Chickasaw - Knowledge (XXG)

616:. The Chickasaw were alert around the Spanish, placing war banners implying their intentions for when they would meet the Spanish. The Chickasaw additionally gathered intel that the Spanish recently fought a nearly-lost battle in the town of Mabila, led by leader Tascalusa, only a few months prior to the Spanish entering their territory. In the winter of 1540, conflict finally struck between Chickasaw warriors and the Spanish Explorers. The reasonings for the battle vary from Spanish looting Chickasaw food storages, to general heated animosity between the two groups. After various disagreements, the Chickasaw attacked the De Soto expedition in a nighttime raid, nearly destroying the force. The Spanish moved on quickly. 1462:, also known as "He that lives in the clear sky". He was believed to be the sole creator of light, life, and warmth. He was believed to reside both in the clouds and in the holy fire, and due to this, fire was respected. It became unlawful to extinguish any fire, even a small cooking fire, with water, as this was considered to be the work of evil spirits. Bad weather such as rain, thunder and heavy wind was thought to be holy people at war above the clouds. Warriors would fire their guns at the sky to show that they were willing to die if they could aid the holy spirits above. 1398:, was unable to ascertain the organization's connection to the Savannah River Chickasaws or other bands of Chickasaw. After receiving letters of complaint concerning the Chaloklowa Chickasaw Indian People's later petition for recognition as a State Recognized tribe in October 2005, the Commission of Minority Affairs review committee, upon rereview, found that the indigenous ancestry originally being claimed by the group was incorrect. The organization remains recognized as a group as of 2023. In 2003, they unsuccessfully petitioned the 1417:, which occurs annually and starts when the corn crops begin to develop, usually in late June or early July, ties corn into the culture of the Chickasaw. This ceremony celebrated both the crop and the sense of community in the tribe. It was also a time of starting from scratch in a sense. Villages were cleaned, old pottery was broken, and most old fires were put out. Fasting was done by most tribes to obtain purity, and the Chickasaw specifically would fast from the afternoon of the first day of the ceremony until the second sunrise. 721:

relationship was defined by the red. Ultimately, despite French proximity to Chickasaw land, the tribe elected to prioritize their trade routes with the British. The alliance between the British and the Chickasaw was a strategic defense against the French and their native allies. Supported by the slave trade, the Chickasaw sought weapons in exchange for captured members of rival tribes. As they were smaller than the Choctaw and other abutting indigenous groups, the weapons were critical to the defense of their native land.

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in Mississippi, Tennessee, and Alabama. Among these remains, many were excavated and stored within the Mississippi Department of Archives and History (MDAH). In 2021 the MDAH repatriated 403 Chickasaw ancestors to the tribe. The organizations director of archaeology, Meg Cook, addressed the MDAH’s efforts: “We’re doing everything that we can to reconcile the past and move forward, in a very transparent way. It’s our responsibility to tell the Mississippi story. And that means all of the bad parts, too."

963: 920:("Tootesmastube") also had military service in support of the United States. In addition, the two each served as interpreters and negotiators for chiefs of the tribe during the period of removal. Levi Colbert served as principal chief, which may have been a designation by the Americans, who did not understand the decentralized nature of the chiefs' council, based on the tribe reaching broad consensus for major decisions. An example is that more than 40 chiefs from the Chickasaw Council, representing 62: 409: 1370:

known partial Chickasaw descent in an earlier generation. Because the Chickasaw Nation did not provide citizenship to their freedmen after the Civil War (it would have been akin to formal adoption of individuals into the tribe), they were penalized by the U.S. Government. It took more than half of their territory, with no compensation. They lost territory that had been negotiated in treaties in exchange for their use after removal from the Southeast.

761: 889:; and they gained their status in the tribe from her family. Property and hereditary leadership passed through the maternal line, and the mother's eldest brother was the main male mentor of the children, especially of boys. Because of the status of their mothers, for nearly a century, the Colbert-Chickasaw sons and their descendants provided critical leadership during the tribe's greatest challenges. They had the advantage of growing up bilingual. 597: 87: 1733: 733: 4165: 1718:) while around 400 stayed in the east. In 1875 the Office of Indian Affairs reported that there were around 6,000 Chickasaws. This figure of 6,000 continued to be reported in 1886 and in all subsequent reports until 1897. Indian Affairs 1910 reported that there were 5,688 Chickasaws by blood, 645 by intermarriage and 4,651 freedmen. While the census of 1910 counted only 4,204 Chickasaws. 1450:, a paint associated with love, power, and purity. The man would go to the house of the woman he wanted to marry, and would have supper alone with his future father-in-law, without the company of the wife or mother-in-law. The bed of the wife would be prepared, and the bride would go to sleep before the groom joined. Once they were both in the same bed, they were officially married. 1014: 1714:. Indian Affairs 1836 reported the number of the Chickasaw in year 1836 at around 5,400 people (another source says that the pre-removal population was 4,914 Chickasaws and 1,156 Black slaves). A report by the Commissioner of Indian Affairs dated 25 November 1841 says that around 4,600 Chickasaws already lived in Oklahoma ( 359:), meaning "comes from Chicsa". In an 1890 extra census bulletin on the Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Muskogee, and Seminole, a history of the Choctaw and Chickasaw was included that was written by R.W. McAdam. McAdam claimed that the word "Chikasha" meant "rebel" in the Choctaw language. Spanish explorer 524:. Settling upon the river provided the people with a symbolic sense of new beginngings, washing away the past of the proto-Chickasaw and entering into a new modern age of the Chickasaw. The migration marked their split from other Native American communities like the Choctaws. They settled into the upper 1470:

After they signed the treaty of Pontotoc Creek in 1832 and were forced from their native land in Mississippi, the Chickasaw tribe immigrated to its now-home in Oklahoma. While their current residence is far from their native territory, the ancestral remains of many Chickasaw members are still located

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But the Chickasaw Nation never granted citizenship to the Chickasaw freedmen. The only way that African Americans could become citizens at that time was to have one or more Chickasaw parents or to petition for citizenship and go through the process available to other non-Natives, even if they were of

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continued it. Historian Robert Remini wrote, "They presumed that once the Indians adopted the practice of private property, built homes, farmed, educated their children, and embraced Christianity, these Native Americans would win acceptance from white Americans." Washington's six-point plan included

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Within Chickasaw society, trade was categorized under either white (peace) or red (war) routes. To maintain this duality, a War Chief and Peace chief oversaw the respective red and white divisions. Over time, the French union would be dictated by the leaders of the white division, while the English

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Before marriage, a Chickasaw man would send a gift with his mother or sister to be given to the parents of the woman he would like to marry. If the parents consented, they would offer the gift to the woman. If the woman accepted, the family member of the man would return with the news of approval.

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Traditional Village, Honor Garden, Sky and Water pavilion, and several in-depth exhibits about the diverse culture of the Chickasaw.The Chikasha Inchokka' Traditional Village features a Council House, two winter and summer houses, a replica mound, a corn crib and a stickball field. There are often

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Despite being smaller than many surrounding tribes, the Chickasaw established themselves as a trade power within the region. Aided by their strategic location on the Mississippi, the tribe was able to exchange goods with neighboring parties. The tactical importance of the Chickasaw was not lost on

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and Chickasaw ancestry by the name of James Logan Colbert settled in the Muscle Shoals area of Alabama. He lived there for the next 40 years, where he married three high-ranking Chickasaw women in succession. Chickasaw chiefs and high-status women found such marriages of strategic benefit to the

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Unlike other tribes who received land grants in exchange for ceding territory, the Chickasaw held out for financial compensation: they were to receive $ 3 million U.S. dollars from the United States for their lands east of the Mississippi River. In 1836 after a bitter five-year debate within the

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in 1786. Article 11 of that treaty states: "The hatchet shall be forever buried, and the peace given by the United States of America, and friendship re-established between the said States on the one part, and the Chickasaw nation on the other part, shall be universal, and the contracting parties

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Up to this time, our protection was in the United States troops stationed at Fort Washita, under the command of Colonel Emory. But he, as soon as the Confederate troops had entered our country, at once abandoned us and the Fort; and, to make his flight more expeditious and his escape more sure,

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The Chickasaw made their first formal contact with the British shortly after the founding of Charles Town in 1670; this occurred when Dr. Woordward of Carolina attempted to establish trade ties while on course to Alabama. Although the British outpost of Charles Town was located over 850 km from

1111:, they had to forfeit some of their land afterward. In addition, the US renegotiated their treaty, insisting on their emancipation of slaves and offering citizenship to those who wanted to stay in the Chickasaw Nation. If they returned to the United States, they would have US citizenship. 825: 804:

woman and lived with her people for decades. In the 19th century, the Chickasaw increasingly adopted European-American practices, as they established schools, adopted yeoman farming practices, converted to Christianity, and built homes in styles like their European-American neighbors.

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impartial justice toward Indians; regulated buying of Indian lands; promotion of commerce; promotion of experiments to civilize or improve Indian society; presidential authority to give presents; and punishing those who violated Indian rights. The government-appointed

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To the Chickawaw, the Mississippi River helped "define their geographic homeland and history", and was important for trade, transportation, and irrigation. Referred to as "scored bluff waterway", Chickasaw warriors limited the movement of Europeans along the river.

704:, when writing about the Creek Indians, echoed the same view. That theory, however, does not have consensus; archeological research, as noted above, has revealed the peoples had long histories in the Mississippi area and independently developed complex cultures. 878:

tribe, as it gave them advantages with traders over other groups. Colbert and his wives had numerous children, including seven sons: William, Jonathan, George, Levi, Samuel, Joseph, and Pittman (or James). Six survived to adulthood (Jonathan died young.)

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When the Chickasaw reached Indian Territory, the United States began to administer to them through the Choctaw Nation, and later merged them for administrative reasons. The Chickasaw wrote their own constitution in the 1850s, an effort contributed to by

936:. His brother, George Colbert, reluctantly succeeded him as chief and principal negotiator, because he was bilingual and bicultural. George "Tootesmastube" Colbert never reached the Chickasaw's "Oka Homa" (red waters); he died on Choctaw territory, 1054:. In addition, they resented the United States government, which had forced them off their lands and failed to protect them against the Plains tribes in the West. In 1861, as tensions rose related to the sectional conflict, the US Army abandoned 717:

Chickasaw territory, the two groups managed to engage initially in an exchange of deerskin. Shortly after making contact with the British, the Chickasaw began to trade with the French as the Europeans established themselves within Louisiana.

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The Choctaws relayed to Bernard Romans their creation myth, saying that they came "out of a hole in the ground, which they shew between their nation and the Chickasaws." Another version of the Chickasaw creation story is that they arose at

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five thousand dollars, to pilot him and his troops out of the Indian country safely without a collision with the Texas Confederates; which Black Beaver accomplished. By this act the United States abandoned the Choctaws and Chickasaws. . .

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After several decades of mistrust between the two peoples, in the twentieth century, the Chickasaw re-established their independent government. They are federally recognized as the Chickasaw Nation. The government is headquartered in

959:, ceding their remaining Mississippi territory to the U.S. and agreeing to find land and relocate west of the Mississippi River. Between 1832 and 1837, the Chickasaw would make further negotiations and arrangements for their removal. 696:, wrote, "Neither the Choctaws nor Chicksaws ever engaged in war against the American people, but always stood as their faithful allies." Cushman believed the Chickasaw, along with the Choctaw, may have had origins in present-day 282:

of the Southeast, as they adopted numerous practices of European Americans. Resisting European-American settlers encroaching on their territory, they were forced by the U.S. government to sell their traditional lands in the 1832

800:, who became Superintendent of Indian Affairs for all the territory south of the Ohio River. He and other agents lived among the Indians to teach them, through example and instruction, how to live like whites. Hawkins married a 713:

the British; in 1755, the Imperial Indian Superintendent Edmund Atkin recognized the tribe’s position: "It is not possible to cast an Eye ever so lightly over a Map, without being struck with the Importance of the situation."

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In 1832 after the state of Mississippi declared its jurisdiction over the Chickasaw Indians, outlawing tribal self-governance, Chickasaw chiefs assembled at the national council house on October 20, 1832 and signed the

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and other groups whose ancestors had lived in the lower Mississippi Valley for thousands of years. When Europeans first encountered them, the Chickasaw were living in villages in what is now northeastern Mississippi.

1756: 751:], Mobille, and Yazoo rivers. Their country is an extensive plain, tolerably well watered from springs, and a pretty good soil. They have seven towns, and their number of fighting men is estimated at 575. 1058:, leaving the Chickasaw Nation defenseless against the Plains tribes. Confederate officials recruited the American Indian tribes with suggestions of an Indian state if they were victorious in the Civil War. 1107:

citizenship possibilities and an entitled delegate in the House of Representatives of the Confederate States of America. Because the Chickasaw sided with the Confederate States of America during the

1366:. Descendants of the Freedmen continue to live in Oklahoma. Today, the Choctaw-Chickasaw Freedmen Association of Oklahoma represents the interests of freedmen descendants in both of these tribes. 4153: 3142: 1351:

Because the Chickasaw allied with the Confederacy, after the Civil War the United States government required the nation to make a new peace treaty in 1866. It included the provision that they

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after that colony was established in 1670. After acquiring firearms from colonial merchants in Carolina, Chickasaw raiders began to attack settlements belonging to a rival tribe, the

554:], they being (although a small tribe) accounted the mother nation on this part of the continent, and their language, universally adopted by most, if not all the western nations. 326:(worn out house), though the characteristics of these groups in relation to Chickasaw villages, clans, and house groups is uncertain. They traditionally followed a kinship system of 509:

chiefdom. Chickasaw culture believe that the foundation of Chickasaw from proto-Chickasaw peoples was determined by the Mississippi River. The Mississippi River is referred to as

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Then, there being- no other alternative by which to save their country and property, they, as the less of the two evils that confronted them, went with the Southern Confederacy.

3303: 4593: 451: 3397: 816:. The fort was designed to keep settlers out of Chickasaw territory and was one of the few forts constructed in the United States to protect Native American land claims. 4588: 4146: 427: 498:

by 880 CE. They built complex, dense villages supporting a stratified society, with centers throughout the Mississippi and Ohio River Valleys and their tributaries.

1382:, an organization that alleges to be composed of descendants of Chickasaw who did not leave the Southeast, were recognized as a "state-recognized group" in 2005 by 229: 3550:

Annual report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution, showing the operations, expenditures, and condition of the Institution to July, 1885. Part II

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stomp dances or stickball demonstrations, and cultural performers often display traditional Chickasaw culture, including art, cooking, language and storytelling.

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peoples. It is also sacred to the Choctaw, who share a similar story. The mound was built about 1400 years before the coalescence of each of these peoples as

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on May 26, 1736. Skirmishes continued until France ceded its claims to the region east of the Mississippi River after being defeated by the British in the

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from the previously removed Choctaw. They paid the Choctaw $ 530,000 for the westernmost part of their land. The first group of Chickasaw moved in 1837.

897: 4368: 1738: 1692:, famous cattle rancher. In April 2020, Montford was inducted into the Hall of Great Westerners of the National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum. 837:

shall use their utmost endeavors to maintain the peace given as aforesaid, and friendship re-established." Benjamin Hawkins attended this signing.

529: 3496: 3473: 3104: 3050: 3024: 2998: 2972: 2946: 2920: 2869: 2712: 334:, and gain their social status from her. Women controlled most property and hereditary leadership in the tribe passed through the maternal line. 2843: 3767: 3648: 2781: 2194: 2134: 1867: 784: 367:

when his expedition came into contact with them in 1540; the Spanish were the first known Europeans to explore the North American Southeast.

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there were ca. 2,000 Chickasaw families. Their number then decreased a lot during the 18th century and early 19th century, including the

4181: 3902: 3794: 2728: 1096: 3757: 3269: 4328: 3195: 2903: 2261: 1379: 4198: 4253: 4193: 3914: 2823: 2633: 2610: 2585: 2417:"Measuring Chickasaw Adaptation on the Western Frontier of the Colonial South: A Correlation of Documentary and Archaeological Data" 2234: 2029: 1986: 1892: 1813: 865:." The Chickasaw were allowed to retain a four-square-mile reservation but were required to lease the land to European immigrants. 220: 2390:"Chickasaw Material Culture and the Deerskin Trade: An Analysis of Two Eighteenth Century Chickasaw Sites in Northeast Mississippi" 1341: 3693:"Land surface and atmospheric conditions associated with heat waves over the Chickasaw Nation in the South Central United States" 1539: 1517: 1144:

and their area was called the Chickasaw District. Although originally the western boundary of the Choctaw Nation extended to the

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Chickasaw population has rebounded in the 20th and 21st centuries. In 2020 they numbered 70,096 (including 32,579 in Oklahoma).

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The Chickasaws are a nation of Indians who inhabit the country on the east side of the Mississippi, on the head branches of the

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Patricia Galloway, theorize that the Chickasaw and Choctaw split into distinct peoples in the 17th century from the remains of

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Most of their descendants remain as residents of what is now Oklahoma. The Chickasaw Nation in Oklahoma is the 13th-largest

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estimated the Chickasaw population as at least 4,000 warriors (and therefore at least 20,000 people). In 1702 according to

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The Chickasaw passed a resolution allying with the Confederacy, which was signed by Governor Cyrus Harris on May 25, 1861.

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Extra Census Bulletin: The Five Civilized Tribes in Indian Territory: The Cherokee, Choctaw, Creek, and Seminole Nations.

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In 1797, a general appraisal of the tribe and its territorial bounds was made by Abraham Bishop of New Haven, who wrote:

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was appointed as Confederate envoy to Native Americans. In this capacity, he negotiated several treaties, including the

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from the west, as their oral history attests. They and the Choctaw were once one people and migrated from west of the

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were equals, but that their society was inferior. He formulated a policy to encourage the "civilizing" process, and

4278: 4228: 3878: 3873: 2218: 1947: 1141: 662: 431: 303: 271: 257: 35: 2762:, Chickasaw Letters -- 1832, Chickasaw Historical Research Website (Kerry M. Armstrong), accessed 12 December 2011 2681: 4248: 4233: 3952: 3947: 3937: 3534: 1421: 1387: 1301: 813: 783:(first U.S. Secretary of War) proposed the cultural transformation of Native Americans. Washington believed that 769: 4493: 4348: 4358: 4313: 1627: 1610: 1597: 1402: 1395: 1099:

in July 1861. The treaty covered sixty-four terms, covering many subjects such as Choctaw and Chickasaw nation

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explorer Hernando de Soto encountered the tribe and stayed in one of their towns, most likely near present-day

579: 330:, in which inheritance and descent are traced through the maternal line. Children are considered born into the 284: 2549: 2415:

Johnson, Jay K.; O'Hear, John W.; Ethridge, Robbie; Lieb, Brad R.; Scott, Susan L.; Jackson, H. Edwin (2008).

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From Chicaza to Chickasaw: the European invasion and the transformation of the Mississippian world, 1540-1715

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This was the first time in history the Chickasaws have ever made war against an English speaking people.

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The Chickasaw people held ancient beliefs about four "Beloved Things": the sun, the clouds, the sky and

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Right to make wagon road through the Chickasaw Nation, Acknowledge the protection provided by the U.S.

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into present-day Mississippi in prehistoric times; the Chickasaw and Choctaw split along the way. The

4273: 4089: 4064: 3977: 3827: 3077:"National Register of Historic Places Inventory-Nomination: Hiram Masonic Lodge No. 7 / Masonic Hall" 1585: 1513: 1394:, a professor of colonial era history and Director of the Center for the Study of Georgia History at 846: 624: 439: 393: 4498: 3832: 3692: 3564: 3421: 2847: 1414: 1145: 674: 651: 3548: 4568: 4448: 4428: 4338: 3892: 3817: 3780: 3691:

Lee, Eungul; Bieda, Rahama; Shanmugasundaram, Jothiganesh; Basara Richter, Heather (2016-06-16).

3378: 3321: 2530: 2483: 2436: 2370: 2323: 1751: 1157: 1108: 1088: 983: 858: 833: 635:. These raids largely subsided after the Choctaw acquired firearms of their own from the French. 620: 515: 467: 125: 3237: 3085: 824: 408: 61: 4473: 4458: 4443: 4423: 4418: 4049: 4044: 3957: 3712: 3679: 3644: 3370: 3191: 3143:"A federal court has ruled blood cannot determine tribal citizenship. Here's why that matters" 2899: 2819: 2815: 2806: 2777: 2629: 2606: 2581: 2522: 2475: 2428: 2362: 2315: 2257: 2230: 2200: 2190: 2162: 2130: 2105: 2057: 2025: 1992: 1982: 1888: 1863: 1809: 1680: 1425: 991: 776: 765: 760: 643: 639: 487: 479: 267: 3076: 2732: 2674:

An Archaeological and Historical Study of Fort Hampton, Limestone County, Alabama (1809-1816)

4523: 4518: 4513: 4453: 4438: 4433: 4403: 4398: 4378: 4223: 4079: 4074: 4069: 3942: 3863: 3762: 3704: 3671: 3535:"Report of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs", Office of Indian Affairs, November 25, 1841" 3362: 3266: 2514: 2467: 2397: 2354: 2307: 2280:

Mémoire, ou, Coup-d'oeil rapide sur mes différens voyages et mon séjour dans la nation Crëck

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of 1813–14. He also had served during the Revolutionary wars and received a commission from

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on the Southern Plains. The United States eventually leased the area between the 100th and

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The Chickasaw Nation was the first of the Five Civilized Tribes to become allies of the

732: 4528: 4483: 4478: 4408: 4373: 4115: 3897: 3886: 3868: 2150: 2086:"The Chickasaws' Place-World: The Mississippi River in Chickasaw History and Geography" 2045: 1761: 1711: 1703: 1633: 1619: 1614: 1557: 1520: 1481: 1383: 1153: 1031: 1018: 999: 933: 925: 917: 901: 801: 609: 559: 423: 331: 327: 296: 163: 2456:"Stone Tools, Politics, and the Eighteenth-Century Chickasaw in Northeast Mississippi" 1702:

The tribal traditions say that the Chickasaw once had 10,000 men fit for war. In 1687

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Cede lands east of the Mississippi River and provide protection for the 'weak' tribe

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for the use of the Plains tribes. The area was referred to as the "Leased District".

1149: 1039: 849:, which ceded all claims to land north of the southern border of Tennessee up to the 670: 533: 463: 233: 142: 92: 3335: 808:

Due to settlers encroaching into Chickasaw territory, the United States constructed

346:, belonged to a Chickasaw minko', or leader. "Chickasaw" is the English spelling of 266:

Chickasaw people have a migration story in which they moved from a land west of the

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and provide full citizenship to those who wanted to stay in the Chickasaw Nation.

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and share a common history with them. The Chickasaw were divided into two groups (

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Talking Indian: identity and language revitalization in the Chickasaw renaissance

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United States. Bureau of the Census. Eleventh Census of the United States, 1890.

986:, on July 4, 1837, with all of their portable assets: belongings, livestock, and 3847: 3743:

Chickasaw Nation Industries (government contracting arm of the Chickasaw Nation)

2648: 1771: 1591: 1566: 1491: 1100: 1092: 937: 929: 882: 573: 525: 475: 455: 237: 100: 3398:"Mississippi Returns Hundreds of Native Americans' Remains to Chickasaw Nation" 2752: 274:. They had interaction with French, English, and Spanish colonists during the 4268: 4110: 3748:"Chickasaws: The Unconquerable People", a brief history by Greg O'Brien, Ph.D. 3253: 3212: 2562:– via Evans Early American Imprint Collection Text Creation Partnership. 1728: 1674: 1352: 1344: 905: 850: 780: 159: 3716: 3683: 3659: 3374: 2526: 2479: 2432: 2389: 2366: 2319: 2204: 2166: 2109: 2061: 1413:

For many tribes in the region, corn was one of the most important foods. The

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The origin of the Chickasaw is uncertain; 20th-century scholars, such as the

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and villages, signed a letter in November 1832 by Levi Colbert to President

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Oklahoma Historical Society's Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture.

2343:"The Appalachian Indian Frontier: The Edmond Atkin Report and Plan of 1755" 2184: 3675: 3188:

Guardians of the valley: Chickasaws in colonial South Carolina and Georgia

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Source Material for the Social and Ceremonial Life of the Choctaw Indians

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In 1818, leaders of the Chickasaw signed several treaties, including the

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to reach present-day northeast Mississippi, northwest Alabama, and into

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Washington, D.C.: United States Census Printing Office, 1894. Page 29.

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Cede land, provide allowances, and tracts reserved to Chickasaw Nation

4503: 4333: 3350: 987: 697: 590: 3366: 2503:"Trading Paths: Mapping Chickasaw History in the Eighteenth Century" 2342: 2296:"Trading Paths: Mapping Chickasaw History in the Eighteenth Century" 1757:

List of sites and peoples visited by the Hernando de Soto Expedition

3190:. Columbia, S.C.: University of South Carolina Press. p. 175. 2894:

Arrell Morgan Gibson (1981). "The Federal Government in Oklahoma".

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Miller, Eric (1994). "Washington and the Northwest War, Part One".

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tribe, the Chickasaw had reached an agreement to purchase land in

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Volume 68, Number 54. 20 March 2003. Retrieved 19 September 2012.

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system, in which children were considered born into the mother's

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Peace and Protection provided by the U.S. and Define boundaries

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The first European contact with the Chickasaw was in 1540 when

256:

language family. In the present day, they are organized as the

3422:"Years later, Chickasaw remains returning to Mississippi home" 1937:, Frank W. Porter III General Editor, Chelsea House, New York. 1609:, Assistant U.S. Secretary for Indian Affairs (overseeing the 747: 550: 212: 197: 3772: 3553:. Washington: Government Printing Office. 1886. p. 861. 2680:(MA). University of West Florida. p. 25. Archived from 2020:

Cushman, Horatio (1899). "Choctaw, Chickasaw, and Natchez".

619:

The Chickasaw began to establish trading relationships with

3742: 3736: 2578:

Mixed Blood Indians: Racial Construction in the Early South

1283:

Cede land, payments for land cession, and Define boundaries

1021:(Chickasaw) helped write the constitution of the nation in 912:

in 1786 along with his namesake grandfather. His brothers

206: 2624:

Remini, Robert. ""Brothers, Listen ... You Must Submit"".

764:

Sculpture of a stylized 18th-century Chickasaw warrior by

3131:, african-nativeamerican.com. (accessed October 17, 2013) 2283:(in French). Paris: De l'Imprimerie de Giguet et Michaud. 1082:

Julius Folsom, September 5, 1891, letter to H. B. Cushman

200: 3768:

Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture - Chickasaw

2776:. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma. pp. 174–179. 2576:

Perdue, Theda (2003). "Chapter 2 "Both White and Red"".

669:

fought as allies of the new United States under General

520:

which means “scored bluff waterway", known today as the

278:. The United States considered the Chickasaw one of the 41:

Indigenous people of Southeastern Woodlands of the USA

2753:"Levi Colbert to President Andrew Jackson, 22 NOV 1832" 1405:

to try to gain federal recognition as an Indian tribe.

1362:

These people and their descendants became known as the

1167: 384:

was the name of a famous Chickasaw chief. The towns of

2022:

History of the Choctaw, Chickasaw and Natchez Indians

1862:. U.S. Bureau of American Ethnology. pp. 22–26. 501:

In the 15th century, proto-Chickasaw people left the

306:

in the United States. Its members are related to the

221: 209: 203: 2799: 2797: 2795: 2793: 2129:. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. p. 95. 1683:, Assistant U.S. Secretary for Indian Affairs under 1122:

As Chickasaw troops marched against the Union, 1860s

873:

In the mid-18th century, an American-born trader of

646:

and the Choctaw in the 18th century, such as in the

4387: 4180: 4098: 4037: 3991: 3925: 3856: 3810: 3633:

The Chickasaw Freedmen: A People Without a Country.

3621:

Jackson, MS: University Press of Mississippi, 2012.

3075:Levy, Ben; McKithan, Cecil N. (February 26, 1973). 2814:. Abingdon Press, Nashville and New York. pp. 2189:. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. 1446:The man would put on his finest clothing and apply 1152:. The area was subject to continual raiding by the 898:

Chief/Major William d'Blainville "Piomingo" Colbert

194: 149: 131: 115: 78: 68: 52: 2805: 2222: 2155:A Concise Natural History of East and West Florida 2050:A Concise Natural History of East and West Florida 994:, following routes established by the Choctaw and 252:. Their language is classified as a member of the 3739:The online video network of the Chickasaw Nation. 3660:"Panic, State Power, and Chickasaw Dispossession" 3349:Phelps, Dawson A.; Gibson, Arrell M. (May 1972). 3304:"Why is Vermillion Tika applied on the forehead?" 474:The Chickasaw are believed to have migrated into 3569:The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture 2024:. University of Oklahoma Press. pp. 18–19. 998:. During the journey, often referred to as the 944:Treaty of Pontotoc Creek and Removal (1832-1837) 1887:. The University of Alabama Press. p. 29. 1326:Removal and Monetary gain from the sale of land 1113: 1063: 990:. Three thousand and one Chickasaw crossed the 828:A sketch of a Chickasaw by Bernard Romans, 1775 739: 600:The second leg of the de Soto Expedition, from 546: 342:The name Chickasaw, as noted by anthropologist 230:Indigenous people of the Southeastern Woodlands 2868:Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture. 532:valleys in present-day Mississippi. Historian 446:) following the displacements of a century of 236:. Their traditional territory was in northern 4147: 3788: 2898:. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 112. 2846:. Oklahoma State/Kansas State. Archived from 1933:Hale, Duane K & Gibson, Arrell M. (1989) 1588:, Writer-in-Residence of the Chickasaw Nation 8: 3697:Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 3505:Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture 3107:. Government Printing Office. Archived from 3053:. Government Printing Office. Archived from 3027:. Government Printing Office. Archived from 3001:. Government Printing Office. Archived from 2975:. Government Printing Office. Archived from 2949:. Government Printing Office. Archived from 2923:. Government Printing Office. Archived from 2707:Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture 2551:Georgia Speculation Unveiled; in two numbers 2157:. New York: Printed for the author. p. 2052:. New York: Printed for the author. p. 1671:, traditional Indian storyteller and actress 1243:Eliminate debt to U.S. merchants and traders 1140:The Chickasaws were first combined with the 484:Mississippian Ideological Interaction Sphere 378:) is used to identify a chief. For example, 47: 4594:Native Americans in the American Revolution 3643:. Tucson: The University of Arizona press. 2709:. "Chickasaw." Retrieved December 27, 2012. 2580:. University of Georgia Press. p. 51. 2394:Dissertations, Theses, and Masters Projects 2341:Hudson, Charles; Jacobs, Wilbur R. (1971). 1148:, virtually no Chickasaw lived west of the 642:, the Chickasaw were often at war with the 4154: 4140: 4132: 3795: 3781: 3773: 3626:The American Revolution in Indian Country. 3520:Primitive society and its vital statistics 3167:"South Carolina Indian Affairs Commission. 2844:"Chronicles of Oklahoma, Volume 15, No. 4" 2015: 2013: 631:, in order to acquire captives which they 540:believed the Chickasaw Old Fields were in 458:. The Chickasaw are labeled as "Chickisa". 60: 46: 3087:Accompanying one photo, exterior, undated 2571: 2569: 1977:. Indians of the Southeast. Lincoln, NE: 1739:Indigenous peoples of the Americas portal 1347:, a cowboy and Chickasaw Nation statesman 3290:"Chikasha Inchokka' Traditional Village" 3141:Roberts, Alaina E. (September 7, 2017). 2842:Meserve, John Bartlett (December 1937). 2837: 2835: 1922:Los Indios de Estados Unidos de América, 1827: 1825: 665:, in 1793–94, the Chickasaw under Chief 564:Natural History of East and West Florida 4589:South Appalachian Mississippian culture 4540: 3396:Magazine, Smithsonian; McGreevy, Nora. 2601:Remini, Robert. ""The Reform Begins"". 1783: 1677:, cowboy and Chickasaw Nation statesman 2812:Indians of the Southeast: Then and Now 2804:Jesse Burt & Bob Ferguson (1973). 354: 4579:Native American tribes in Mississippi 2896:Oklahoma: A History of Five Centuries 2225:Knights of Spain, Warriors of the Sun 2178: 2176: 2079: 2077: 2075: 2073: 2071: 1948:"Tishominko | Chickasaw Hall of Fame" 1554:, American Blues singer and guitarist 1510:(1883–1940), movie actor and director 638:Allied with British colonists in the 7: 3635:Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1980. 3471:"Carter, Charles David (1868–1929)." 3447:"Native American Data for Jay J Fox" 3211:Pounds, Keith A. (30 October 2005). 3105:"Indian Affairs – Laws and Treaties" 3051:"Indian Affairs – Laws and Treaties" 3025:"Indian Affairs – Laws and Treaties" 2999:"Indian Affairs – Laws and Treaties" 2973:"Indian Affairs – Laws and Treaties" 2947:"Indian Affairs – Laws and Treaties" 2921:"Indian Affairs – Laws and Treaties" 79:Regions with significant populations 3903:Treaty with Choctaws and Chickasaws 1097:Treaty with Choctaws and Chickasaws 896:(named after James Logan's father, 4584:Native American tribes in Oklahoma 4469:Fox (Meskwaki, Sauk, and Kickapoo) 2628:. History Book Club. p. 258. 2605:. History Book Club. p. 201. 2253:Indian Slavery in Colonial America 2183:Ethridge, Robbie Franklyn (2010). 2126:Indian Tribes of Oklahoma: A Guide 1380:Chaloklowa Chickasaw Indian People 1329:6,422,400 acres (25,991 km). 1070:Indian, under a promise to him of 1002:, more than 500 Chickasaw died of 736:Map of modern Chickasaw territory. 25: 4574:Native American tribes in Alabama 3915:Chickasaw Nation v. United States 3628:Cambridge University Press, 1995. 1802:Gibson, Karen Bush (2017-01-26). 1504:, Literary and political theorist 1291:Treaty of Franklin (un-ratified) 4163: 3731:The Chickasaw Nation of Oklahoma 3129:The Choctaw Freedmen of Oklahoma 2671:Chandler, Tonya Johnson (2014). 1731: 190: 85: 3619:Mississippi's American Indians. 3355:The Journal of Southern History 2229:. University of Georgia Press. 1924:Paidós Studio, nº 104 Barcelona 1600:, Head Men's Basketball Coach, 1532:, Chickasaw language translator 894:William "Chooshemataha" Colbert 673:against the Indians of the old 2554:. Hartford, CT: Elisha Babcock 2388:Underwood, John (1998-01-01). 1860:Chickasaw Society and Religion 1542:U.S. Congressman from Oklahoma 1420:In 2010, the tribe opened the 700:and migrated north. Frenchman 1: 3983:White House of the Chickasaws 3973:Savannah Town, South Carolina 3664:Journal of the Early Republic 3507:. (accessed October 17, 2013) 3279:(accessed September 21, 2011) 2650:George Washington And Indians 1602:Stephen F. Austin Lumberjacks 1400:US Department of the Interior 1105:Confederate States of America 1052:Confederate States of America 869:Colbert legacy (19th century) 413: 137:Traditional tribal religion, 3631:Daniel F. Littlefield, Jr., 3176:Retrieved 19 September 2012. 1979:University of Nebraska Press 1659:Jerod Impichchaachaaha' Tate 1386:. They are headquartered in 1271:Treaty of with the Chickasaw 240:, northwestern and northern 3213:"Seeking state recognition" 2250:Gallay, Alan (2009-01-01). 1971:Galloway, Patricia (1995). 910:President George Washington 779:(first U.S. President) and 396:were named for him, as was 363:had recorded the people as 4610: 3517:Krzywicki, Ludwik (1934). 3186:Cashin, Edward J. (2009). 2772:Gibson, Arrell M. (1972). 1974:Choctaw Genesis, 1500–1700 1357:enslaved African Americans 1133: 988:enslaved African Americans 982:The Chickasaw gathered at 947: 861:). This was known as the " 692:A 19th-century historian, 663:American Revolutionary War 505:after the collapse of the 322:(chopped hickory) and the 304:federally recognized tribe 272:Lawrence County, Tennessee 36:Chickasaw (disambiguation) 33: 26: 3948:Chickasaw Nation Capitols 3938:Chickasaw Cultural Center 3658:Connolly, Emilie (2020). 3277:Chickasaw Cultural Center 3254:"The Green Corn Ceremony" 3103:Kappler, Charles (1904). 3049:Kappler, Charles (1904). 3023:Kappler, Charles (1904). 2997:Kappler, Charles (1904). 2971:Kappler, Charles (1904). 2945:Kappler, Charles (1904). 2919:Kappler, Charles (1904). 2507:American Indian Quarterly 2300:American Indian Quarterly 1422:Chickasaw Cultural Center 1388:Hemingway, South Carolina 1302:Hiram Masonic Lodge No. 7 1251:Treaty with the Chickasaw 1231:Treaty with the Chickasaw 1211:Treaty with the Chickasaw 1191:Treaty with the Chickasaw 1066:employed Black Beaver, a 1046:American Civil War (1861) 832:The Chickasaw signed the 820:Treaty of Hopewell (1786) 814:Limestone County, Alabama 770:Chickasaw Cultural Center 154: 136: 120: 83: 73: 59: 53: 3639:Davis, Jenny L. (2018). 3082:. National Park Service. 2548:Bishop, Abraham (1797). 2501:St. Jean, Wendy (2003). 2454:Johnson, Jay K. (1997). 2421:Southeastern Archaeology 2294:St. Jean, Wendy (2003). 2084:Mack, Dustin J. (2018). 1628:American Football League 1579:; first Native American 1498:, pro wrestling tag team 1403:Bureau of Indian Affairs 1396:Augusta State University 1087:At the beginning of the 957:Treaty of Pontotoc Creek 950:Treaty of Pontotoc Creek 853:(the southern border of 687:Battle of Fallen Timbers 548:The Chicasaws [ 332:mother's family and clan 285:Treaty of Pontotoc Creek 27:Not to be confused with 4548:Safford, James (2012). 4434:Chiwere (Iowa and Otoe) 3617:James F. Barnett, Jr., 2729:""James Logan Colbert"" 2277:Milfort, Louis (1802). 2256:. U of Nebraska Press. 1844:Encyclopædia Britannica 1374:State-recognized groups 1120:Governor Cyrus Harris, 916:("Itawamba Mingo") and 812:in 1810 in present-day 756:United States relations 614:Starkville, Mississippi 542:Madison County, Alabama 496:moundbuilding societies 4170:Native American tribes 4085:Treasure Valley Casino 3217:The Times and Democrat 1920:Wissler, Clark (1993) 1883:Swanton, John (1931). 1858:Swanton, John (1928). 1348: 1300:Chickasaw Nation, See 1127: 1085: 1026: 971: 970:for the Trail of Tears 900:) served with General 829: 773: 753: 737: 605: 585:built about 300 CE by 568: 494:emerged from previous 492:Mississippian cultures 459: 4121:Five Civilized Tribes 4060:Chisholm Trail Casino 3963:New Savannah, Georgia 3676:10.1353/jer.2020.0096 3483:Retrieved 6 May 2012. 2519:10.1353/aiq.2004.0085 2402:10.21220/s2-ytp3-dh86 2312:10.1353/aiq.2004.0085 2102:10.1353/nso.2018.0000 1343: 1016: 965: 827: 763: 735: 685:were defeated in the 656:French and Indian War 633:sold to the colonists 599: 411: 280:Five Civilized Tribes 150:Related ethnic groups 4550:Geology of Tennessee 4464:Mescalero-Chiricahua 4219:Cheyenne and Arapaho 4090:WinStar World Casino 4065:Gold Mountain Casino 3978:Tishomingo City Hall 3828:Four Mothers Society 3811:Culture and religion 3709:10.1002/2015JD024659 3624:Colin G. Calloway, 3402:Smithsonian Magazine 2123:Clark, Blue (2009). 1805:The Chickasaw Nation 1514:Charles David Carter 1466:Repatriation efforts 1309:(Not Available yet) 1286:(Not Available yet) 1266:(Not Available yet) 1246:(Not Available yet) 1226:(Not Available yet) 881:The Chickasaw had a 847:Treaty of Tuscaloosa 689:on August 20, 1794. 625:Province of Carolina 352:Creek pronunciation: 295:) during the era of 258:federally recognized 34:For other uses, see 3833:Green Corn Ceremony 3763:Tanshpashofa recipe 3593:www.statimetric.com 3267:"About the Center." 3147:The Washington Post 1441:Marriage traditions 1415:Green Corn Ceremony 1345:Fred Tecumseh Waite 966:Historic Marker in 892:Of these six sons, 675:Northwest Territory 658:in North America). 536:and anthropologist 511:Sakti Lhafa’ Okhina 328:matrilineal descent 49: 4234:Citizen Potawatomi 3933:Bloomfield Academy 3893:Treaty of Hopewell 3499:2013-11-24 at the 3476:2012-11-02 at the 3308:The Times of India 3272:2011-09-02 at the 3172:2013-01-11 at the 2758:2011-10-25 at the 2715:2009-10-01 at the 2460:American Antiquity 2219:Hudson, Charles M. 1981:. pp. 49–54. 1838:"Chickasaws" 1752:Chickasaw language 1698:Population history 1652:, Sociologist and 1484:, Governor of the 1430:Chikasha Inchokka’ 1428:. It includes the 1364:Chickasaw Freedmen 1349: 1314:Treaty of Pontotoc 1109:American Civil War 1089:American Civil War 1027: 984:Memphis, Tennessee 972: 859:Illinois Territory 834:Treaty of Hopewell 830: 774: 738: 681:and other, allied 606: 468:Plaquemine culture 460: 419:English copy of a 356:[tʃikaʃːa] 4537: 4536: 4459:Hitchiti-Mikasuki 4199:Alabama-Quassarte 4129: 4128: 4050:Black Gold Casino 4045:Ada Gaming Center 3958:Kullihoma Grounds 3703:(11): 6284–6298. 3650:978-0-8165-3768-6 3492:Harris, Rodger. " 3310:. 8 October 2023. 3241:Federal Register. 2783:978-0-8061-1042-4 2196:978-0-8078-3435-0 2136:978-0-8061-4060-5 1952:hof.chickasaw.net 1869:978-0-8032-9349-6 1681:Kevin K. Washburn 1521:U. S. Congressman 1475:Notable Chickasaw 1426:Sulphur, Oklahoma 1333: 1332: 992:Mississippi River 777:George Washington 766:Enoch Kelly Haney 683:Northwest Indians 640:Southern Colonies 623:colonists in the 488:Eastern Woodlands 480:Mississippi River 398:Tishomingo County 268:Mississippi River 248:and southwestern 182: 181: 16:(Redirected from 4601: 4554: 4553: 4545: 4389:Tribal languages 4369:United Keetoowah 4299:Muscogee (Creek) 4259:Fort Sill Apache 4194:Absentee Shawnee 4168: 4167: 4156: 4149: 4142: 4133: 4080:SaltCreek Casino 4075:Riverwind Casino 4070:Newcastle Casino 3943:Chickasaw Nation 3864:Chickasaw Nation 3797: 3790: 3783: 3774: 3720: 3687: 3654: 3603: 3602: 3600: 3599: 3585: 3579: 3578: 3576: 3575: 3561: 3555: 3554: 3545: 3539: 3538: 3531: 3525: 3524: 3514: 3508: 3490: 3484: 3468: 3462: 3461: 3459: 3457: 3443: 3437: 3436: 3434: 3433: 3418: 3412: 3411: 3409: 3408: 3393: 3387: 3386: 3351:"The Chickasaws" 3346: 3340: 3339: 3332: 3326: 3325: 3318: 3312: 3311: 3300: 3294: 3293: 3286: 3280: 3264: 3258: 3257: 3250: 3244: 3235: 3229: 3228: 3226: 3224: 3219:. Newspapers.com 3208: 3202: 3201: 3183: 3177: 3164: 3158: 3157: 3155: 3153: 3138: 3132: 3126: 3120: 3119: 3117: 3116: 3100: 3094: 3093: 3083: 3081: 3072: 3066: 3065: 3063: 3062: 3046: 3040: 3039: 3037: 3036: 3020: 3014: 3013: 3011: 3010: 2994: 2988: 2987: 2985: 2984: 2968: 2962: 2961: 2959: 2958: 2942: 2936: 2935: 2933: 2932: 2916: 2910: 2909: 2891: 2885: 2884: 2882: 2881: 2872:. Archived from 2865: 2859: 2858: 2856: 2855: 2839: 2830: 2829: 2809: 2801: 2788: 2787: 2769: 2763: 2750: 2744: 2743: 2741: 2740: 2731:. Archived from 2725: 2719: 2703: 2697: 2696: 2694: 2692: 2686: 2679: 2668: 2662: 2661: 2659: 2658: 2644: 2638: 2637: 2621: 2615: 2614: 2598: 2592: 2591: 2573: 2564: 2563: 2561: 2559: 2545: 2539: 2538: 2513:(3/4): 758–780. 2498: 2492: 2491: 2451: 2445: 2444: 2412: 2406: 2405: 2385: 2379: 2378: 2338: 2332: 2331: 2306:(3/4): 758–780. 2291: 2285: 2284: 2274: 2268: 2267: 2247: 2241: 2240: 2228: 2215: 2209: 2208: 2180: 2171: 2170: 2147: 2141: 2140: 2120: 2114: 2113: 2081: 2066: 2065: 2042: 2036: 2035: 2017: 2008: 2007: 2005: 2003: 1968: 1962: 1961: 1959: 1958: 1944: 1938: 1931: 1925: 1918: 1912: 1905: 1899: 1898: 1880: 1874: 1873: 1855: 1849: 1848: 1840: 1829: 1820: 1819: 1799: 1793: 1788: 1747:Chickasaw Nation 1741: 1736: 1735: 1734: 1716:Indian Territory 1690:Montford Johnson 1654:MacArthur Fellow 1650:Rebecca Sandefur 1486:Chickasaw Nation 1392:Edward J. Cashin 1323:Chickasaw Nation 1280:Chickasaw Nation 1260:Chickasaw Nation 1240:Chickasaw Nation 1220:Chickasaw Nation 1168: 1136:Chickasaw Nation 1125: 1083: 1023:Indian Territory 977:Indian Territory 968:Marion, Arkansas 863:Jackson Purchase 798:Benjamin Hawkins 789:Thomas Jefferson 785:Native Americans 702:Le Clerc Milfort 652:Seven Years' War 566: 522:Chickasaw Bluffs 503:Tombigbee Valley 418: 415: 400:in Mississippi. 361:Hernando de Soto 358: 353: 324:Inchokka' Lhipa' 289:Indian Territory 261:Chickasaw Nation 224: 219: 218: 215: 214: 211: 208: 205: 202: 199: 196: 91: 89: 88: 69:Total population 64: 50: 21: 4609: 4608: 4604: 4603: 4602: 4600: 4599: 4598: 4559: 4558: 4557: 4547: 4546: 4542: 4538: 4533: 4391: 4383: 4254:Eastern Shawnee 4244:Delaware Nation 4185: 4183: 4176: 4162: 4160: 4130: 4125: 4094: 4033: 3987: 3921: 3908:Atoka Agreement 3852: 3806: 3801: 3733:, official site 3727: 3690: 3657: 3651: 3638: 3614: 3612:Further reading 3607: 3606: 3597: 3595: 3587: 3586: 3582: 3573: 3571: 3563: 3562: 3558: 3547: 3546: 3542: 3533: 3532: 3528: 3516: 3515: 3511: 3501:Wayback Machine 3491: 3487: 3478:Wayback Machine 3469: 3465: 3455: 3453: 3445: 3444: 3440: 3431: 3429: 3420: 3419: 3415: 3406: 3404: 3395: 3394: 3390: 3367:10.2307/2206449 3348: 3347: 3343: 3334: 3333: 3329: 3320: 3319: 3315: 3302: 3301: 3297: 3288: 3287: 3283: 3274:Wayback Machine 3265: 3261: 3252: 3251: 3247: 3236: 3232: 3222: 3220: 3210: 3209: 3205: 3198: 3185: 3184: 3180: 3174:Wayback Machine 3165: 3161: 3151: 3149: 3140: 3139: 3135: 3127: 3123: 3114: 3112: 3102: 3101: 3097: 3091: 3079: 3074: 3073: 3069: 3060: 3058: 3048: 3047: 3043: 3034: 3032: 3022: 3021: 3017: 3008: 3006: 2996: 2995: 2991: 2982: 2980: 2970: 2969: 2965: 2956: 2954: 2944: 2943: 2939: 2930: 2928: 2918: 2917: 2913: 2906: 2893: 2892: 2888: 2879: 2877: 2867: 2866: 2862: 2853: 2851: 2841: 2840: 2833: 2826: 2803: 2802: 2791: 2784: 2771: 2770: 2766: 2760:Wayback Machine 2751: 2747: 2738: 2736: 2727: 2726: 2722: 2717:Wayback Machine 2705:Pate, James C. 2704: 2700: 2690: 2688: 2687:on 10 June 2021 2684: 2677: 2670: 2669: 2665: 2656: 2654: 2646: 2645: 2641: 2623: 2622: 2618: 2600: 2599: 2595: 2588: 2575: 2574: 2567: 2557: 2555: 2547: 2546: 2542: 2500: 2499: 2495: 2453: 2452: 2448: 2414: 2413: 2409: 2387: 2386: 2382: 2340: 2339: 2335: 2293: 2292: 2288: 2276: 2275: 2271: 2264: 2249: 2248: 2244: 2237: 2217: 2216: 2212: 2197: 2182: 2181: 2174: 2149: 2148: 2144: 2137: 2122: 2121: 2117: 2083: 2082: 2069: 2044: 2043: 2039: 2032: 2019: 2018: 2011: 2001: 1999: 1989: 1970: 1969: 1965: 1956: 1954: 1946: 1945: 1941: 1932: 1928: 1919: 1915: 1906: 1902: 1895: 1882: 1881: 1877: 1870: 1857: 1856: 1852: 1831: 1830: 1823: 1816: 1801: 1800: 1796: 1789: 1785: 1780: 1737: 1732: 1730: 1727: 1700: 1695: 1607:Neal A. McCaleb 1573:John Herrington 1477: 1468: 1456: 1443: 1411: 1376: 1338: 1166: 1138: 1132: 1126: 1119: 1084: 1081: 1048: 952: 946: 871: 843: 822: 758: 727: 710: 694:Horatio Cushman 648:Battle of Ackia 567: 558: 538:John R. Swanton 454:and the 1715–7 416: 406: 351: 340: 276:colonial period 222: 193: 189: 86: 84: 55: 45: 42: 39: 32: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4607: 4605: 4597: 4596: 4591: 4586: 4581: 4576: 4571: 4561: 4560: 4556: 4555: 4539: 4535: 4534: 4532: 4531: 4526: 4521: 4516: 4511: 4506: 4501: 4496: 4491: 4486: 4481: 4476: 4471: 4466: 4461: 4456: 4451: 4446: 4441: 4436: 4431: 4426: 4421: 4416: 4411: 4406: 4401: 4395: 4393: 4392:(still spoken) 4385: 4384: 4382: 4381: 4376: 4371: 4366: 4361: 4356: 4351: 4346: 4341: 4336: 4331: 4326: 4321: 4316: 4311: 4309:Otoe-Missouria 4306: 4301: 4296: 4291: 4286: 4281: 4276: 4271: 4266: 4261: 4256: 4251: 4249:Delaware Tribe 4246: 4241: 4236: 4231: 4226: 4221: 4216: 4211: 4206: 4201: 4196: 4190: 4188: 4178: 4177: 4161: 4159: 4158: 4151: 4144: 4136: 4127: 4126: 4124: 4123: 4118: 4113: 4108: 4102: 4100: 4096: 4095: 4093: 4092: 4087: 4082: 4077: 4072: 4067: 4062: 4057: 4052: 4047: 4041: 4039: 4035: 4034: 4032: 4031: 4026: 4021: 4016: 4011: 4006: 4001: 3995: 3993: 3989: 3988: 3986: 3985: 3980: 3975: 3970: 3965: 3960: 3955: 3953:Fort Jefferson 3950: 3945: 3940: 3935: 3929: 3927: 3923: 3922: 3920: 3919: 3911: 3905: 3900: 3898:Trail of Tears 3895: 3890: 3887:Ex parte Joins 3883: 3882: 3881: 3876: 3869:Chickasaw Wars 3866: 3860: 3858: 3854: 3853: 3851: 3850: 3845: 3840: 3835: 3830: 3825: 3820: 3814: 3812: 3808: 3807: 3802: 3800: 3799: 3792: 3785: 3777: 3771: 3770: 3765: 3760: 3758:Pashofa recipe 3755: 3750: 3745: 3740: 3734: 3726: 3725:External links 3723: 3722: 3721: 3688: 3670:(4): 683–689. 3655: 3649: 3636: 3629: 3622: 3613: 3610: 3605: 3604: 3580: 3556: 3540: 3526: 3509: 3485: 3463: 3438: 3413: 3388: 3341: 3327: 3313: 3295: 3281: 3259: 3245: 3230: 3203: 3197:978-1570038211 3196: 3178: 3159: 3133: 3121: 3095: 3067: 3041: 3015: 2989: 2963: 2937: 2911: 2905:978-0806117584 2904: 2886: 2860: 2831: 2824: 2789: 2782: 2774:The Chickasaws 2764: 2745: 2720: 2698: 2663: 2639: 2626:Andrew Jackson 2616: 2603:Andrew Jackson 2593: 2586: 2565: 2540: 2493: 2472:10.2307/282507 2466:(2): 215–230. 2446: 2407: 2380: 2359:10.2307/481620 2333: 2286: 2269: 2263:978-0803222007 2262: 2242: 2235: 2210: 2195: 2172: 2142: 2135: 2115: 2067: 2037: 2030: 2009: 1987: 1963: 1939: 1926: 1913: 1900: 1893: 1875: 1868: 1850: 1835:, ed. (1911). 1833:Chisholm, Hugh 1821: 1814: 1794: 1782: 1781: 1779: 1776: 1775: 1774: 1769: 1764: 1762:Chickasaw Wars 1759: 1754: 1749: 1743: 1742: 1726: 1723: 1712:Trail of Tears 1704:Louis Hennepin 1699: 1696: 1694: 1693: 1687: 1678: 1672: 1666: 1656: 1647: 1641: 1634:Leona Mitchell 1631: 1620:Wahoo McDaniel 1617: 1615:George W. Bush 1604: 1595: 1589: 1583: 1570: 1564: 1558:Hiawatha Estes 1555: 1549: 1543: 1533: 1527: 1511: 1505: 1499: 1489: 1482:Bill Anoatubby 1478: 1476: 1473: 1467: 1464: 1455: 1452: 1442: 1439: 1410: 1407: 1384:South Carolina 1375: 1372: 1337: 1336:Post–Civil War 1334: 1331: 1330: 1327: 1324: 1321: 1318: 1315: 1311: 1310: 1307: 1304: 1298: 1297:United States 1295: 1292: 1288: 1287: 1284: 1281: 1278: 1275: 1272: 1268: 1267: 1264: 1261: 1258: 1255: 1252: 1248: 1247: 1244: 1241: 1238: 1235: 1232: 1228: 1227: 1224: 1221: 1218: 1215: 1212: 1208: 1207: 1204: 1201: 1198: 1195: 1192: 1188: 1187: 1184: 1181: 1178: 1175: 1172: 1165: 1162: 1158:98th meridians 1146:100th meridian 1142:Choctaw Nation 1134:Main article: 1131: 1128: 1117: 1079: 1047: 1044: 1032:Holmes Colbert 1019:Holmes Colbert 1000:Trail of Tears 948:Main article: 945: 942: 934:Trail of Tears 926:Andrew Jackson 918:George Colbert 902:Andrew Jackson 870: 867: 842: 841:Treaty of 1818 839: 821: 818: 802:Muscogee Creek 757: 754: 726: 723: 709: 706: 661:Following the 604:to the Chicaza 560:Bernard Romans 556: 405: 402: 339: 336: 299:in the 1830s. 297:Indian removal 180: 179: 152: 151: 147: 146: 134: 133: 129: 128: 118: 117: 113: 112: 81: 80: 76: 75: 71: 70: 66: 65: 57: 56: 43: 40: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4606: 4595: 4592: 4590: 4587: 4585: 4582: 4580: 4577: 4575: 4572: 4570: 4567: 4566: 4564: 4551: 4544: 4541: 4530: 4527: 4525: 4522: 4520: 4517: 4515: 4512: 4510: 4507: 4505: 4502: 4500: 4497: 4495: 4492: 4490: 4487: 4485: 4482: 4480: 4477: 4475: 4472: 4470: 4467: 4465: 4462: 4460: 4457: 4455: 4452: 4450: 4447: 4445: 4442: 4440: 4437: 4435: 4432: 4430: 4427: 4425: 4422: 4420: 4417: 4415: 4412: 4410: 4407: 4405: 4402: 4400: 4397: 4396: 4394: 4390: 4386: 4380: 4377: 4375: 4372: 4370: 4367: 4365: 4362: 4360: 4357: 4355: 4352: 4350: 4349:Seneca-Cayuga 4347: 4345: 4342: 4340: 4337: 4335: 4332: 4330: 4327: 4325: 4322: 4320: 4317: 4315: 4312: 4310: 4307: 4305: 4302: 4300: 4297: 4295: 4292: 4290: 4287: 4285: 4282: 4280: 4277: 4275: 4272: 4270: 4267: 4265: 4262: 4260: 4257: 4255: 4252: 4250: 4247: 4245: 4242: 4240: 4237: 4235: 4232: 4230: 4227: 4225: 4222: 4220: 4217: 4215: 4212: 4210: 4207: 4205: 4202: 4200: 4197: 4195: 4192: 4191: 4189: 4187: 4179: 4175: 4171: 4166: 4157: 4152: 4150: 4145: 4143: 4138: 4137: 4134: 4122: 4119: 4117: 4114: 4112: 4109: 4107: 4104: 4103: 4101: 4097: 4091: 4088: 4086: 4083: 4081: 4078: 4076: 4073: 4071: 4068: 4066: 4063: 4061: 4058: 4056: 4055:Border Casino 4053: 4051: 4048: 4046: 4043: 4042: 4040: 4036: 4030: 4027: 4025: 4022: 4020: 4017: 4015: 4012: 4010: 4007: 4005: 4002: 4000: 3997: 3996: 3994: 3990: 3984: 3981: 3979: 3976: 3974: 3971: 3969: 3966: 3964: 3961: 3959: 3956: 3954: 3951: 3949: 3946: 3944: 3941: 3939: 3936: 3934: 3931: 3930: 3928: 3924: 3917: 3916: 3912: 3909: 3906: 3904: 3901: 3899: 3896: 3894: 3891: 3889: 3888: 3884: 3880: 3877: 3875: 3872: 3871: 3870: 3867: 3865: 3862: 3861: 3859: 3855: 3849: 3846: 3844: 3841: 3839: 3836: 3834: 3831: 3829: 3826: 3824: 3821: 3819: 3816: 3815: 3813: 3809: 3805: 3798: 3793: 3791: 3786: 3784: 3779: 3778: 3775: 3769: 3766: 3764: 3761: 3759: 3756: 3754: 3751: 3749: 3746: 3744: 3741: 3738: 3735: 3732: 3729: 3728: 3724: 3718: 3714: 3710: 3706: 3702: 3698: 3694: 3689: 3685: 3681: 3677: 3673: 3669: 3665: 3661: 3656: 3652: 3646: 3642: 3637: 3634: 3630: 3627: 3623: 3620: 3616: 3615: 3611: 3609: 3594: 3590: 3584: 3581: 3570: 3566: 3560: 3557: 3552: 3551: 3544: 3541: 3536: 3530: 3527: 3522: 3521: 3513: 3510: 3506: 3502: 3498: 3495: 3489: 3486: 3482: 3479: 3475: 3472: 3467: 3464: 3452: 3448: 3442: 3439: 3427: 3423: 3417: 3414: 3403: 3399: 3392: 3389: 3384: 3380: 3376: 3372: 3368: 3364: 3360: 3356: 3352: 3345: 3342: 3337: 3331: 3328: 3323: 3317: 3314: 3309: 3305: 3299: 3296: 3291: 3285: 3282: 3278: 3275: 3271: 3268: 3263: 3260: 3255: 3249: 3246: 3242: 3239: 3234: 3231: 3218: 3214: 3207: 3204: 3199: 3193: 3189: 3182: 3179: 3175: 3171: 3168: 3163: 3160: 3148: 3144: 3137: 3134: 3130: 3125: 3122: 3111:on 2008-05-13 3110: 3106: 3099: 3096: 3089: 3088: 3078: 3071: 3068: 3057:on 2010-09-07 3056: 3052: 3045: 3042: 3031:on 2008-12-11 3030: 3026: 3019: 3016: 3005:on 2008-05-12 3004: 3000: 2993: 2990: 2979:on 2008-05-09 2978: 2974: 2967: 2964: 2953:on 2008-05-09 2952: 2948: 2941: 2938: 2927:on 2008-05-12 2926: 2922: 2915: 2912: 2907: 2901: 2897: 2890: 2887: 2876:on 2008-10-09 2875: 2871: 2864: 2861: 2850:on 2008-05-18 2849: 2845: 2838: 2836: 2832: 2827: 2825:0-687-18793-1 2821: 2817: 2813: 2808: 2807:"The Removal" 2800: 2798: 2796: 2794: 2790: 2785: 2779: 2775: 2768: 2765: 2761: 2757: 2754: 2749: 2746: 2735:on 2010-11-12 2734: 2730: 2724: 2721: 2718: 2714: 2711: 2708: 2702: 2699: 2683: 2676: 2675: 2667: 2664: 2653:. Eric Miller 2652: 2651: 2643: 2640: 2635: 2634:0-9650631-0-7 2631: 2627: 2620: 2617: 2612: 2611:0-9650631-0-7 2608: 2604: 2597: 2594: 2589: 2587:0-8203-2731-X 2583: 2579: 2572: 2570: 2566: 2553: 2552: 2544: 2541: 2536: 2532: 2528: 2524: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2497: 2494: 2489: 2485: 2481: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2465: 2461: 2457: 2450: 2447: 2442: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2411: 2408: 2403: 2399: 2395: 2391: 2384: 2381: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2337: 2334: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2290: 2287: 2282: 2281: 2273: 2270: 2265: 2259: 2255: 2254: 2246: 2243: 2238: 2236:9780820318882 2232: 2227: 2226: 2220: 2214: 2211: 2206: 2202: 2198: 2192: 2188: 2187: 2179: 2177: 2173: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2146: 2143: 2138: 2132: 2128: 2127: 2119: 2116: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2080: 2078: 2076: 2074: 2072: 2068: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2041: 2038: 2033: 2031:0-8061-3127-6 2027: 2023: 2016: 2014: 2010: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1988:9780803270701 1984: 1980: 1976: 1975: 1967: 1964: 1953: 1949: 1943: 1940: 1936: 1935:The Chickasaw 1930: 1927: 1923: 1917: 1914: 1910: 1904: 1901: 1896: 1894:0-8173-1109-2 1890: 1886: 1879: 1876: 1871: 1865: 1861: 1854: 1851: 1846: 1845: 1839: 1834: 1828: 1826: 1822: 1817: 1815:9780736813655 1811: 1807: 1806: 1798: 1795: 1792: 1787: 1784: 1777: 1773: 1770: 1768: 1765: 1763: 1760: 1758: 1755: 1753: 1750: 1748: 1745: 1744: 1740: 1729: 1724: 1722: 1719: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1697: 1691: 1688: 1686: 1682: 1679: 1676: 1673: 1670: 1667: 1664: 1660: 1657: 1655: 1651: 1648: 1645: 1642: 1639: 1635: 1632: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1618: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1605: 1603: 1599: 1596: 1593: 1590: 1587: 1584: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1571: 1568: 1565: 1563: 1559: 1556: 1553: 1552:Kent DuChaine 1550: 1547: 1544: 1541: 1537: 1534: 1531: 1528: 1526: 1522: 1519: 1515: 1512: 1509: 1506: 1503: 1500: 1497: 1493: 1490: 1487: 1483: 1480: 1479: 1474: 1472: 1465: 1463: 1461: 1460:Aba' Binni'li 1453: 1451: 1449: 1440: 1438: 1434: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1418: 1416: 1408: 1406: 1404: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1373: 1371: 1367: 1365: 1360: 1358: 1354: 1346: 1342: 1335: 1328: 1325: 1322: 1320:United States 1319: 1316: 1313: 1312: 1308: 1305: 1303: 1299: 1296: 1293: 1290: 1289: 1285: 1282: 1279: 1277:United States 1276: 1273: 1270: 1269: 1265: 1262: 1259: 1257:United States 1256: 1253: 1250: 1249: 1245: 1242: 1239: 1237:United States 1236: 1233: 1230: 1229: 1225: 1222: 1219: 1217:United States 1216: 1213: 1210: 1209: 1205: 1202: 1199: 1197:United States 1196: 1193: 1190: 1189: 1185: 1182: 1179: 1176: 1173: 1170: 1169: 1163: 1161: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1150:Cross Timbers 1147: 1143: 1137: 1129: 1123: 1116: 1112: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1078: 1075: 1071: 1069: 1062: 1059: 1057: 1053: 1045: 1043: 1041: 1040:Ada, Oklahoma 1035: 1033: 1024: 1020: 1017:In the 1850s 1015: 1011: 1009: 1005: 1001: 997: 993: 989: 985: 980: 978: 969: 964: 960: 958: 951: 943: 941: 939: 935: 931: 927: 923: 919: 915: 911: 907: 903: 899: 895: 890: 888: 884: 879: 876: 868: 866: 864: 860: 856: 852: 848: 840: 838: 835: 826: 819: 817: 815: 811: 806: 803: 799: 795: 794:Indian agents 790: 786: 782: 778: 771: 767: 762: 755: 752: 750: 749: 744: 734: 730: 724: 722: 718: 714: 707: 705: 703: 699: 695: 690: 688: 684: 680: 676: 672: 671:Anthony Wayne 668: 664: 659: 657: 653: 649: 645: 641: 636: 634: 630: 626: 622: 617: 615: 611: 603: 598: 594: 592: 588: 584: 581: 577: 575: 565: 561: 555: 553: 552: 545: 543: 539: 535: 534:Arrell Gibson 531: 527: 523: 519: 517: 516:Chikashanompa 512: 508: 504: 499: 497: 493: 489: 485: 481: 477: 472: 469: 465: 464:archaeologist 457: 453: 449: 445: 441: 437: 433: 429: 425: 422: 410: 403: 401: 399: 395: 391: 387: 383: 382: 377: 373: 368: 366: 362: 357: 349: 345: 337: 335: 333: 329: 325: 321: 319: 313: 309: 305: 300: 298: 294: 290: 286: 281: 277: 273: 269: 264: 262: 259: 255: 251: 247: 243: 239: 235: 234:United States 231: 227: 226: 217: 187: 177: 173: 169: 165: 161: 157: 153: 148: 144: 143:Protestantism 140: 135: 130: 127: 123: 119: 114: 110: 106: 102: 98: 94: 93:United States 82: 77: 72: 67: 63: 58: 51: 37: 30: 19: 4549: 4543: 4359:Thlopthlocco 3913: 3885: 3803: 3737:Chickasaw.tv 3700: 3696: 3667: 3663: 3640: 3632: 3625: 3618: 3608: 3596:. 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