440:
the late 20th century, as this would provide certain treaty-promised benefits for education and welfare. The
Department of Interior's Bureau of Indian Affairs rejected their application in 1997. Since the late 20th century, the Chinook Indian Nation has engaged in a continuing effort to secure formal recognition, conducting research and developing documentation to demonstrate its history. They are referred to in government and historic accounts, but treaties signed at Tansy Point in 1851 were not acted upon by Congress through a formal ratification process. This inaction caused the Chinook territories defined in the treaties to remain unceded. Nevertheless, these territories were taken by the federal government. If Congress had formally ratified the treaties, a reservation would have been established, which would have meant automatic recognition.
354:, flattening their children's forehead and top of the skull as a mark of social status. They bound the infant's head under pressure between boards when the infant was about 3 months old and continued until the child was about one year of age. This custom was a means of marking social hierarchy; flat-headed community members had a rank above those with round heads. Those with flattened skulls refused to enslave other persons who were similarly marked, thereby reinforcing the association of a round head with servility. The Chinook were known colloquially by early white explorers in the region as "Flathead Indians".
823:
472:, D-Wash. from Washington's 3rd congressional district, to gain passage of legislation in 2011 to achieve recognition of the tribe were not successful. In his decision on a lawsuit filed in late 2017, U.S. District Court Judge Ronald B. Leighton ruled recognition could only be granted from Congress and other branches of government, but largely sided with the tribe; Leighton denied seven of eight claims by the Interior Department to dismiss the case, including a challenge to a 2015 rule that bars tribes from seeking recognition again. The Chinook Indian Nation's offices are in
516:
504:
50:
2165:
1792:
343:
924:
423:". Gibbs was assisted by Robert Shortess and Soloman H. Smith of Oregon and A. C. Anderson of Victoria, Vancouver Island. The many words were collected and scattered from various different tribes given the scarcity of the Chinookan people at the time. The book was mainly written for trading purposes and Gibbs collected the majority of his translation from the traders themselves.
76:
432:
796:("trading place") near Five Mile Rapids, was the center of the regional trade system for Pacific Coast, Plateau, Great Basin and Plains tribes, in the 1700s, the estimated Wishram population was 1,500. In 1962 only 10 Wishrams were counted on the Washington census, today they are predominantly enrolled in the
369:. Owing partly to their settled living patterns, the Chinook and other coastal tribes had relatively little conflict over land, as they did not migrate through each other's territories and they had rich resources in the natural environment. In the manner of numerous settled tribes, the Chinook resided in
439:
The
Chinookan peoples have long had a community on the lower Columbia River. These lower Columbia Chinook tribes and bands re-organized in the 20th century, setting up an elected form of government and reviving tribal culture. They first sought recognition as a federally recognized sovereign tribe in
443:
In 2001, the U.S. Department of
Interior recognized the Chinook Indian Nation, a confederation of the Cathlamet, Clatsop, Lower Chinook, Wahkiakum and Willapa Indians, as a tribe, according to its rules established in consultation with other recognized tribes. The tribe had documented continuity of
328:, and successful traders. They composed a minority of the community population compared to common members. Members of the superior castes are said to have practiced social discrimination, limiting contact with commoners and forbidding play between the children of the different social groups.
810:(living on the north side of Columbia River in Klickitat and Skamania counties, Washington, from about 10 miles below the Dalles to the neighborhood of the Cascades. In 1806 Lewis and Clark estimated their number at 2,400. According to Mooney a remnant of the tribe lived near the mouth of
401:" is collection of Chinook legends and stories written and collected by Boas in 1893, it was a collection of different Chinook folklore taken from his time spent with the Chinookan people between the years of 1890 and 1891 during his summer trips to Oregon and Washington.
315:
The
Chinookan peoples were relatively settled and occupied traditional tribal geographic areas, where they hunted and fished; salmon was a mainstay of their diet. The women also gathered and processed many nuts, seeds, roots and other foods. They had a society marked by
467:
was elected, his new political appointees reviewed the
Chinook materials. In 2002, in a highly unusual action, they revoked the recognition of the Chinook and of two other tribes also approved by the previous administration. Efforts by
279:. There is no evidence that they are a distinct Indian community within French Prairie. The Chinook Indian Nation denied that the Tchinouk had any common history with them or any organizational affiliation. On January 16, 1986, the
1529:
480:. It also holds an Annual First Salmon Ceremony at Chinook Point (Fort Columbia) on the North Shore of the Columbia River. In 2019, the Chinook Indian Nation purchased ten acres of the 1851 Tansy Point treaty grounds.
373:. More than fifty people, related through extended kinship, often resided in one longhouse. Their longhouses were made of planks made from red cedar trees. The houses were about 20–60 feet wide and 50–150 feet long.
891:, American diplomat and lawyer who served as the U.S. Ambassador to Libya from June 2012 to September 2012. He was killed when the U.S. consulate was attacked in Benghazi, Libya, on September 11, 2012
598:
Skilloot(s) - The exact identity of the
Skilloot(s) (or even if they were a tribe at all) is disputed. Theories range from it being a Tillamookan name for the Kalapuyans to a simple miscommunication.
298:, Docket 234, found, in 1957, that the Clatsop Chinooks were part of the Chinook Indian Nation. The Indian Claims Commission also found in Docket 240, 1962, that the Nehalem people were part of the
1053:
1039:
1025:
227:
1533:
2393:
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408:", which was published in 1894. In this reference book, Boas includes various, myths, beliefs, customs, tales, and historical tales, as told by the Chinookan people themselves.
339:. They took slaves as captives in warfare, and used them to practice thievery on behalf of their masters. The latter refrained from such practices as unworthy of high status.
249:
under
President Bill Clinton. After President George W. Bush was elected, his political appointees reviewed the case and, in a highly unusual action, revoked the recognition.
219:
797:
149:
1710:
1384:
2084:
271:
prior to 1830. The specific
Chinook band these women were from or if they were Lower or Upper Chinook could not be determined. These individuals, settled in the
897:, historian, artist, activist and advocate for Native American rights and culture. An elder of the Chinook tribe, she was a direct descendant of Chief Comcomly.
195:, which is based on Chinookan languages, in part, and so the term "Chinookan" was coined by linguists to distinguish the older language from its offspring,
2403:
398:
394:" a journal discussing American Folklore, here he describes some "Chinook songs" and offers them in both the Chinook language and English translation.
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1067:
246:
2332:
2154:
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299:
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their community over time on the lower
Columbia. This recognition was announced during the last months of the administration of President
1703:
768:
508:
2077:
207:
for the inhabitants of and a particular village site on Baker Bay, or "Fish Eaters". It may also be a word meaning "strong fighters".
2036:
1584:
2352:
2309:
1806:
557:
1530:""President Obama, Hillary Clinton pay tribute to slain Chinook member Stevens", Chinook Observer Newspaper, September 14, 2012"
822:
1244:
1227:
457:
1683:
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2101:
1811:
1696:
1674:
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460:. The Quinault appealed recognition of the Chinook in August 2001, and the matter was taken up by the new administration.
283:
determined that the
Tchinouk Indians of Oregon do not meet the requirements necessary to be a federally recognized tribe.
276:
1595:
420:
1000:
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was formed in 2000. The Clatsop-Nehalem have approximately 130 members and claim to have Chinookan and Salish-speaking
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1604:
252:
The Chinook Nation sought Congressional support for recognition by the legislature in 2008 with a Bill Introduced by
2234:
1746:
1095:
1081:
739:, lived traditionally on the south bank of the Columbia River, Oregon, they were divided into three subtribes: the
626:
483:
In the 21st century, a large proportion of Chinook people live in the regions surrounding the towns of Bay Center,
416:
242:
185:
1333:
870:
fur trader, and Raven, Chief Comcomly's daughter, in Astoria, Oregon, was the first Westerner to teach English in
1751:
1731:
814:
until 1880, when they removed to the Cascades, where a few still resided in 1895, today sometimes considered as
2211:
767:
in Washington). In 1822 their population was estimated to be 900, today 200 tribal members out of 4,000 of the
637:
622:
605:
295:
280:
31:
2299:
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879:
867:
268:
2051:
2221:
2046:
888:
669:
618:
553:
477:
473:
233:
The Chinook Indian Nation, consisting of the five westernmost tribes of Chinookan peoples, Lower Chinook,
65:
2398:
901:
507:
Cathlapotle Plankhouse, a full-scale replica of a Chinook-style cedar plankhouse erected in 2005 at the
317:
1358:
515:
2164:
1791:
716:
The "Upstreamers" group refers to village groups and villages in the Cascades region of the Columbia:
601:
320:, consisting of a number of distinct social castes of greater or lesser status. Upper castes included
1638:
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453:
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1736:
1572:
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157:
127:
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1174:. Boston and New York: HOUGHTON. MIFFLIN AND COMPANY LONDON: TRUBNER &: CO., 57 LUDGATE HILL.
883:
860:
811:
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633:
579:
488:
391:
181:
165:
110:
55:
1646:. Washington State Library's Classics in Washington History collection (2nd ed.). McClurg.
732:
692:
578:
The Kathlamet/Downstreamers grouping includes several small village groups which all spoke the
503:
2357:
2269:
2264:
2196:
2181:
2093:
2028:
1781:
1761:
1647:
1627:
1580:
1579:. Handbook of North American Indians. Vol. 7. Smithsonian Institution. pp. 533–546.
875:
336:
2294:
2109:
1993:
1958:
1953:
1933:
1903:
1831:
1317:
1306:
856:
696:
680:
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291:
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2008:
1963:
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864:
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673:
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200:
168:) downstream (west) to the river's mouth, and along adjacent portions of the coasts, from
535:, and who had their villages around the mouth of the Columbia River and along the coast:
1185:
914:, "Princess Jennie Michel", a Native American folklorist. Called "Last of the Clatsops."
405:
199:. There are several theories about where the name "Chinook" came from. Some say it is a
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2229:
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1983:
1968:
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region of northwestern Oregon, becoming part of the community of French Canadians and
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2018:
2013:
1973:
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223:
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1943:
1857:
1852:
1847:
1394:
1389:
1359:"Chinook Indian Nation - Cathlamet • Clatsop • Lower Chinook • Wahkaikum • Willapa"
951:
542:- On the southern bank of the Columbia, from Point Adams to Youngs Bay, and on the
445:
351:
342:
1599:
923:
1671:
1054:"Congressman tries a different approach to secure recognition for Chinook nation"
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1918:
911:
567:
469:
253:
177:
17:
1688:
1640:
Myths and legends of the Pacific Northwest, especially of Washington and Oregon
1816:
1771:
846:
387:
75:
1334:"Chinook Tribe A Step Closer To Recognition As Federal Judge Advances Claims"
2314:
1741:
1651:
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to its mouth into the Columbia River, sometimes divided into two bands: the
586:
449:
370:
245:. The Chinook Nation gained Federal Recognition on January 3, 2001 from the
238:
210:
Some Chinookan peoples are part of several federally recognized Tribes: the
878:, who served as one of the chief interpreters during negotiations between
788:(lived traditionally on the north bank of the Columbia River, Washington,
2114:
1923:
1878:
1821:
1001:"Chinook Nation heads to court to battle federal government's 'genocide'"
836:
2119:
2003:
1988:
1938:
1908:
784:
720:
539:
332:
325:
234:
2134:
1998:
1978:
1948:
366:
321:
173:
106:
2062:
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160:. Since at least 4000 BCE Chinookan peoples have resided along the
1873:
922:
871:
821:
531:
The Lower Chinookans are the related groups who spoke dialects of
514:
502:
476:. The tribe holds an Annual Winter Gathering at the plankhouse in
430:
419:
was another popular anthropologist of his time. He collected the "
341:
1474:
1472:
164:("Great River") from the river's gorge (near the present town of
1362:
1278:"Federal Register, Volume 66 Issue 6 (Tuesday, January 9, 2001)"
191:
The term "Chinook" also has a wider meaning in reference to the
2066:
1692:
842:
Charles Cultee, the principal informant to early 20th-century
362:
294:
ancestry. This is contested by the Chinook Indian Nation. The
263:
trace their Chinook ancestry to two Chinook women who married
1665:
511:, which was once inhabited by more than 1200 Chinook people
335:, a practice borrowed from the northernmost tribes of the
976:"Recognition move by Oregon tribe stirs Chinook concerns"
80:
Location of Chinookan territory early in the 19th century
826:
Lower Chinook chief from Warm Spring reservation (1886).
346:
Chinook child undergoing process of flattening the head.
900:
Chief Tumulth, signed the 1855 treaty that created the
519:
Illustration of the interior of a Chinookan plankhouse
448:. Since the 1930s, individual Chinook people have had
931:
from a memoir of the Oregon Country published in 1844
188:
encountered the Chinook Tribe on the lower Columbia.
1626:
Published by University of Washington Press, 2013 -
2323:
2220:
2172:
2100:
2027:
1866:
1840:
1799:
1724:
1115:
Spokane, WA: Arthur H. Clark Company, 1993; pg. 42.
849:on his language and tribal studies, especially for
774:Wishram (a Yakama-Sahaptin term), their autonym as
220:
Confederated Tribes of the Warm Springs Reservation
133:
117:
95:
85:
27:
Group of Indigenous people in the Pacific Northwest
798:Confederated Tribes and Bands of the Yakama Nation
399:Native Legends of Oregon and Washington Collected
365:hunters and fishermen. The most popular fish was
228:Confederated Tribes of the Grand Ronde Community
1228:Amy McFall Prince, "Feds revoke tribe's status"
818:of Washington of the Hood River Wasco subtribe)
672:-speaking group that had one village along the
656:- Recorded by Lewis and Clark, said to live on
421:Alphabetical Vocabulary of the Chinook Language
2078:
1704:
1516:
1451:
1415:
1245:"Chinook tribe pushes for recognition, again"
1212:Alphabetic Vocabulary of the Chinook Language
556:- On the northern bank of the Columbia, from
350:The elite of some tribes had the practice of
8:
2394:Native American tribes in Washington (state)
621:-speaking villages between the mouth of the
435:Map of traditional Chinook tribal territory.
42:
1549:"Kalliah Tumulth (Indian Mary) (1854–1906)"
1478:
1463:
1439:
1427:
617:This grouping refers to a dense stretch of
2085:
2071:
2063:
1711:
1697:
1689:
1600:"Chinookan Villages of the Lower Columbia"
150:Indigenous people of the Pacific Northwest
74:
48:
41:
2037:Native American peoples of Oregon history
1040:"Federal Register :: Request Access"
1026:"Federal Register :: Request Access"
1385:"Chinook Nation buys an Oregon foothold"
1234:July 6, 2002; accessed November 25, 2016
1223:
1221:
1158:Indian Slavery in the Pacific Northwest,
1152:
1150:
1142:Indian Slavery in the Pacific Northwest,
1129:Indian Slavery in the Pacific Northwest,
1123:
1121:
1113:Indian Slavery in the Pacific Northwest.
969:
967:
839:, chief in the early to mid-19th century
162:upper and Middle Columbia River (Wimahl)
1624:Chinookan Peoples of the Lower Columbia
1107:
1105:
963:
241:is currently (2024) working to restore
1312:; for the subsequent reversal, see 67
735:(known also by their Sahaptin name as
1777:Western Oregon Indian Termination Act
778:was the source of transliteration as
300:Confederated Tribes of Siletz Indians
7:
1172:The Journal of American of Folk-Lore
96:Regions with significant populations
769:Confederated Tribes of Warm Springs
523:Chinookan-speaking groups include:
509:Ridgefield National Wildlife Refuge
1594:Zenk, Henry B.; Hajda, Yvonne P.;
1111:Robert H. Ruby and John A. Brown,
712:Shakhlatksh/Shahalas (Upstreamers)
288:Clatsop-Nehalem Confederate Tribes
25:
2404:Terminated Native American tribes
1612:(1): 6–37 – via PDXScholar.
1301:For the 2001 recognition, see 66
974:Wilson, Katie (October 7, 2014).
904:; he was later killed by General
392:The Journal of American Folk-Lore
331:Some Chinookan peoples practiced
2389:Native American tribes in Oregon
2310:Oregon Constitutional Convention
2163:
1790:
1637:Judson, Katharine Berry (1912).
1577:Chinookans of the Lower Columbia
1672:Who's Who in the Chinook tribes
707:placed them with the Clackamas.
491:in southwest Washington and in
458:Grays Harbor County, Washington
1492:"The Clackamas Chinook people"
1:
695:- On the eastern bank of the
357:Living near the coast of the
256:. The Bill died in Congress.
1719:Indigenous peoples in Oregon
564:Shoalwater (Willapa) Chinook
1605:Oregon Historical Quarterly
1517:Zenk, Hajda & Boyd 2016
1452:Zenk, Hajda & Boyd 2016
1416:Zenk, Hajda & Boyd 2016
1214:. New York: CRAMOISY PRESS.
1068:"Oregon Secretary of State"
361:, the Chinook were skilled
139:traditional tribal religion
2420:
2235:Lewis and Clark Expedition
1747:Northern Kalapuya language
874:, in 1847–1848. He taught
771:are estimated to be Wasco)
703:. Alternatively, linguist
261:Tchinouk Indians of Oregon
237:, Willapa, Wahkiakum, and
186:Lewis and Clark Expedition
148:include several groups of
29:
2161:
1788:
1752:Oregon Penutian languages
1732:Central Kalapuya language
613:Multnomah (Wapato Valley)
574:Kathlamet (Downstreamers)
499:List of Chinookan peoples
377:Language and storytelling
138:
122:
100:
90:
73:
47:
1677:August 23, 2019, at the
1096:"Oksd_icc_d240_v11_p026"
1082:"Oksd_icc_d234_v06_p208"
412:George Gibbs (1815–1873)
296:Indian Claims Commission
281:Bureau of Indian Affairs
54:Chinook people meet the
2300:Donation Land Claim Act
1554:The Oregon Encyclopedia
902:Grand Ronde Reservation
816:White Salmon River Band
765:White Salmon River Band
311:Practices and lifestyle
176:in the south, north to
2333:Lewis & Clark Expo
1210:Gibbs, George (1803).
932:
889:J. Christopher Stevens
827:
751:in Wasco County), the
520:
512:
478:Ridgefield, Washington
474:Bay Center, Washington
436:
382:Franz Boas (1858–1942)
347:
247:Department of Interior
1666:Chinook Indian Nation
1232:The Daily News (TDN),
1186:"Chinook Texts Index"
927:Drawing of a Chinook
926:
825:
668:The Clackamas were a
604:- In the vicinity of
518:
506:
434:
345:
318:social stratification
2384:Columbia River Gorge
2353:Rajneeshee Bioattack
2255:Hudson's Bay Company
1573:Silverstein, Michael
1536:on January 19, 2013.
1190:www.sacred-texts.com
1170:Boas, Franz (1888).
947:Boeing CH-47 Chinook
868:Hudson's Bay Company
859:, mixed-race son of
595:- East of Oak Point.
589:- At Cathlamet Head.
454:Quinault Reservation
427:Chinook people today
269:Hudson's Bay Company
30:For other uses, see
2280:Executive Committee
2245:Pacific Fur Company
2212:Cascadia Megathrust
1684:Lewis and Clark PBS
1498:on December 4, 2014
1316:46204 (2002) at 67
1258:. November 30, 2012
763:in Oregon, and the
705:Michael Silverstein
558:Cape Diasppointment
452:on the timber-rich
404:He also wrote the "
292:Tillamook (Nehalem)
243:federal recognition
158:Chinookan languages
128:Chinookan languages
44:
1807:Bridge of the Gods
1757:Salishan languages
1668:, official website
1481:, p. 534-535.
1442:, p. 533-534.
1305:1690 (2001) at 66
933:
884:Tokugawa Shogunate
861:Archibald McDonald
828:
812:White Salmon River
785:Echelut (Echeloot)
521:
513:
437:
348:
277:Métis (Mix-Bloods)
166:The Dalles, Oregon
66:Charles M. Russell
56:Corps of Discovery
2371:
2370:
2270:Champoeg Meetings
2265:Methodist Mission
2197:Willamette Valley
2182:Pacific Northwest
2094:History of Oregon
2060:
2059:
1782:Yoncalla language
1762:Shastan languages
1632:978-0-295-99279-2
876:Einosuke Moriyama
627:Government Island
337:Pacific Northwest
286:The unrecognized
267:traders from the
259:The unrecognized
146:Chinookan peoples
143:
142:
43:Chinookan peoples
16:(Redirected from
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2295:Oregon Territory
2167:
2087:
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2073:
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1832:Rogue River Wars
1794:
1713:
1706:
1699:
1690:
1655:
1645:
1613:
1590:
1559:
1558:
1547:Chuck Williams.
1544:
1538:
1537:
1532:. Archived from
1526:
1520:
1514:
1508:
1507:
1505:
1503:
1494:. Archived from
1488:
1482:
1479:Silverstein 1990
1476:
1467:
1464:Silverstein 1990
1461:
1455:
1454:, p. 31-32.
1449:
1443:
1440:Silverstein 1990
1437:
1431:
1428:Silverstein 1990
1425:
1419:
1413:
1407:
1406:
1404:
1402:
1381:
1375:
1374:
1372:
1370:
1365:on June 22, 2019
1361:. Archived from
1355:
1349:
1348:
1346:
1344:
1332:Solomon, Molly.
1329:
1323:
1314:Federal Register
1303:Federal Register
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1156:Ruby and Brown,
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1140:Ruby and Brown,
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1127:Ruby and Brown,
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997:
991:
990:
988:
986:
980:Chinook Observer
971:
857:Ranald MacDonald
804:Chilluckittequaw
753:Hood River Wasco
697:Willamette River
687:Willamette Falls
527:Lower Chinookans
463:After President
306:Historic culture
265:French Canadians
86:Total population
78:
52:
45:
21:
18:Chinookan people
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2414:
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2410:
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2408:
2374:
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2260:Oregon Question
2216:
2202:Missoula Floods
2168:
2159:
2096:
2091:
2061:
2056:
2047:Pioneer history
2042:History to 1806
2023:
1964:Northern Paiute
1862:
1836:
1827:Missoula Floods
1812:Kalapuya Treaty
1795:
1786:
1720:
1717:
1679:Wayback Machine
1662:
1643:
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1618:Further reading
1596:Boyd, Robert T.
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1056:. May 21, 2009.
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1007:
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994:
984:
982:
973:
972:
965:
960:
921:
906:Philip Sheridan
895:Catherine Troeh
880:Commodore Perry
833:
831:Notable Chinook
790:Wishram village
761:Hood River Band
729:
714:
689:
674:Clackamas River
666:
615:
576:
529:
501:
493:Astoria, Oregon
429:
414:
384:
379:
313:
308:
172:of present-day
104:
81:
69:
63:
40:
35:
28:
23:
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15:
12:
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5:
2417:
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2340:
2338:Bonneville Dam
2335:
2329:
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2307:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2230:Oregon Country
2226:
2224:
2218:
2217:
2215:
2214:
2209:
2207:Fort Rock Cave
2204:
2199:
2194:
2189:
2187:Columbia River
2184:
2178:
2176:
2170:
2169:
2162:
2160:
2158:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
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2117:
2112:
2106:
2104:
2098:
2097:
2092:
2090:
2089:
2082:
2075:
2067:
2058:
2057:
2055:
2054:
2052:Modern history
2049:
2044:
2039:
2033:
2031:
2029:Oregon history
2025:
2024:
2022:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1931:
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1911:
1906:
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1661:
1660:External links
1658:
1657:
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1634:
1619:
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1615:
1614:
1591:
1585:
1567:
1564:
1561:
1560:
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1509:
1483:
1468:
1466:, p. 534.
1456:
1444:
1432:
1430:, p. 533.
1420:
1408:
1397:. May 17, 2019
1376:
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1324:
1294:
1269:
1236:
1217:
1202:
1177:
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1059:
1045:
1031:
1017:
992:
962:
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949:
944:
942:Chinook (wind)
939:
937:Chinook salmon
920:
917:
916:
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898:
892:
886:
854:
844:anthropologist
840:
832:
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658:Lake Vancouver
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614:
611:
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609:
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572:
571:
570:
561:
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548:Tillamook Head
544:Clatsop Plains
528:
525:
500:
497:
465:George W. Bush
428:
425:
413:
410:
383:
380:
378:
375:
312:
309:
307:
304:
273:French Prairie
193:Chinook Jargon
184:. In 1805 the
170:Tillamook Head
156:who speak the
141:
140:
136:
135:
131:
130:
120:
119:
115:
114:
98:
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93:
92:
88:
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62:, October 1805
60:Lower Columbia
53:
38:
26:
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14:
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2:
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2290:Oregon Treaty
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2020:
2019:Wasco/Wishram
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
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1586:0-16-020390-2
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1448:
1445:
1441:
1436:
1433:
1429:
1424:
1421:
1418:, p. 10.
1417:
1412:
1409:
1396:
1392:
1391:
1386:
1380:
1377:
1364:
1360:
1354:
1351:
1339:
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1328:
1325:
1322:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1308:
1304:
1298:
1295:
1283:
1279:
1273:
1270:
1257:
1256:The Oregonian
1253:
1251:
1250:The Oregonian
1246:
1240:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1224:
1222:
1218:
1213:
1206:
1203:
1191:
1187:
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1178:
1173:
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1163:
1159:
1153:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1137:
1134:
1130:
1124:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1108:
1106:
1102:
1097:
1091:
1088:
1083:
1077:
1074:
1069:
1063:
1060:
1055:
1049:
1046:
1041:
1035:
1032:
1027:
1021:
1018:
1006:
1002:
996:
993:
981:
977:
970:
968:
964:
957:
953:
950:
948:
945:
943:
940:
938:
935:
934:
930:
925:
918:
913:
910:
907:
903:
899:
896:
893:
890:
887:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
866:
862:
858:
855:
852:
851:Chinook Texts
848:
845:
841:
838:
835:
834:
830:
824:
817:
813:
809:
805:
802:
799:
795:
791:
787:
786:
781:
777:
773:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
731:
730:
727:Wasco-Wishram
726:
722:
719:
718:
717:
711:
706:
702:
698:
694:
691:
690:
686:
682:
679:
678:
677:
675:
671:
663:
659:
655:
652:
651:
648:
647:Sauvie Island
644:
641:
639:
635:
632:
631:
630:
628:
624:
620:
619:Upper Chinook
612:
607:
603:
600:
597:
594:
591:
588:
585:
584:
583:
581:
573:
569:
565:
562:
560:to Grays Bay.
559:
555:
554:Lower Chinook
552:
549:
545:
541:
538:
537:
536:
534:
533:Lower Chinook
526:
524:
517:
510:
505:
498:
496:
494:
490:
486:
481:
479:
475:
471:
466:
461:
459:
455:
451:
447:
441:
433:
426:
424:
422:
418:
411:
409:
407:
406:Chinook Texts
402:
400:
395:
393:
389:
381:
376:
374:
372:
368:
364:
360:
359:Pacific Ocean
355:
353:
344:
340:
338:
334:
329:
327:
323:
319:
310:
305:
303:
301:
297:
293:
289:
284:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
257:
255:
250:
248:
244:
240:
236:
231:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
212:Yakama Nation
208:
206:
202:
198:
194:
189:
187:
183:
180:in southwest
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
154:United States
151:
147:
137:
132:
129:
125:
121:
116:
112:
108:
103:
102:United States
99:
94:
89:
84:
77:
72:
67:
61:
57:
51:
46:
37:
33:
19:
2399:Oregon Coast
2275:Oregon Trail
2250:Fort Astoria
2240:Fort Clatsop
2192:Celilo Falls
2155:Reservations
2124:
1898:
1858:Mount Mazama
1853:Celilo Falls
1848:Fort Clatsop
1639:
1623:
1609:
1603:
1576:
1566:Bibliography
1552:
1542:
1534:the original
1524:
1519:, p. 9.
1512:
1500:. Retrieved
1496:the original
1486:
1459:
1447:
1435:
1423:
1411:
1399:. Retrieved
1395:The Astorian
1390:The Astorian
1388:
1379:
1367:. Retrieved
1363:the original
1353:
1341:. Retrieved
1337:
1327:
1313:
1302:
1297:
1287:December 17,
1285:. Retrieved
1281:
1272:
1262:November 30,
1260:. Retrieved
1248:
1239:
1231:
1211:
1205:
1193:. Retrieved
1189:
1180:
1171:
1165:
1157:
1141:
1136:
1128:
1112:
1090:
1076:
1062:
1048:
1034:
1020:
1010:December 17,
1008:. Retrieved
1004:
995:
985:September 4,
983:. Retrieved
979:
952:Neerchokikoo
929:dugout canoe
850:
815:
807:
803:
793:
783:
779:
775:
764:
760:
752:
745:Wasco proper
744:
741:Dalles Wasco
740:
736:
715:
667:
636:- Above the
616:
577:
530:
522:
482:
462:
446:Bill Clinton
442:
438:
417:George Gibbs
415:
403:
396:
385:
356:
352:head binding
349:
330:
314:
287:
285:
260:
258:
251:
232:
209:
204:
190:
145:
144:
39:Ethnic group
36:
2363:New Carissa
2348:Bottle Bill
1767:Thunderbird
1338:www.opb.org
1195:October 13,
912:Tsin-is-tum
755:(along the
701:Oregon City
699:, opposite
638:Lewis River
634:Cathlapotle
623:Lewis River
606:Pillar Rock
568:Willapa Bay
470:Brian Baird
390:published "
254:Brian Baird
226:), and the
222:(primarily
214:(primarily
197:Chinuk Wawa
178:Willapa Bay
126:, formerly
2378:Categories
2358:Tax Revolt
1817:Cayuse War
1502:August 28,
1401:August 30,
958:References
847:Franz Boas
808:Chiluktkwa
757:Hood River
749:The Dalles
693:Clawiwalla
582:language:
450:Allotments
388:Franz Boas
371:longhouses
182:Washington
111:Washington
2315:Modoc War
2305:Statehood
2110:Nez Perce
1994:Tillamook
1959:Nez Perce
1954:Multnomah
1934:Klickitat
1904:Clackamas
1742:Longhouse
1737:Chinookan
908:'s forces
794:Nixlúidix
776:Ita'xluit
681:Clackamas
664:Clackamas
643:Multnomah
602:Wahkiakum
587:Kathlamet
580:Kathlamet
546:south to
386:In 1888,
239:Kathlamet
118:Languages
2285:Portland
2115:Kalapuya
2009:Umatilla
1924:Kalapuya
1914:Coquille
1879:Atfalati
1822:Potlatch
1675:Archived
1652:10363767
1598:(2016).
1575:(1990).
1369:June 18,
919:See also
882:and the
865:Scottish
837:Comcomly
780:Tlakluit
737:Wascopam
326:warriors
201:Chehalis
134:Religion
2343:Vanport
2222:Pioneer
2145:Bannock
2130:Klamath
2125:Chinook
2120:Takelma
2014:Umpquat
2004:Tututni
1989:Takelma
1984:Siuslaw
1969:Santiam
1939:Latgawa
1929:Klamath
1909:Clatsop
1899:Chinook
1884:Bannock
1343:May 14,
1252:, p A1+
1160:pg. 47.
1005:Indianz
721:Watlala
540:Clatsop
485:Chinook
333:slavery
322:shamans
235:Clatsop
218:), the
216:Wishram
152:in the
124:English
68:, 1905)
58:on the
32:Chinook
2325:Modern
2150:Umpqua
2140:Shasta
2135:Molala
2102:Native
1999:Tolowa
1979:Siletz
1974:Shasta
1949:Molala
1894:Chetco
1889:Cayuse
1867:People
1841:Places
1800:Events
1772:Wapato
1725:Topics
1650:
1644:(DJVU)
1630:
1583:
1144:p. 39.
1131:p. 43.
747:(near
670:Kiksht
593:Qaniak
489:Ilwaco
487:, and
367:salmon
205:Tsinúk
174:Oregon
107:Oregon
2174:Early
1944:Modoc
1874:Alsea
1321:46204
872:Japan
733:Wasco
654:Shoto
645:- on
566:- On
397:The "
224:Wasco
203:word
91:2,700
1919:Coos
1648:OCLC
1628:ISBN
1581:ISBN
1504:2017
1403:2021
1371:2005
1345:2019
1310:1690
1289:2023
1264:2012
1197:2021
1012:2023
987:2015
863:, a
64:(by
1610:117
806:or
792:or
782:or
743:or
625:to
456:in
363:elk
2380::
1608:.
1602:.
1551:.
1471:^
1393:.
1387:.
1336:.
1318:FR
1307:FR
1280:.
1254:.
1247:.
1230:,
1220:^
1188:.
1149:^
1120:^
1104:^
1003:.
978:.
966:^
676::
629::
495:.
324:,
302:.
230:.
109:–
2086:e
2079:t
2072:v
1712:e
1705:t
1698:v
1654:.
1589:.
1557:.
1506:.
1405:.
1373:.
1347:.
1291:.
1266:.
1199:.
1098:.
1084:.
1070:.
1042:.
1028:.
1014:.
989:.
853:.
800:)
608:.
550:.
113:)
105:(
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
