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litter, and later from floating leaves and twigs. The females will reach the ponds by nightfall and these choruses will go on for the next day and night. On the third morning, the frogs will leave the pond which has been filled with clutches of eggs. There is a preliminary calculated sex ratio of 12 males to 1 female. In general, reproductive activities were highest at the beginning of the rainy season and decrease rapidly after
November.
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include the skin of these frogs containing antimicrobial chemicals which help keep the spider eggs healthy and that because these frogs can attract predators, tarantulas with frogs in their burrows have access to more food because they can then eat these predators. Furthermore, there is contention on the species of spider that these frogs coexist with. Originally thought to be
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bluntly rounded and just rounded in the lateral view. The tadpole has no nostrils. These tadpoles have small mouths that are terminal. Their upper lips are large, fleshy and cover the oral cavity. They also lack horny mouthparts. These tadpoles are nearly uniform pale brown with additional pigmentation.
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The frogs do not appear to care about living in groups and are not territorial. They have been seen living together with multiple frogs within one spider burrow. However, frogs do show high fidelity to the specific burrow which they originally selected and are never seen switching burrows. Even after
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also feed on frogs and tadpoles alike. Caimans have also been seen preying on these frogs. There are a wide variety of bird species, including capped herons, sunbitterns and double-toothed kites, which have also been seen feeding on the frogs and their young as well, although snake species appear to
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still dominates conversations surrounding this species. It is clear the dotted humming frog greatly benefits from this relationship, as the tarantula provides the frog protection from predators, a stable food source due to the frog's ability to feed off the remnants of the spider's prey, and shelter
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These frogs are explosive breeders. During the rainy season, these frogs are found in groups of hundreds of individuals. After the first substantial rainfall (above 60 mm), males will begin to appear in nearby ponds of water and start to call. These choruses will first begin on land within leaf
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It has been hypothesized that the tarantulas might benefit from this relationship due to the fact these frogs are ant specialists, which can help them protect female spider's eggs from predation, increasing the fitness of female spiders who have these frogs in their burrows. Alternative suggestions
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These frogs will cautiously exit the burrow at dusk to begin their foraging. The feeding habits of the frogs is that of a modified sit-and-wait forage mode. This means that they will sit and wait for food to arrive, similar to ambush predators. These frogs were observed to stay within a range of
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As tadpoles, they are typically around 17 mm in length and have a body length of 7 mm. Their bodies are flattened and are about twice as wide as they are deep. They are widest at the eyes. These are large and widely separated. The snout when viewed from the dorsal position is broad and
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size is typically around 400 eggs per clutch. These eggs will hatch 36 hours after fertilization. Immediately after hatching, the frogs will remain motionless in a vertical position with their head up under the water. After 24 hours, they shift their position from a vertical to a diagonal of 45
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will lay their eggs on the surface of these ponds. Because of the explosive nature of their mating season, thousands of eggs can be deposited in one season onto these ponds. After hatching, the tadpoles will prefer the shores of the waters and tend to aggregate there as a way to defend against
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by mistake. The movements of the frog do not stimulate the host tarantulas to attack and there is an unknown chemical present in the frog's skin that acts as a cue to the tarantulas that this species is not prey. The spiders did attempt to catch and eat five species of frogs from the families
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These tadpoles can be observed at different depths in shallow water (about 60 cm deep) and form big, nearly motionless aggregations, in which each individual is positioned in the same direction. The main diet of these tadpoles seems to be detritus from decomposing litter and insects.
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Males will make calls during the breeding season that consist of a series of short pulses (7–8 per second). The frequency range for these calls falls within 5.120–6.960 Hz. These males will move so that their vocal sacs are elevated so that females will be able to hear their calls.
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prefers breeding in temporary ponds in the forest. During the mating season, there is a change in the frog's behavior. Instead of being nocturnal, these frogs become active both during the day and at night. The males will begin to chorus, or sing, during this period of time as well.
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These frogs prefer to remain underground during the day and emerge after dusk alongside their spider hosts and forage the surrounding areas. These frogs do not appear to be territorial. Often several frogs, ranging from 1 to 4, can be seen emerging from a tarantula's burrow.
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have cryptic camouflage which allows them to resemble fallen leaves. In addition, when threatened these frogs will make a short leap and land with their legs stretched backwards in a stiff-legged posture. This behavior has been seen to last up to 4 minutes.
890:
Cocroft, Reginald B.; Hambler, Keith (March 1989). "Observations on a
Commensal Relationship of the Microhylid Frog Chiasmocleis ventrimaculata and the Burrowing Theraphosid Spider Xenesthis immanis in Southeastern Peru".
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Mating occurs during most of the day but particularly from 8:00 pm to 4:00 am. The females that are attracted to the males will move into the water towards the males, and the males will then jump into the water to perform
573:, further research has found that this species of spider would not be found in the regions of Peru where the original research was conducted. Instead, new research suggests that the tarantula is some species of
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and other vegetation close to the ground. During mating seasons, they are known to reproduce at temporary ponds of rainwater. Unfortunately, little is currently known about their habits during the dry season.
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appears to be a special one as these tarantulas attack similar frog species, therefore showing the dotted humming frog must have a special feature attractive to tarantulas. This mutualism between
684:
Luis A. Coloma; Santiago Ron; Javier
Icochea; Ariadne Angulo; Karl-Heinz Jungfer; Fernando Castro; Jose Vicente Rueda; Steffen Reichle; Ignacio De la Riva; Claude Gascon (2004).
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The Amazon is the center of intense degradation because of human occupancy, deforestation, and mining. As a result, there are large parts of the habitat that are at risk.
941:"Phylogeny, Taxonomic Revision, and Character Evolution of the Genera Chiasmocleis and Syncope (Anura, Microhylidae) in Amazonia, with Descriptions of Three New Species"
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to protect from climate variations. On the other hand, the frog's foraging protects the tarantula's eggs from ants. The relationship between this specific frog and
320:’s native geographic distribution is quite disjointed. Most species are found in the western Amazon region (Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, and western Brazil).
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Tarantulas emerge from their burrows and dotted humming frogs closely follow, and although the tarantula would be expected to attack, they do not.
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Wild, Erik
Russell (21 December 1995). "New Genus and Species of Amazonian Microhylid Frog with a Phylogenetic Analysis of New World Genera".
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Peloso, Pedro L.V.; Sturaro, Marcelo José; Forlani, Mauricio C.; Gaucher, Philippe; Motta, Ana Paula; Wheeler, Ward C. (24 March 2014).
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degrees, still remaining motionless. After 48 hours, they begin to move. The froglets will leave the water after 3 weeks.
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5 cm from the entrance of the burrow and at the end of their foraging period rapidly dart back into the burrow.
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species in general are not listed as threatened by the IUCN and most of the species are listed as Least concern.
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the tarantulas leave the burrow because of the burrows becoming too inhospitable for the spiders to live in,
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Aichinger, M. (1 March 1987). "Annual activity patterns of anurans in a seasonal neotropical environment".
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are also known to feed on tadpoles. Spider species are known to prey on adult frogs and fish like
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The eggs are deposited into large temporary ponds which form because of the rainy season. Their
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821:"Reproduction, Tadpoles, and Ecological Aspects of Three Syntopic Microhylid Species from Peru
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lacks webbing on the hind foot. It has a narrow and pointed head and a slender body.
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HĂ©naut, Yann; Machkour-M'Rabet, Salima (2020). "Predation and Other
Interactions".
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be the main predator of these frogs. Even certain species of bats, suspected to be
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Frost, Darrel R. (1999). "Amphibian
Species of the World: an Online Reference".
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501:. The males do not vocalize during amplexus, and this lasts up to 30 minutes.
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is a small nocturnal frog of a snout–vent size of approximately 2 cm.
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Species of frog known for living in partnership with burrowing tarantulas
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Some aspects of the relationship between the
Peruvian microhylid frog,
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The tarantulas have been recorded attacking similar frog species to
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are often preyed upon by freshwater crustacean species such as
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and large spiders also occurs in other parts of the world.
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is mostly ant based. They are also known to feed on mites.
1079:. Zoological Monographs. Vol. 6. pp. 237–269.
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SchlĂĽter, Andreas; Salas, Antonio W. (8 April 1992).
549:. Whether or not the relationship is mutualistic or
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773:"Tiny frogs and giant spiders: the best of friends"
263:are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests,
945:Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History
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709:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2004.RLTS.T57764A11672217.en
632:larvae. In addition, turtle species such as
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539:This frog is primarily known for its
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1485:Taxa named by Lars Gabriel Andersson
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1450:IUCN Red List least concern species
832:Stuttgarter Beiträge zur Naturkunde
695:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
657:Protective coloration and behavior
435:is considered a junior synonym of
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1039:Csakany, Jolene Jeana (2003).
267:, and intermittent freshwater
1:
771:Naish, Darren (3 July 2009).
364:has several close relatives:
1480:Amphibians described in 1945
1403:. You can help Knowledge by
1045:, and a theraphosid spider,
1214:Chiasmocleis-ventrimaculata
1187:Chiasmocleis ventrimaculata
1157:Chiasmocleis ventrimaculata
1137:Chiasmocleis ventrimaculata
1125:Chiasmocleis ventrimaculata
1085:10.1007/978-3-030-48644-0_8
1043:Chiasmocleis ventrimaculata
823:) (Amphibia: Microhylidae)"
688:Chiasmocleis ventrimaculata
662:Chiasmocleis ventrimaculata
618:Chiasmocleis ventrimaculata
524:Chiasmocleis ventrimaculata
510:Chiasmocleis ventrimaculata
477:Chiasmocleis ventrimaculata
455:Reproduction and life cycle
449:Chiasmocleis ventrimaculata
342:Chiasmocleis ventrimaculata
280:Chiasmocleis ventrimaculata
228:Chiasmocleis ventrimaculata
181:Chiasmocleis ventrimaculata
25:Chiasmocleis ventrimaculata
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366:Chiasmocleis albopunctata
352:Speciation, and phylogeny
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72:Scientific classification
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48:
39:
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302:Habitat and distribution
215:Engystoma ventrimaculata
488:Mate searching behavior
1470:Amphibians of Colombia
749:Cite journal requires
646:Synbranchus marmoratus
535:Commensal relationship
163:C. ventrimaculata
1460:Amphibians of Bolivia
702:: e.T57764A11672217.
1139:at Wikimedia Commons
1077:New World Tarantulas
437:Chiasmocleis hudsoni
337:Conservation efforts
231:, also known as the
997:1987Oecol..71..583A
642:Hoplias malabaricus
638:Podocnemis unifilis
513:aquatic predators.
324:Conservation status
233:dotted humming frog
42:Conservation status
1490:Microhylidae stubs
1005:10.1007/BF00379302
775:. Scienceblogs.com
734:10.5531/db.vz.0001
651:Trachops cirrhosus
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1352:Open Tree of Life
1149:Taxon identifiers
1135:Media related to
1094:978-3-030-48643-3
588:C. ventrimaculata
584:C. ventrimaculata
556:Xenesthis immanis
546:Xenesthis immanis
433:Chiasmocleis jimi
362:C. ventrimaculata
318:C. ventrimaculata
307:C. ventrimaculata
284:C. ventrimaculata
239:. It is found in
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1455:Chiasmocleis
1405:expanding it
1397:Microhylidae
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1274:iNaturalist
1196:AmphibiaWeb
1181:Wikispecies
1047:Pamphobetus
560:microhylids
541:mutualistic
390:C. devriesi
382:C. bassleri
374:C. antenori
370:C. anatipes
311:leaf litter
275:Description
1444:Categories
1051:(Thesis).
899:(1): 2–8.
893:Biotropica
669:References
530:Mutualisms
428:Subspecies
402:C. magnova
398:C. hudsoni
394:C. haddadi
1103:235019119
1057:250190248
985:Oecologia
951:: 1–112.
612:Predators
593:Bufonidae
551:commensal
189:Andersson
157:Species:
95:Kingdom:
89:Eukaryota
1292:10236330
1166:Wikidata
1053:ProQuest
1013:28312232
965:85749178
626:Goyazana
499:amplexus
261:habitats
249:Colombia
207:Synonyms
135:Family:
119:Amphibia
109:Chordata
105:Phylum:
99:Animalia
85:Domain:
62:IUCN 3.1
1367:4804632
1266:2421919
1172:Q511927
1021:6703618
993:Bibcode
913:2388434
870:1447032
779:27 July
630:odonate
607:Enemies
597:Hylidae
410:C. royi
269:marshes
253:Ecuador
241:Bolivia
191:, 1945)
145:Genus:
125:Order:
115:Class:
60: (
1364:uBio:
1357:124072
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1331:886581
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1227:246617
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850:Copeia
599:, and
472:Mating
461:clutch
265:swamps
255:, and
245:Brazil
1395:This
1318:57764
1287:IRMNG
1279:25068
1099:S2CID
1017:S2CID
961:S2CID
909:JSTOR
866:JSTOR
828:(PDF)
129:Anura
1401:stub
1326:NCBI
1313:IUCN
1300:ITIS
1261:GBIF
1240:TZ2V
1222:BOLD
1201:2108
1089:ISBN
1009:PMID
854:1995
781:2020
755:help
700:2004
636:and
624:and
443:Diet
344:and
257:Peru
1248:EoL
1235:CoL
1209:ASW
1081:doi
1001:doi
953:doi
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