36:
203:
969:. When the reflexive follows can ergative–absolutive pronoun sequence, it indicates that one indirectly affected is the same as the ergative. When it follows an absolutive–dative pronoun sequence, it indicates that one indirectly affected is associated with the absolutive, perhaps as the whole in a part-whole relationship, or the owner.
1064:
Aside from certain secondary irregularities in the third person dual and third person plural, the pronominal subject of the transitive verb differs from the pronominal subject of the intransitive verb only in the case of the third person singular masculine and feminine. The difference between the two
1313:
also flourished from 1790s–1830s, then experienced a flood of
English and French new vocabulary. It was used by up to 100,000 speakers of 100 mother tongues in the 19th century. Then declined, was recorded by linguists in the 1930s, and died out by the early 1900s. The Chinook
1306:
is a
Chehalis word for those who lived on the south of the river). Most of the language family became extinct as separate groups by 1900, except a few hundreds who mixed with other groups. Around 120 people in 1945, though some 609 were reported in the 1970s, having by then mixed extensively
1068:
The phonetic parallelism would then be perfect among the absolutive, ergative, and possessive (see below). If we compare the theoretical forms *ag- "she" and *itc- "he" with the remaining subjective forms of the transitive verb, we obtain at once a perfectly regular and intelligible set of forms.
1291:
There were Lower and Upper
Chinookan groups, but only a single variety of the latter now survives: Wasco-Wishram (Wasco and Wishram were originally two separate, similar varieties). In 1990, there were 69 speakers (7 monolinguals) of Wasco-Wishram; in 2001, 5 speakers of Wasco
889:
status, functioning as appositives to the pronominal affixes. Word order functions purely pragmatically; constituents appear in decreasing order of newsworthiness. Clauses are combined by juxtaposition or particles, rather than subordinating
1282:
The possessive prefixes are followed by noun stem, perhaps including another nominalizer. Nominal suffixes indicate emphasis or contrast, specificity, succession in time, definiteness, plurality, and time, location, or similarity.
1278:
The possessive prefix for the first person singular ("my") is –gE (Wishram -g-, -k-; -x̩- before k-stops) when the noun is feminine, neuter, dual or plural, but -tcE-, -tci- (Wishram -tc-) when the noun is masculine.
1065:
sets of forms is for the most part indicated by position and, in part, by the use of a "post-pronominal" particle -g- which indicates that the preceding pronominal element is used as the subject of a transitive verb.
1224:
The possessive prefix for the third person singular is -ga- when the noun itself is feminine, neuter, dual, or plural. It is -tca- when the noun itself is masculine. It is preceded by the gender-number prefixes:
1202:, and final suffix. Initial prefixes serve primarily as nominalizers. Masculine prefixes appear with nouns designating male persons, feminine with those denoting female persons. The neuter may indicate
5108:
1206:. All are used for nouns referring to objects as well. Masculine prefixes appear with the large animals; feminine for small ones. Masculine prefixes also appear with nouns expressing qualities.
5113:
5123:
5052:
4078:
4069:
1167:
Verbs stems may be simplex or compound, the second member indicating direction, including motion out of, from water to shore or inland, toward water, into, down or up.
930:
prefix, directional prefix, and verb stem. The number of tense/aspect prefix distinctions varies among the languages. Kiksht shows six way tense distinctions: mythic
1348:
5062:
3934:
4958:
263:
234:. Although the last known native speaker of any Chinookan language died in 2012, the 2009-2013 American Community Survey found 270 self-identified speakers of
945:
The pronominal prefixes are obligatory, whether free nominals occur in the clause or not. Three can be seen in the
Kathlamet verb. The ergative refers to the
1655:
2036:
1299:), hence developed the Chinook Jargon – a pre-European contact language, with lexicon from at least Chinook, Chehalis, and Nootka or Nuu-chah-nulth.
5057:
1302:
Chinook people were quickly diminished by
European diseases: Numbered around 800 persons in 1800; they mixed with Chehalis (in fact, the very word
5118:
262:(Wasco-Wishram, Upper Chinook). For example, Ethnologue 15e classifies Kiksht as Lower Chinook, while others consider it instead Upper Chinook (
4062:
1571:
Bergmann, Mathias D. (2008). "'We Should Lose Much by Their
Absence': The Centrality of Chinookans and Kalapuyans to Life in Frontier Oregon".
4082:
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79:
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1648:
693:
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4430:
2850:
2786:
2029:
1804:
3463:
3214:
2705:
3576:
2711:
1458:
3929:
2536:
2322:
2316:
2240:
1356:
3623:
2911:
5088:
3939:
3924:
2924:
2682:
2643:
679:
586:
4779:
3698:
2556:
5103:
3919:
3913:
2971:
2889:
2862:
2566:
1641:
730:
630:
5016:
3485:
2943:
2601:
2561:
2551:
50:
44:
903:
5093:
4397:
3146:
2741:
2571:
2257:
2022:
1990:
1786:
1706:
1296:
838:
716:
414:
407:
3704:
3680:
3655:
3628:
3611:
2519:
2090:
5098:
3897:
2621:
2576:
2546:
2045:
1779:
702:
4877:
4105:
3376:
3208:
2263:
2079:
61:
5026:
4859:
4522:
3944:
3751:
3388:
2270:
1875:
441:
4047:
2949:
2874:
2277:
2227:
1975:
537:
530:
427:
4853:
4811:
4620:
4586:
4304:
3963:
3811:
3606:
3601:
3382:
3335:
2965:
2882:
2541:
2525:
2333:
2234:
2097:
2073:
1695:
1377:
862:
858:
756:
478:
471:
327:
292:
235:
2299:
5021:
4967:
4886:
4864:
4505:
4387:
4009:
3907:
3596:
3399:
3189:
3178:
3140:
2747:
2721:
2626:
2616:
2215:
2066:
1967:
790:
783:
247:
4919:
4912:
3710:
3435:
1985:
4846:
4694:
4260:
4226:
3984:
3869:
3741:
3549:
3522:
3505:
3473:
3371:
3085:
3010:
2937:
2716:
2693:
2665:
2596:
2507:
2288:
1318:
filed an appeal stating that the
Chinook Nation made mistakes when applying for federal recognition.
550:
505:
5031:
4870:
4828:
4768:
4747:
4541:
4477:
4420:
4368:
4326:
4294:
4110:
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3565:
3554:
3516:
3495:
3393:
3352:
3127:
3109:
3103:
3078:
3064:
2977:
2960:
2699:
2365:
2352:
2246:
2196:
2053:
1930:
1770:
1728:
491:
4942:
4898:
4822:
4722:
4708:
4638:
4528:
4344:
4288:
4281:
4192:
4176:
3675:
3670:
3660:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3617:
3586:
3581:
3534:
3528:
3479:
3424:
3347:
3231:
3195:
3156:
3098:
2905:
2900:
2611:
2370:
2339:
2305:
2293:
2252:
2127:
1733:
1681:
1664:
1596:
1588:
1559:
1511:
1503:
1214:
1213:-number prefixes are followed by possessive pronominal prefixes. These distinguish possessors by
1210:
966:
923:
621:
512:
498:
464:
322:
317:
285:
223:
173:
4165:
3772:
3735:
1314:
people were finally recognized by the US Govt. in Jan. 2001, but in the 90-day grace period the
1295:
Chinook-speaking groups were once powerful in trade, before and during early
European contact (
5006:
4948:
4701:
4684:
4659:
4645:
4500:
4363:
4358:
4320:
4203:
3777:
3766:
3746:
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3571:
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3490:
3201:
3162:
3133:
3121:
3058:
3004:
2982:
2955:
2895:
2868:
2687:
2648:
2638:
2606:
2479:
2405:
2387:
2381:
2283:
2201:
2115:
2084:
1893:
1854:
1793:
1738:
1528:
1443:
1421:
1413:
958:
954:
919:
886:
739:
523:
362:
349:
334:
112:
5036:
4981:
4974:
4892:
4833:
4761:
4754:
4673:
4631:
4596:
4554:
4535:
4510:
4471:
4450:
4444:
4407:
4314:
4212:
4158:
4151:
4144:
4123:
3994:
3854:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3793:
3787:
3782:
3756:
3649:
3544:
3468:
3406:
3358:
3293:
3286:
3279:
3272:
3265:
3254:
3238:
3173:
3168:
3151:
3092:
2986:
2918:
2829:
2796:
2774:
2764:
2660:
2632:
2581:
2502:
2486:
2472:
2454:
2447:
2433:
2393:
2375:
2359:
2345:
2167:
2150:
1980:
1954:
1919:
1863:
1843:
1820:
1759:
1750:
1715:
1580:
1551:
1495:
962:
344:
132:
4839:
4796:
4789:
4666:
4652:
4602:
4516:
4491:
4414:
4380:
4374:
4271:
4237:
4137:
4099:
3989:
3864:
3849:
3818:
3539:
3500:
3365:
3311:
3183:
3045:
2811:
2806:
2671:
2586:
2467:
2460:
2440:
2422:
2327:
2310:
2109:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1908:
1869:
1722:
1623:
1405:
1315:
1183:
950:
946:
911:
777:
339:
142:
4905:
4737:
4715:
4568:
4547:
4439:
4333:
4253:
4246:
4185:
4130:
3999:
3859:
3828:
3799:
3430:
3316:
3299:
3249:
3244:
3115:
3052:
2822:
2816:
2736:
2731:
2677:
2654:
2399:
2221:
2178:
2161:
2155:
2133:
2121:
2005:
1913:
1902:
1882:
1834:
1827:
1813:
1477:
1327:
1310:
1195:
259:
255:
231:
227:
124:
193:
5082:
4609:
4575:
4561:
4219:
4116:
3883:
3823:
3805:
3321:
3305:
3259:
3016:
2836:
2801:
2791:
2769:
2726:
2591:
2172:
2104:
1688:
1600:
1563:
1515:
1175:
935:
907:
763:
723:
709:
670:
557:
448:
434:
400:
385:
374:
277:
178:
2780:
1624:
Aaron Clark, "Tribes strive to save native tongues (Wasco tribe's Kiksht language)"
1203:
1179:
939:
455:
915:
882:
814:
2427:
931:
891:
202:
1194:
Nouns contain an initial prefix, pronominal prefix, possessive prefix, inner
2014:
1218:
1171:
927:
664:
577:
571:
251:
187:
1555:
1584:
147:
17:
1592:
1542:
Hymes, Dell (1 January 1987). "A pattern of verbal irony in
Chinookan".
1292:
remained; the last fully fluent speaker, Gladys
Thompson, died in 2012.
1507:
394:
4004:
3902:
1633:
1199:
878:
219:
167:
1442:. Confederated Tribes of the Grand Ronde Community of Oregon. 2012.
1499:
1459:"Once-dying Chinook Language Finds Future in Voices of Children"
1378:"Detailed Languages Spoken at Home and Ability to Speak English"
874:
4051:
4023:
Families with question marks (?) are disputed or controversial.
2018:
1637:
1069:
Including the "post-pronominal" -g-, the system is as follows:
250:. There is some dispute over classification, and there are two
29:
1349:"Last Fluent Speaker Of Oregon Tribal Language 'Kiksht' Dies"
965:. Reflexive prefixes can serve as reciprocals and as
246:
Chinookan consisted of three languages with multiple
5109:
Indigenous languages of the Pacific Northwest Coast
5045:
4999:
4957:
4930:
4810:
4778:
4736:
4683:
4619:
4585:
4490:
4460:
4429:
4396:
4343:
4303:
4270:
4236:
4202:
4175:
4089:
3977:
3954:
3882:
3726:
3448:
3416:
3334:
3223:
3029:
2996:
2849:
2757:
2501:
2415:
2192:
2143:
2052:
1966:
1929:
1892:
1853:
1803:
1769:
1749:
1705:
1671:
1471:
Handbook of North American Indians: Northwest Coast
281:(also known as Chinook-proper or Coastal Chinook) †
186:
161:
141:
131:
118:
108:
94:
5114:Indigenous languages of the North American Plateau
1544:International Journal of the Sociology of Language
218:are a small family of extinct languages spoken in
1473:. Smithsonian Institution Washington. p. 533
1479:Alphabetical Vocabulary of the Chinook Language,
5124:Endangered indigenous languages of the Americas
1610:Alphabetical Vocabulary of the Chinook Language
207:Pre-contact distribution of Chinookan languages
1486:Sapir, E. (1926). "A Chinookan Phonetic Law".
4063:
2030:
1649:
1488:International Journal of American Linguistics
957:of a transitive or the single argument of an
100:
8:
4033:Families with more than 30 languages are in
1307:with other groups. Language is now extinct.
934:, remote past, recent past, immediate past,
1612:. New York: Cramoisy Press. pp. 11–26.
4954:
4775:
4680:
4393:
4172:
4070:
4056:
4048:
3890:
3456:
3340:
3037:
2855:
2512:
2207:
2058:
2037:
2023:
2015:
1656:
1642:
1634:
857:The vowels in the Chinookan languages are
308:
297:(also known as Kiksht, Columbia Chinook) †
4079:Indigenous language families and isolates
1412:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
80:Learn how and when to remove this message
1227:
1071:
971:
43:This article includes a list of general
1339:
885:may accompany the verbs, but they have
137:2012, with the death of Gladys Thompson
310:Consonants in the Chinookan languages
91:
1525:The Languages of Native North America
1482:New York : Cramoisy Press, 1863.
1410:The languages of Native North America
873:As in many North American languages,
314:
289:(also known as Katlamat, Cathlamet) †
160:
7:
1347:Kristian Foden-Vencil (2012-07-17).
1186:, successful completive and so on.
266:), and others a separate language.
1440:As Our Elders Teach Us to Speak it
49:it lacks sufficient corresponding
25:
961:, and the dative to the indirect
837:
828:
819:
789:
782:
762:
755:
729:
722:
715:
708:
701:
692:
685:
678:
643:
636:
629:
599:
592:
585:
556:
549:
536:
529:
511:
504:
497:
490:
477:
470:
454:
447:
440:
433:
426:
413:
406:
201:
34:
1457:Bartley, Nancy (19 June 2004).
973:Absolutive pronominal prefixes
5119:Languages of the United States
1527:. Cambridge University Press.
910:pronominal prefix, obligatory
1:
1198:, root, a qualifying suffix,
1170:Suffixes include repetitive,
1073:Ergative pronominal prefixes
902:Verbs may contain an initial
258:(Chinook, Lower Chinook) and
812:
775:
736:
662:
618:
569:
520:
461:
392:
354:
1573:Oregon Historical Quarterly
5140:
1353:Oregon Public Broadcasting
4018:
3893:
3459:
3343:
3040:
2858:
2515:
2210:
2061:
2046:Primary language families
1999:
1628:Christian Science Monitor
1523:Mithun, Marianne (2001).
1265:
1240:
1230:
1144:
1141:
1132:
1118:
1096:
1090:
1077:
1041:
1038:
1029:
1015:
1010:
996:
990:
977:
813:
776:
663:
570:
393:
348:
343:
338:
333:
326:
321:
316:
200:
143:Linguistic classification
99:
2863:Arnhem/Macro-Gunwinyguan
953:, the absolutive to the
4030:have no living members.
1469:Suttles, Wayne (1990).
101:
64:more precise citations.
27:Extinct language family
5063:Unclassified languages
4010:Unclassified languages
3964:list of sign languages
2932:Northeastern Tasmanian
1608:Gibbs, George (1863).
1556:10.1515/ijsl-1987-6509
861:. Stress is marked as
3985:Constructed languages
1585:10.1353/ohq.2008.0080
1182:, purposive, future,
2532:Binanderean–Goilalan
877:constitute complete
5089:Chinookan languages
5012:Algonquian–Wakashan
3814:(Maku-Auari/Jukude)
3717:Tequiraca–Canichana
3560:Harákmbut–Katukinan
2323:Northwest Caucasian
2317:Northeast Caucasian
2241:Chukotko-Kamchatkan
1074:
974:
311:
216:Chinookan languages
5104:Penutian languages
5000:Proposed groupings
4090:Language families
3436:Tarascan/Purépecha
2925:Northern Tasmanian
2683:South Bougainville
2644:North Bougainville
1991:Southern Tsimshian
1665:Penutian languages
1384:. US Census Bureau
1072:
972:
309:
5094:Language families
5076:
5075:
5058:Extinct languages
4995:
4994:
4991:
4990:
4806:
4805:
4732:
4731:
4486:
4485:
4462:Takelma–Kalapuyan
4045:
4044:
3995:Language isolates
3973:
3972:
3878:
3877:
3444:
3443:
3330:
3329:
3025:
3024:
2972:Western Tasmanian
2890:Eastern Tasmanian
2845:
2844:
2567:East Geelvink Bay
2497:
2496:
2188:
2187:
2012:
2011:
2006:extinct languages
1787:Northern Kalapuya
1534:978-0-521-29875-9
1449:978-0-295-99186-3
1297:Lewis & Clark
1276:
1275:
1165:
1164:
1062:
1061:
855:
854:
742:
673:
624:
580:
526:
467:
403:
388:
382:
377:
370:
365:
358:
212:
211:
90:
89:
82:
16:(Redirected from
5131:
5099:Chinookan tribes
5068:Linguistic areas
4955:
4776:
4681:
4394:
4173:
4072:
4065:
4058:
4049:
3891:
3845:Huaorani/Waorani
3729:(extant in 2000)
3693:Esmeralda–Yaruro
3464:Andoque–Urequena
3457:
3341:
3147:Plateau Penutian
3038:
3013:(Northern Daly?)
2856:
2742:Northwest Papuan
2706:Trans–New Guinea
2572:East New Britain
2547:Central Solomons
2513:
2258:Great Andamanese
2208:
2059:
2039:
2032:
2025:
2016:
1780:Central Kalapuya
1658:
1651:
1644:
1635:
1613:
1604:
1567:
1538:
1519:
1466:
1453:
1406:Mithun, Marianne
1393:
1392:
1390:
1389:
1374:
1368:
1367:
1365:
1364:
1355:. Archived from
1344:
1287:Sociolinguistics
1228:
1075:
975:
926:/middle prefix,
864:
860:
841:
832:
823:
793:
786:
766:
759:
738:
733:
726:
719:
712:
705:
696:
689:
682:
669:
647:
640:
633:
620:
603:
596:
589:
576:
560:
553:
540:
533:
522:
515:
508:
501:
494:
481:
474:
463:
458:
451:
444:
437:
430:
417:
410:
399:
386:
380:
373:
368:
361:
356:
312:
254:codes assigned:
205:
196:
104:
92:
85:
78:
74:
71:
65:
60:this article by
51:inline citations
38:
37:
30:
21:
5139:
5138:
5134:
5133:
5132:
5130:
5129:
5128:
5079:
5078:
5077:
5072:
5041:
4987:
4953:
4935:linguistic area
4934:
4926:
4815:linguistic area
4814:
4802:
4774:
4728:
4679:
4624:linguistic area
4623:
4615:
4589:linguistic area
4588:
4581:
4482:
4456:
4425:
4392:
4339:
4299:
4266:
4232:
4198:
4171:
4091:
4085:
4076:
4046:
4041:
4040:
4014:
4000:Mixed languages
3969:
3950:
3885:
3874:
3728:
3722:
3577:Katembri–Taruma
3451:
3440:
3412:
3326:
3219:
3032:
3021:
2992:
2841:
2753:
2712:Turama–Kikorian
2622:Lower Mamberamo
2577:East Strickland
2505:
2493:
2411:
2199:
2194:
2184:
2139:
2048:
2043:
2013:
2008:
1995:
1976:Coast Tsimshian
1962:
1925:
1888:
1876:Southern Patwin
1849:
1799:
1765:
1745:
1701:
1667:
1662:
1620:
1607:
1570:
1541:
1535:
1522:
1485:
1456:
1450:
1438:
1435:
1433:Further reading
1402:
1397:
1396:
1387:
1385:
1376:
1375:
1371:
1362:
1360:
1346:
1345:
1341:
1336:
1324:
1289:
1192:
951:transitive verb
904:tense or aspect
900:
881:in themselves.
871:
329:
307:
302:
244:
242:Family division
232:Chinook peoples
208:
192:
170:(Upper Chinook)
120:
86:
75:
69:
66:
56:Please help to
55:
39:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5137:
5135:
5127:
5126:
5121:
5116:
5111:
5106:
5101:
5096:
5091:
5081:
5080:
5074:
5073:
5071:
5070:
5065:
5060:
5055:
5053:Classification
5049:
5047:
5043:
5042:
5040:
5039:
5034:
5029:
5027:Macro-Chibchan
5024:
5019:
5014:
5009:
5003:
5001:
4997:
4996:
4993:
4992:
4989:
4988:
4986:
4985:
4978:
4971:
4963:
4961:
4952:
4951:
4946:
4938:
4936:
4928:
4927:
4925:
4924:
4916:
4909:
4902:
4895:
4890:
4883:
4882:
4881:
4874:
4862:
4860:Tequistlatecan
4857:
4850:
4843:
4836:
4831:
4826:
4818:
4816:
4808:
4807:
4804:
4803:
4801:
4800:
4793:
4785:
4783:
4773:
4772:
4765:
4758:
4751:
4743:
4741:
4734:
4733:
4730:
4729:
4727:
4726:
4719:
4712:
4705:
4698:
4690:
4688:
4678:
4677:
4670:
4663:
4656:
4649:
4642:
4635:
4627:
4625:
4617:
4616:
4614:
4613:
4606:
4599:
4593:
4591:
4583:
4582:
4580:
4579:
4572:
4565:
4558:
4551:
4544:
4539:
4532:
4525:
4523:Tequistlatecan
4520:
4513:
4508:
4503:
4497:
4495:
4488:
4487:
4484:
4483:
4481:
4480:
4475:
4467:
4465:
4458:
4457:
4455:
4454:
4447:
4442:
4436:
4434:
4427:
4426:
4424:
4423:
4418:
4411:
4403:
4401:
4391:
4390:
4385:
4384:
4383:
4378:
4366:
4361:
4356:
4350:
4348:
4341:
4340:
4338:
4337:
4330:
4323:
4318:
4310:
4308:
4301:
4300:
4298:
4297:
4292:
4285:
4277:
4275:
4268:
4267:
4265:
4264:
4257:
4250:
4242:
4240:
4234:
4233:
4231:
4230:
4223:
4216:
4208:
4206:
4200:
4199:
4197:
4196:
4189:
4181:
4179:
4170:
4169:
4162:
4155:
4148:
4141:
4134:
4127:
4120:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4095:
4093:
4087:
4086:
4077:
4075:
4074:
4067:
4060:
4052:
4043:
4042:
4039:
4038:
4031:
4024:
4020:
4019:
4016:
4015:
4013:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3981:
3979:
3975:
3974:
3971:
3970:
3968:
3967:
3958:
3956:
3952:
3951:
3949:
3948:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3925:Indo-Pakistani
3922:
3917:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3894:
3888:
3880:
3879:
3876:
3875:
3873:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3808:
3803:
3796:
3791:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3732:
3730:
3724:
3723:
3721:
3720:
3714:
3708:
3702:
3696:
3690:
3684:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3626:
3624:Piaroa–Saliban
3621:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3525:
3520:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3460:
3454:
3446:
3445:
3442:
3441:
3439:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3420:
3418:
3414:
3413:
3411:
3410:
3403:
3396:
3391:
3389:Tequistlatecan
3386:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3362:
3355:
3350:
3344:
3338:
3332:
3331:
3328:
3327:
3325:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3302:
3297:
3290:
3283:
3276:
3269:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3235:
3227:
3225:
3221:
3220:
3218:
3217:
3212:
3205:
3198:
3193:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3137:
3130:
3125:
3118:
3113:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3089:
3082:
3075:
3068:
3061:
3056:
3049:
3041:
3035:
3027:
3026:
3023:
3022:
3020:
3019:
3014:
3008:
3000:
2998:
2994:
2993:
2991:
2990:
2980:
2975:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2947:
2940:
2935:
2928:
2921:
2916:
2912:Marrku–Wurrugu
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2886:
2879:
2871:
2866:
2859:
2853:
2847:
2846:
2843:
2842:
2840:
2839:
2834:
2826:
2820:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2778:
2772:
2767:
2761:
2759:
2755:
2754:
2752:
2751:
2745:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2702:
2697:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2522:
2516:
2510:
2499:
2498:
2495:
2494:
2492:
2491:
2483:
2476:
2470:
2465:
2457:
2452:
2444:
2437:
2430:
2425:
2419:
2417:
2413:
2412:
2410:
2409:
2403:
2397:
2391:
2385:
2379:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2356:
2349:
2342:
2337:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2274:
2271:Hurro-Urartian
2267:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2243:
2238:
2231:
2224:
2219:
2211:
2205:
2190:
2189:
2186:
2185:
2183:
2182:
2176:
2170:
2165:
2158:
2153:
2147:
2145:
2141:
2140:
2138:
2137:
2131:
2125:
2119:
2113:
2107:
2102:
2094:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2070:
2062:
2056:
2050:
2049:
2044:
2042:
2041:
2034:
2027:
2019:
2010:
2009:
2000:
1997:
1996:
1994:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1972:
1970:
1964:
1963:
1961:
1960:
1959:
1958:
1951:
1941:
1935:
1933:
1927:
1926:
1924:
1923:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1898:
1896:
1890:
1889:
1887:
1886:
1879:
1872:
1867:
1859:
1857:
1851:
1850:
1848:
1847:
1840:
1839:
1838:
1831:
1817:
1809:
1807:
1801:
1800:
1798:
1797:
1790:
1783:
1775:
1773:
1767:
1766:
1764:
1763:
1755:
1753:
1747:
1746:
1744:
1743:
1742:
1741:
1736:
1726:
1719:
1711:
1709:
1703:
1702:
1700:
1699:
1692:
1685:
1677:
1675:
1669:
1668:
1663:
1661:
1660:
1653:
1646:
1638:
1632:
1631:
1619:
1618:External links
1616:
1615:
1614:
1605:
1568:
1550:(65): 97–110.
1539:
1533:
1520:
1500:10.1086/463761
1494:(1): 105–110.
1483:
1476:George Gibbs,
1474:
1467:
1454:
1448:
1434:
1431:
1430:
1429:
1401:
1398:
1395:
1394:
1382:www.census.gov
1369:
1338:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1331:
1330:
1328:Chinook jargon
1323:
1320:
1316:Quinault Tribe
1311:Chinook Jargon
1288:
1285:
1274:
1273:
1270:
1267:
1263:
1262:
1259:
1256:
1252:
1251:
1248:
1245:
1242:
1238:
1237:
1234:
1233:Lower Chinook
1231:
1221:, and number.
1204:indefiniteness
1191:
1188:
1178:, completive,
1174:, involuntary
1163:
1162:
1159:
1155:
1154:
1151:
1147:
1146:
1143:
1140:
1137:
1134:
1130:
1129:
1126:
1123:
1120:
1116:
1115:
1112:
1109:
1105:
1104:
1101:
1098:
1095:
1092:
1088:
1087:
1084:
1081:
1078:
1060:
1059:
1056:
1052:
1051:
1048:
1044:
1043:
1040:
1037:
1034:
1031:
1027:
1026:
1023:
1020:
1017:
1013:
1012:
1009:
1005:
1004:
1001:
998:
995:
992:
988:
987:
984:
981:
978:
967:medio-passives
899:
896:
870:
867:
853:
852:
850:
848:
846:
844:
842:
835:
833:
826:
824:
817:
811:
810:
808:
806:
804:
802:
800:
798:
796:
794:
787:
780:
774:
773:
771:
769:
767:
760:
753:
751:
749:
747:
745:
743:
735:
734:
727:
720:
713:
706:
699:
697:
690:
683:
676:
674:
667:
661:
660:
658:
656:
654:
652:
650:
648:
641:
634:
627:
625:
617:
616:
614:
612:
610:
608:
606:
604:
597:
590:
583:
581:
574:
568:
567:
565:
563:
561:
554:
547:
545:
543:
541:
534:
527:
519:
518:
516:
509:
502:
495:
488:
486:
484:
482:
475:
468:
460:
459:
452:
445:
438:
431:
424:
422:
420:
418:
411:
404:
397:
391:
390:
383:
378:
371:
366:
359:
353:
352:
347:
342:
337:
332:
325:
320:
315:
306:
303:
301:
300:
299:
298:
290:
282:
268:
243:
240:
228:Columbia River
210:
209:
206:
198:
197:
190:
184:
183:
182:
181:
176:
171:
163:
159:
158:
157:
156:
145:
139:
138:
135:
129:
128:
125:Columbia River
122:
116:
115:
110:
106:
105:
97:
96:
88:
87:
42:
40:
33:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5136:
5125:
5122:
5120:
5117:
5115:
5112:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5102:
5100:
5097:
5095:
5092:
5090:
5087:
5086:
5084:
5069:
5066:
5064:
5061:
5059:
5056:
5054:
5051:
5050:
5048:
5044:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5010:
5008:
5005:
5004:
5002:
4998:
4984:
4983:
4979:
4977:
4976:
4972:
4970:
4969:
4965:
4964:
4962:
4960:
4956:
4950:
4947:
4945:
4944:
4940:
4939:
4937:
4933:
4929:
4922:
4921:
4917:
4915:
4914:
4910:
4908:
4907:
4903:
4901:
4900:
4896:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4888:
4884:
4880:
4879:
4875:
4873:
4872:
4868:
4867:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4855:
4851:
4849:
4848:
4844:
4842:
4841:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4824:
4820:
4819:
4817:
4813:
4809:
4799:
4798:
4794:
4792:
4791:
4787:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4780:Calusa–Tunica
4777:
4771:
4770:
4766:
4764:
4763:
4759:
4757:
4756:
4752:
4750:
4749:
4745:
4744:
4742:
4739:
4735:
4725:
4724:
4720:
4718:
4717:
4713:
4711:
4710:
4706:
4704:
4703:
4699:
4697:
4696:
4692:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4682:
4676:
4675:
4671:
4669:
4668:
4664:
4662:
4661:
4657:
4655:
4654:
4650:
4648:
4647:
4643:
4641:
4640:
4636:
4634:
4633:
4629:
4628:
4626:
4622:
4618:
4612:
4611:
4607:
4605:
4604:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4594:
4592:
4590:
4584:
4578:
4577:
4573:
4571:
4570:
4566:
4564:
4563:
4559:
4557:
4556:
4552:
4550:
4549:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4537:
4533:
4531:
4530:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4518:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4489:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4473:
4469:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4459:
4453:
4452:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4441:
4438:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4428:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4416:
4412:
4410:
4409:
4405:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4395:
4389:
4386:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4376:
4372:
4371:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4342:
4336:
4335:
4331:
4329:
4328:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4316:
4312:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4302:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4290:
4286:
4284:
4283:
4279:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4269:
4263:
4262:
4258:
4256:
4255:
4251:
4249:
4248:
4244:
4243:
4241:
4239:
4235:
4229:
4228:
4224:
4222:
4221:
4217:
4215:
4214:
4210:
4209:
4207:
4205:
4201:
4195:
4194:
4190:
4188:
4187:
4183:
4182:
4180:
4178:
4174:
4168:
4167:
4163:
4161:
4160:
4156:
4154:
4153:
4149:
4147:
4146:
4142:
4140:
4139:
4135:
4133:
4132:
4128:
4126:
4125:
4121:
4119:
4118:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4101:
4097:
4096:
4094:
4088:
4084:
4083:North America
4080:
4073:
4068:
4066:
4061:
4059:
4054:
4053:
4050:
4036:
4032:
4029:
4025:
4022:
4021:
4017:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3982:
3980:
3976:
3966:
3965:
3960:
3959:
3957:
3953:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3935:Original Thai
3933:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3915:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3895:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3881:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3813:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3801:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3737:
3734:
3733:
3731:
3725:
3718:
3715:
3712:
3709:
3706:
3703:
3700:
3699:Hibito–Cholón
3697:
3694:
3691:
3688:
3685:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3651:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3619:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3567:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3530:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3518:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3481:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3461:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3447:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3426:
3422:
3421:
3419:
3415:
3409:
3408:
3404:
3402:
3401:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3385:
3384:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3367:
3363:
3361:
3360:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3345:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3333:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3307:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3295:
3291:
3289:
3288:
3284:
3282:
3281:
3277:
3275:
3274:
3270:
3268:
3267:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3240:
3236:
3234:
3233:
3229:
3228:
3226:
3222:
3216:
3215:Yuman–Cochimí
3213:
3211:
3210:
3206:
3204:
3203:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3191:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3164:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3142:
3138:
3136:
3135:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3123:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3111:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3094:
3090:
3088:
3087:
3083:
3081:
3080:
3076:
3074:
3073:
3069:
3067:
3066:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3054:
3050:
3048:
3047:
3043:
3042:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3028:
3018:
3015:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3006:
3002:
3001:
2999:
2995:
2988:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2973:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2951:
2950:Southern Daly
2948:
2946:
2945:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2933:
2929:
2927:
2926:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2914:
2913:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2891:
2887:
2885:
2884:
2880:
2877:
2876:
2875:Darwin Region
2872:
2870:
2867:
2864:
2861:
2860:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2848:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2831:
2827:
2824:
2821:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2782:
2779:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2762:
2760:
2756:
2749:
2746:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2707:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2695:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2676:
2674:
2673:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2656:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2634:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2557:Demta–Sentani
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2527:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2517:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2504:
2500:
2490:
2488:
2484:
2482:
2481:
2477:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2462:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2449:
2445:
2443:
2442:
2438:
2436:
2435:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2420:
2418:
2414:
2407:
2404:
2401:
2398:
2395:
2392:
2389:
2386:
2383:
2380:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2361:
2357:
2355:
2354:
2350:
2348:
2347:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2335:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2318:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2301:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2279:
2278:Indo-European
2275:
2273:
2272:
2268:
2266:
2265:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2248:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2236:
2232:
2230:
2229:
2228:Austroasiatic
2225:
2223:
2220:
2218:
2217:
2213:
2212:
2209:
2206:
2203:
2198:
2191:
2180:
2177:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2163:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2148:
2146:
2142:
2135:
2132:
2129:
2126:
2123:
2120:
2117:
2114:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2100:
2099:
2095:
2093:
2092:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2075:
2071:
2069:
2068:
2064:
2063:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2040:
2035:
2033:
2028:
2026:
2021:
2020:
2017:
2007:
2003:
1998:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1973:
1971:
1969:
1965:
1957:
1956:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1946:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1936:
1934:
1932:
1928:
1922:
1921:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1904:
1900:
1899:
1897:
1895:
1891:
1885:
1884:
1880:
1878:
1877:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1865:
1861:
1860:
1858:
1856:
1852:
1846:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1836:
1832:
1830:
1829:
1825:
1824:
1823:
1822:
1818:
1816:
1815:
1811:
1810:
1808:
1806:
1802:
1796:
1795:
1791:
1789:
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1781:
1777:
1776:
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1757:
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1731:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1724:
1720:
1718:
1717:
1713:
1712:
1710:
1708:
1704:
1698:
1697:
1696:Upper Chinook
1693:
1691:
1690:
1689:Lower Chinook
1686:
1684:
1683:
1679:
1678:
1676:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1659:
1654:
1652:
1647:
1645:
1640:
1639:
1636:
1630:, 23 May 2008
1629:
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1455:
1451:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1436:
1432:
1427:
1426:0-521-29875-X
1423:
1419:
1418:0-521-23228-7
1415:
1411:
1407:
1404:
1403:
1399:
1383:
1379:
1373:
1370:
1359:on 2019-10-10
1358:
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1024:
1021:
1018:
1014:
1007:
1006:
1002:
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993:
989:
985:
982:
979:
976:
970:
968:
964:
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952:
948:
943:
941:
937:
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921:
917:
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905:
897:
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893:
888:
884:
880:
876:
868:
866:
851:
849:
847:
845:
843:
840:
836:
834:
831:
827:
825:
822:
818:
816:
809:
807:
805:
803:
801:
799:
797:
795:
792:
788:
785:
781:
779:
772:
770:
768:
765:
761:
758:
754:
752:
750:
748:
746:
744:
741:
737:
732:
728:
725:
721:
718:
714:
711:
707:
704:
700:
698:
695:
691:
688:
684:
681:
677:
675:
672:
668:
666:
659:
657:
655:
653:
651:
649:
646:
642:
639:
635:
632:
628:
626:
623:
619:
615:
613:
611:
609:
607:
605:
602:
598:
595:
591:
588:
584:
582:
579:
575:
573:
566:
564:
562:
559:
555:
552:
548:
546:
544:
542:
539:
535:
532:
528:
525:
521:
517:
514:
510:
507:
503:
500:
496:
493:
489:
487:
485:
483:
480:
476:
473:
469:
466:
462:
457:
453:
450:
446:
443:
439:
436:
432:
429:
425:
423:
421:
419:
416:
412:
409:
405:
402:
398:
396:
389:
384:
379:
376:
372:
367:
364:
360:
355:
351:
346:
341:
336:
331:
324:
319:
313:
304:
296:
295:
294:Upper Chinook
291:
288:
287:
283:
280:
279:
278:Lower Chinook
275:
274:
273:
270:
269:
267:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
241:
239:
237:
236:Upper Chinook
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
204:
199:
195:
191:
189:
185:
180:
179:Lower Chinook
177:
175:
172:
169:
166:
165:
164:
155:
152:
151:
149:
146:
144:
140:
136:
134:
130:
126:
123:
117:
114:
111:
107:
103:
98:
93:
84:
81:
73:
63:
59:
53:
52:
46:
41:
32:
31:
19:
5017:Aztec–Tanoan
4980:
4973:
4968:Guanahatabey
4966:
4959:Pre-Arawakan
4941:
4918:
4911:
4904:
4897:
4885:
4876:
4869:
4854:Oto-Manguean
4852:
4845:
4838:
4821:
4812:Mesoamerican
4795:
4788:
4767:
4760:
4753:
4746:
4721:
4714:
4707:
4700:
4693:
4672:
4665:
4658:
4651:
4644:
4637:
4630:
4621:Coahuiltecan
4608:
4601:
4574:
4567:
4560:
4553:
4546:
4534:
4527:
4515:
4470:
4449:
4431:Coast Oregon
4413:
4406:
4373:
4353:
4332:
4325:
4313:
4305:Macro-Siouan
4287:
4280:
4259:
4252:
4245:
4225:
4218:
4211:
4191:
4184:
4164:
4157:
4150:
4143:
4136:
4129:
4122:
4115:
4098:
4092:and isolates
4034:
4027:
4026:Families in
3961:
3912:
3810:
3798:
3648:
3616:
3607:Pano-Tacanan
3564:
3527:
3515:
3486:Arutani–Sape
3478:
3423:
3405:
3398:
3383:Oto-Manguean
3381:
3364:
3357:
3304:
3292:
3285:
3278:
3271:
3264:
3237:
3230:
3207:
3200:
3188:
3161:
3139:
3132:
3120:
3108:
3091:
3084:
3077:
3071:
3070:
3063:
3051:
3044:
3003:
2970:
2966:Western Daly
2944:Pama–Nyungan
2942:
2930:
2923:
2910:
2888:
2883:Eastern Daly
2881:
2873:
2828:
2704:
2692:
2670:
2653:
2631:
2602:Kaure–Kosare
2562:Doso–Turumsa
2552:Chimbu–Wahgi
2542:Bulaka River
2526:Austronesian
2524:
2485:
2478:
2459:
2446:
2439:
2432:
2358:
2351:
2344:
2334:Sino-Tibetan
2332:
2315:
2298:
2276:
2269:
2262:
2245:
2235:Austronesian
2233:
2226:
2214:
2160:
2098:Nilo-Saharan
2096:
2089:
2074:Austronesian
2072:
2065:
2001:
1953:
1918:
1901:
1881:
1874:
1862:
1842:
1833:
1826:
1819:
1812:
1805:Coast Oregon
1792:
1785:
1778:
1758:
1721:
1714:
1694:
1687:
1680:
1672:
1627:
1609:
1579:(1): 34–59.
1576:
1572:
1547:
1543:
1524:
1491:
1487:
1478:
1470:
1462:
1439:
1409:
1400:Bibliography
1386:. Retrieved
1381:
1372:
1361:. Retrieved
1357:the original
1352:
1342:
1309:
1303:
1301:
1294:
1290:
1281:
1277:
1223:
1208:
1193:
1169:
1166:
1067:
1063:
959:intransitive
944:
901:
872:
856:
293:
284:
276:
271:
245:
215:
213:
162:Subdivisions
153:
121:distribution
76:
67:
48:
5022:Macro-Mayan
4887:Uto-Aztecan
4865:Totozoquean
4695:Coahuilteco
4506:Palaihnihan
4388:Tsimshianic
3920:Germanosign
3824:Mura-Pirahã
3705:Lule–Vilela
3681:Bora-Witoto
3656:Uru–Chipaya
3629:Ticuna–Yuri
3612:Peba–Yaguan
3597:Nambikwaran
3400:Uto-Aztecan
3336:Mesoamerica
3190:Uto-Aztecan
3179:Tsimshianic
3141:Palaihnihan
3011:Malak-Malak
2748:Papuan Gulf
2722:West Papuan
2627:Lower Sepik
2617:Lakes Plain
2520:Arai–Samaia
2508:the Pacific
2216:Afroasiatic
2091:Niger–Congo
2067:Afroasiatic
1968:Tsimshianic
1272:(ic-, is-)
1196:nominalizer
815:Approximant
62:introducing
5083:Categories
4878:Mixe–Zoque
4847:Misumalpan
4769:Chitimacha
4261:Algonquian
4227:Athabaskan
4106:Yuki–Wappo
3914:Francosign
3762:Chiquitano
3742:Alacalufan
3550:Guaicuruan
3523:Chapacuran
3506:Cahuapanan
3474:Araucanian
3377:Mixe–Zoque
3372:Misumalpan
3086:Comecrudan
2938:Nyulnyulan
2717:Upper Yuat
2694:Torricelli
2666:Senu River
2597:Foja Range
2503:New Guinea
2428:Burushaski
2289:Kartvelian
2264:Hmong–Mien
2080:Khoe–Kwadi
1408:. (1999).
1388:2017-11-17
1363:2013-02-26
1334:References
924:reciprocal
912:absolutive
892:inflection
869:Morphology
264:discussion
226:along the
224:Washington
119:Geographic
45:references
5032:Tolatecan
4932:Caribbean
4920:Alagüilac
4913:Purépecha
4899:Cuitlatec
4871:Totonacan
4829:Jicaquean
4748:Muskogean
4723:Mamulique
4709:Comecrudo
4639:Karankawa
4542:Jicaquean
4529:Chimariko
4478:Kalapuyan
4421:Sahaptian
4369:Yok-Utian
4354:Chinookan
4327:Iroquoian
4295:Chimakuan
4111:Chumashan
3945:Tanzanian
3886:languages
3783:Hodï/Joti
3727:Isolates
3666:Yanomaman
3602:Otomákoan
3566:Jirajaran
3555:Guajiboan
3517:Catacaoan
3496:Barbacoan
3425:Cuitlatec
3394:Totonacan
3353:Jicaquean
3232:Chimariko
3128:Muskogean
3110:Kalapuyan
3104:Iroquoian
3079:Chumashan
3072:Chinookan
3065:Chimakuan
2983:Yangmanic
2978:Worrorran
2961:Wagaydyic
2851:Australia
2700:Trans-Fly
2366:Yeniseian
2353:Tyrsenian
2247:Dravidian
2004:indicate
1931:Yok-Utian
1771:Kalapuyan
1734:Nez Perce
1729:Sahaptian
1682:Kathlamet
1673:Chinookan
1601:159916157
1564:151596199
1516:144740621
1463:Canku Ota
1241:Singular
1219:clusivity
1184:usitative
1172:causative
928:adverbial
920:reflexive
671:voiceless
665:Fricative
578:voiceless
572:Affricate
401:voiceless
305:Phonology
286:Kathlamet
272:Chinookan
252:ISO 639-3
248:varieties
188:Glottolog
174:Kathlamet
109:Ethnicity
18:Chinookan
4943:Arawakan
4823:Chibchan
4702:Cotoname
4660:Quinigua
4646:Maratino
4345:Penutian
4289:Wakashan
4282:Salishan
4193:Eskimoan
4177:Eskaleut
3978:See also
3955:Isolates
3930:Japanese
3870:Yuracaré
3752:Candoshi
3711:Macro-Jê
3676:Zaparoan
3671:Zamucoan
3661:Witotoan
3644:Tucanoan
3639:Tiniguan
3634:Timotean
3618:Quechuan
3587:Matacoan
3582:Mascoian
3572:Jivaroan
3535:Chibchan
3529:Charruan
3480:Arawakan
3417:Isolates
3348:Chibchan
3224:Isolates
3196:Wakashan
3157:Salishan
3099:Eskaleut
3005:Giimbiyu
2997:Isolates
2906:Jarrakan
2901:Iwaidjan
2758:Isolates
2612:Kutubuan
2480:Sumerian
2416:Isolates
2371:Yukaghir
2340:Tungusic
2306:Mongolic
2294:Koreanic
2253:Eskaleut
2144:Isolates
2128:Ubangian
1794:Yoncalla
1739:Sahaptin
1593:20615823
1322:See also
1236:Wishram
918:prefix,
914:prefix,
908:ergative
906:prefix,
883:Nominals
622:ejective
465:ejective
330:alveolar
323:Alveolar
318:Bilabial
194:chin1490
148:Penutian
70:May 2022
5007:Amerind
4982:Ciguayo
4975:Macorix
4949:Cariban
4923: ?
4782: ?
4762:Atakapa
4755:Natchez
4740: ?
4687: ?
4685:Pakawan
4674:Tonkawa
4632:Aranama
4587:Pueblo
4555:Salinan
4536:Esselen
4501:Shastan
4494: ?
4472:Takelma
4464: ?
4451:Siuslaw
4433: ?
4408:Klamath
4400: ?
4398:Plateau
4364:Maiduan
4359:Wintuan
4347: ?
4321:Caddoan
4307: ?
4274: ?
4213:Tlingit
4204:Na-Dene
4159:Waikuri
4152:Timucua
4145:Kutenai
4124:Beothuk
4028:italics
4005:Pidgins
3990:Creoles
3940:Swedish
3908:Chinese
3855:Urarina
3840:Puinave
3794:Itonama
3788:Irantxe
3757:Chimane
3687:Chimuan
3592:Nadahup
3511:Cariban
3491:Aymaran
3452:America
3294:Waikuri
3287:Tonkawa
3280:Timucua
3273:Takelma
3266:Siuslaw
3255:Kutenai
3239:Esselen
3202:Wintuan
3163:Shastan
3134:Na-Dene
3122:Maiduan
3059:Caddoan
3033:America
2987:Wagiman
2985:(incl.
2956:Tangkic
2896:Garawan
2869:Bunuban
2830:Tambora
2797:Maybrat
2765:Abinomn
2688:Teberan
2649:Pauwasi
2639:Mairasi
2607:Kiwaian
2487:Tambora
2473:Shompen
2455:Kusunda
2448:Kenaboi
2434:Elamite
2406:Siangic
2388:Kho-Bwa
2382:Hrusish
2300:Kra–Dai
2284:Japonic
2193:Eurasia
2168:Sandawe
2151:Bangime
2116:Songhay
2002:Italics
1986:Nisga’a
1981:Gitksan
1920:Nisenan
1894:Maiduan
1864:Nomlaki
1855:Wintuan
1844:Siuslaw
1760:Takelma
1751:Takelma
1716:Klamath
1707:Plateau
1508:1263359
1420:(hbk);
1304:Chinook
1269:c-, s-
1180:stative
1176:passive
1139:*i-tc-
1086:Plural
986:Plural
955:patient
936:present
887:adjunct
879:clauses
859:/aiɛəu/
395:Plosive
363:lateral
357:central
350:Glottal
335:Palatal
154:Chinook
150: ?
133:Extinct
113:Chinook
95:Chinook
58:improve
5037:Waroid
4893:Xincan
4834:Lencan
4797:Calusa
4790:Tunica
4667:Solano
4653:Naolan
4597:Tanoan
4511:Pomoan
4445:Coosan
4440:Alsean
4415:Molala
4375:Yokuts
4315:Siouan
4166:Pericú
4138:Cayuse
3903:BANZSL
3865:Yamana
3850:Trumai
3819:Movima
3773:Fulniô
3736:Aikanã
3650:Tupian
3545:Chonan
3469:Arauan
3407:Xincan
3359:Lencan
3312:Yokuts
3209:Yukian
3174:Tanoan
3169:Siouan
3152:Pomoan
3093:Coosan
2919:Mirndi
2812:Porome
2807:Pawaia
2661:Senagi
2633:Madang
2582:Eleman
2537:Border
2468:Nihali
2461:Minoan
2441:Hattic
2423:Basque
2394:Mijiic
2376:Digaro
2360:Uralic
2346:Turkic
2197:Europe
2054:Africa
1955:Ohlone
1939:Yokuts
1909:Konkow
1870:Patwin
1821:Coosan
1814:Alsean
1723:Molala
1599:
1591:
1562:
1531:
1514:
1506:
1446:
1424:
1416:
1255:neut.
1250:(w)ɑ-
1215:person
1211:gender
1200:plural
1158:neut.
1153:*a-g-
1136:masc.
1128:mc-g-
1125:mt-g-
1114:lx-g-
1111:lx-g-
1108:incl.
1103:nc-g-
1100:nt-g-
1094:excl.
1080:Sing.
1055:neut.
1033:masc.
1008:incl.
994:excl.
980:Sing.
963:object
940:future
938:, and
916:dative
740:voiced
524:voiced
345:Uvular
220:Oregon
168:Kiksht
127:Valley
102:Tsinúk
47:, but
5046:Lists
4906:Huave
4840:Mayan
4716:Garza
4603:Keres
4569:Washo
4548:Karuk
4517:Yuman
4492:Hokan
4381:Utian
4334:Yuchi
4272:Mosan
4254:Yurok
4247:Wiyot
4238:Algic
4186:Aleut
4131:Bidai
4100:Haida
3860:Warao
3829:Nukak
3800:Kunza
3778:Guató
3767:Cofán
3747:Camsá
3540:Choco
3501:Boran
3450:South
3431:Huave
3366:Mayan
3317:Yuchi
3300:Washo
3250:Karuk
3245:Haida
3184:Utian
3116:Keres
3053:Alsea
3046:Algic
3031:North
2823:Taiap
2817:Sulka
2672:Sepik
2587:Engan
2328:Ongan
2311:Nivkh
2179:Shabo
2162:Jalaa
2156:Hadza
2110:Mande
1949:Miwok
1944:Utian
1914:Maidu
1903:Chico
1883:Wintu
1835:Miluk
1828:Hanis
1597:S2CID
1589:JSTOR
1560:S2CID
1512:S2CID
1504:JSTOR
1266:Dual
1244:fem.
1190:Nouns
1161:l-g-
1150:fem.
1145:l-g-
1142:c-g-
1083:Dual
1047:fem.
1000:nt'-
983:Dual
949:of a
947:agent
898:Verbs
875:verbs
778:Nasal
381:plain
369:plain
340:Velar
328:Post-
4738:Gulf
4610:Zuni
4576:Yana
4562:Seri
4220:Eyak
4117:Adai
4035:bold
3962:See
3898:Arab
3884:Sign
3835:Páez
3812:Maku
3806:Leco
3322:Zuni
3306:Yana
3260:Seri
3017:Tiwi
2837:Wiru
2802:Mpur
2792:Kuot
2775:Anêm
2770:Abun
2737:Yuat
2732:Yawa
2678:Skou
2655:Ramu
2506:and
2400:Miju
2222:Ainu
2202:Asia
2200:and
2173:Laal
2134:Kadu
2122:Ijaw
2085:Kx'a
1548:1987
1529:ISBN
1444:ISBN
1422:ISBN
1414:ISBN
1261:ii-
1209:The
1133:3rd
1119:2nd
1091:1st
1030:3rd
1025:mc-
1022:mt-
1016:2nd
1011:lx-
1003:nc-
991:1st
932:past
387:lab.
375:lab.
222:and
214:The
4081:of
2787:Kol
2781:Ata
2727:Yam
2592:Fas
2105:Tuu
1581:doi
1577:109
1552:doi
1496:doi
1258:L-
1247:ʋ̄
1122:m-
1097:n-
1058:l-
1050:a-
1042:l-
1039:c-
1036:i-
1019:m-
997:n-
863:/á/
645:tʃʼ
638:tɬʼ
631:tsʼ
513:qʼʷ
499:kʼʷ
260:wac
256:chh
230:by
5085::
2989:)?
1626:,
1595:.
1587:.
1575:.
1558:.
1546:.
1510:.
1502:.
1490:.
1461:.
1380:.
1351:.
1217:,
942:.
894:.
865:.
764:ɣʷ
724:χʷ
710:xʷ
601:tʃ
594:tɬ
587:ts
558:ɡʷ
506:qʼ
492:kʼ
479:tʼ
472:pʼ
449:qʷ
435:kʷ
238:.
4071:e
4064:t
4057:v
4037:.
3947:?
3831:?
3790:?
3769:?
3738:?
3719:?
3713:?
3707:?
3701:?
3695:?
3689:?
3683:?
2952:?
2915:?
2878:?
2865:?
2832:?
2825:?
2819:?
2783:?
2777:?
2750:?
2744:?
2489:?
2475:?
2463:?
2450:?
2408:?
2402:?
2396:?
2390:?
2384:?
2378:?
2204:)
2195:(
2181:?
2175:?
2136:?
2130:?
2124:?
2118:?
2112:?
2101:?
2038:e
2031:t
2024:v
1657:e
1650:t
1643:v
1603:.
1583::
1566:.
1554::
1537:.
1518:.
1498::
1492:4
1465:.
1452:.
1428:.
1391:.
1366:.
922:/
839:j
830:l
821:w
791:n
784:m
757:ɣ
731:h
717:χ
703:x
694:ʃ
687:ɬ
680:s
551:ɡ
538:d
531:b
456:ʔ
442:q
428:k
415:t
408:p
83:)
77:(
72:)
68:(
54:.
20:)
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