 1942: 1938: 1929: 1925: 1917: 1910: 1893: 1882: 1881: 1872: 1864: 1855: 1847: 1840: 1832: 1823: 1818: 1814: 1809: 1804: 1799: 1798: 1793: 1789: 1780: 1776: 1771: 1736: 1720: 1700: 1656: 1645: 1606:fuchuan warship 1560: 1496:History of Ming 1476: 1405:History of Ming 1313: 1286:History of Ming 1218:History of Ming 1209:History of Ming 1201: 1199:History of Ming 1196: 1146: 1144:5,000 liao ship 1130:History of Ming 1109: 1104: 982: 976: 953: 948: 918: 905: 899: 896: 891: 890: 887: 886: 884: 883: 880: 878: 877: 875: 874: 871: 870: 868: 867: 864: 863: 861: 860: 844: 838: 835: 830: 829: 827: 826: 823: 822: 820: 819: 816: 815: 813: 812: 810: 809: 806: 805: 801: 745: 726: 723: 708: 699: 681:Ibn Taghribirdi 674: 635:Rasūlid dynasty 631: 578: 559:History of Ming 545: 514: 509: 344: 288:(lit. gem ship) 268: 253: 142: 53: 38: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5981: 5979: 5971: 5970: 5965: 5960: 5955: 5950: 5945: 5940: 5935: 5933:Ships of China 5925: 5924: 5918: 5917: 5914: 5913: 5911: 5910: 5905: 5904: 5903: 5896: 5889: 5884: 5877: 5865: 5862:Huolongchushui 5858: 5851: 5850: 5849: 5837: 5836: 5835: 5830: 5820: 5819: 5818: 5808: 5802: 5800: 5794: 5793: 5791: 5790: 5785: 5780: 5775: 5770: 5765: 5760: 5755: 5750: 5745: 5739: 5737: 5730: 5726: 5725: 5723: 5722: 5720:Late Qing Navy 5717: 5716: 5715: 5713:treasure ships 5704: 5702: 5696: 5695: 5693: 5692: 5687: 5682: 5677: 5672: 5667: 5662: 5657: 5652: 5647: 5642: 5637: 5635:Three Kingdoms 5632: 5627: 5624:Warring States 5617: 5611: 5609: 5603: 5602: 5596: 5594: 5593: 5586: 5579: 5571: 5562: 5561: 5559: 5558: 5552: 5550: 5546: 5545: 5543: 5542: 5537: 5532: 5527: 5522: 5517: 5512: 5510:Norfolk wherry 5507: 5502: 5497: 5492: 5487: 5481: 5479: 5475: 5474: 5472: 5471: 5466: 5461: 5456: 5451: 5446: 5441: 5435: 5433: 5429: 5428: 5426: 5425: 5420: 5415: 5410: 5408:Trailer sailer 5405: 5400: 5395: 5390: 5388:Pocket cruiser 5385: 5380: 5375: 5369: 5367: 5363: 5362: 5360: 5359: 5354: 5349: 5344: 5339: 5334: 5329: 5324: 5319: 5314: 5309: 5304: 5299: 5294: 5289: 5284: 5279: 5274: 5269: 5264: 5259: 5253: 5251: 5247: 5246: 5243: 5242: 5240: 5239: 5237:Montagu whaler 5233: 5231: 5227: 5226: 5224: 5223: 5218: 5213: 5208: 5203: 5198: 5193: 5188: 5187: 5186: 5176: 5171: 5166: 5160: 5158: 5154: 5153: 5151: 5150: 5145: 5140: 5135: 5130: 5125: 5120: 5115: 5110: 5105: 5100: 5095: 5090: 5080: 5075: 5069: 5067: 5063: 5062: 5060: 5059: 5054: 5049: 5044: 5039: 5034: 5029: 5024: 5019: 5013: 5011: 5007: 5006: 5004: 5003: 4998: 4985: 4980: 4975: 4970: 4965: 4960: 4955: 4950: 4945: 4940: 4935: 4930: 4925: 4919: 4917: 4913: 4912: 4910: 4909: 4904: 4899: 4894: 4889: 4884: 4879: 4873: 4871: 4867: 4866: 4864: 4863: 4858: 4853: 4848: 4843: 4838: 4833: 4828: 4823: 4818: 4813: 4808: 4803: 4798: 4793: 4787: 4785: 4783:Post-classical 4779: 4778: 4776: 4775: 4770: 4765: 4760: 4755: 4750: 4749: 4748: 4743: 4738: 4733: 4728: 4723: 4713: 4708: 4703: 4701:Borobudur ship 4698: 4693: 4687: 4685: 4676: 4664: 4663: 4661: 4660: 4655: 4650: 4645: 4640: 4635: 4630: 4625: 4620: 4615: 4610: 4605: 4600: 4595: 4590: 4585: 4580: 4575: 4570: 4565: 4560: 4555: 4550: 4545: 4540: 4535: 4530: 4525: 4520: 4515: 4510: 4504: 4502: 4495: 4494: 4492: 4491: 4486: 4481: 4476: 4471: 4466: 4461: 4459:Jackass-barque 4456: 4451: 4446: 4441: 4436: 4431: 4426: 4420: 4418: 4411: 4410: 4408: 4407: 4402: 4397: 4392: 4387: 4382: 4380:Ljungström rig 4377: 4372: 4367: 4362: 4357: 4352: 4347: 4341: 4339: 4335: 4334: 4332: 4331: 4326: 4321: 4316: 4310: 4308: 4304: 4303: 4293: 4291: 4290: 4283: 4276: 4268: 4259: 4258: 4256: 4255: 4249: 4247: 4243: 4242: 4240: 4239: 4231: 4229: 4225: 4224: 4222: 4221: 4214: 4207: 4200: 4193: 4186: 4179: 4172: 4169:George Spencer 4165: 4162:Frank O'Connor 4158: 4151: 4144: 4137: 4130: 4122: 4120: 4114: 4113: 4111: 4110: 4103: 4096: 4089: 4082: 4075: 4068: 4061: 4054: 4047: 4040: 4033: 4028: 4021: 4014: 4007: 4000: 3993: 3986: 3974: 3967: 3960: 3953: 3946: 3938: 3935:Great Republic 3931: 3924: 3917: 3910: 3903: 3898: 3891: 3888:Flor de la Mar 3884: 3877: 3870: 3865: 3858: 3850: 3848: 3842: 3841: 3839: 3838: 3831: 3824: 3816: 3814: 3806: 3805: 3803: 3802: 3795: 3788: 3781: 3776: 3771: 3766: 3761: 3754: 3749: 3742: 3737: 3731: 3729: 3725: 3724: 3719: 3717: 3716: 3709: 3702: 3694: 3688: 3687: 3679: 3676: 3674: 3673: 3660: 3647: 3615: 3587: 3578: 3550: 3530: 3522: 3505:(2): 192–224, 3499:China and Asia 3494: 3485: 3468: 3463: 3448: 3431: 3425: 3412: 3387: 3378: 3369: 3341: 3332: 3323: 3306: 3280:(2): 225–241. 3269: 3256: 3243: 3238: 3223: 3188: 3183: 3170: 3165: 3149: 3147: 3144: 3141: 3140: 3110: 3090: 3061: 3037: 3035:, p. 162. 3025: 3013: 3001: 2989: 2977: 2965: 2958: 2933: 2910: 2898: 2886: 2874: 2862: 2860:, p. 110. 2850: 2848:, p. 113. 2838: 2826: 2814: 2812:, p. 111. 2802: 2800:, p. 173. 2790: 2778: 2766: 2754: 2746:Howarth, David 2738: 2726: 2724:, p. 222. 2714: 2693: 2674: 2662: 2660:, p. 223. 2645: 2643:, p. 250. 2633: 2618: 2601: 2589: 2587:, p. 480. 2577: 2575:, p. 102. 2565: 2553: 2538: 2523: 2511: 2509:, p. 481. 2496: 2494:, p. 231. 2492:Zhengning 2015 2484: 2451: 2434: 2422: 2407: 2387: 2375: 2373:, p. 220. 2363: 2351: 2349:, p. 105. 2336: 2334:, p. 104. 2315: 2303: 2301:, p. 466. 2291: 2279: 2267: 2255: 2243: 2231: 2212: 2210:, p. 468. 2200: 2198:, p. 452. 2188: 2159: 2157:, p. 620. 2147: 2129: 2127:, p. 619. 2117: 2115:, p. 126. 2100: 2098:, p. 124. 2088: 2073: 2071:, p. 123. 2052: 2030: 2013: 1996: 1984: 1969: 1967:, p. 227. 1957: 1945: 1936: 1923: 1921:, p. 135. 1908: 1870: 1853: 1838: 1836:, p. 114. 1821: 1811: 1810: 1808: 1805: 1803: 1800: 1797: 1796: 1787: 1773: 1772: 1770: 1767: 1766: 1765: 1760: 1755: 1742: 1735: 1732: 1719: 1716: 1712:Admiral Nelson 1699: 1696: 1664:stone tortoise 1655: 1652: 1559: 1556: 1475: 1472: 1439:Spanish Armada 1434: 1433: 1430: 1426: 1423: 1419: 1416: 1412: 1334:ship with the 1312: 1309: 1301:Joseph Needham 1200: 1197: 1195: 1192: 1145: 1142: 1108: 1105: 1103: 1100: 1087: 1086: 1069: 1052: 1037:Supply ships ( 1035: 1020:Equine ships ( 1018: 989:'s 1597 novel 975: 972: 947: 944: 917: 914: 904: 901: 894: 843: 840: 833: 800: 797: 744: 741: 740: 739: 721: 698: 695: 673: 670: 630: 627: 576:Shuyu Zhouzilu 564:Jinghai Temple 513: 510: 508: 505: 441: 440: 437: 433: 432: 429: 425: 424: 423:500–600 person 421: 417: 416: 411: 407: 406: 403: 399: 398: 395: 391: 390: 387: 383: 382: 379: 375: 374: 371: 367: 366: 363: 359: 358: 355: 354:Class and type 351: 350: 346: 345: 343: 342: 339: 336: 333: 329: 326: 322: 321: 318: 317:Out of service 314: 313: 310: 306: 305: 302: 298: 297: 294: 290: 289: 278: 274: 273: 260: 259: 255: 254: 247: 239: 238: 235: 231: 230: 227: 223: 222: 221:200–300 person 219: 215: 214: 209: 205: 204: 201: 197: 196: 193: 189: 188: 185: 181: 180: 177: 173: 172: 169: 165: 164: 161: 157: 156: 153: 152:Class and type 149: 148: 144: 143: 141: 140: 137: 134: 131: 128: 125: 122: 118: 115: 111: 110: 107: 106:Out of service 103: 102: 99: 95: 94: 91: 87: 86: 83: 79: 78: 63: 59: 58: 45: 44: 40: 39: 36: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5980: 5969: 5966: 5964: 5961: 5959: 5956: 5954: 5951: 5949: 5946: 5944: 5941: 5939: 5936: 5934: 5931: 5930: 5928: 5909: 5906: 5902: 5901: 5897: 5895: 5894: 5893:Xun Lei Chong 5890: 5888: 5885: 5883: 5882: 5881:San yan chong 5878: 5876: 5875: 5871: 5870: 5869: 5866: 5864: 5863: 5859: 5857: 5856: 5852: 5848: 5847: 5843: 5842: 5841: 5838: 5834: 5831: 5829: 5826: 5825: 5824: 5821: 5817: 5814: 5813: 5812: 5809: 5807: 5804: 5803: 5801: 5799: 5795: 5789: 5786: 5784: 5781: 5779: 5776: 5774: 5771: 5769: 5766: 5764: 5761: 5759: 5756: 5754: 5751: 5749: 5746: 5744: 5741: 5740: 5738: 5734: 5731: 5727: 5721: 5718: 5714: 5711: 5710: 5709: 5706: 5705: 5703: 5701: 5697: 5691: 5688: 5686: 5683: 5681: 5678: 5676: 5673: 5671: 5668: 5666: 5663: 5661: 5658: 5656: 5653: 5651: 5648: 5646: 5643: 5641: 5638: 5636: 5633: 5631: 5628: 5625: 5621: 5618: 5616: 5613: 5612: 5610: 5608: 5604: 5600: 5592: 5587: 5585: 5580: 5578: 5573: 5572: 5569: 5557: 5554: 5553: 5551: 5547: 5541: 5538: 5536: 5533: 5531: 5528: 5526: 5523: 5521: 5518: 5516: 5513: 5511: 5508: 5506: 5503: 5501: 5498: 5496: 5493: 5491: 5488: 5486: 5483: 5482: 5480: 5476: 5470: 5467: 5465: 5462: 5460: 5457: 5455: 5452: 5450: 5447: 5445: 5442: 5440: 5437: 5436: 5434: 5432:Special terms 5430: 5424: 5421: 5419: 5416: 5414: 5411: 5409: 5406: 5404: 5401: 5399: 5398:Sailing yacht 5396: 5394: 5391: 5389: 5386: 5384: 5381: 5379: 5376: 5374: 5371: 5370: 5368: 5364: 5358: 5355: 5353: 5350: 5348: 5345: 5343: 5340: 5338: 5335: 5333: 5330: 5328: 5325: 5323: 5320: 5318: 5315: 5313: 5310: 5308: 5305: 5303: 5300: 5298: 5295: 5293: 5290: 5288: 5285: 5283: 5280: 5278: 5275: 5273: 5270: 5268: 5265: 5263: 5260: 5258: 5255: 5254: 5252: 5248: 5238: 5235: 5234: 5232: 5228: 5222: 5219: 5217: 5214: 5212: 5209: 5207: 5204: 5202: 5199: 5197: 5194: 5192: 5189: 5185: 5182: 5181: 5180: 5177: 5175: 5172: 5170: 5167: 5165: 5162: 5161: 5159: 5155: 5149: 5146: 5144: 5141: 5139: 5136: 5134: 5131: 5129: 5126: 5124: 5121: 5119: 5116: 5114: 5111: 5109: 5106: 5104: 5101: 5099: 5096: 5094: 5091: 5088: 5084: 5081: 5079: 5076: 5074: 5071: 5070: 5068: 5064: 5058: 5055: 5053: 5050: 5048: 5045: 5043: 5040: 5038: 5035: 5033: 5030: 5028: 5027:East Indiaman 5025: 5023: 5020: 5018: 5017:Bermuda sloop 5015: 5014: 5012: 5008: 5002: 4999: 4997: 4995: 4991: 4986: 4984: 4981: 4979: 4976: 4974: 4971: 4969: 4966: 4964: 4961: 4959: 4956: 4954: 4951: 4949: 4946: 4944: 4941: 4939: 4936: 4934: 4931: 4929: 4926: 4924: 4921: 4920: 4918: 4914: 4908: 4905: 4903: 4900: 4898: 4895: 4893: 4890: 4888: 4885: 4883: 4880: 4878: 4875: 4874: 4872: 4868: 4862: 4859: 4857: 4854: 4852: 4849: 4847: 4844: 4842: 4839: 4837: 4834: 4832: 4829: 4827: 4824: 4822: 4819: 4817: 4814: 4812: 4809: 4807: 4804: 4802: 4799: 4797: 4794: 4792: 4789: 4788: 4786: 4784: 4780: 4774: 4771: 4769: 4766: 4764: 4761: 4759: 4756: 4754: 4751: 4747: 4744: 4742: 4739: 4737: 4734: 4732: 4729: 4727: 4724: 4722: 4719: 4718: 4717: 4714: 4712: 4709: 4707: 4704: 4702: 4699: 4697: 4694: 4692: 4689: 4688: 4686: 4684: 4680: 4677: 4671: 4670:sailing ships 4665: 4659: 4656: 4654: 4651: 4649: 4646: 4644: 4641: 4639: 4636: 4634: 4631: 4629: 4626: 4624: 4621: 4619: 4616: 4614: 4611: 4609: 4606: 4604: 4601: 4599: 4596: 4594: 4591: 4589: 4586: 4584: 4581: 4579: 4576: 4574: 4571: 4569: 4566: 4564: 4561: 4559: 4556: 4554: 4551: 4549: 4546: 4544: 4541: 4539: 4536: 4534: 4531: 4529: 4526: 4524: 4521: 4519: 4516: 4514: 4511: 4509: 4506: 4505: 4503: 4500: 4496: 4490: 4487: 4485: 4482: 4480: 4477: 4475: 4472: 4470: 4467: 4465: 4462: 4460: 4457: 4455: 4452: 4450: 4447: 4445: 4442: 4440: 4437: 4435: 4432: 4430: 4427: 4425: 4422: 4421: 4419: 4417: 4412: 4406: 4403: 4401: 4398: 4396: 4393: 4391: 4388: 4386: 4383: 4381: 4378: 4376: 4373: 4371: 4368: 4366: 4363: 4361: 4358: 4356: 4353: 4351: 4348: 4346: 4343: 4342: 4340: 4336: 4330: 4327: 4325: 4322: 4320: 4317: 4315: 4312: 4311: 4309: 4305: 4301: 4297: 4289: 4284: 4282: 4277: 4275: 4270: 4269: 4266: 4254: 4251: 4250: 4248: 4244: 4238: 4237: 4236:Al-Hashemi-II 4233: 4232: 4230: 4226: 4220: 4219: 4215: 4213: 4212: 4208: 4206: 4205: 4201: 4199: 4198: 4194: 4192: 4191: 4187: 4185: 4184: 4180: 4178: 4177: 4176:Great Western 4173: 4171: 4170: 4166: 4164: 4163: 4159: 4157: 4156: 4152: 4150: 4149: 4145: 4143: 4142: 4138: 4136: 4135: 4131: 4129: 4128: 4124: 4123: 4121: 4119: 4118:Steam-powered 4115: 4109: 4108: 4104: 4102: 4101: 4097: 4095: 4094: 4090: 4088: 4087: 4083: 4081: 4080: 4076: 4074: 4073: 4069: 4067: 4066: 4062: 4060: 4059: 4055: 4053: 4052: 4048: 4046: 4045: 4041: 4039: 4038: 4034: 4032: 4029: 4027: 4026: 4022: 4020: 4019: 4015: 4013: 4012: 4008: 4006: 4005: 4001: 3999: 3998: 3994: 3992: 3991: 3987: 3984: 3980: 3979: 3975: 3973: 3972: 3968: 3966: 3965: 3961: 3959: 3958: 3957:Madre de Deus 3954: 3952: 3951: 3947: 3945: 3944: 3939: 3937: 3936: 3932: 3930: 3929: 3928:Great Michael 3925: 3923: 3922: 3918: 3916: 3915: 3911: 3909: 3908: 3904: 3902: 3899: 3897: 3896: 3892: 3890: 3889: 3885: 3883: 3882: 3878: 3876: 3875: 3871: 3869: 3866: 3864: 3863: 3859: 3857: 3856: 3852: 3851: 3849: 3847: 3843: 3837: 3836: 3832: 3830: 3829: 3825: 3823: 3822: 3818: 3817: 3815: 3813: 3807: 3801: 3800: 3796: 3794: 3793: 3789: 3787: 3786: 3782: 3780: 3777: 3775: 3774:Obelisk ships 3772: 3770: 3767: 3765: 3762: 3760: 3759: 3755: 3753: 3750: 3748: 3747: 3743: 3741: 3738: 3736: 3733: 3732: 3730: 3728:Ancient ships 3726: 3722: 3715: 3710: 3708: 3703: 3701: 3696: 3695: 3692: 3685: 3682: 3681: 3677: 3670: 3666: 3661: 3657: 3653: 3648: 3645: 3641: 3637: 3633: 3629: 3625: 3621: 3616: 3613: 3609: 3605: 3601: 3597: 3593: 3588: 3584: 3579: 3576: 3572: 3568: 3564: 3560: 3556: 3551: 3548: 3544: 3540: 3536: 3531: 3528: 3523: 3520: 3516: 3512: 3508: 3504: 3500: 3495: 3491: 3486: 3482: 3478: 3474: 3469: 3466: 3464:9780199382255 3460: 3456: 3455: 3449: 3445: 3441: 3437: 3432: 3428: 3426:0-521-01032-2 3422: 3418: 3413: 3409: 3404: 3400: 3396: 3392: 3388: 3384: 3379: 3375: 3370: 3367: 3363: 3359: 3355: 3351: 3347: 3342: 3338: 3333: 3329: 3324: 3320: 3316: 3312: 3307: 3303: 3299: 3295: 3291: 3287: 3283: 3279: 3275: 3270: 3267: 3263: 3259: 3253: 3249: 3244: 3241: 3239:9787563370764 3235: 3231: 3230: 3224: 3221: 3217: 3213: 3209: 3205: 3201: 3194: 3189: 3186: 3184:9781788314466 3180: 3176: 3171: 3168: 3162: 3158: 3157: 3151: 3150: 3145: 3129: 3125: 3121: 3114: 3111: 3106: 3102: 3101: 3094: 3091: 3080:on 2012-03-14 3079: 3075: 3071: 3065: 3062: 3057: 3053: 3052: 3047: 3041: 3038: 3034: 3029: 3026: 3022: 3017: 3014: 3011:, p. 30. 3010: 3005: 3002: 2998: 2993: 2990: 2987:, p. 29. 2986: 2981: 2978: 2974: 2969: 2966: 2961: 2959:9780646548265 2955: 2951: 2944: 2937: 2934: 2930: 2929:Finlay (1992) 2924: 2923: 2914: 2911: 2907: 2902: 2899: 2895: 2890: 2887: 2883: 2878: 2875: 2872:, p. 60. 2871: 2866: 2863: 2859: 2854: 2851: 2847: 2842: 2839: 2835: 2830: 2827: 2823: 2818: 2815: 2811: 2806: 2803: 2799: 2794: 2791: 2787: 2782: 2779: 2775: 2770: 2767: 2764:, p. 36. 2763: 2758: 2755: 2751: 2747: 2742: 2739: 2736:, p. 23. 2735: 2730: 2727: 2723: 2718: 2715: 2711: 2706: 2704: 2702: 2700: 2698: 2694: 2690:(3): 273–275. 2689: 2685: 2678: 2675: 2671: 2670:Sleeswyk 2004 2666: 2663: 2659: 2654: 2652: 2650: 2646: 2642: 2637: 2634: 2630: 2625: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2611: 2605: 2602: 2598: 2593: 2590: 2586: 2581: 2578: 2574: 2569: 2566: 2562: 2557: 2554: 2551:, p. 80. 2550: 2549:Levathes 1994 2545: 2543: 2539: 2536:, p. 14. 2535: 2530: 2528: 2524: 2520: 2519:Sleeswyk 1996 2515: 2512: 2508: 2503: 2501: 2497: 2493: 2488: 2485: 2474:on 2019-03-06 2473: 2469: 2465: 2458: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2438: 2435: 2431: 2426: 2423: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2404: 2400: 2399: 2391: 2388: 2384: 2379: 2376: 2372: 2367: 2364: 2360: 2355: 2352: 2348: 2343: 2341: 2337: 2333: 2328: 2326: 2324: 2322: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2307: 2304: 2300: 2295: 2292: 2288: 2283: 2280: 2276: 2271: 2268: 2264: 2259: 2256: 2252: 2247: 2244: 2241:, p. 58. 2240: 2235: 2232: 2227: 2223: 2216: 2213: 2209: 2204: 2201: 2197: 2192: 2189: 2184: 2178: 2170: 2163: 2160: 2156: 2151: 2148: 2143: 2136: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2121: 2118: 2114: 2109: 2107: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2092: 2089: 2086:, p. 10. 2085: 2080: 2078: 2074: 2070: 2065: 2063: 2061: 2059: 2057: 2053: 2048: 2041: 2034: 2031: 2028:, p. 75. 2027: 2022: 2020: 2018: 2014: 2011:, p. 15. 2010: 2005: 2003: 2001: 1997: 1993: 1988: 1985: 1982:, p. 74. 1981: 1976: 1974: 1970: 1966: 1961: 1958: 1954: 1949: 1946: 1940: 1937: 1933: 1932:Tian Fei Jing 1927: 1924: 1920: 1915: 1913: 1909: 1904: 1898: 1890: 1886: 1879: 1877: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1866:Levathes 1994 1862: 1860: 1858: 1854: 1851:, p. 16. 1850: 1845: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1830: 1828: 1826: 1822: 1816: 1813: 1806: 1801: 1791: 1788: 1784: 1778: 1775: 1768: 1764: 1761: 1759: 1756: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1743: 1741: 1738: 1737: 1733: 1731: 1729: 1725: 1717: 1715: 1713: 1709: 1704: 1697: 1691: 1687: 1685: 1684:Quanzhou ship 1679: 1677: 1673: 1665: 1660: 1653: 1650: 1649: 1643: 1639: 1632: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1609: 1607: 1602: 1598: 1593: 1584: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1564: 1557: 1555: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1510: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1484:East Indiamen 1481: 1473: 1471: 1469: 1468:Bangka Strait 1465: 1461: 1457: 1456:Yangtze river 1453: 1448: 1443: 1440: 1431: 1427: 1424: 1420: 1417: 1413: 1410: 1409: 1408: 1406: 1396: 1392: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1366: 1361: 1357: 1355: 1350: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1310: 1308: 1306: 1302: 1299: 1294: 1292: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1246: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1235: 1230: 1229: 1224: 1220: 1219: 1210: 1205: 1198: 1194:44 zhang ship 1193: 1191: 1188: 1184: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1143: 1141: 1139: 1134: 1132: 1131: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1106: 1101: 1095: 1091: 1084: 1080: 1070: 1067: 1063: 1053: 1050: 1046: 1036: 1033: 1029: 1019: 1016: 1012: 1002: 1001: 1000: 998: 994: 993: 986: 981: 978:According to 973: 971: 969: 965: 964: 957: 952: 945: 943: 940: 936: 933: 930: 927: 925: 924: 923:Taizong Shilu 916:Taizong Shilu 915: 909: 902: 893: 853: 852:Fra Mauro map 850:Ships of the 848: 841: 832: 798: 796: 794: 790: 789:Quanzhou ship 786: 782: 778: 774: 770: 762: 758: 754: 749: 742: 737: 733: 729: 728: 720: 716: 714: 703: 693: 690: 684: 682: 678: 671: 668: 663: 661: 660:Ibn al-Daybaʿ 655: 653: 649: 642: 640: 636: 628: 626: 624: 619: 616: 614: 609: 607: 606: 600: 597: 595: 594: 593:Taizong Shilu 589: 585: 582: 577: 571: 569: 565: 561: 560: 554: 552: 549: 544: 535: 531: 527: 523: 518: 511: 506: 504: 502: 498: 494: 490: 486: 485:seven voyages 482: 478: 474: 468: 460: 452: 448: 438: 435: 434: 430: 427: 426: 422: 419: 418: 415: 412: 409: 408: 404: 401: 400: 396: 393: 392: 388: 385: 384: 380: 377: 376: 372: 369: 368: 364: 361: 360: 356: 353: 352: 347: 340: 337: 334: 331: 330: 327: 324: 323: 319: 316: 315: 311: 308: 307: 303: 300: 299: 295: 292: 291: 287: 283: 279: 276: 275: 271: 266: 261: 256: 251: 245: 240: 236: 233: 232: 228: 225: 224: 220: 217: 216: 213: 210: 207: 206: 202: 199: 198: 194: 191: 190: 186: 183: 182: 178: 175: 174: 170: 167: 166: 162: 159: 158: 154: 151: 150: 145: 138: 135: 132: 129: 126: 123: 120: 119: 116: 113: 112: 108: 105: 104: 100: 97: 96: 92: 89: 88: 84: 81: 80: 76: 72: 68: 64: 61: 60: 56: 51: 46: 41: 34: 29: 26: 22: 5898: 5891: 5879: 5872: 5860: 5853: 5844: 5811:Flamethrower 5712: 5505:Norfolk punt 5383:Mast aft rig 5292:Herring buss 5216:West Country 5138:Sloop-of-war 4993: 4989: 4923:Crommesteven 4881: 4416:sailing rigs 4390:Mast aft rig 4338:Sailing rigs 4298:vessels and 4234: 4217: 4210: 4203: 4196: 4189: 4182: 4175: 4168: 4161: 4154: 4147: 4140: 4133: 4126: 4106: 4099: 4092: 4085: 4078: 4071: 4064: 4057: 4051:Soleil Royal 4050: 4043: 4036: 4024: 4017: 4009: 4003: 3996: 3988: 3977: 3970: 3962: 3955: 3948: 3942: 3933: 3926: 3920: 3913: 3906: 3895:Ganj-i-Sawai 3893: 3886: 3880: 3874:Cinco Chagas 3872: 3867: 3861: 3853: 3835:Galère Réale 3834: 3827: 3819: 3797: 3790: 3783: 3764:Marsala Ship 3758:Leontophoros 3756: 3745: 3683: 3668: 3664: 3658:(2): 107–116 3655: 3627: 3623: 3598:(2): 51–81, 3595: 3591: 3582: 3558: 3554: 3538: 3534: 3526: 3502: 3498: 3489: 3480: 3476: 3453: 3443: 3439: 3416: 3398: 3394: 3382: 3373: 3349: 3345: 3336: 3327: 3318: 3314: 3310: 3277: 3273: 3247: 3228: 3203: 3199: 3174: 3155: 3132:. Retrieved 3123: 3113: 3104: 3099: 3093: 3082:. Retrieved 3078:the original 3073: 3064: 3049: 3040: 3028: 3016: 3004: 2992: 2980: 2968: 2949: 2936: 2921: 2913: 2901: 2889: 2877: 2865: 2858:Xiaowei 2018 2853: 2846:Xiaowei 2018 2841: 2834:Xiaowei 2018 2829: 2822:Naiming 2016 2817: 2805: 2793: 2781: 2769: 2757: 2749: 2741: 2729: 2717: 2712:, p. 3. 2687: 2683: 2677: 2665: 2636: 2613: 2609: 2604: 2592: 2585:Needham 1971 2580: 2568: 2563:, p. 5. 2556: 2514: 2507:Needham 1971 2487: 2476:. Retrieved 2472:the original 2467: 2446: 2437: 2432:, p. 7. 2425: 2397: 2390: 2385:, p. 6. 2378: 2366: 2354: 2311:Needham 1971 2306: 2299:Needham 1971 2294: 2287:Bowring 2019 2282: 2270: 2258: 2251:Needham 1971 2246: 2234: 2225: 2215: 2208:Needham 1971 2203: 2196:Needham 1971 2191: 2168: 2162: 2150: 2141: 2120: 2091: 2046: 2033: 1987: 1960: 1955:, p. 2. 1948: 1939: 1931: 1926: 1888: 1884: 1815: 1790: 1777: 1752: 1721: 1705: 1701: 1680: 1675: 1669: 1647: 1634: 1621:hand cannons 1610: 1589: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1538:wide if the 1535: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1518: 1514: 1508: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1479: 1477: 1446: 1444: 1435: 1404: 1402: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1370: 1364: 1353: 1348: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1320: 1319:long by 2.4 1316: 1314: 1295: 1290: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1276:, where the 1269: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1247: 1242: 1238: 1232: 1226: 1222: 1216: 1214: 1208: 1186: 1182: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1157: 1149: 1147: 1137: 1135: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1110: 1088: 1082: 1078: 1065: 1061: 1048: 1044: 1031: 1027: 1014: 1010: 996: 990: 977: 967: 961: 951:Li Zhaoxiang 949: 941: 937: 934: 931: 928: 921: 919: 858: 808:comfortably. 803: 792: 784: 780: 776: 766: 757:Yuan dynasty 731: 718: 700: 686: 675: 665: 657: 648:frankincense 644: 632: 620: 617: 612: 610: 603: 601: 598: 591: 574: 572: 557: 555: 541: 539: 500: 496: 489:Ming dynasty 477:Chinese junk 470: 446: 444: 370:Tons burthen 362:Displacement 285: 281: 270:Ming dynasty 168:Tons burthen 160:Displacement 74: 70: 66: 55:Ming dynasty 25: 5840:Hand cannon 5736:Traditional 5675:Jurchen Jin 5500:Mersey flat 5478:Other types 5267:Barca-longa 5169:Down Easter 4806:Bomb vessel 4758:K'un-lun po 4736:Quadriremes 4721:Penteconter 4608:Quadrimaran 4429:Barquentine 4345:Bermuda rig 4314:Age of Sail 4197:La Bretagne 4141:Continental 4134:Australasia 4065:Susquehanna 3983:Océan class 3921:Great Harry 3828:Galera Real 3821:Cakra Dunia 3561:: 305–308, 3541:(1): 3–13, 3124:China Daily 3051:China Daily 3033:Dreyer 2007 3021:Dreyer 2007 3009:Church 2005 2997:Dreyer 2007 2985:Church 2005 2894:Miksic 2019 2870:Cunren 2008 2810:Dreyer 2007 2798:Murray 2014 2786:Church 2005 2774:Howard 1979 2762:Church 2005 2734:Church 2005 2710:Church 2005 2629:Church 2005 2597:Dreyer 2007 2573:Dreyer 2007 2561:Church 2005 2430:Church 2005 2383:Church 2005 2371:Dreyer 2007 2359:Dreyer 2007 2347:Dreyer 2007 2332:Dreyer 2007 2113:Dreyer 2007 2096:Dreyer 2007 2084:Church 2005 2069:Dreyer 2007 1965:Finlay 1992 1849:Church 2005 1534:long and 9 1387:ships were 1379:ships were 1237:, i.e. 444 1113:Jìng hǎi sì 1045:Liáng Chuán 983: [ 980:Luo Maodeng 954: [ 903:Description 897:Ibn Battuta 842:Ibn Battuta 773:Ibn Battuta 709: 1395 579: [ 546: [ 296:Before 1412 5927:Categories 5855:Hu dun pao 5833:Fire lance 5806:Fire arrow 5464:Treenailed 5444:Lashed lug 5439:Inflatable 5418:Windsurfer 5403:Sportsboat 5352:Well smack 5221:Windjammer 5148:Trincadour 5118:Padewakang 4968:Man-of-war 4907:Trabaccolo 4846:Malangbang 4648:Vaka katea 4598:Pentamaran 4439:Brigantine 4400:Square rig 4395:Pinisi rig 4375:Lateen rig 4365:Gunter rig 4329:Navigation 4148:Dunderberg 4127:Appomattox 4044:Shenandoah 4025:Santa Anna 3914:Grace Dieu 3799:Thalamegos 3769:Nemi ships 3752:Khufu ship 3134:2024-06-20 3084:2011-03-25 2722:Agius 2008 2658:Agius 2008 2641:Agius 2008 2478:2019-03-02 2447:Crossroads 1953:Mills 1970 1802:References 1617:Portuguese 1464:Musi river 1298:sinologist 1102:Dimensions 1079:Zhàn Chuán 1071:Warships ( 836:Marco Polo 799:Marco Polo 769:Marco Polo 763:(1293 CE). 753:Henry Yule 734:, that is 679:historian 623:Liujiagang 530:Chen Cheng 524:alongside 483:, who led 431:24 cannons 420:Complement 402:Propulsion 309:In service 282:liao ju bo 229:24 cannons 218:Complement 200:Propulsion 98:In service 67:liao da bo 5900:Hongyipao 5816:Petroleum 5798:Gunpowder 5729:Equipment 5459:Tall ship 5287:Gableboat 5201:Leti leti 5191:Janggolan 5123:Post ship 4994:de armada 4983:Speronara 4711:Fire ship 4643:Va'a-tele 4568:Kora kora 4533:Catamaran 4499:Multihull 4405:Tanja rig 4350:Crab claw 4307:Overviews 4294:Types of 4204:L.R. Doty 4072:Tenacious 3964:Mahmudiye 3941:Javanese 3907:Götheborg 3785:Syracusia 3671:: 231–235 3644:162302303 3630:: 59–76, 3612:130906334 3575:220325919 3519:213253271 3302:144362957 3220:161434221 2973:Wake 2004 2927:See also 2534:Ming 2011 2417:886189859 2275:Wake 1997 2263:Wake 1997 2239:Wake 1997 2177:cite book 2026:Wake 2004 2009:Ming 2011 1992:Wake 2004 1980:Wake 2004 1897:cite book 1807:Citations 1629:quicklime 1576:Singapore 1558:Structure 1502:. If the 1460:Palembang 1381:bao chuan 1011:Bǎo Chuán 410:Sail plan 405:6–7 masts 373:1860 tons 365:3100 tons 250:woodblock 208:Sail plan 75:hai chuan 5846:Huochong 5788:War cart 5768:Crossbow 5763:Elephant 5758:Polearms 5413:Wharrams 5332:Sixareen 5327:Nordland 5322:Patorani 5108:Gundalow 5093:Gallivat 5078:Chialoup 5073:Bilander 5022:Corvette 4938:Galleass 4897:Lancaran 4856:Tongkang 4841:Longship 4791:Balinger 4691:Balangay 4638:Ungalawa 4633:Trimaran 4628:Tongiaki 4623:Tipairua 4474:Schooner 4370:Junk rig 4360:Gaff rig 4228:Immobile 4004:Pretoria 3881:Columbus 3266:64592164 3206:: 1–43, 3128:Archived 3056:Archived 2748:(1981). 2155:Sen 2016 2125:Sen 2016 1753:baochuan 1734:See also 1613:bombards 1574:island, 1488:galleons 1389:ma chuan 1325:Shanghai 1223:Ming shi 1154:Hangzhou 1062:uò Chuán 1028:Mǎ Chuán 895:— 834:— 736:Venetian 722:— 534:Timurids 507:Accounts 499:or 44.4 481:Zheng He 472:bǎochuán 428:Armament 414:Junk rig 286:baochuan 226:Armament 212:Junk rig 171:500 tons 163:800 tons 5874:Huo Che 5783:Stirrup 5743:Chariot 5549:Related 5347:Tartane 5297:Jangada 5277:Felucca 5272:Falkuša 5230:20th c. 5184:Warship 5174:Golekan 5157:19th c. 5083:Clipper 5066:18th c. 5052:Polacca 5032:Frigate 5010:17th c. 4978:Patache 4973:Manchua 4948:Flyboat 4933:Galleon 4916:16th c. 4887:Caravel 4877:Carrack 4870:15th c. 4836:Kondura 4801:Birlinn 4731:Trireme 4683:Ancient 4618:Tepukei 4573:Lakatoi 4563:Karakoa 4543:Guilalo 4528:Camakau 4513:Amatasi 4501:vessels 4469:Mistico 4444:Catboat 4385:Lug rig 4296:sailing 4253:Belyana 4218:Orlando 4190:Jylland 4107:Wyoming 4093:Victory 4018:Roanoke 3483:: 51–65 3446:: 13–15 3366:3596216 3321:: 47–51 3146:Sources 1834:Lo 2012 1749:Henry V 1728:Nanjing 1718:Replica 1672:Nanjing 1638:captain 1601:anchors 1572:Sentosa 1498:was 30 1452:burthen 1356:ships. 1338:(龙江船厂志— 1266:Jiangsu 854:(1460). 791:(1,000 732:vegetes 713:burthen 672:Mamluks 568:Nanjing 526:Yishiha 512:Chinese 394:Draught 301:Builder 293:Ordered 258:History 203:4 masts 192:Draught 90:Builder 82:Ordered 43:History 21:Pocheon 5753:Swords 5748:Armour 5607:Armies 5540:Wherry 5515:Pausik 5373:Dinghy 5317:Mayang 5312:Masula 5307:Lugger 5302:Jukung 5206:Palari 5128:74-gun 5113:Lanong 5037:Galeas 4963:Lorcha 4928:Galiot 4892:Ghurab 4851:Shitik 4796:Benawa 4746:Dromon 4726:Bireme 4716:Galley 4578:Lanong 4548:Jukung 4518:Baurua 4449:Cutter 4424:Barque 4211:Mersey 4155:Eureka 4011:Rahīmī 3978:Orient 3950:Kronan 3901:Ghurab 3642: 3610: 3573: 3517: 3461: 3423: 3364: 3300: 3294:178944 3292: 3264: 3254: 3236: 3218: 3181: 3163: 2956: 2931:, 225. 2415: 2405: 1511:cannon 1509:Hongyi 1367:, 1553 1274:Fujian 677:Mamluk 543:Guoque 469:: 467:pinyin 461:: 453:: 378:Length 280:5,000 176:Length 71:hai po 65:2,000 5615:Shang 5495:Fusta 5449:Razee 5423:Yacht 5342:Smack 5337:Sgoth 5282:Fifie 5257:Bagan 5211:Tamar 5196:Lambo 5098:Garay 5001:Xebec 4990:round 4953:Fluyt 4943:Ghali 4861:Zabra 4826:Knarr 4768:Mtepe 4696:Boita 4653:Vinta 4613:Takia 4593:Paraw 4558:Kalia 4523:Bigiw 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