Chinook salmon - Knowledge

1272:, and the Chinook salmon have been an important part of their lives, spiritually and physically. An Indian legend of a tribe on the Klamath river describes how the construction of the dam has hurt the fish population and that the impact on them has gone unnoticed, and the destruction of the dam is what has brought back their food supply and made them happy again. The Klamath tribe had a similar legend that has illustrated the importance of not messing up the Chinook salmon migration. The legend described three Skookums which can be related to the three dams on the Klamath river in California. It has been known that the creation of dams has negatively impacted the lives of many Native American Indians by disrupting their food supply and the flow of water. The impact on the salmon migration has been seen by not only tribal members but others as well, and as a result, progress is slowly being made to help restore the salmon habitats along the river. Many tribes, including the Hoopa Valley Tribe, 1213:

the populations include the route used during migration, drought conditions, the amount of snowmelt, and infrastructure that affects the flow of water (such as dams and levees). Each of these factors has significantly impacted Chinook survival rates, as most have made it more challenging for Chinook to travel from their spawning grounds to the ocean and back. The fluctuation of water depth as well as temperature have made this more challenging, and as a result, Chinook populations are declining. Which rivers or streams the Chinook are in highly impacts their survival rates, as some, like the Chinook in the Fraser River, only have a 30% survival rate. More studies and actions are needed for there to be an impact on the survival rates of the Chinook. Due to many of these reasons, the National Wildlife Federation has listed Chinook populations as endangered or threatened.

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not wild, and hatchery fish were often larger than wild, but the decrease was seen in both types of populations. Factors have been discovered that have influenced the size of the Chinook. They include, but are not limited to, the years they spent in fresh water before migrating to the ocean, the time of year they were caught, which season run they participated in, and where they were caught. However, what is causing these negative trends is still not fully known or researched. Some possibilities can be climate change, pollution, and fishing practices.

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Management Council's goal for the Sacramento River run is an escapement total (fish that return to freshwater spawn areas and hatcheries) of 122,000–180,000 fish. The 2007 escapement was estimated at 88,000, and the 2008 estimate was 66,000 fish. Scientists from universities and federal, state, and tribal agencies concluded the 2004 and 2005 broods were harmed by poor ocean conditions in 2005 and 2006, in addition to "a long-term, steady degradation of the freshwater and estuarine environment." Such conditions included weak upwelling, warm

756: 1201: 929: 588:, Chinook are unique among the Pacific salmon in combining black spots and silver on the tail. Another distinctive feature is a black gum line that is present in both salt and fresh water. Adult fish typically range in size from 60 to 90 cm (24 to 36 in), but may be up to 150 cm (58 in) in length; they average 4.5 to 22.7 kg (10 to 50 lb), but may reach 59 kg (130 lb). The meat can be either pink or white, depending on what the salmon have been feeding on. 569: 1000: 804: 561: 91: 639:, and thus live in both saltwater and freshwater environments throughout their life. Once hatching, salmon spend one to eight years in the ocean (averaging from three to four years) before returning to their home rivers to spawn. The salmon undergo radical morphological changes as they prepare for the spawning event ahead. Salmon lose the silvery blue they had as ocean fish, and their color darkens, sometimes with a radical change in hue. Salmon are 898: 362: 49: 662:(nests) from September to December. The female salmon may lay her eggs in four to five nesting pockets within a redd. After laying eggs, females guard the redd from four to 25 days before dying, while males seek additional mates. Chinook eggs hatch 90 to 150 days after deposition, depending upon water temperature. Egg deposits are timed to ensure the young salmon fry emerge during an appropriate season for survival and growth. 869: 4124: 1147:) will be removed by the end of 2024. Klamath River Renewal Corporation (KRRC), who is in charge of the operation, cited the adverse effects of the dams on fish survivability and the blockage of fish habitat as major reasons for removal. In June 2023, Copco 2 Dam was torn down. In addition to dam removal, KRRC is also conducting efforts to revegetate certain areas in the watershed with trees and native grasses. 888: 752:

water in their first year. Stream-type salmon spend one full year in fresh water before migrating to the ocean. After a few years in the ocean, adult salmon, then large enough to escape most predators, return to their natal streambeds to mate. Chinook can have extended lifespans, in which some fish spend one to five years in the ocean, reaching age eight. More northerly populations tend to have longer lives.

4117: 3214: 68: 4110: 548:. The success of the latter introductions is thought to be partly attributable to the use of ova from autumn-run populations as opposed to ova from spring-run populations used in the first attempts. Whilst other salmon have also been introduced into New Zealand, only Chinook salmon (or king salmon as it is known locally in New Zealand) have established sizeable 1230:

salmon fishing in general remains important economically for many tribal communities, it is especially the Chinook harvest that is typically the most valuable. The relation to salmon for the tribes in this area is similar to how other tribes relied more on buffalo for food, and have many legends and spiritual ties to them.

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years in the ocean) have declined from being up to 3–5% of the population to being almost none. Ocean-4 chinook are also seeing a rapid decline in their population. This means that Chinook are not living as long as they used to. This trend has mostly been seen in Alaska, but also Oregon and Washington.

784:, David Montgomery writes, "The reserves of fish at sea are important to restocking rivers disturbed by natural catastrophes." Thus, it is vitally important for the fish to reach the oceans to grow into healthy adult fish to sustain the species without being impeded by man-made structures such as dams. 1229:

The Chinook salmon is spiritually and culturally prized among certain First Nations peoples. For tribes on the Northwest coast, salmon were an important part of their culture for spiritual reasons and food. Many celebrate the first spring Chinook caught each year with "first-salmon ceremonies." While

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made them even more vulnerable. A study was done specifically on the California Delta over three years, and it was discovered that the Chinook salmon had a low survival rate for different reasons, and as a result, the Chinook salmon population here has been on a decline. Some of the factors affecting

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In Oregon, the 2010 spring Chinook run was forecast to increase by up to 150% over 2009 populations, growing from 200,000 to over 500,000, making this the largest run in recorded history. Lower temperatures in 2008 North Pacific waters brought in fatter plankton, which, along with greater outflows of

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Regulations and monitoring programmes ensure salmon are farmed in a sustainable manner. The planning and approval process for new salmon farms in New Zealand considers the farm's potential environmental effects, its effects on fishing activities (if it is a marine farm), and any possible cultural and

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In April 2008, commercial fisheries in both Oregon and California were closed in response to the low count of Chinook salmon present because of the collapse of the Sacramento River run, one of the biggest south of the Columbia. In April 2009, California again canceled the season. The Pacific Fishery

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use ponds, raceways, and hydro canals for grow-out operations. Low stocking densities, ranging between less than 1 kg/m and around 25 kg/m (depending on the life stage of the salmon), and the absence of disease in the fish mean New Zealand farmers do not need to use antibiotics or vaccines

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harvest was less than 1% by weight and only about 0.3% of the number of fish. The trend has been down in the captures compared to the period before 1990, when the total harvest had been around 25,000 tonnes. Global production has, however, remained at a stable level because of increased aquaculture.

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in the water, which transfers into living organisms, fostering underwater plants and small organisms, which salmon eat. Algae can filter high levels of toxins and pollutants. Thus, it is essential for algae and other water-filtering agents not to be destroyed in the oceans because they contribute to

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New trends have also been seen regarding the size of Ocean-1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 from 1975 to 2015. The size of Chinook who have spent one and two years in the ocean has been rising, while the size of Chinook of three to five years has been declining. The size increase was seen mainly in hatchery fish,

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watershed in California, the southernmost major metropolitan area hosting salmon runs in the United States. Populations have disappeared from large areas where they once flourished, however, or shrunk by as much as 40 percent. In some regions, their inland range has been cut off, mainly by dams and

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Farming of the species in New Zealand began in the 1970s when hatcheries were initially set up to enhance and support wild fish stocks, with the first commercial operations starting in 1976. After some opposition against their establishment by societal groups, including anglers, the first sea cage

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Since the later 1970s, the size and age range of Chinook salmon have been declining according to studies along the northwest Pacific coast from Alaska to California for the years of 1977 to 2015 which examined about 1.5 million Chinook salmon. Ocean-5 Chinook (which means the fish has spent five

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are stripped manually from sexually mature salmon and incubated under conditions replicating the streams and rivers where the salmon would spawn naturally (at around 10–12 °C or 50–54 °F). After hatching, the baby salmon are typically grown to the smolt stage (around six months of age)

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and insects while young, and primarily other fish when older. Young salmon feed in streambeds for a short period until they are strong enough to journey out to the ocean and acquire more food. Chinook juveniles divide into two types: ocean-type and stream-type. Ocean-type Chinook migrate to salt

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Lindley, S. T.; Grimes, C. B.; Mohr, M. S.; Peterson, W.; Stein, J.; Anderson, J. T.; Botsford, L. W.; Bottom, D. L.; Busack, C. A.; Collier, T. K.; Ferguson, J.; Garza, J. C.; Grover, A. M.; Hankin, D. G.; Kope, R. G.; Lawson, P. W.; Low, A.; MacFarlane, R. B.; Moore, K.; Palmer-Zwahlen, M.;

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social effects. In the interest of fish welfare, a number of New Zealand salmon farming operations anaesthetise salmon before slaughter using Aqui-S™, an organically based anaesthetic developed in New Zealand that is safe for use in food and that has been favourably reported on by the British

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The world's largest producer and market supplier of Chinook salmon is New Zealand. In 2009, New Zealand exported 5,088 tonnes (5,609 short tons) of Chinook salmon, marketed as king salmon, equating to a value of NZ$ 61 million in export earnings. For the year ended March 2011, this amount had

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tribes, also finalized a two-phase plan to re-establish wild Chinook and other anadromous fishes in the Upper Klamath Basin. As of December 2022, the plan is in its monitoring phase, in which ODFW are studying 10,000 hatchery-born spring-run Chinook released in certain tributaries of

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increased to NZ$ 85 million. New Zealand accounts for about half of the global production of Chinook salmon, and about half of New Zealand's production is exported. Japan is New Zealand's largest export market, with stock also being supplied to other countries of the

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is the only country other than New Zealand currently producing significant quantities of farmed Chinook salmon. The United States has not produced farmed Chinook in commercial quantities since 1994. In Canada, most commercial Chinook salmon farming ceased by

780:(protection from predators), shelter, and foraging habitat as they make their way to the open ocean. Adult fish need a rich, open ocean habitat to acquire the strength needed to travel back upstream, escape predators, and reproduce before dying. In his book 833:

article states, "Pacific salmon have disappeared from 40 percent of their historic range outside Alaska," and concludes it is imperative for people to realize the needs of salmon and try not to contribute to destructive practices that harm salmon runs.

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Riva Rossi, CM; Pascual, MA; Aedo Marchant, E; Basso, N; Ciancio, JE; Mezga, B; Fernández, DA; Ernst-Elizalde, B (28 Nov 2012). "The invasion of Patagonia by Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha): inferences from mitochondrial DNA patterns".

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for several months. Some Chinook return to fresh water one or two years earlier than their counterparts and are referred to as "jack" salmon. "Jack" salmon are typically less than 60 cm (24 in) long but are sexually mature.

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NZ Ltd. Today, the salmon are hatched in land-based hatcheries (several of which exist) and transferred to sea cages or freshwater farms, where they are grown out to the harvestable size of 3–4 kilograms (7–9 pounds). The

1430: 1237:. Lewis wrote that, when fresh, they tasted better than any other fish he had ever eaten. They did not particularly like dried or "pounded" salmon. Lewis and Clark knew about Pacific salmon but had never seen one. The 337:'s western rivers. A large Chinook is a prized and sought-after catch for a sporting angler. The flesh of the salmon is also highly valued for its dietary nutritional content, which includes high levels of important 489:

had been introduced the year before, and the program was successful. Chinook and Coho salmon thrived on the alewives and spawned in the lakes' tributaries. After this success, Chinook were introduced into the other

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Chinook also need healthy ocean habitats. Juvenile salmon grow in clean, productive estuarine environments and gain the energy for migration. Later, they change physiologically to live in salt water. They rely on

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Salmon need suitable spawning habitat. Clean, cool, oxygenated, sediment-free fresh water is essential for egg development. Chinook use larger sediment (gravel) sizes for spawning than other Pacific salmon.

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in Idaho. These fish travel over 2,100 m (7,000 ft) in elevation, and over 1,400 km (900 mi), in their migration through eight dams and reservoirs on the Columbia and Lower Snake Rivers.

1014:. In recognition of the sustainable, environmentally conscious practices, the New Zealand salmon farming industry has been acknowledged as the world's greenest by the Global Aquaculture Performance Index. 1630: 856:

of the environment that hosted the fish. Researchers were able to tell where different individuals of Chinook were born and lived in the first year of their lives. Testing was done by measuring the

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projects. If too few fish remain because of fishing and land management practices, salmon have more difficulty reproducing. When one of these factors is compromised, affected stock can decline. One

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specially formulated for Chinook salmon (typical proportions of the feed are: 45% protein, 22% fat, and 14% carbohydrate plus ash and water) that contain no steroids or other growth enhancers.

509:, apparently having migrated over 1,000 km (620 mi) from the ocean. The population is thought to be derived from a single stocking of juveniles in the lower river around 1930. 520:

in California. Further efforts in the early 20th century were more successful and subsequently led to the establishment of spawning runs in the rivers of Canterbury and North Otago:

2830: 1954: 2512: 2468: 2443: 731:. Since Chinook rely on fat reserves for energy upon re-entering fresh water, commercial fish caught here are highly prized for their unusually high levels of heart-healthy 2020:

North Pacific Anadromous Fish Commission Statistical Yearbook. Retrieved 2015 March 16. The statistics do not include fish taken in Russian waters by non-Russian fleets.

1280:, and the Shasta Indian Nation, voiced support for the removal of dams on the Klamath River. Representatives of the Shasta Indian Nation claimed that the construction of 3474: 1030: 4679: 3612: 1105:, released 12 million juvenile Chinook salmon, with many salmon being tagged for monitoring. The release was done in hopes of helping restore the salmon population of 735:. However, the high costs of harvest and transport from this rural area limits its affordability. The highest elevation Chinook spawn is in the Middle Fork and Upper 4476: 3500: 346: 706: 1113: 915:; 1.1 million of the fish were captured in the United States, and others were divided by Canada and Russia. The share of Chinook salmon from the total commercial 4538: 3245: 651:." Studies have shown that larger and more dominant male salmon have a reproductive advantage as female Chinook are often more aggressive toward smaller males. 1249:, frequently acquired salmon by trade with the indigenous people of the Northwest coast. Lewis and Clark first encountered Chinook salmon as a gift from Chief 3060: 4699: 1055:, Spring/Summer Chinook and Fall Chinook are ESA listed as Threatened. The fall and late-fall runs in the Central Valley population in California is a U.S. 4262: 2242: 3510: 1047:

Fisheries in the U.S. and Canada are limited by impacts to weak and endangered salmon runs. Nine populations of Chinook salmon are listed under the U.S.

1288:, supported by the Karuk and Yurok Tribes, is one of the major campaigns advocating for the Klamath dam removals, which started deconstruction in 2023. 4605: 2217: 516:

waters in the late 19th century were largely failures and led to no evident establishments. Initially ova were imported from the Baird hatchery of the

2338: 1221: 692: 4450: 2143: 1078:, Quinault, Queets, Hoh and Quillayute. The petition, filed in 2023, focuses on spring-run Chinook, the region's most vulnerable salmon population. 462: 349:, the Chinook salmon population along the California coast is declining from factors such as overfishing, loss of freshwater and estuarine habitat, 2372: 1900: 1208:

In California specifically, Chinook populations in the rivers have been declining. Chinook that are migratory are already more vulnerable, and the

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The bodies of water for salmon habitat must be clean and oxygenated. One sign of high productivity and growth rate in the oceans is the level of

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In the Pacific Northwest, the summer runs of especially large Chinook once common (before dams and overfishing led to declines) were known as

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Hamilton, John B.; Rondorf, Dennis W.; Tinniswood, William R.; Leary, Ryan J.; Mayer, Tim; Gavette, Charleen; Casal, Lynne A. (2016-09-22).

4600: 3605: 2930: 1184:. Should the Chinook salmon fishery collapse and be replaced with a native lake trout fishery, the economic value would decrease by 80%. 4654: 3007: 2955: 1958: 1117: 4424: 3520: 3495: 3260: 1303:, relied primarily on Chinook to eat. Known as the "king salmon" in Alaska for its large size and flavorful flesh, the Chinook is the 1070:

and Pacific Rivers, a conservation advocacy group, are currently petitioning for an ESA listing on Chinook in several river basins in

2116: 609: lb), was caught on May 17, 1985, in the Kenai River. The commercial catch world record is 57 kg (126 lb) caught near 4551: 4267: 2282: 2190: 1998: 1848: 1666: 1056: 4626: 3462: 3360: 3106: 2496: 1786:

McDowall, R. M. (1994). The origins of New Zealand's chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha. Marine Fisheries Review, 1/1/1994.

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by Raynor, Jennifer and Phaneuf, Daniel, Presentation for the 2018 International Institute of Fisheries Economics & Trade

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of Alaska, mature Chinook averaged 16.8 kg (37 lb 1 oz). The current sport-caught world record, 44.1 kg (

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Singer, Gabriel P.; Chapman, Eric D.; Ammann, Arnold J.; Klimley, A. Peter; Rypel, Andrew L.; Fangue, Nann A. (2020-05-01).

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Comparison of spawning areas and times for two runs of chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) in the Kenai River, Alaska

3438: 3186: 3068:/ prepared by the United States and Canada Yukon River Joint Technical Committee, Salmon Size Subcommittee. Hosted by the 2524: 2035: 1358: 1176:. A 2016 survey of Wisconsin anglers found they would, on average, pay $ 140 for a trip to catch Chinook salmon, $ 90 for 1124:

for irrigation use, which "significantly" increased the risk of extinction of winter-run Chinook in the Sacramento River.

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The total North Pacific fisheries harvest of the Chinook salmon in 2010 was some 1.4 million fish, corresponding to 7,000

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and Palyavaam River in the north. Nevertheless, they are consistently present and the distribution is well known only in

4031: 3467: 2831:"The Persistence and Characteristics of Chinook Salmon Migrations to the Upper Klamath River Prior to Exclusion by Dams" 2525:

Can Native Species Compete with Valuable Exotics? Measuring Willingness to Pay for Recreational Fishing in Lake Michigan

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waters in South America, where both introduced and escaped hatchery fish have colonized rivers and established stable

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in the bones. Strontium can accurately show researchers the exact location and time of a fish swimming in a river.

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has the longest freshwater migration route of any salmon, over 3,000 km (1,900 mi) from its mouth in the

529: 4543: 3054: 2907:"Salmon | Traditional Animal Foods of Indigenous Peoples of Northern North America - Animals - Fish - Searun Fish" 2444:

Implementation plan for the reintroduction of anadromous fishes into the Oregon portion of the Upper Klamath Basin

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Vashon-Maury Islands Case Study: Incompatible Desires? Growth and Maintaining Salmon Populations in Puget Sound.

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Chinook Salmon Spawning Behavior : Evidence for Size-dependent Male Spawning Success and Female Mate Choice

1688:(10–12). Grupo de Estudios de Salmónidos Anádromos (GESA), Centro Nacional Patagónico (CENPAT-CONICET): 439–53. 966:

for the farms is usually selected from existing farm stock or sometimes sourced from wild populations. Eggs and

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surfaces. It has black spots on its tail and the upper half of its body. Although spots are seen on the tail in

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The Chinook is blue-green, red, or purple on the back and on the top of the head, with silvery sides and white

341:. Some populations are endangered; however, many are healthy. The Chinook salmon has not been assessed for the 2906: 848:(ear) bone. The bone can record the chemical composition of the water the fish had lived in, just as a tree's 3079: 3069: 3431: 1304: 1200: 1083: 980: 768:

vegetation and woody debris help juvenile salmon by providing cover and maintaining low water temperatures.

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Cameron, Mindy (2002-08-18). "Salmon Return; A Public Conversation About the Future of a Northwest Icon".

1209: 1048: 4659: 4377: 4257: 4234: 4197: 3693: 3683: 3235: 1102: 939: 928: 202: 185: 1843:, Scott and Crossman. 1985. Freshwater Fishes of Canada. Fisheries Research Board of Canada. page 175. 1807: 1489: 414:, it was revealed that extremely low numbers of juvenile Chinook salmon (less than 1%) were surviving. 2419: 568: 4631: 4566: 4398: 4336: 3688: 3402: 3378: 3365: 3227: 3099: 2623: 2567: 2195: 1383: 1173: 1094:

estimated 80% were hatchery-born. Chinook runs in other habitats have not recovered proportionately.

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in Alaska in the north. Recent studies have shown that Chinook salmon are historically native to the

4224: 3558: 3449: 3385: 2373:"Final plan for water releases into Sacramento River could kill up to 88% of endangered salmon run" 2359: 816: 430: 388: 302: 57: 4530: 2612:"Historic drought influences outmigration dynamics of juvenile fall and spring-run Chinook Salmon" 2255: 2168: 999: 803: 4341: 4272: 4252: 3515: 3255: 3166: 2959: 2647: 1715: 1420:"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. North Central California Coast Recovery Domain" 1324: 1285: 1242: 1161: 1071: 1060: 972: 853: 732: 640: 338: 85: 4354: 3075: 3065: 4517: 4481: 4109: 560: 4613: 4385: 3590: 3371: 2934: 2793: 2787: 2759: 2753: 2725: 2719: 2639: 2585: 1844: 1740: 1734: 1707: 1662: 1563: 1462: 1401: 1144: 728: 537: 438: 426: 321:

in Arctic northeast Siberia. They have been introduced to other parts of the world, including

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Atlas of Pacific salmon: the first map-based status assessment of salmon in the North Pacific

4618: 3425: 3315: 3141: 2842: 2695:"Native American Indian Salmon Legends, Meaning and Symbolism from the Myths of Many Tribes" 2631: 2575: 1697: 1689: 1603: 1391: 1246: 670:(young fish) usually stay in fresh water for 12 to 18 months before traveling downstream to 545: 218: 4116: 2191:"Helen Neville: The need to breach the Lower Snake River dams: A look at 2022 fish returns" 1172:

Introduced Chinook salmon in Lake Michigan are sought after by tourists enjoying chartered

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before they are transferred to the sea cages or ponds. Most sea cage farming occurs in the

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Historically, the native distribution of Chinook salmon in North America ranged from the

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of nuisance fish from the Atlantic Ocean. In the 1960s, alewives constituted 90% of the

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https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.102499/Oncorhynchus_tshawytscha

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in larger and deeper waters than other salmon species and can be found on the spawning

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Schwing, F. B.; Smith, J.; Tracy, C.; Webb, R.; Wells, B. K.; Williams, T. H. (2009),

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Blankship, Donna. Salmon Fishing Banned Along U.S. West Coast. National Geographic.

887: 4390: 4155: 4145: 4049: 3872: 3798: 3640: 3578: 3415: 3396: 3300: 3213: 3146: 2866:(Report). Vol. III. California State Water Resources Control Board. April 2020 1719: 849: 610: 533: 450: 434: 422: 255: 162: 992:

to maintain the health of their salmon stocks. The salmon are fed food pellets of

2218:"Federal 'Endangered' Listing Sought for Chehalis River's Spring Chinook, Others" 1456: 4525: 4463: 4321: 4212: 4165: 4150: 4132: 3835: 3803: 3715: 3678: 3171: 3161: 3151: 1942:

What Defines the Pacific Northwest Marine Realm Ecologically and Geographically?

1277: 1273: 1265: 1156: 1121: 1052: 1041: 946: 812: 720: 592: 585: 581: 513: 491: 486: 400: 322: 2635: 2039: 1994: 494:, where sport fishermen prize them for their aggressive behaviour on the hook. 4160: 4054: 4041: 3948: 3310: 3275: 3131: 1693: 1284:

caused the submerging of sites significant to them, including burial grounds.

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Chinook salmon tail, showing distinctive combination of black spots and silver

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Ohlberger, Jan; Ward, Eric J; Schindler, Daniel E; Lewis, Bert (2018-02-27).

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Ohlberger, Jan; Ward, Eric J; Schindler, Daniel E; Lewis, Bert (2018-02-27).

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Wisconsin Sea Grant documents value of recreational fishing in Lake Michigan

2093:. The association of the New Zealand Salmon farming industry. Archived from 1004:

Aquaculture production in thousand tonnes as reported by the FAO, 1980–2010

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A Chinook's birthplace and later evolution can be tracked by looking at its

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Environmental Impact Report for the Lower Klamath Project License Surrender

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it wasn't until Michigan planted them in 1967 that they became established.

433:. Elsewhere, information is scarce, but they have a patchy presence in the 4579: 4364: 2846: 2556:"Demographic changes in Chinook salmon across the Northeast Pacific Ocean" 2119:. Seafood Ecology Research, University of Victoria, Canada. Archived from 1372:"Demographic changes in Chinook salmon across the Northeast Pacific Ocean" 4437: 4306: 3900: 3867: 3820: 3815: 3743: 3673: 3648: 3078:/ by Glenn M. Freeman, Scott A. McPherson, and Daniel J. Reed. Hosted by 3066:

Potential causes of size trends in Yukon River chinook salmon populations

3016: 1296: 744: 418: 334: 122: 2339:"Millions Of Chinook Salmon Released Into Northern California Waterways" 4455: 4021: 4011: 4001: 3993: 3966: 3905: 3862: 3847: 3825: 3788: 3748: 3733: 3728: 3723: 3622: 3305: 3265: 2018:

Annual Statistics 2010: Commercial salmon catch by species and country

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With some populations endangered, precautions are necessary to prevent

773: 671: 577: 549: 251: 4442: 2580: 2555: 1396: 1371: 1257:. Tasting it convinced Lewis they had crossed the continental divide. 505:. Chinook salmon have been found spawning in headwater reaches of the 4468: 4187: 4016: 4006: 3971: 3840: 3830: 3653: 3325: 3193: 3115: 1834:. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 42(4), 693-700. 1292: 976: 417:

In the western Pacific, the distribution ranges from northern Japan (

396: 310: 112: 4283: 1429:. National Marine Fisheries Service Southwest Region. Archived from 4416: 3076:

Spawning abundance of chinook salmon in the Chickamin River in 2004

2275: 2273: 4026: 3976: 3961: 3910: 3763: 3738: 3658: 3536: 2393: 1955:"CHINOOK SALMON HOLD TINY ARCHIVES WITH THEIR ENTIRE LIFE HISTORY" 1220: 1199: 1017: 998: 984: 927: 912: 896: 886: 867: 852:

provide hints about dry and wet years. The bone is built with the

802: 788: 754: 626: 567: 559: 360: 314: 290:. The scientific species name is based on the Russian common name 4403: 892:

Wild capture in thousand tonnes as reported by the FAO, 1950–2010

4592: 4140: 3956: 3895: 3758: 3668: 2360:

http://www.casalmon.org/salmon-snapshots/population/battle-creek

1233:

Chinook salmon were described and enthusiastically eaten by the

967: 648: 4287: 3594: 3088: 2449:(Report). Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife. December 2021 3928: 3793: 3320: 2755:

Native people, native lands: Canadian Indians, Inuit and Métis

2263: 903: 874: 644: 2284:

What caused the Sacramento River fall Chinook stock collapse?

1769: 1767: 1765: 1763: 712:

Spawning phase, showing more curved jaws and change in colour

591:

Chinook salmon are the largest of the Pacific salmon. In the

305:

and the river systems of western North America, ranging from

1830:

Burger, C. V., Wilmot, R. L., & Wangaard, D. B. (1985).

1241:

had known about Pacific salmon since the late 18th century.

353:

development, poor ocean conditions, and hatchery practices.

2497:

It’s No Fish Tale… Charter Boat Captain Is Living His Dream

1736:

Return to the river: restoring salmon to the Columbia River

958: 643:, and the male salmon develop canine-like teeth, and their 635:

Chinook, like many other species of salmon, are considered

233: 221: 3084: 2420:"With one down, Klamath dam removal proceeds on schedule" 1090:

Columbia River water, fed the resurgent populations. The

224: 1863:. Pacific States Marine Fisheries Commission. 2010-03-05 2515:

by Aaron R. Conklin, Wisconsin Sea Grant, July 10, 2017

1999:

Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations

1533: 1531: 2290:, Pacific Fisheries Management Council, archived from 1777:

Chapter 18. Canterbury University Press: Christchurch.

1331:. The uncredited photograph is from the collection of 1260:

In Oregon, many Native American tribes, including the

933:

Aquaculture production as reported by the FAO for 2010

873:

Global harvest in thousand tonnes as reported by the

236: 230: 1225:

Cannery workers from Metlakatla with a large chinook

4296: 4131: 4068: 4040: 3992: 3947: 3919: 3886: 3779: 3714: 3639: 3630: 3529: 3483: 3448: 3349: 3291: 3221: 3122: 2061: 2059: 2057: 1204:

Juvenile Chinook salmon being measured for research

1042:

Snake River § Salmon and other anadromous fish

227: 2030: 2028: 2026: 1562:. University of California Press. pp. 80–83. 1553: 1551: 1549: 791:. Increased algal levels lead to higher levels of 453:, stocks might persist but remain poorly studied. 30:"King salmon" redirects here. For other uses, see 3475:Steelhead and salmon distinct population segments 2362:Salmon Snapshots / Battle Creek / 2014 Population 1995:"Fisheries and Aquaculture Department Statistics" 1051:(ESA) as either threatened or endangered. In the 1031:Steelhead and salmon distinct population segments 953:farm was established in 1983 at Big Glory Bay in 262:. Other vernacular names for the species include 1127:In an effort to restore the fish habitat of the 1040:For broader coverage of Snake River salmon, see 313:, as well as Asian rivers ranging from northern 3501:North Atlantic Salmon Conservation Organization 2724:. Infobase Publishing. pp. 115, 133, 135. 1957:. wallstreetotc.com. 2015-05-18. Archived from 3033:King of Fish: The Thousand-Year Run of Salmon. 2789:Encyclopedia of the Lewis and Clark Expedition 2721:Across America: the Lewis and Clark expedition 1558:Augerot, Xanthippe; Foley, Dana Nadel (2005). 1335:, which includes images from both communities. 1114:California State Water Resources Control Board 3606: 3100: 2085: 2083: 647:develop a pronounced curve or hook called a " 8: 2758:. McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP. p. 174. 329:. Introduced Chinook salmon are thriving in 3024:Christie, Patrick. Lecture. 22 April 2005. 2036:"Aquaculture New Zealand Industry Overview" 1151:(ODFW), in cooperation with members of the 497:The species has also established itself in 4284: 3636: 3613: 3599: 3591: 3511:Welsh Salmon and Trout Angling Association 3107: 3093: 3085: 3057:, monitoring salmon spawning and migration 2067:"AQUACULTURE.GOVT.NZ/Industry development" 1989: 1987: 1985: 1983: 1981: 1979: 1977: 1975: 1149:The Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife 512:Sporadic efforts to introduce the fish to 66: 47: 38: 2579: 1940:Klinger, Terrie. Lecture. 15 April 2005. 1908:. Humboldt State University. pp. iii 1701: 1607: 1395: 2091:"The NZ Salmon Farmer's Association Inc" 979:Harbour, while freshwater operations in 463:Michigan Department of Natural Resources 410:. In certain areas such as California's 4680:Fauna of the Northwestern United States 2989:Integrated Taxonomic Information System 1583:Demetras, Nicholas (February 3, 2016). 1348: 1316: 613:, British Columbia, in the late 1970s. 3028:University of Washington; Seattle, WA. 2786:Elin Woodger; Brandon Toropov (2004). 2476:Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife 2388: 2386: 2384: 2382: 2117:"Global Aquaculture Performance Index" 1944:University of Washington; Seattle, WA. 1886:Developmental Plasticity and Evolution 1092:Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife 819:, including appropriate management of 258:. Its common name is derived from the 2958:. statesymbolsusa.org. Archived from 2933:. statesymbolsusa.org. Archived from 2824: 2822: 2820: 2818: 2816: 2689: 2687: 2605: 2603: 2601: 2599: 2549: 2547: 2545: 2543: 2541: 2539: 2537: 2535: 2533: 2499:by Joel Waldinger, November 5, 2015, 2256:"What's Killing California's Salmon?" 1490:"Did Salmon Always Live in San José?" 564:A pair of chinook caught in the ocean 7: 4567:c24db0ce-07f6-4084-8a99-d2020f81f54e 2792:. Infobase Publishing. p. 138. 1861:"CHINOOK SALMON FACTSBlue Face Baby" 1517:. Pacific Fishery Management Council 365:A male Chinook in his spawning phase 4700:Taxa named by Johann Julius Walbaum 2189:Neville, Helen (10 November 2022). 1733:Williams, Richard Nicholas (2006). 1118:United States Bureau of Reclamation 584:and silver on the tail in coho and 250:) is the largest and most valuable 3521:Yakima Klickitat Fisheries Project 3496:Cook Inlet Aquaculture Association 3261:Pre-spawn mortality in coho salmon 3035:Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 2003. 2886:"About Us - Bring the Salmon Home" 2316:"Fish Boom Makes Splash in Oregon" 2314:Millman, Joel (January 21, 2010). 1928:"Chinook | Yukon River Panel" 412:Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta 25: 3080:Alaska State Publications Program 3070:Alaska State Publications Program 2398:Klamath River Renewal Corporation 1458:Trout and Salmon of North America 1057:National Marine Fisheries Service 441:. Also, in parts of the northern 4122: 4115: 4108: 3463:Environmental issues with salmon 3361:Diseases and parasites in salmon 3212: 2670:The National Wildlife Federation 2144:"Aquaculture Activity in Canada" 902:Wild capture as reported by the 727:to spawning grounds upstream of 705: 691: 217: 89: 2616:Environmental Biology of Fishes 1739:. Academic Press. p. 187. 1068:Center for Biological Diversity 3392:Infectious salmon anemia virus 1307:of this state, and of Oregon. 1099:Coleman National Fish Hatchery 807:Chinook salmon moving upstream 378:in California in the south to 1: 4665:Freshwater fish of the Arctic 3439:Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae 1488:Simons, Eric (24 June 2020). 1455:Robert Behnke (6 July 2010). 1086:, and low densities of food. 3468:2002 Klamath River fish kill 3044:. Retrieved 4 November 2012. 2169:"Chinook Salmon - Protected" 1899:Baxter, Randall (May 1991). 1884:West-Eberhard, M.J. (2003). 1427:westcoast.fisheries.noaa.gov 1329:Metlakatla, British Columbia 1291:Other tribes, including the 1131:, four dams on the Klamath ( 1012:Humane Slaughter Association 399:, and in large areas in the 391:, in some areas east of the 32:King Salmon (disambiguation) 3565:Salmon Fishing in the Yemen 3458:Puget Sound salmon recovery 3204:Genetically modified salmon 2835:Oregon Historical Quarterly 1775:Gamekeepers for the Nation. 1253:, on August 13, 1805, near 4716: 4655:NatureServe secure species 3491:Atlantic Salmon Federation 3251:Old McKenzie Fish Hatchery 2985:"Oncorhynchus tshawytscha" 2911:traditionalanimalfoods.org 2718:Isserman, Maurice (2005). 2636:10.1007/s10641-020-00975-8 1888:. Oxford University Press. 1669:, Independence Books, 2001 1235:Lewis and Clark Expedition 1039: 1028: 937: 620: 29: 4248: 4106: 3506:Pacific Salmon Commission 3210: 1694:10.1007/s10709-012-9692-3 1589:) in a river environment" 191: 184: 86:Scientific classification 84: 64: 55: 46: 41: 4355:Oncorhynchus_tshawytscha 4342:Oncorhynchus_tshawytscha 4328:Oncorhynchus tshawytscha 4298:Oncorhynchus tshawytscha 3246:Fly fishing bibliography 3010:Oncorhynchus tshawytscha 3006:; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). 2752:Bruce Alden Cox (1987). 2699:www.native-languages.org 1587:Oncorhynchus tshawytscha 1356:Oncorhynchus tshawytscha 1084:sea surface temperatures 465:introduced Chinook into 387:habitat alterations: in 247:Oncorhynchus tshawytscha 195:Oncorhynchus tshawytscha 3432:Sphaerothecum destruens 3020:. October 2005 version. 1797:"Marine saltwater data" 1659:The Dynamic Great Lakes 1268:, have lived along the 1245:and explorers, such as 1116:approved a plan by the 949:, including Australia. 674:, where they remain as 631:Fertilized Chinook eggs 437:basin and parts of the 4690:Fish described in 1792 4675:Fish of the Bering Sea 3410:Nanophyetus salmincola 1806:. 2014. Archived from 1773:McDowell, R.M. (1994) 1542:. Seattle, Washington. 1461:. Simon and Schuster. 1226: 1205: 1120:to release water from 1049:Endangered Species Act 1006: 975:, Stewart Island, and 935: 908: 894: 879: 808: 796:the well-being of the 760: 632: 573: 565: 457:Introduced populations 421:) in the south to the 366: 4258:World fish production 3621:Principal commercial 3241:Aquaculture of salmon 3236:Alaska salmon fishery 2847:10.1353/ohq.2016.0029 2318:. Wall Street Journal 1224: 1203: 1103:Red Bluff, California 1074:state, including the 1002: 940:Salmon in aquaculture 931: 900: 890: 871: 806: 758: 685:Chinook salmon (male) 630: 571: 563: 364: 3403:Myxobolus cerebralis 3379:Gyrodactylus salaris 3366:Amoebic gill disease 3199:Spike-toothed salmon 3061:ESA Chinook Listings 2196:The Spokesman-Review 1515:"Salmon: Background" 1243:Maritime fur traders 3559:Salmon of Knowledge 3386:Henneguya zschokkei 3055:Fish Passage Center 3031:Montgomery, David. 2956:"Oregon State Fish" 2931:"Alaska State Fish" 2628:2020EnvBF.103..543S 2572:2018AqFF...19..533O 2222:The Daily Chronicle 2142:Statistics Canada. 2123:on October 11, 2011 1494:Bay Nature Magazine 1436:on 15 December 2013 1388:2018AqFF...19..533O 1323:This may be either 817:habitat destruction 733:omega-3 fatty acids 389:Southern California 339:omega-3 fatty acids 303:North Pacific Ocean 301:fish native to the 177:O. tshawytscha 58:Conservation status 4273:Fisheries glossary 4263:Commercial species 4253:Commercial fishing 3641:Large pelagic fish 3516:Wild Salmon Center 3256:Pacific Salmon War 2560:Fish and Fisheries 2400:. October 17, 2023 2097:on October 6, 2011 1609:10.7755/fb.114.2.5 1376:Fish and Fisheries 1325:Metlakatla, Alaska 1286:Un-Dam the Klamath 1227: 1210:California drought 1206: 1162:Upper Klamath Lake 1112:In June 2021, the 1061:species of concern 1007: 973:Marlborough Sounds 936: 909: 895: 880: 854:chemical signature 809: 761: 641:sexually dimorphic 633: 574: 566: 395:of California and 367: 4685:Symbols of Oregon 4642: 4641: 4614:Open Tree of Life 4290:Taxon identifiers 4281: 4280: 4178:Freshwater prawns 4104: 4103: 3588: 3587: 3372:Ceratomyxa shasta 2799:978-0-8160-4781-9 2765:978-0-88629-062-7 2731:978-0-8160-5256-1 2581:10.1111/faf.12272 2042:on August 6, 2011 1746:978-0-12-088414-8 1657:Spring, Barbara. 1569:978-0-520-24504-4 1540:The Seattle Times 1468:978-1-4516-0355-2 1397:10.1111/faf.12272 1145:John C. Boyle Dam 959:British Petroleum 776:and seaweeds for 759:School of Chinook 729:Whitehorse, Yukon 538:Waimakariri River 439:Chukchi Peninsula 427:East Siberian Sea 260:Chinookan peoples 210: 209: 79: 16:(Redirected from 4707: 4635: 4634: 4622: 4621: 4609: 4608: 4596: 4595: 4583: 4582: 4570: 4569: 4560: 4559: 4547: 4546: 4534: 4533: 4521: 4520: 4511: 4510: 4498: 4497: 4485: 4484: 4472: 4471: 4459: 4458: 4446: 4445: 4433: 4432: 4420: 4419: 4407: 4406: 4394: 4393: 4381: 4380: 4368: 4367: 4358: 4357: 4345: 4344: 4332: 4331: 4330: 4317: 4316: 4315: 4285: 4126: 4119: 4112: 3694:southern bluefin 3684:Atlantic bluefin 3637: 3615: 3608: 3601: 3592: 3216: 3187:Taiwanese salmon 3142:Black Sea salmon 3109: 3102: 3095: 3086: 3021: 2999: 2997: 2995: 2971: 2970: 2968: 2967: 2952: 2946: 2945: 2943: 2942: 2927: 2921: 2920: 2918: 2917: 2903: 2897: 2896: 2894: 2893: 2882: 2876: 2875: 2873: 2871: 2865: 2857: 2851: 2850: 2826: 2811: 2810: 2808: 2806: 2783: 2777: 2776: 2774: 2772: 2749: 2743: 2742: 2740: 2738: 2715: 2709: 2708: 2706: 2705: 2691: 2682: 2681: 2679: 2677: 2672:. April 19, 2022 2666:"Chinook Salmon" 2662: 2656: 2655: 2607: 2594: 2593: 2583: 2551: 2528: 2522: 2516: 2510: 2504: 2494: 2488: 2487: 2485: 2483: 2473: 2465: 2459: 2458: 2456: 2454: 2448: 2440: 2434: 2433: 2431: 2430: 2416: 2410: 2409: 2407: 2405: 2390: 2377: 2376: 2369: 2363: 2357: 2351: 2350: 2348: 2346: 2334: 2328: 2327: 2325: 2323: 2311: 2305: 2304: 2303: 2302: 2296: 2289: 2277: 2268: 2267: 2251: 2245: 2239: 2233: 2232: 2230: 2229: 2214: 2208: 2207: 2205: 2203: 2186: 2180: 2179: 2177: 2176: 2171:. NOAA Fisheries 2165: 2159: 2158: 2156: 2155: 2146:. Archived from 2139: 2133: 2132: 2130: 2128: 2113: 2107: 2106: 2104: 2102: 2087: 2078: 2077: 2075: 2073: 2063: 2052: 2051: 2049: 2047: 2038:. Archived from 2032: 2021: 2015: 2009: 2008: 2006: 2005: 1991: 1970: 1969: 1967: 1966: 1951: 1945: 1938: 1932: 1931: 1924: 1918: 1917: 1915: 1913: 1907: 1896: 1890: 1889: 1881: 1875: 1874: 1869: 1868: 1857: 1851: 1841: 1835: 1828: 1822: 1821: 1819: 1818: 1812: 1801: 1793: 1787: 1784: 1778: 1771: 1758: 1757: 1755: 1753: 1730: 1724: 1723: 1705: 1676: 1670: 1655: 1649: 1648: 1643: 1641: 1631:"Chinook Salmon" 1627: 1621: 1620: 1618: 1616: 1611: 1596:Fishery Bulletin 1593: 1580: 1574: 1573: 1555: 1544: 1543: 1535: 1526: 1525: 1523: 1522: 1511: 1505: 1504: 1502: 1500: 1485: 1479: 1478: 1476: 1475: 1452: 1446: 1445: 1443: 1441: 1435: 1424: 1416: 1410: 1409: 1399: 1367: 1361: 1353: 1336: 1321: 1247:George Vancouver 1217:Cultural aspects 1180:, and $ 180 for 864:Fishing industry 709: 695: 608: 607: 603: 600: 546:Waiau Uwha River 485:in these lakes. 479:invasive species 243: 242: 239: 238: 235: 232: 229: 226: 223: 197: 94: 93: 73: 70: 69: 51: 39: 21: 4715: 4714: 4710: 4709: 4708: 4706: 4705: 4704: 4670:Commercial fish 4645: 4644: 4643: 4638: 4630: 4625: 4617: 4612: 4604: 4599: 4591: 4586: 4578: 4575:Observation.org 4573: 4565: 4563: 4555: 4550: 4542: 4537: 4529: 4524: 4516: 4514: 4506: 4501: 4493: 4488: 4480: 4475: 4467: 4462: 4454: 4449: 4441: 4436: 4428: 4423: 4415: 4410: 4402: 4397: 4389: 4384: 4376: 4371: 4363: 4361: 4353: 4348: 4340: 4335: 4326: 4325: 4320: 4311: 4310: 4305: 4292: 4282: 4277: 4244: 4183:Gilt-head bream 4127: 4121: 4120: 4114: 4113: 4100: 4091:Lobster fishing 4064: 4036: 3988: 3943: 3921:Other wild fish 3915: 3888:Freshwater fish 3882: 3775: 3710: 3689:Pacific bluefin 3626: 3619: 3589: 3584: 3525: 3479: 3444: 3426:Salmon tapeworm 3352: 3345: 3287: 3271:Putcher fishing 3226: 3217: 3208: 3137:Atlantic salmon 3124: 3118: 3113: 3051: 3002: 2993: 2991: 2983: 2980: 2978:Further reading 2975: 2974: 2965: 2963: 2954: 2953: 2949: 2940: 2938: 2929: 2928: 2924: 2915: 2913: 2905: 2904: 2900: 2891: 2889: 2884: 2883: 2879: 2869: 2867: 2863: 2859: 2858: 2854: 2828: 2827: 2814: 2804: 2802: 2800: 2785: 2784: 2780: 2770: 2768: 2766: 2751: 2750: 2746: 2736: 2734: 2732: 2717: 2716: 2712: 2703: 2701: 2693: 2692: 2685: 2675: 2673: 2664: 2663: 2659: 2609: 2608: 2597: 2553: 2552: 2531: 2523: 2519: 2511: 2507: 2495: 2491: 2481: 2479: 2478:. December 2022 2471: 2467: 2466: 2462: 2452: 2450: 2446: 2442: 2441: 2437: 2428: 2426: 2418: 2417: 2413: 2403: 2401: 2392: 2391: 2380: 2375:. 16 June 2021. 2371: 2370: 2366: 2358: 2354: 2344: 2342: 2336: 2335: 2331: 2321: 2319: 2313: 2312: 2308: 2300: 2298: 2294: 2287: 2279: 2278: 2271: 2253: 2252: 2248: 2240: 2236: 2227: 2225: 2216: 2215: 2211: 2201: 2199: 2188: 2187: 2183: 2174: 2172: 2167: 2166: 2162: 2153: 2151: 2141: 2140: 2136: 2126: 2124: 2115: 2114: 2110: 2100: 2098: 2089: 2088: 2081: 2071: 2069: 2065: 2064: 2055: 2045: 2043: 2034: 2033: 2024: 2016: 2012: 2003: 2001: 1993: 1992: 1973: 1964: 1962: 1953: 1952: 1948: 1939: 1935: 1926: 1925: 1921: 1911: 1909: 1905: 1898: 1897: 1893: 1883: 1882: 1878: 1866: 1864: 1859: 1858: 1854: 1842: 1838: 1829: 1825: 1816: 1814: 1810: 1799: 1795: 1794: 1790: 1785: 1781: 1772: 1761: 1751: 1749: 1747: 1732: 1731: 1727: 1678: 1677: 1673: 1656: 1652: 1639: 1637: 1629: 1628: 1624: 1614: 1612: 1591: 1582: 1581: 1577: 1570: 1557: 1556: 1547: 1537: 1536: 1529: 1520: 1518: 1513: 1512: 1508: 1498: 1496: 1487: 1486: 1482: 1473: 1471: 1469: 1454: 1453: 1449: 1439: 1437: 1433: 1422: 1418: 1417: 1413: 1369: 1368: 1364: 1354: 1350: 1345: 1340: 1339: 1322: 1318: 1313: 1219: 1190: 1170: 1097:In April 2016, 1045: 1038: 1033: 1027: 1005: 942: 934: 926: 907: 893: 885: 878: 866: 717: 716: 715: 714: 713: 710: 701: 700: 699: 696: 687: 686: 625: 619: 605: 601: 598: 596: 558: 530:Ashburton River 522:Rangitata River 473:to control the 459: 408:drainage basins 384:Guadalupe River 372: 359: 345:. According to 319:Palyavaam River 220: 216: 206: 199: 193: 180: 88: 80: 71: 67: 60: 42:Chinook salmon 35: 28: 27:Species of fish 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4713: 4711: 4703: 4702: 4697: 4692: 4687: 4682: 4677: 4672: 4667: 4662: 4657: 4647: 4646: 4640: 4639: 4637: 4636: 4623: 4610: 4606:chinook-salmon 4597: 4584: 4571: 4561: 4557:chinook-salmon 4548: 4535: 4522: 4512: 4499: 4486: 4473: 4460: 4447: 4434: 4421: 4408: 4395: 4382: 4369: 4359: 4346: 4333: 4318: 4302: 4300: 4294: 4293: 4288: 4279: 4278: 4276: 4275: 4270: 4268:Fishing topics 4265: 4260: 4255: 4249: 4246: 4245: 4243: 4242: 4237: 4232: 4227: 4222: 4221: 4220: 4215: 4210: 4205: 4195: 4190: 4185: 4180: 4175: 4170: 4169: 4168: 4163: 4158: 4153: 4148: 4137: 4135: 4129: 4128: 4107: 4105: 4102: 4101: 4099: 4098: 4096:Shrimp fishery 4093: 4088: 4083: 4081:Crab fisheries 4078: 4072: 4070: 4066: 4065: 4063: 4062: 4057: 4052: 4046: 4044: 4038: 4037: 4035: 4034: 4029: 4024: 4019: 4014: 4009: 4004: 3998: 3996: 3990: 3989: 3987: 3986: 3981: 3980: 3979: 3969: 3964: 3959: 3953: 3951: 3945: 3944: 3942: 3941: 3936: 3931: 3925: 3923: 3917: 3916: 3914: 3913: 3908: 3903: 3898: 3892: 3890: 3884: 3883: 3881: 3880: 3875: 3873:Smelt-whitings 3870: 3865: 3860: 3855: 3850: 3845: 3844: 3843: 3838: 3833: 3828: 3823: 3813: 3812: 3811: 3809:Alaska pollock 3806: 3801: 3791: 3785: 3783: 3777: 3776: 3774: 3773: 3772: 3771: 3761: 3756: 3751: 3746: 3741: 3736: 3731: 3726: 3720: 3718: 3712: 3711: 3709: 3708: 3707: 3706: 3701: 3696: 3691: 3686: 3681: 3676: 3666: 3661: 3656: 3651: 3645: 3643: 3634: 3628: 3627: 3625:species groups 3620: 3618: 3617: 3610: 3603: 3595: 3586: 3585: 3583: 3582: 3575: 3572:The Salmon Fly 3568: 3561: 3556: 3554:Salmon (color) 3551: 3544: 3542:Salmon cannery 3539: 3533: 3531: 3527: 3526: 3524: 3523: 3518: 3513: 3508: 3503: 3498: 3493: 3487: 3485: 3481: 3480: 3478: 3477: 3472: 3471: 3470: 3460: 3454: 3452: 3446: 3445: 3443: 3442: 3435: 3428: 3423: 3418: 3413: 3406: 3399: 3394: 3389: 3382: 3375: 3368: 3363: 3357: 3355: 3347: 3346: 3344: 3343: 3338: 3336:Salmon tartare 3333: 3328: 3323: 3318: 3313: 3308: 3303: 3297: 3295: 3289: 3288: 3286: 3285: 3284: 3283: 3273: 3268: 3263: 3258: 3253: 3248: 3243: 3238: 3232: 3230: 3219: 3218: 3211: 3209: 3207: 3206: 3201: 3196: 3191: 3190: 3189: 3184: 3182:Sockeye salmon 3179: 3174: 3169: 3164: 3159: 3157:Chinook salmon 3154: 3147:Pacific salmon 3144: 3139: 3134: 3128: 3126: 3120: 3119: 3114: 3112: 3111: 3104: 3097: 3089: 3083: 3082: 3073: 3063: 3058: 3050: 3049:External links 3047: 3046: 3045: 3042:NOAA FishWatch 3039:Chinook salmon 3036: 3029: 3022: 3004:Froese, Rainer 3000: 2979: 2976: 2973: 2972: 2947: 2922: 2898: 2877: 2852: 2841:(3): 326–378. 2812: 2798: 2778: 2764: 2744: 2730: 2710: 2683: 2657: 2622:(5): 543–559. 2595: 2566:(3): 533–546. 2529: 2517: 2505: 2501:Wisconsin Life 2489: 2460: 2435: 2411: 2378: 2364: 2352: 2329: 2306: 2269: 2246: 2244:. April, 2008. 2234: 2209: 2181: 2160: 2134: 2108: 2079: 2053: 2022: 2010: 1971: 1946: 1933: 1919: 1891: 1876: 1852: 1836: 1823: 1788: 1779: 1759: 1745: 1725: 1671: 1650: 1622: 1602:(2): 179–185. 1575: 1568: 1545: 1527: 1506: 1480: 1467: 1447: 1411: 1382:(3): 533–546. 1362: 1347: 1346: 1344: 1341: 1338: 1337: 1333:Henry Wellcome 1315: 1314: 1312: 1309: 1282:Copco No 1 Dam 1262:Klamath tribes 1218: 1215: 1189: 1186: 1169: 1166: 1141:Copco No 1 Dam 1137:Copco No 2 Dam 1037: 1034: 1026: 1023: 1003: 955:Stewart Island 932: 925: 922: 917:Pacific salmon 901: 891: 884: 881: 872: 865: 862: 793:carbon dioxide 711: 704: 703: 702: 697: 690: 689: 688: 684: 683: 682: 681: 618: 615: 557: 554: 507:Rio Santa Cruz 458: 455: 447:Shelikhov Gulf 443:Magadan Oblast 425:as far as the 405:Columbia River 380:Kotzebue Sound 371: 368: 358: 355: 268:Quinnat salmon 256:Pacific salmon 214:Chinook salmon 208: 207: 200: 189: 188: 182: 181: 174: 172: 168: 167: 160: 156: 155: 150: 146: 145: 140: 136: 135: 133:Actinopterygii 130: 126: 125: 120: 116: 115: 110: 106: 105: 100: 96: 95: 82: 81: 65: 62: 61: 56: 53: 52: 44: 43: 26: 24: 18:Chinook Salmon 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4712: 4701: 4698: 4696: 4693: 4691: 4688: 4686: 4683: 4681: 4678: 4676: 4673: 4671: 4668: 4666: 4663: 4661: 4658: 4656: 4653: 4652: 4650: 4633: 4628: 4624: 4620: 4615: 4611: 4607: 4602: 4598: 4594: 4589: 4585: 4581: 4576: 4572: 4568: 4562: 4558: 4553: 4549: 4545: 4540: 4536: 4532: 4527: 4523: 4519: 4513: 4509: 4504: 4500: 4496: 4491: 4487: 4483: 4478: 4474: 4470: 4465: 4461: 4457: 4452: 4448: 4444: 4439: 4435: 4431: 4426: 4422: 4418: 4413: 4409: 4405: 4400: 4396: 4392: 4387: 4383: 4379: 4374: 4370: 4366: 4360: 4356: 4351: 4347: 4343: 4338: 4334: 4329: 4323: 4319: 4314: 4308: 4304: 4303: 4301: 4299: 4295: 4291: 4286: 4274: 4271: 4269: 4266: 4264: 4261: 4259: 4256: 4254: 4251: 4250: 4247: 4241: 4238: 4236: 4233: 4231: 4228: 4226: 4223: 4219: 4216: 4214: 4211: 4209: 4206: 4204: 4201: 4200: 4199: 4196: 4194: 4191: 4189: 4186: 4184: 4181: 4179: 4176: 4174: 4171: 4167: 4164: 4162: 4159: 4157: 4154: 4152: 4149: 4147: 4144: 4143: 4142: 4139: 4138: 4136: 4134: 4130: 4125: 4118: 4111: 4097: 4094: 4092: 4089: 4087: 4086:Krill fishery 4084: 4082: 4079: 4077: 4076:Cod fisheries 4074: 4073: 4071: 4067: 4061: 4058: 4056: 4053: 4051: 4050:Sea cucumbers 4048: 4047: 4045: 4043: 4039: 4033: 4030: 4028: 4025: 4023: 4020: 4018: 4015: 4013: 4010: 4008: 4005: 4003: 4000: 3999: 3997: 3995: 3991: 3985: 3982: 3978: 3975: 3974: 3973: 3970: 3968: 3965: 3963: 3960: 3958: 3955: 3954: 3952: 3950: 3946: 3940: 3937: 3935: 3932: 3930: 3927: 3926: 3924: 3922: 3918: 3912: 3909: 3907: 3904: 3902: 3899: 3897: 3894: 3893: 3891: 3889: 3885: 3879: 3876: 3874: 3871: 3869: 3866: 3864: 3861: 3859: 3858:Orange roughy 3856: 3854: 3851: 3849: 3846: 3842: 3839: 3837: 3834: 3832: 3829: 3827: 3824: 3822: 3819: 3818: 3817: 3814: 3810: 3807: 3805: 3802: 3800: 3797: 3796: 3795: 3792: 3790: 3787: 3786: 3784: 3782: 3781:Demersal fish 3778: 3770: 3767: 3766: 3765: 3762: 3760: 3757: 3755: 3752: 3750: 3747: 3745: 3742: 3740: 3737: 3735: 3732: 3730: 3727: 3725: 3722: 3721: 3719: 3717: 3713: 3705: 3702: 3700: 3697: 3695: 3692: 3690: 3687: 3685: 3682: 3680: 3677: 3675: 3672: 3671: 3670: 3667: 3665: 3662: 3660: 3657: 3655: 3652: 3650: 3647: 3646: 3644: 3642: 3638: 3635: 3633: 3629: 3624: 3616: 3611: 3609: 3604: 3602: 3597: 3596: 3593: 3581: 3580: 3576: 3574: 3573: 3569: 3567: 3566: 3562: 3560: 3557: 3555: 3552: 3550: 3549: 3548:Salmon (book) 3545: 3543: 3540: 3538: 3535: 3534: 3532: 3528: 3522: 3519: 3517: 3514: 3512: 3509: 3507: 3504: 3502: 3499: 3497: 3494: 3492: 3489: 3488: 3486: 3484:Organisations 3482: 3476: 3473: 3469: 3466: 3465: 3464: 3461: 3459: 3456: 3455: 3453: 3451: 3447: 3441: 3440: 3436: 3434: 3433: 3429: 3427: 3424: 3422: 3419: 3417: 3414: 3412: 3411: 3407: 3405: 3404: 3400: 3398: 3395: 3393: 3390: 3388: 3387: 3383: 3381: 3380: 3376: 3374: 3373: 3369: 3367: 3364: 3362: 3359: 3358: 3356: 3354: 3348: 3342: 3341:Smoked salmon 3339: 3337: 3334: 3332: 3331:Salmon burger 3329: 3327: 3324: 3322: 3319: 3317: 3314: 3312: 3309: 3307: 3304: 3302: 3299: 3298: 3296: 3294: 3290: 3282: 3279: 3278: 3277: 3274: 3272: 3269: 3267: 3264: 3262: 3259: 3257: 3254: 3252: 3249: 3247: 3244: 3242: 3239: 3237: 3234: 3233: 3231: 3229: 3224: 3220: 3215: 3205: 3202: 3200: 3197: 3195: 3194:Danube salmon 3192: 3188: 3185: 3183: 3180: 3178: 3175: 3173: 3170: 3168: 3165: 3163: 3160: 3158: 3155: 3153: 3150: 3149: 3148: 3145: 3143: 3140: 3138: 3135: 3133: 3130: 3129: 3127: 3121: 3117: 3110: 3105: 3103: 3098: 3096: 3091: 3090: 3087: 3081: 3077: 3074: 3071: 3067: 3064: 3062: 3059: 3056: 3053: 3052: 3048: 3043: 3040: 3037: 3034: 3030: 3027: 3023: 3019: 3018: 3013: 3011: 3005: 3001: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2981: 2977: 2962:on 2014-04-01 2961: 2957: 2951: 2948: 2937:on 2014-02-19 2936: 2932: 2926: 2923: 2912: 2908: 2902: 2899: 2887: 2881: 2878: 2862: 2856: 2853: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2825: 2823: 2821: 2819: 2817: 2813: 2801: 2795: 2791: 2790: 2782: 2779: 2767: 2761: 2757: 2756: 2748: 2745: 2733: 2727: 2723: 2722: 2714: 2711: 2700: 2696: 2690: 2688: 2684: 2671: 2667: 2661: 2658: 2653: 2649: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2633: 2629: 2625: 2621: 2617: 2613: 2606: 2604: 2602: 2600: 2596: 2591: 2587: 2582: 2577: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2561: 2557: 2550: 2548: 2546: 2544: 2542: 2540: 2538: 2536: 2534: 2530: 2526: 2521: 2518: 2514: 2509: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2493: 2490: 2477: 2470: 2464: 2461: 2445: 2439: 2436: 2425: 2421: 2415: 2412: 2399: 2395: 2389: 2387: 2385: 2383: 2379: 2374: 2368: 2365: 2361: 2356: 2353: 2340: 2333: 2330: 2317: 2310: 2307: 2297:on 2019-05-03 2293: 2286: 2285: 2276: 2274: 2270: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2250: 2247: 2243: 2238: 2235: 2223: 2219: 2213: 2210: 2198: 2197: 2192: 2185: 2182: 2170: 2164: 2161: 2150:on 2012-06-15 2149: 2145: 2138: 2135: 2127:September 20, 2122: 2118: 2112: 2109: 2101:September 20, 2096: 2092: 2086: 2084: 2080: 2072:September 26, 2068: 2062: 2060: 2058: 2054: 2046:September 20, 2041: 2037: 2031: 2029: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2014: 2011: 2000: 1996: 1990: 1988: 1986: 1984: 1982: 1980: 1978: 1976: 1972: 1961:on 2015-05-20 1960: 1956: 1950: 1947: 1943: 1937: 1934: 1929: 1923: 1920: 1904: 1903: 1895: 1892: 1887: 1880: 1877: 1873: 1862: 1856: 1853: 1850: 1849:0-660-10239-0 1846: 1840: 1837: 1833: 1827: 1824: 1813:on 2017-02-25 1809: 1805: 1798: 1792: 1789: 1783: 1780: 1776: 1770: 1768: 1766: 1764: 1760: 1748: 1742: 1738: 1737: 1729: 1726: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1704: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1687: 1683: 1675: 1672: 1668: 1667:1-58851-731-4 1664: 1660: 1654: 1651: 1647: 1636: 1632: 1626: 1623: 1610: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1590: 1588: 1579: 1576: 1571: 1565: 1561: 1554: 1552: 1550: 1546: 1541: 1534: 1532: 1528: 1516: 1510: 1507: 1495: 1491: 1484: 1481: 1470: 1464: 1460: 1459: 1451: 1448: 1432: 1428: 1421: 1415: 1412: 1407: 1403: 1398: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1366: 1363: 1360: 1357: 1352: 1349: 1342: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1320: 1317: 1310: 1308: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1289: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1270:Klamath river 1267: 1263: 1258: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1239:Western world 1236: 1231: 1223: 1216: 1214: 1211: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1187: 1185: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1174:fishing trips 1168:Lake Michigan 1167: 1165: 1163: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1133:Iron Gate Dam 1130: 1129:Klamath River 1125: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1110: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1095: 1093: 1087: 1085: 1079: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1064: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1043: 1036:Pacific coast 1035: 1032: 1024: 1022: 1019: 1015: 1013: 1001: 997: 995: 990: 986: 982: 978: 974: 969: 965: 960: 956: 950: 948: 941: 930: 923: 921: 918: 914: 905: 899: 889: 882: 876: 870: 863: 861: 859: 855: 851: 847: 842: 840: 835: 832: 831: 830:Seattle Times 826: 822: 821:hydroelectric 818: 814: 805: 801: 799: 794: 790: 785: 783: 779: 775: 769: 767: 757: 753: 750: 746: 741: 738: 734: 730: 726: 722: 708: 694: 680: 677: 673: 669: 665: 661: 657: 652: 650: 646: 642: 638: 629: 624: 616: 614: 612: 594: 589: 587: 583: 579: 570: 562: 555: 553: 551: 547: 543: 542:Hurunui River 539: 535: 531: 527: 523: 519: 518:McCloud River 515: 510: 508: 504: 503:spawning runs 500: 495: 493: 488: 484: 480: 476: 472: 468: 467:Lake Michigan 464: 461:In 1967, the 456: 454: 452: 448: 444: 440: 436: 432: 428: 424: 420: 415: 413: 409: 406: 402: 398: 394: 390: 385: 381: 377: 376:Ventura River 370:Natural range 369: 363: 356: 354: 352: 348: 344: 343:IUCN Red List 340: 336: 332: 331:Lake Michigan 328: 324: 320: 316: 312: 308: 304: 300: 295: 293: 289: 285: 281: 277: 276:spring salmon 273: 269: 265: 261: 257: 253: 249: 248: 241: 215: 204: 198: 196: 190: 187: 186:Binomial name 183: 179: 178: 173: 170: 169: 166: 165: 161: 158: 157: 154: 151: 148: 147: 144: 143:Salmoniformes 141: 138: 137: 134: 131: 128: 127: 124: 121: 118: 117: 114: 111: 108: 107: 104: 101: 98: 97: 92: 87: 83: 77: 63: 59: 54: 50: 45: 40: 37: 33: 19: 4660:Oncorhynchus 4297: 4217: 4208:salmon trout 3579:The Big Fish 3577: 3570: 3563: 3546: 3450:Conservation 3437: 3430: 3416:Salmon louse 3408: 3401: 3397:M74 syndrome 3384: 3377: 3370: 3351:Diseases and 3301:Cured salmon 3156: 3041: 3032: 3025: 3015: 3009: 2992:. Retrieved 2964:. Retrieved 2960:the original 2950: 2939:. Retrieved 2935:the original 2925: 2914:. Retrieved 2910: 2901: 2890:. Retrieved 2888:. 2022-01-04 2880: 2868:. Retrieved 2855: 2838: 2834: 2803:. Retrieved 2788: 2781: 2769:. Retrieved 2754: 2747: 2735:. Retrieved 2720: 2713: 2702:. Retrieved 2698: 2674:. Retrieved 2669: 2660: 2619: 2615: 2563: 2559: 2520: 2508: 2500: 2492: 2480:. Retrieved 2475: 2463: 2451:. Retrieved 2438: 2427:. Retrieved 2423: 2414: 2402:. Retrieved 2397: 2367: 2355: 2343:. Retrieved 2332: 2320:. Retrieved 2309: 2299:, retrieved 2292:the original 2283: 2259: 2254:David Gorn. 2249: 2237: 2226:. Retrieved 2224:. 2023-05-24 2221: 2212: 2200:. Retrieved 2194: 2184: 2173:. Retrieved 2163: 2152:. Retrieved 2148:the original 2137: 2125:. Retrieved 2121:the original 2111: 2099:. Retrieved 2095:the original 2070:. Retrieved 2044:. Retrieved 2040:the original 2013: 2002:. Retrieved 1963:. Retrieved 1959:the original 1949: 1941: 1936: 1922: 1910:. Retrieved 1901: 1894: 1885: 1879: 1871: 1865:. Retrieved 1855: 1839: 1831: 1826: 1815:. Retrieved 1808:the original 1803: 1791: 1782: 1774: 1750:. Retrieved 1735: 1728: 1685: 1681: 1674: 1658: 1653: 1645: 1638:. Retrieved 1635:Michigan.gov 1634: 1625: 1613:. Retrieved 1599: 1595: 1586: 1578: 1559: 1539: 1519:. Retrieved 1509: 1497:. Retrieved 1493: 1483: 1472:. Retrieved 1457: 1450: 1438:. Retrieved 1431:the original 1426: 1414: 1379: 1375: 1365: 1355: 1351: 1319: 1290: 1259: 1232: 1228: 1207: 1195: 1191: 1171: 1126: 1111: 1107:Battle Creek 1096: 1088: 1080: 1065: 1046: 1016: 1008: 951: 943: 910: 883:Wild capture 850:growth rings 843: 836: 828: 810: 786: 782:King of Fish 781: 770: 762: 743:Chinook eat 742: 737:Salmon River 718: 653: 634: 611:Rivers Inlet 590: 575: 534:Rakaia River 511: 496: 460: 451:Penzhina Bay 435:Anadyr River 423:Arctic Ocean 416: 393:Coast Ranges 373: 357:Distribution 297:Chinook are 296: 291: 287: 283: 279: 275: 271: 267: 263: 246: 245: 213: 211: 194: 192: 176: 175: 164:Oncorhynchus 163: 36: 4526:NatureServe 4464:iNaturalist 4322:Wikispecies 4042:Echinoderms 3949:Crustaceans 3716:Forage fish 3316:Lomi salmon 3172:Pink salmon 3167:Masu salmon 3162:Coho salmon 3152:Chum salmon 2870:October 24, 2482:October 24, 2453:October 17, 2404:October 17, 2322:January 21, 1804:wdfw.wa.gov 1703:11336/82925 1499:30 December 1278:Yurok Tribe 1274:Karuk Tribe 1266:Yurok Tribe 1188:Recent data 1122:Lake Shasta 1101:outside of 1053:Snake River 947:Pacific Rim 924:Aquaculture 877:, 1950–2010 813:overfishing 749:crustaceans 721:Yukon River 698:Ocean-phase 593:Kenai River 586:chum salmon 582:pink salmon 556:Description 526:Opihi River 514:New Zealand 492:Great Lakes 487:Coho salmon 401:Snake River 323:New Zealand 288:Tyee salmon 264:king salmon 76:NatureServe 4649:Categories 4055:Sea urchin 3311:Lohikeitto 3276:Salmon run 3228:management 3132:Salmonidae 3123:Groups and 2994:30 January 2966:2014-02-02 2941:2014-02-02 2916:2022-04-19 2892:2023-10-25 2805:19 October 2771:19 October 2737:19 October 2704:2022-04-19 2429:2023-10-25 2341:. CBS. CBS 2337:Anderson. 2301:2009-11-23 2228:2024-01-16 2202:5 December 2175:2019-09-14 2154:2012-10-14 2004:2012-09-15 1965:2015-05-18 1872:1996-12-16 1867:2010-03-05 1817:2014-12-04 1752:19 October 1521:2010-03-05 1474:2017-01-14 1343:References 1305:state fish 1255:Lemhi Pass 1251:Cameahwait 1178:lake trout 1072:Washington 1029:See also: 1025:Management 981:Canterbury 964:broodstock 938:See also: 825:irrigation 798:food chain 778:camouflage 747:and other 725:Bering Sea 637:euryhaline 623:Salmon run 621:See also: 617:Life cycle 544:, and the 499:Patagonian 471:Lake Huron 403:and upper 351:hydropower 307:California 299:anadromous 294:(чавыча). 284:Blackmouth 280:chrome hog 153:Salmonidae 4069:Fisheries 3934:Whitebait 3878:Toothfish 3704:yellowfin 3664:Swordfish 3421:Sea louse 3353:parasites 3281:June hogs 3223:Fisheries 3177:Steelhead 2676:April 19, 2652:254473862 2644:1573-5133 2590:1467-2960 1661:,(p. 48) 1406:1467-2960 994:fish meal 858:strontium 839:June hogs 745:amphipods 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