301:
While
Freedom Day was popular and widely covered, it did not have significant impact in changing the policies of Superintendent Willis. Ultimately, CPS was not moved to integrate after Freedom Day, despite the best efforts of Black activists and the CCCO. Use of Willis Wagons prevailed, and Willis
266:. The Coordinating Council of Community Organizations (CCCO) took the lead, organizing "Freedom Day," the mass boycott and protest. According to the chairman of the CCCO, Lawrence Landry, "The boycott is an effort to communicate dissatisfaction on how schools are being run."
254:, coined the term "Willis Wagons" to describe the mobile classrooms. At one high school, these trailers were used to maintain segregation within the school; black students' classes were held in Willis Wagons, while only white students went to class in the school.
239:. Classes were held in hallways, and there were not enough books for all of the students. Some schools held double shifts, meaning students attended less than a full day of class. Rather than send black students to underpopulated white schools,
222:
prohibited racial segregation in schools, in 1963, Chicago's public schools continued to be segregated as a result of residential segregation. This was exacerbated by the migration of more black
Americans from the
302:
himself did not retire until 1966 (albeit four months before the end of his term). However, the size of the first
Freedom Day protest inspired subsequent boycotts in Chicago and the United States.
1663:
This template should only include schools controlled by and/or affiliated with CPS. If a charter school is still in operation but no longer affiliated with CPS, list as a former school.
200:(CPS) on October 22, 1963. More than 200,000 students stayed out of school, and tens of thousands of Chicagoans joined in a protest that culminated in a march to the office of the
1235:
272:
estimated that forty percent of CPS students would participate in the boycott. On
October 22, 1963, nearly half of all CPS students skipped school, leaving schools on Chicago's
1641:
1681:
1711:
1594:
865:
167:
750:
1686:
1691:
1066:
332:
1076:
1609:
40:
1589:
1461:
1116:
1033:
830:
769:
1375:
1028:
1008:
240:
1043:
824:
193:
690:
286:
reported that 224,770 students were absent from CPS, amounting to 47 percent of the student population. Some students opted to attend makeshift
1413:
1336:
1311:
511:
539:
262:
In response to the school segregation enacted by Willis, community members began organizing resistance. Organizers included
Chicago activist
1205:
1151:
998:
912:
860:
806:
743:
450:
1706:
1161:
1048:
1071:
358:
1584:
1466:
1451:
1096:
973:
886:
1636:
1616:
1141:
983:
978:
549:
478:
1131:
1428:
1220:
1210:
1182:
1156:
1086:
715:
1696:
1389:
1240:
968:
948:
933:
736:
666:
33:
1532:
1456:
1441:
1321:
1106:
896:
880:
1418:
1403:
1359:
1101:
963:
943:
938:
927:
917:
114:
90:
68:
1546:
1436:
1354:
1225:
1146:
1038:
953:
205:
1283:
599:
150:
1626:
1599:
1091:
958:
875:
870:
218:
103:
1604:
1503:
1268:
1187:
1121:
783:
243:
201:
26:
800:
1701:
1081:
295:
1508:
1482:
1288:
1278:
1245:
422:
131:
109:
78:
723:
1560:
1273:
1013:
1003:
993:
907:
836:
812:
126:
1177:
162:
1716:
1631:
1446:
1293:
1215:
1126:
1023:
759:
706:
306:
224:
197:
231:
era. School boundary lines were drawn specifically to preserve racial segregation, even as predominantly
1646:
1316:
1136:
922:
50:
1525:
1498:
1230:
855:
268:
1423:
1408:
891:
273:
236:
18:
1567:
1326:
988:
277:
251:
144:
1553:
1250:
1111:
902:
545:
486:
250:
trailers parked in the parking lots and playgrounds of overcrowded schools. Rosie
Simpson of
1651:
1018:
172:
1331:
818:
287:
282:
710:
387:
541:
Something Better for Our
Children: Black Organizing in Chicago Public Schools, 1963–1971
310:
309:'s move to Chicago in 1966. Before Freedom Day, in August, 1963, then-college student
1675:
228:
613:
Robinson, Peggy (February 26, 1964). "2 BIG UPSETS: BOYCOTT WINS! CLAY DOES, TOO!".
291:
232:
359:"50th Anniversary Of 1963 Chicago School Boycott Inspires New Documentary (VIDEO)"
724:
Morning Shift: Fifty years after the 1963 school boycott, where are we on reform?
643:
1539:
263:
728:
645:
Demand for School
Integration Leads to Massive 1964 Boycott — In New York City
667:"Arrest photo of young activist Bernie Sanders emerges from Tribune archives"
490:
247:
290:
instead. In addition to the boycott, nearly 10,000 protesters marched in
313:
451:"Today in history: 200,000 students boycotted Chicago public schools"
732:
333:"Fifty years ago today, the school boycott that rocked Chicago"
22:
711:
Facing
Freedom in America, "School Boycott" (Image collection)
600:"Why MLK Encouraged 225,000 Chicago Kids to Cut Class in 1963"
294:, stopping outside the Chicago Board of Education offices.
16:
1963 anti-segregation protest in Chicago, United States
568:"It's freedom day! expect thousands to participate".
512:"Remembering Chicago's great school boycott of 1963"
1577:
1517:
1491:
1475:
1396:
1384:
1368:
1345:
1302:
1261:
1196:
1170:
1057:
846:
793:
776:
628:"CRCC Organizes Freedom Day Schook For April 17 ".
479:"B.C. Willis, 86; Led Chicago Schools for 13 Years"
192:, was a mass boycott and demonstration against the
583:"224,770 or 47 Pct. of all Pupils, Miss Classes".
691:"The Story Behind Bernie Sanders's 1963 Arrest"
744:
246:instituted the use of mobile classrooms; 625
34:
8:
298:kept protesters from entering the building.
1682:Civil rights protests in the United States
1590:Administrative hearing of William McAndrew
751:
737:
729:
305:The Freedom Day protest inspired Reverend
41:
27:
19:
1132:Raby School for Community and Environment
770:List of schools in Chicago Public Schools
168:Cleveland Convention Center labor dispute
1712:October 1963 events in the United States
1376:Phoebe A. Hearst Fine Arts Magnet School
587:. October 23, 1963 – via Proquest.
572:. October 22, 1963 – via Proquest.
241:Superintendent of Chicago Public Schools
321:
632:. March 17, 1964 – via Proquest.
1687:Student protests in the United States
1142:South Shore Int'l College Preparatory
598:Blakemore, Erin (January 15, 2020) .
7:
1692:Student strikes in the United States
1206:Chicago International Charter School
563:
561:
533:
531:
472:
470:
444:
442:
423:"1963 Chicago Public School Boycott"
417:
415:
413:
411:
409:
407:
382:
380:
327:
325:
115:Kansas Fair Employment Practices Act
91:Indiana Fair Employment Practice Act
206:New York City public school boycott
204:. The protest preceded the larger
14:
1637:Communities In Schools of Chicago
1617:Chicago Public High School League
1284:Marine Leadership Academy at Ames
388:"School Boycott | Facing Freedom"
151:Missouri Public Accommodation Act
1211:Chicago Math and Science Academy
1183:Chicago High School for the Arts
786:(K–8 zoned, high school unzoned)
1622:Chicago Public Schools boycott
1533:Central Standard: On Education
449:Russum, Barbara (2012-10-22).
186:Chicago Public Schools boycott
74:Chicago Public Schools boycott
1:
1360:Lenart Regional Gifted Center
1269:Air Force Academy High School
930:(attendance zone phasing out)
208:, also known as Freedom Day.
69:University of Chicago sit-ins
1547:The Curators of Dixon School
1355:Inter-American Magnet School
1147:Uplift Community High School
630:The Chicago Defender (Daily)
1627:Chicago Teachers Federation
1600:Chicago Annenberg Challenge
831:Lindblom Math & Science
477:Lyall, Sarah (1988-08-31).
219:Brown v. Board of Education
104:Brown v. Board of Education
1733:
1707:Protest marches in Chicago
1642:Distance education in 1937
1605:Chicago Board of Education
1188:Chicago Technology Academy
784:Ogden International School
202:Chicago Board of Education
1660:
1476:Former 7–9 middle schools
1385:Special education schools
1157:Westinghouse College Prep
1152:Von Steuben Metro Science
839:(9–12 zoned, 7–8 unzoned)
821:(9–12 zoned, 7–8 unzoned)
809:(9–12 zoned, 7–8 unzoned)
767:
173:Death of Bruce W. Klunder
132:Michigan Fair Housing Act
61:
1492:Former K–8/elem. schools
1483:Moses Montefiore Academy
1289:Phoenix Military Academy
1279:Chicago Military Academy
1236:Young Women's Leadership
110:Dockum Drug Store sit-in
79:Chicago Freedom Movement
1561:Saving Barbara Sizemore
1274:Carver Military Academy
127:Detroit Walk to Freedom
1697:Chicago Public Schools
1632:Chicago Teachers Union
1452:Las Casas Occupational
1346:Alternative and magnet
1294:Rickover Naval Academy
1216:CICS Northtown Academy
1127:Prosser Career Academy
1117:Northside College Prep
1058:Alternative and magnet
760:Chicago Public Schools
707:Chicago History Museum
538:Danns, Dionne (2003).
427:Chicago Tonight | WTTW
307:Martin Luther King Jr.
227:to Chicago during the
225:Southern United States
198:Chicago Public Schools
1647:Local School Councils
1178:Chicago Excel Academy
1171:Contract high schools
1137:Simeon Career Academy
1067:Agricultural Sciences
617:– via Proquest.
163:Ohio Civil Rights Act
51:Civil Rights Movement
1197:Charter high schools
615:The Chicago Defender
570:The Chicago Defender
544:. Psychology Press.
269:The Chicago Defender
1504:John Lothrop Motley
1397:Former high schools
1199:affiliated with CPS
1122:Payton College Prep
1077:Brooks College Prep
1072:Alcott College Prep
1595:CEO/superintendent
1568:The School Project
1262:Military academies
1107:Jones College Prep
1092:Crane Medical Prep
881:Chicago Vocational
671:chicagotribune.com
665:Skiba, Katherine.
602:. History Channel.
483:The New York Times
365:. October 23, 2013
339:. October 22, 2013
292:Chicago's downtown
280:mostly empty. The
252:Englewood, Chicago
145:Shelley v. Kraemer
1669:
1668:
1509:Elizabeth Peabody
1433:Flower Vocational
1251:West Town Academy
1112:King College Prep
1102:Dunbar Vocational
866:Back of the Yards
392:facingfreedom.org
181:
180:
138:State of Missouri
121:State of Michigan
64:State of Illinois
1724:
1702:1960s in Chicago
1652:Renaissance 2010
1348:K–8/PK–8 schools
1305:K–8/PK–8 schools
1241:Youth Connection
753:
746:
739:
730:
695:
694:
687:
681:
680:
678:
677:
662:
656:
655:
654:
652:
640:
634:
633:
625:
619:
618:
610:
604:
603:
595:
589:
588:
580:
574:
573:
565:
556:
555:
535:
526:
525:
523:
522:
507:
501:
500:
498:
497:
474:
465:
464:
462:
461:
446:
437:
436:
434:
433:
419:
402:
401:
399:
398:
384:
375:
374:
372:
370:
355:
349:
348:
346:
344:
329:
196:policies of the
188:, also known as
85:State of Indiana
56:
43:
36:
29:
20:
1732:
1731:
1727:
1726:
1725:
1723:
1722:
1721:
1672:
1671:
1670:
1665:
1656:
1573:
1518:Works about CPS
1513:
1487:
1471:
1392:
1380:
1364:
1347:
1341:
1304:
1303:Attendance area
1298:
1257:
1198:
1192:
1166:
1097:DeVry Advantage
1082:Chicago Academy
1059:
1053:
848:
847:Attendance area
842:
789:
772:
763:
757:
703:
698:
689:
688:
684:
675:
673:
664:
663:
659:
650:
648:
642:
641:
637:
627:
626:
622:
612:
611:
607:
597:
596:
592:
585:Chicago Tribune
582:
581:
577:
567:
566:
559:
552:
537:
536:
529:
520:
518:
510:Joravsky, Ben.
509:
508:
504:
495:
493:
476:
475:
468:
459:
457:
448:
447:
440:
431:
429:
421:
420:
405:
396:
394:
386:
385:
378:
368:
366:
363:Huffington Post
357:
356:
352:
342:
340:
337:Washington Post
331:
330:
323:
319:
288:Freedom Schools
283:Chicago Tribune
260:
244:Benjamin Willis
214:
182:
177:
97:State of Kansas
57:
54:
49:
47:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1730:
1728:
1720:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1674:
1673:
1667:
1666:
1661:
1658:
1657:
1655:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1613:
1612:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1581:
1579:
1575:
1574:
1572:
1571:
1564:
1557:
1554:Educating Esmé
1550:
1543:
1536:
1529:
1521:
1519:
1515:
1514:
1512:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1495:
1493:
1489:
1488:
1486:
1485:
1479:
1477:
1473:
1472:
1470:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1431:
1429:Englewood Tech
1426:
1421:
1416:
1414:Chicago Talent
1411:
1406:
1400:
1398:
1394:
1393:
1388:
1386:
1382:
1381:
1379:
1378:
1372:
1370:
1369:Middle schools
1366:
1365:
1363:
1362:
1357:
1351:
1349:
1343:
1342:
1340:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1308:
1306:
1300:
1299:
1297:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1265:
1263:
1259:
1258:
1256:
1255:
1254:
1253:
1248:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1202:
1200:
1194:
1193:
1191:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1174:
1172:
1168:
1167:
1165:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1069:
1063:
1061:
1055:
1054:
1052:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1006:
1001:
996:
991:
986:
981:
976:
971:
966:
961:
956:
951:
946:
941:
936:
931:
925:
920:
915:
910:
905:
900:
894:
889:
884:
878:
873:
868:
863:
858:
852:
850:
844:
843:
841:
840:
834:
828:
822:
816:
810:
804:
797:
795:
791:
790:
788:
787:
780:
778:
774:
773:
768:
765:
764:
758:
756:
755:
748:
741:
733:
727:
726:
721:
713:
702:
701:External links
699:
697:
696:
682:
657:
635:
620:
605:
590:
575:
557:
550:
527:
516:Chicago Reader
502:
466:
455:People's World
438:
403:
376:
350:
320:
318:
315:
311:Bernie Sanders
296:Chicago police
259:
256:
213:
210:
194:segregationist
179:
178:
176:
175:
170:
165:
154:
153:
148:
135:
134:
129:
118:
117:
112:
107:
94:
93:
82:
81:
76:
71:
62:
59:
58:
48:
46:
45:
38:
31:
23:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1729:
1718:
1717:1963 protests
1715:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1679:
1677:
1664:
1659:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1611:
1608:
1607:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1582:
1580:
1576:
1570:
1569:
1565:
1563:
1562:
1558:
1556:
1555:
1551:
1549:
1548:
1544:
1542:
1541:
1537:
1535:
1534:
1530:
1528:
1527:
1523:
1522:
1520:
1516:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1499:Edward Jenner
1497:
1496:
1494:
1490:
1484:
1481:
1480:
1478:
1474:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1442:Harrison Tech
1440:
1438:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1401:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1377:
1374:
1373:
1371:
1367:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1352:
1350:
1344:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1309:
1307:
1301:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1266:
1264:
1260:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1243:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1221:Noble Network
1219:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1203:
1201:
1195:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1175:
1173:
1169:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1073:
1070:
1068:
1065:
1064:
1062:
1056:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1000:
997:
995:
992:
990:
987:
985:
982:
980:
977:
975:
972:
970:
967:
965:
962:
960:
957:
955:
952:
950:
947:
945:
942:
940:
937:
935:
932:
929:
926:
924:
921:
919:
916:
914:
911:
909:
906:
904:
901:
898:
895:
893:
890:
888:
885:
882:
879:
877:
874:
872:
869:
867:
864:
862:
859:
857:
854:
853:
851:
845:
838:
835:
833:(alternative)
832:
829:
827:(alternative)
826:
823:
820:
817:
814:
811:
808:
805:
802:
799:
798:
796:
792:
785:
782:
781:
779:
775:
771:
766:
761:
754:
749:
747:
742:
740:
735:
734:
731:
725:
722:
720:
719:(Documentary)
718:
714:
712:
708:
705:
704:
700:
692:
686:
683:
672:
668:
661:
658:
647:
646:
639:
636:
631:
624:
621:
616:
609:
606:
601:
594:
591:
586:
579:
576:
571:
564:
562:
558:
553:
551:9780415935753
547:
543:
542:
534:
532:
528:
517:
513:
506:
503:
492:
488:
484:
480:
473:
471:
467:
456:
452:
445:
443:
439:
428:
424:
418:
416:
414:
412:
410:
408:
404:
393:
389:
383:
381:
377:
364:
360:
354:
351:
338:
334:
328:
326:
322:
316:
314:
312:
308:
303:
299:
297:
293:
289:
285:
284:
279:
275:
271:
270:
265:
257:
255:
253:
249:
245:
242:
238:
235:schools grew
234:
230:
226:
221:
220:
211:
209:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
174:
171:
169:
166:
164:
161:
160:
159:
158:
157:State of Ohio
152:
149:
147:
146:
142:
141:
140:
139:
133:
130:
128:
125:
124:
123:
122:
116:
113:
111:
108:
106:
105:
101:
100:
99:
98:
92:
89:
88:
87:
86:
80:
77:
75:
72:
70:
67:
66:
65:
60:
55:United States
53:in Midwestern
52:
44:
39:
37:
32:
30:
25:
24:
21:
1662:
1621:
1566:
1559:
1552:
1545:
1538:
1531:
1524:
1409:Chicago High
1322:Arthur Dixon
1246:Latino Youth
1226:Perspectives
1162:Young Magnet
1087:Clark Magnet
1060:high schools
974:Lincoln Park
899:(9–10 zoned)
883:(9–11 zoned)
849:high schools
815:(7–12 zoned)
794:7–12 schools
777:K–12 schools
716:
685:
674:. Retrieved
670:
660:
649:, retrieved
644:
638:
629:
623:
614:
608:
593:
584:
578:
569:
540:
519:. Retrieved
515:
505:
494:. Retrieved
482:
458:. Retrieved
454:
430:. Retrieved
426:
395:. Retrieved
391:
367:. Retrieved
362:
353:
341:. Retrieved
336:
304:
300:
281:
267:
261:
217:
215:
189:
185:
183:
156:
155:
143:
137:
136:
120:
119:
102:
96:
95:
84:
83:
73:
63:
1585:2019 strike
1540:Cooley High
1526:'63 Boycott
1327:Nettelhorst
837:Morgan Park
813:Kelvyn Park
264:Albert Raby
258:Freedom Day
237:overcrowded
190:Freedom Day
1676:Categories
1462:Near North
1337:Sutherland
1231:Urban Prep
1044:Washington
717:63 Boycott
676:2017-07-13
521:2017-07-13
496:2017-07-13
460:2017-07-18
432:2017-07-12
397:2017-07-12
317:References
274:South Side
1610:President
1024:Steinmetz
1009:Roosevelt
969:Lake View
944:Hyde Park
923:Gage Park
825:Lane Tech
801:Disney II
491:0362-4331
278:West Side
248:aluminium
216:Although
1457:McKinley
1332:Pritzker
1029:Sullivan
1004:Richards
999:Phillips
984:Marshall
908:Farragut
887:Clemente
856:Amundsen
803:(magnet)
651:July 13,
369:July 12,
343:July 12,
229:Jim Crow
1467:Robeson
1424:DuSable
1404:Calumet
1317:Clinton
964:Kennedy
939:Hubbard
928:Hancock
918:Foreman
892:Corliss
819:Kenwood
212:History
1437:Harper
1419:Cooley
1390:Vaughn
1039:Tilden
1014:Schurz
989:Mather
979:Manley
954:Julian
949:Juarez
934:Hirsch
913:Fenger
861:Austin
807:Harlan
548:
489:
1578:Other
1049:Wells
959:Kelly
903:Dyett
897:Curie
876:Bowen
871:Bogan
762:(CPS)
233:black
1447:Hope
1312:Bell
1034:Taft
1019:Senn
653:2017
546:ISBN
487:ISSN
371:2017
345:2017
276:and
184:The
994:Orr
1678::
709:,
669:.
560:^
530:^
514:.
485:.
481:.
469:^
453:.
441:^
425:.
406:^
390:.
379:^
361:.
335:.
324:^
752:e
745:t
738:v
693:.
679:.
554:.
524:.
499:.
463:.
435:.
400:.
373:.
347:.
42:e
35:t
28:v
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.