Chicago River - Knowledge

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sewage in the river is normally carried upstream toward the Mississippi River which flows south towards the Gulf of Mexico. On January 9, 2013, Chicago meteorologists announced 320 days without at least one inch of snowfall. Water levels in the lake started to level off with the river and sewage was visible at the cusp of the locks, just a few hundred feet from Lake Michigan. David St. Pierre, executive director of the Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago warned the low lake levels were nearing a point of real concern. However, the District maintains that it is not possible for the river to reverse due to low lake level alone.

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1964. Historic lake levels for Lake Michigan reported from 1918 to 1998 show that the low levels observed in 1964 were the lowest since 1918. In 2012 Lake Michigan-Huron's seasonal rise was about 4 inches where it usually is about 12 inches. Normally the Chicago River water level is two feet lower than the lake and therefore does not flow into the lake. If the lake level falls too low threatening to reverse the river flow, the

4466: 4456: 1390: 1054:, which drained south into the Mississippi Valley. As the ice and water retreated, a short 12-to-14-foot (3.7 to 4.3 m) ridge was exposed about a mile inland, which generally separated the Great Lakes' watershed from the Mississippi Valley, except in times of heavy precipitation or when winter ice flows prevented drainage. By the time Europeans arrived, the Chicago River flowed sluggishly into 1162: 72: 1044: 817:. Prior to 1983, this was where the US Coast Guard Rules of the Road, Great Lakes ended & Rules of the Road, Western Rivers began. Since 1983, there is just a single Inland Navigational Rules passed by Congressional Act in 1980 (Public Law 96-591). At the basin the river is joined by a tributary, the South Fork of the river, which is commonly given the nickname 976:. Lieutenant James Strode Swearingen, who led the troops from Detroit to Chicago to establish the fort, described the river as being about 30 yards (27 m) wide and upwards of 18 feet (5.5 m) deep at the place where the fort was intended to be built; the riverbanks were 8 feet (2.4 m) high on the south side and 6 feet (1.8 m) on the north. 1184:, an excursion boat docked at the Clark Street bridge, rolled over, killing 844 passengers. Many of the passengers were trapped by moving objects such as pianos and tables. The site is now the location of a memorial dedicated in 1989. The marker was stolen in 2000 and replaced in 2003. There are plans to build an outdoor exhibit at the site as well. 2697: 2599: 587:. The surface level of the river is maintained at 0.5 to 2 feet (0.15 to 0.61 m) below the Chicago City Datum (579.48 feet above mean sea level) except for when there is excessive storm run-off into the river or when the level of the lake is more than 2 feet below the Chicago City Datum. Acoustic velocity meters at the 1469:(EPA) disallowed the use of fluorescein for this purpose, since it was shown to be harmful to the river. The parade committee switched to a mix involving forty pounds of powdered vegetable dye. Though the committee closely guards the exact formula, they insist that it has been tested and verified safe for the environment. 1596:

would be forced to close locks between the lake and river for longer periods of time, limiting navigation. A reversal flow of the Chicago River into Lake Michigan would have a negative impact on navigation and on the quality of Lake Michigan water, which is the source of drinking water. Chicago's raw

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The environmental organization Friends of the Chicago River disapproves of dyeing the river, saying the practice "gives the impression that it is lifeless and artificial", adding "Friends doesn't think that the river should be treated as a decoration for an annual holiday, but treasured and cared for

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to sail up the river to Wolf Point and dock at the wharf of Newberry & Dole. The initial entrance through the sandbar was 200 feet (61 m) wide and 3 to 7 feet (0.91 to 2.13 m) deep, flanked by piers 200 feet (61 m) long on the south wall and 700 feet (210 m) long to the north.

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and president of the Chicago Sanitary District. The Robert R. McCormick Foundation was the major donor that helped meet the $ 950,000 cost to open the museum. It is run by the Friends of the Chicago River, a non-profit environmental organization. Visitors are also allowed to access the bridge's gear

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to flow to where it met the North Branch at Wolf Point forming the main branch. Since reversal, the source of the South Branch of the Chicago River is the confluence of the North Branch and main stem at Wolf Point. From here the river flows south passing the Lake Street, Randolph Street, Washington

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The same report noted that the low Great Lakes levels were drought-induced, caused by a very hot, dry summer and a lack of a solid snowpack in the winter of 2012. At the time of the report, December 2012, Lake Michigan-Huron was 28 inches below its long-term average which is near the record lows of

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Early settlers named the North Branch of the Chicago River the Guarie River, or Gary's River, after a trader who may have settled the west bank of the river a short distance north of Wolf Point, at what is now Fulton Street. The source of the North Branch is in the northern suburbs of Chicago where

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have monitored the development of harbors and channels for navigation on the Great Lakes since the early 1800s. They began monitoring hydrological conditions and lake levels in 1918. A December 26, 2012 report revealed that Chicago District navigation infrastructure did receive significant impacts

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decision (1967, modified 1980 and 1997). The city of Chicago is allowed to remove 3,200 cubic feet per second (91 m/s) of water from the Great Lakes system; about half of this, 1 billion US gallons per day (44 m/s), is sent down the Chicago River, while the rest is used for drinking

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Measurements taken by the US Army Corps in January 2013 revealed that both Lake Michigan and Lake Huron had reached their "lowest ebb since record keeping began in 1918, and the lakes could set additional records over the next few months, the corps said. The lakes were 74 centimetres (29 inches)

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Despite the pollution concerns, the Chicago River remains a very popular target for freshwater recreational fishing. In 2006, the Chicago Park District started the annual "Mayor Daley's Chicago River Fishing Festival", which has increased in popularity with each year. Between 2013 and 2016, the

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to bring supplies to the fort. These channels rapidly clogged with sand requiring a new one to be cut. On March 2, 1833, $ 25,000 was appropriated by Congress for harbor works, and work began in June of that year under the supervision of Major George Bender, the commandant at Fort Dearborn. In

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monitors water flow at a number of sites in the Chicago River system. Discharge from the North Branch is measured at Grand Avenue; between 2004 and 2010 this averaged 582 cubic feet (16.5 m) per second. During the winter months as much as 75% of the flow in the North Branch is due to the

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is widely regarded as the first permanent resident of Chicago; he built a farm on the northern bank at the mouth of the river in the 1780s. The earliest known record of Pointe du Sable living in Chicago is the diary of Hugh Heward, who made a journey through Illinois in the spring of 1790.

550: 476:. From the confluence with the North Shore Channel south to Belmont Avenue the North Branch flows through mostly residential neighborhoods in a man-made channel that was dug to straighten and deepen the river, helping it to carry the additional flow from the North Shore Channel. 833:, has been filled in; a triangular intrusion into the north bank at Damen Avenue marks the place where it diverged from the course of the canal. From there, the water flows down the canal through the southwest side of Chicago and southwestern suburbs and, in time, into the 530:, whilst the North Branch Canal cuts off the bend, forming the island. The North Branch Canal—or Ogden's Canal—was completed in 1857, and was originally 50 feet (15 m) wide and 10 feet (3.0 m) deep allowing craft navigating the river to avoid the bend. The 1902 290:, a much larger waterway, because the former had become inadequate to serve the city's increasing sewage and commercial navigation needs. Completed by 1900, the project reversed the flow of the main stem and South Branch of the Chicago River by using a series of 582:

The source of the main stem of the Chicago River is Lake Michigan. Water enters the river through sluice gates at the Chicago River Controlling Works with a small additional flow provided for the passage of boats between the river and Lake Michigan through the

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room; during the spring and fall bridge lifting visitors can see the bridge gears in operation as the leaves are raised and lowered. Due to its small size and tight access stairway only 79 people are allowed inside the museum at any one time. In October 2019,

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Street, Madison Street, Monroe Street, Adams Street, Jackson Boulevard, Van Buren Street, Ida B. Wells Drive, and Harrison Street bridges before leaving the downtown Loop community area. Notable buildings that line this stretch of the river include the

1506:, "We do not want to set a precedent where, every time we want to celebrate, we dye the river a different color and potentially hurt the aquatic life that lives in it. While it may seem festive, it's actually potentially harming a natural resource." 1556:(Michigan Avenue) serves as a museum on the river, its history, its challenges, and its renaissance. The McCormick Bridgehouse & Chicago River Museum is a 5-floor, 1,613-square-foot (149.9 m) museum that opened on June 10, 2006; it is named for 1119:

are the cause of an observed bi-directional wintertime flow in the river. At the surface, the river flows east to west, away from Lake Michigan, as expected. But deep below, near the riverbed, water seasonally travels west to east, toward the lake.

1630: 1206:. Most of the 60-mile (97 km) network of underground freight railway, which encompasses much of downtown, was eventually flooded, along with the lower levels of buildings it once serviced and attached underground shops and pedestrian ways. 710:. It provides a linear, lushly landscaped park intended to offer a peaceful escape from the busy Loop and a tourist attraction. Different sections are named Market, Civic, Arcade, and Confluence. The plans reflect ideas first proposed by the 3893: 2178: 866:

discharge of treated sewage from the North Side Water Reclamation Plant into the North Shore Channel. Flow on the main stem is measured at Columbus Drive; between 2000 and 2006 this averaged 136 cubic feet (3.9 m) per second.

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The Chicago River has been highly affected by industrial and residential development with attendant changes to the quality of the water and riverbanks. Several species of freshwater fish are known to inhabit the river, including

2675: 1029:. This canal was the farthest west, and the last, of a series of United States' government land grant canals. It provided the only water route from New York City to New Orleans through the country's interior and Chicago. 2077: 1413: 1804: 1243:

was constructed across the main stem at Dearborn Street in 1834. Today, the Chicago River has 38 movable bridges spanning it, down from a peak of 52 bridges. These bridges are of several different types, including

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The first bridge across the Chicago River was constructed over the North Branch near the present day Kinzie Street in 1832. A second bridge, over the South Branch near Randolph Street, was added in 1833. The first

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effectively closed the Chicago area to Europeans in the first part of the 18th century. The first non-native to re-settle in the area may have been a trader named Guillory, who might have had a trading post near

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South of Belmont the North Branch is lined with a mixture of residential developments, retail parks, and industry until it reaches the industrial area known as the Clybourn Corridor. Here it passes beneath the

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monitor the diversion of water from Lake Michigan to the Mississippi River basin, which is limited to an average of 3,200 cubic feet (91 m) per second per year over the 40-year period from 1980 to 2020.

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took over the supervision of this work and, aided by a February storm that breached the sandbar, on July 12, 1834, the harbor works had progressed enough to allow a 100-short-ton (91 t) schooner, the

821:. A bridge used to span the South Fork at this point that was too low for boats to pass meaning that their cargo needed to be unloaded at the bridge, and the neighborhood at its east end became known as 294:

and increasing the flow from Lake Michigan into the river, causing the river to empty into the new canal instead. In 1999, the system was named a "Civil Engineering Monument of the Millennium" by the

329:. Today, the main stem of the Chicago River flows west from Lake Michigan to Wolf Point, where it converges with the North Branch to form the South Branch, which flows southwest and empties into the 3933: 3817: 2182: 538:

onto Goose Island. It is a rare example of an asymmetric bob-tail swing bridge and was designated a Chicago Landmark in 2007. From Goose Island the North Branch continues to flow south east to

3885: 3940: 1593: 1078: 914:, though probably not the first Europeans to visit the area, are the first recorded to have visited the Chicago River in 1673, when they wrote of their discovery of the geographically vital 648: 279: 651:; between May and October the fountain sends an arc of water over the river for ten minutes every hour. On the north bank of the river, near the Chicago Landmark Michigan Avenue Bridge, is 4000: 3661: 3848: 3752: 1571:

cultural arts writer Steve Johnson profiled the museum, calling its gear room where the DuSable Bridge mechanics can be viewed "a little chamber of heaven for infrastructure nerds".

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from Chicago's flat plain. As Chicago grew, this allowed sewage and other pollution into the clean-water source for the city, contributing to several

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Allen's work continued, and by October 1837 the still unfinished piers had been extended to 1,850 and 1,200 feet (560 and 370 m) respectively.

1093:(ASCE). Before this time, the Chicago River was known by many local residents of Chicago as "the stinking river" because of the massive amounts of 535: 415: 1855: 1074:. In 1871, the old canal was deepened in an attempt to completely reverse the river's flow but the reversal of the river only lasted one season. 1990:

Narrative of an expedition to the source of St. Peter's river, Lake Winnepeek, Lake of the Woods, &c., performed in the year 1823 (volume 1)

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On April 13, 1992, a flood occurred when a pile driven into the riverbed caused stress fractures in the wall of a long-abandoned tunnel of the

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García, Carlos M.; Oberg, Kevin; García, Marcelo H. (December 2007). "ADCP Measurements of Gravity Currents in the Chicago River, Illinois".

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seeks to increase wildlife habitat through the use of floating plant islands. The program is managed by the non-profit conservation group

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Map of river and flow directions, before and after re-engineering flow via the canal system. Note the "Before" does not show the existing

3907: 2217:"Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway, Bridge No. Z-2, Spanning North Branch Canal at North Cherry Avenue, Chicago, Cook County, IL" 3161: 2732: 1090: 505: 295: 3548: 3018: 2965: 2929: 2486: 1660: 1132: 239:). Though not especially long, the river is notable because it is one of the reasons for Chicago's geographic importance: the related 3400: 2246: 1941: 4217: 4116: 4078: 4055: 3231: 799:; these immovable bridges have a clearance of 60 feet (18 m) requiring large ships that pass underneath to have folding masts. 3441: 1500:

Championship celebrations, the river was dyed Cubs blue. Friends of the Chicago River executive director Margaret Frisbie told the

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dye to trace sources of illegal pollution discharges. The dyeing of the river is still sponsored by the local plumbers union. The

1401: 1081:, then headed by William Boldenweck, completely reversed the flow of the main stem and South Branch of the river using a series of 3334: 4370: 4296: 1775: 422:

has designated a section of the East Fork and North Branch from Willow Road in Northfield to Dempster Street in Morton Grove the

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granted treaty rights to the United States, to a parcel of land at the mouth of the "Chicago River". This was followed by the

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A view of the Chicago River from the South Branch, looking toward the main stem (right) and the North Branch (upper left) at

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proposed re-separating the Great Lakes and Mississippi River basins to address such ecological concerns as the spread of

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At Ashland Avenue the river widens to form the U.S. Turning Basin, the west bank of which was the starting point of the

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Between 1816 and 1828 soldiers from Fort Dearborn cut channels through the sandbar at the mouth of the river to allow

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on the Chicago River in around 1778. In 1823 a government expedition used the name Gary River (phonetic spelling of

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Kayakers take a break at Wolf Point with 333 West Wacker, Lake Street Bridge and the south skyline in the background

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Killey, Myrna M. 1998. "Illinois' Ice Age Legacy." Illinois State Geological Survey GeoScience Education Series 14.

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The main stem flows 1.5 miles (2.4 km) west from the controlling works at Lake Michigan; passing beneath the

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Six square miles centered at the mouth of the Chicago River. See Article 3 item 14 within the text of the treaty.

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with some areas experiencing severe shoaling. Chicago Shoreline Project mitigated the damage of the storm event.

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contamination, including a "do not eat" advisory for carp more than 12 inches long. There are concerns that

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mile (0.40 km) west at this point to make room for a railroad terminal. The river turns to the southwest at

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is a system of rivers and canals with a combined length of 156 miles (251 km) that runs through the city of

3782: 1702: 918:. Marquette returned in 1674, camped a few days near the mouth of the river, then moved on to the Chicago River– 4490: 4138: 3862: 1314: 1231: 972:

was constructed on the bank opposite what had been Point du Sable's settlement, on the site of the present-day

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at Damen Avenue. The original West Fork of the South Branch, which before 1935 led towards Mud Lake and the

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As part of a more than fifty-year-old Chicago tradition, the Chicago River is dyed green in observance of

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and discharging it into the Mississippi River watershed, partly in response to concerns created by an

4306: 2641: 1455: 1257: 953: 838: 612: 531: 465: 456:. This stretch of the river meanders in a south-easterly direction, passing through golf courses and 442: 407: 318: 2625:

Jackson, P. Ryan; Garcia, Carlos M.; Oberg, Kevin A.; Johnson, Kevin K.; Garcia, Marcelo H. (2008).

1774:(Report). Vol. 2. Department of Natural Resources, State of Illinois. October 2000. p. 4. 1214: 317:

When it followed its natural course, the North and South Branches of the Chicago River converged at

2069: 1615: 1557: 957: 931: 822: 796: 727: 675:. The river turns slightly to the south west between Michigan Avenue and State Street, passing the 644: 624: 584: 539: 523: 479: 469: 403: 359: 4455: 3605: 2600:"Annual statistics for USGS 05536118 North Branch of Chicago River at Grand Avenue at Chicago, IL" 1222: 1085:, increasing the river's flow from Lake Michigan and causing it to empty into the newly completed 526:, the North Branch divides, the original course of the river makes a curve along the west side of 83: 4431: 4402: 4343: 4321: 4284: 4274: 4247: 3667: 3521: 3410: 2837: 2247:"Chicago Landmarks: Individual Landmarks and Landmark Districts designated as of January 1, 2008" 1022: 842: 600: 387: 363: 248: 3886:"Hurried Chicagoans hate it when the river bridges open. The Chicago River Museum sells tickets" 1753: 1115:

created a three-dimensional, hydrodynamic simulation of the Chicago River, which suggested that

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below their long-term average and had declined 43 centimetres (17 inches) since January 2012".

899:, which grew abundantly near the river. The river, and its region, were named after the plant. 734:

Before reversal, the South Branch generally arose with joining forks in the marshy area called

663:, an army fort, first established in 1803. Notable buildings surrounding this area include the 4426: 4112: 4074: 4051: 3063: 2896: 2868: 2864: 2667: 2579: 2416: 1994: 1539: 1502: 1497: 1318: 1302: 1124: 965: 946: 919: 911: 834: 762: 707: 484: 395: 379: 321:

to form the main stem, which jogged southward from the present course of the river to avoid a

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opened four boat houses, two on the south branch and two on the north, for river recreation.

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Baumann, Timothy E. (December 2005). "The Du Sable Grave Project in St. Charles, Missouri".

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who is recognized as the founder of Chicago. On the south bank of the river is the site of

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The river is also noteworthy for its natural and human-engineered history. In 1887, the

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to its confluence with the North Branch at Wolf Point. At McClurg Court it passes the

17: 4484: 4089: 2890: 2857: 1988: 1480:, a Chicago native, inspired by the river tradition, requested that the water in the 1461:

The tradition of dyeing the river green arose by accident in 1961 when plumbers used

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and pollution that poured into the river from Chicago's booming industrial economy.

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View west along the main stem of the Chicago River from the Outer Drive Bridge, 2009

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by two horizontal blue stripes. Its three branches serve as the inspiration for the

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The Chicago River: An Illustrated History and Guide to the River and its Waterways

3934:"MWRD: Not possible for Chicago River to reverse on its own due to low lake level" 3192: 2887:

Letter from Antoine Ouilmette to John H. Kinzie dated June 1, 1839, reproduced in

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List of bridges documented by the Historic American Engineering Record in Illinois

1066:. Starting in 1848, much of the Chicago River's flow was also diverted across the 706:

Since the early 2000s, the south shore of the main stem has been developed as the

2794: 1301:. The South Fork of the Main (South) Branch, which was the primary sewer for the 3298: 3084: 2892:

Discovery and Conquests of the Northwest, with the History of Chicago (volume 1)

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Meehan, Thomas A (1963). "Jean Baptiste Point du Sable, the First Chicagoan".

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Schroer, Blanche; Peterson, Grant; Bradford, S. Sydney (September 14, 1975).

1313:. Illinois has issued advisories regarding eating fish from the river due to 464:, where it passes through residential neighborhoods on the north side of the 47: 34: 2787:"Chicago: Meaning of the Name and Location of Pre-1800 European Settlements" 1278: 664: 4030:

History of Chicago. From the earliest period to the present time (volume 1)

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and Highland Park. These two tributaries merge at Watersmeet Woods west of

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Aerial view of the North Branch of the Chicago River, from the south, with

2107: 1043: 410:, meeting the North Branch at Morton Grove. In recognition of the work of 1298: 1286: 926: 114: 3193:"Did 90,000 people die of typhoid fever and cholera in Chicago in 1885?" 2841: 2216: 4226: 3634:. Saint Patrick's Day Parade Committee of Chicago. 2009. Archived from 3572:"A 'wild mile' on the Chicago River? It might be closer than you think" 1575:

Monitoring the impact of extreme weather events on the Chicago District

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as the wonderful natural and recreational resource it deserves to be".

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The Lost Panoramas: When Chicago Changed its River and the Land Beyond

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in promoting canoeing on and conservation of Chicago-area rivers, the

3401:"Groups to study separating Great Lakes and Mississippi River basins" 2762:. Chicago's Restaurant & Entertainment Guide, Inc. Archived from 2662: 1824: 1822: 1094: 1050:

During the last ice age, the area that became Chicago was covered by

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claimed to have arrived in Chicago shortly after this in July 1790.

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event in 1885 that threatened the city's water supply. In 1889, the

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Through the 1980s, the river was quite dirty and often filled with

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The name Chicago derives from the 17th century French rendering of

358:—or East Fork—rises from a flat area, historically a wetland, near 3306:

Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College

3062:. New York: Rizzoli International Publications. pp. 102–109. 2252:. Commission on Chicago Landmarks. January 1, 2008. Archived from 1458:. The actual event occurs on the Saturday on or before March 17. 1445: 1341:

through the Chicago River. A program on the north channel next to

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System of rivers and canals running through the city of Chicago

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fountains be dyed green to celebrate St. Patrick's Day.

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on the east, just north of the border between Crest Hill and

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Journal of Lieutenant James Strode Swearingen reproduced in

2756:"Ramping up: Chicago by any other name would smell as sweet" 1801:

How the Chicago District has 'weathered' recent storm events

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The river continues southwards past railroad yards and the

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Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago

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Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago

2333:"Water Supply Planning in the Chicago Metropolitan Region" 1737:. Friends of the Chicago River. Retrieved August 18, 2014. 1594:

Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago

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Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago

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Challenging Chicago: Coping With Everyday Life, 1837–1920

2106:. Forest Preserve District of Cook County. Archived from 262:

decided to reverse the flow of the Chicago River through

433:, entering the city of Chicago near the intersection of 3973:. Chicago News and Weather. FOX 32 News. Archived from 3545:"Scientists Fear Leaping Carp To Invade US Great Lakes" 3796:

White House fountains flow green for St. Patrick's Day

3365:"Lake Michigan Diversion Supreme Court Consent Decree" 1794: 1792: 1790: 1788: 825:. The river continues to the south west, entering the 795:. The river turns westward where it is crossed by the 374:

and through an area of former marshlands known as the

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Ida B Wells Blvd Bridge raised to allow boats to pass

938:) to refer to the north branch of the Chicago River. 925:, where he stayed through the winter of 1674–75. The 1450:

The Chicago River dyed green for Saint Patrick's Day

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built in the United States, and is designated as an

3971:"Drought won't affect Chicago River much after all" 2934:. Oklahoma State University Library. Archived from 211: 199: 191: 164: 159: 151: 137: 128: 120: 110: 102: 97: 64: 4069:The Chicago River: A Natural and Unnatural History 4066: 3863:"McCormick Bridgehouse & Chicago River Museum" 2404: 468:community area. In River Park the river meets the 390:. From there the North Branch flows south towards 3810:"Chicago River is dyed blue for Cubs celebration" 2836:(3). Illinois State Historical Society: 439–453. 2700:. United States Geological Survey. Archived from 2602:. United States Geological Survey. Archived from 1419:Near the mouth of the Chicago River c. late 1800s 4179:. Associated Press. May 12, 2011. Archived from 3867:McCormick Bridgehouse & Chicago River Museum 2830:Journal of the Illinois State Historical Society 1882:"The Chicago Municipal Device (Y-Shaped Figure)" 1799:US Army Corps of Engineers (December 26, 2012). 1548:McCormick Bridgehouse & Chicago River Museum 491:) crossing the north branch of the Chicago River 3745:"Is the dye in the Chicago River really green?" 3083:Johnston, Louis; Williamson, Samuel H. (2023). 1309:, was once so polluted that it became known as 278:created the Chicago Sanitary District (now the 3999:. Cbc.ca. Associated Press. February 8, 2013. 1705:. Friends of the Chicago River. Archived from 1165:Passengers being rescued from the hull of the 441:, from where it serves as the boundary of the 429:The North Branch continues southwards through 370:. South of Highland Park the river passes the 354:its three principal tributaries converge. The 4211: 4111:(2nd ed.). University of Chicago Press. 3256:(Simon & Schuster, New York, 1996) p. 427 2378:. Illinois Coastal Management. Archived from 1763: 1761: 806:View from the U.S. Turning Basin towards the 8: 3655: 3653: 3230:. Chicago Historical Society. p. 1324. 2538: 2536: 2493:. Chicago Historical Society. Archived from 1431:Mouth of the river in the early 20th century 3440:. Chicago Historical Society. p. 408. 1297:. The river also has a large population of 791:where it passes under the Chicago Landmark 655:, which marks the site of the homestead of 4218: 4204: 4196: 3053: 3051: 3049: 2574:Cahan, Richard; Williams, Michael (2011). 1113:University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign 301:The river is represented on the Municipal 2661: 2292:10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(2007)133:12(1356) 1127:are regulated by the joint U.S.-Canadian 4091:Chicago and the Old Northwest, 1673–1835 4050:. Urbana: University of Illinois Press. 1884:. Chicago Public Library. Archived from 1407:Near the mouth of the Chicago River 1893 1395:Near the mouth of the Chicago River 1838 1383:Near the mouth of the Chicago River 1831 1157:SS Eastland § The Eastland disaster 3896:from the original on December 13, 2019. 3851:from the original on December 27, 2019. 3570:O'Connell, Patrick M. (June 22, 2018). 3514:"Illinois Fish Advisory: Chicago River" 3500: 3488: 3476: 3143: 3119: 2863:. University of Chicago Press. p. 2527: 2515: 2181:. National Park Service. Archived from 2164: 2152: 2140: 2128: 2055: 2043: 2031: 1832:. American Society of Civil Engineers. 1769:Chicago River/Lakeshore Area Assessment 1694: 1652: 1508: 1373: 1136:water. In late 2005, the Chicago-based 536:Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul Railway 280:Metropolitan Water Reclamation District 3820:from the original on February 23, 2019 3775:"The Impact of Dyeing the River Green" 3755:from the original on November 13, 2013 3040: 3021:from the original on December 27, 2011 2968:from the original on December 27, 2011 2903:from the original on November 12, 2012 2815: 2491:The Electronic Encyclopedia of Chicago 2411:. Lake Claremont Press. 2004. p. 2179:"North Avenue Bridge: HAER No. IL-154" 2001:from the original on November 12, 2012 1974: 1807:from the original on February 15, 2013 1745: 1743: 687:. Turning west again the river passes 500:, which was the first 'Chicago-style' 398:and flows south through Lincolnshire, 61: 4173:"Feds order cleanup of Chicago River" 3914:from the original on January 17, 2013 3551:from the original on January 18, 2008 2924:"Treaty with the Wyandot, Etc., 1795" 2735:from the original on January 31, 2018 2080:from the original on January 16, 2014 1836:from the original on January 15, 2012 1781:from the original on October 9, 2022. 1626:Illinois Department of Transportation 952:In 1795, in a then minor part of the 76:Chicago River at night in August 2015 7: 4511:Tributaries of the Mississippi River 3602:"Boathouses - Chicago Park District" 3518:Illinois Department of Public Health 3234:from the original on August 19, 2007 3203:from the original on October 6, 2008 3131: 2895:. R. Blanchard and Company. p. 2221:Historic American Engineering Record 2203: 2068:Megan, Graydon (December 12, 2012). 2019: 1993:. H. C. Carey & I. Lea. p. 1962: 1749: 1703:"About Friends of the Chicago River" 645:Nicholas J Melas Centennial Fountain 4003:from the original on March 14, 2022 3839:Spielman, Fran (November 3, 2016). 3543:Stern, Andrew (February 20, 2006). 3444:from the original on April 23, 2007 3278:from the original on March 14, 2022 3164:from the original on August 5, 2020 2678:from the original on March 14, 2022 2312:from the original on March 14, 2022 2227:from the original on March 14, 2022 1910:. Forgotten Chicago. Archived from 1681:equivalent to $ 840,000 in 2023 1091:American Society of Civil Engineers 677:Trump International Hotel and Tower 296:American Society of Civil Engineers 3969:Flannery, Mike (January 9, 2013). 3943:. January 10, 2013. Archived from 3884:Johnson, Steve (October 8, 2019). 3743:O'Carroll, Eoin (March 16, 2009). 3660:Battle, British (March 20, 2003). 3582:from the original on June 25, 2018 1661:Chicago 1885 cholera epidemic myth 1659:These events are the basis of the 591:and the T. J. O'Brien lock on the 25: 4073:. Chicago: Lake Claremont Press. 4027:Andreas, Alfred Theodore (1884). 3693:. Sponsor website. Archived from 3315:from the original on May 10, 2021 3266:Grossman, Ron (August 29, 1995). 2987:Treaty with the Ottawa, etc. 1816 2754:Zeldes, Leah A. (April 5, 2010). 2555:from the original on June 3, 2013 2543:Husar, John (December 12, 1996). 2467:from the original on June 3, 2013 2455:Husar, John (December 12, 1996). 1552:The southwest bridgehouse of the 4465: 4464: 4454: 3781:. March 18, 2015. Archived from 2785:Swenson, John F. (Winter 1991). 2634:Science of the Total Environment 2578:. Cityfiles Press. p. 107. 2340:Sea Grant Law and Policy Journal 2280:Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 1527: 1511: 1424: 1412: 1400: 1388: 1376: 743:Company World Headquarters, the 693:Reid, Murdoch & Co. Building 82: 70: 4506:Rivers of Cook County, Illinois 3104:Gross Domestic Product deflator 2962:Encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org 2654:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.04.011 2104:Forest Preserves of Cook County 1534:The river dyed blue during the 1467:Environmental Protection Agency 1087:Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal 1039:Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal 887:, the Native American name for 863:United States Geological Survey 827:Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal 474:Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal 331:Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal 288:Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal 170:Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal 168:Chicago River → South Branch → 3466:(Map). Albert F. Scharf. 1908. 2928:U.S. Government treaties with 542:where it joins the main stem. 378:. The Middle Fork arises near 1: 4094:. University of Chicago Press 3085:"What Was the U.S. GDP Then?" 2545:"Maps Unlock River's History" 2487:"Chicago River Straightening" 2457:"Maps Unlock River's History" 1728:"Where is the Chicago River?" 1204:Kinzie Street railroad bridge 502:fixed-trunnion bascule bridge 382:and flows southwards through 129:Physical characteristics 4134:Friends of the Chicago River 4088:Quaife, Milo Milton (1913). 3798:, Mark Silva, March 18, 2009 3779:Friends of the Chicago River 2723:Durkin Keating, Ann (2005). 1987:Keating, William H. (1824). 1138:Alliance for the Great Lakes 1111:In 2005, researchers at the 1079:Sanitary District of Chicago 942:Jean Baptiste Point du Sable 793:Canal Street railroad bridge 657:Jean Baptiste Point du Sable 562:The main stem of the river, 235:, including its center (the 3675:, via UWIRE. Archived from 3335:"The River Under the River" 3058:Holland, Robert A. (2005). 2922:Charles J. Kappler (1904). 2855:Pacyga, Dominic A. (2009). 2407:A Native's Guide to Chicago 2331:Jaffe, Martin (June 2009). 1856:"Municipal Flag of Chicago" 1830:"Chicago Wastewater System" 1496:rally and parade for their 1072:Illinois and Michigan Canal 1015:Illinois and Michigan canal 815:Illinois and Michigan Canal 775:St. Charles Air Line Bridge 749:Chicago Mercantile Exchange 394:. The West Fork rises near 362:to the west of the city of 284:Illinois and Michigan Canal 90:Illinois and Michigan Canal 4527: 4157:Collier's New Encyclopedia 4107:Solzman, David M. (2006). 3015:Chicago Historical Society 2992:September 5, 2012, at the 2438:The Missouri Archaeologist 2100:"Ralph Frese, 1926 – 2012" 1636:List of rivers of Illinois 1581:US Army Corps of Engineers 1191: 1154: 1036: 903:Exploration and settlement 849:, eventually reaching the 509:Civil Engineering Landmark 498:Cortland Street Drawbridge 217:North Branch Chicago River 4450: 4253:Colleges and universities 4233: 3749:Christian Science Monitor 3160:. National Park Service. 2889:Blanchard, Rufus (1898). 2346:(1): 1–21. Archived from 2177:Hess, Jeffrey A. (1999). 1518:The river dyed green for 1349:with assistance from the 895:), a type of edible wild 276:Illinois General Assembly 260:Illinois General Assembly 221: 155:156 mi (251 km) 147: 133: 81: 69: 4033:. Chicago, A. T. Andreas 3808:staff, Chicago Tribune. 3632:St. Patrick's Day Parade 2070:"Ralph Frese, 1926-2012" 1733:October 8, 2014, at the 1560:, formerly owner of the 1232:DuSable Lake Shore Drive 1017:linked the river to the 962:1816 Treaty of St. Louis 416:forest preserve district 213: • right 206:South Fork Chicago River 3438:Encyclopedia of Chicago 3228:Encyclopedia of Chicago 3011:Encyclopedia of Chicago 2729:Encyclopedia of Chicago 1333:in the Mississippi and 958:an Indian confederation 424:Ralph Frese River Trail 372:Chicago Botanic Gardens 368:Highland Park, Illinois 249:Mississippi River Basin 201: • left 3339:University of Illinois 1908:"The Municipal Device" 1456:St. Patrick's Day 1451: 1235: 1219: 1200:Chicago Tunnel Company 1174: 1129:Great Lakes Commission 1123:All outflows from the 1077:Finally, in 1900, the 1047: 992: 974:Michigan Avenue Bridge 810: 789:Ping Tom Memorial Park 770: 768:Ping Tom Memorial Park 731: 579: 571: 555: 492: 350: 243:is a link between the 18:Chicago River reversal 4151:"Chicago River" 4139:GreenChicagoRiver.com 3873:on November 14, 2019. 3785:on December 27, 2019. 3691:"Green Chicago River" 3628:"Dyeing of the River" 3608:on September 11, 2018 3297:Wolf, Garret (2012). 3268:"The Flow of History" 3005:Durkin Keating, Ann. 1449: 1364:Chicago Park District 1307:meat packing industry 1258:vertical-lift bridges 1250:Scherzer rolling lift 1225: 1217: 1188:Chicago flood of 1992 1164: 1046: 987: 805: 765: 725: 589:Columbus Drive Bridge 577: 561: 553: 482: 420:Cook County, Illinois 344: 266:by taking water from 251:, and ultimately the 48:41.88639°N 87.63750°W 4496:Geography of Chicago 4065:Hill, Libby (2000). 4046:Duis, Perry (1998). 2859:Chicago: A Biography 2704:on September 5, 2016 2259:on February 27, 2008 1944:on September 7, 2014 1888:on September 3, 2006 1642:Notes and references 1173:in the Chicago River 989:Taylor street bridge 954:Treaty of Greenville 532:Cherry Avenue Bridge 3977:on January 26, 2013 3910:. January 9, 2013. 3254:City of the Century 3106:figures follow the 2938:on November 8, 2010 2646:2008ScTEn.401..130J 2110:on January 16, 2014 1616:Centennial Fountain 1558:Robert R. McCormick 1520:Saint Patrick's Day 1476:In 2009 First Lady 1441: 980:Early modifications 797:Dan Ryan Expressway 585:Chicago Harbor Lock 524:North Avenue Bridge 470:North Shore Channel 360:Park City, Illinois 160:Basin features 53:41.88639; -87.63750 44: / 4501:Rivers of Illinois 3814:Chicagotribune.com 3679:on April 19, 2009. 3668:Columbia Chronicle 3432:Hilton, George W. 3252:Miller, Donald L. 3043:, pp. 373–377 1488:Chicago Cubs rally 1452: 1370:Mouth of the river 1236: 1234:near Lake Michigan 1220: 1175: 1133:U.S. Supreme Court 1048: 1033:Reversing the flow 1023:Mississippi Valley 993: 811: 771: 732: 714:as early as 1909. 580: 572: 556: 493: 487:Ravenswood train ( 351: 4478: 4477: 4361:Metropolitan area 3939:(Press release). 3845:Chicago Sun-Times 3638:on March 18, 2009 3524:on March 14, 2008 3345:on April 25, 2007 3197:The Straight Dope 3069:978-0-8478-2743-5 2874:978-0-226-64431-8 2585:978-0-9785450-7-9 2422:978-1-893121-23-2 2385:on April 19, 2012 2353:on April 25, 2012 2286:(12): 1356–1366. 1540:2016 World Series 1503:Chicago Sun-Times 1498:2016 World Series 1442:St. Patrick's Day 1303:Union Stock Yards 1125:Great Lakes Basin 966:Treaty of Chicago 947:Antoine Ouilmette 920:Des Plaines River 912:Jacques Marquette 835:Des Plaines River 745:Civic Opera House 708:Chicago Riverwalk 460:until it reaches 380:Rondout, Illinois 282:) to replace the 264:civil engineering 225: 224: 182:Mississippi River 174:Des Plaines River 16:(Redirected from 4518: 4468: 4467: 4458: 4220: 4213: 4206: 4197: 4192: 4190: 4188: 4161: 4153: 4122: 4103: 4101: 4099: 4084: 4072: 4061: 4042: 4040: 4038: 4013: 4012: 4010: 4008: 3993: 3987: 3986: 3984: 3982: 3966: 3960: 3959: 3957: 3955: 3949: 3938: 3930: 3924: 3923: 3921: 3919: 3904: 3898: 3897: 3881: 3875: 3874: 3869:. Archived from 3859: 3853: 3852: 3836: 3830: 3829: 3827: 3825: 3805: 3799: 3793: 3787: 3786: 3771: 3765: 3764: 3762: 3760: 3740: 3734: 3733: 3731: 3729: 3724:on June 23, 2011 3720:. Archived from 3713: 3707: 3706: 3704: 3702: 3697:on June 23, 2011 3687: 3681: 3680: 3673:Fairfield Mirror 3657: 3648: 3647: 3645: 3643: 3624: 3618: 3617: 3615: 3613: 3604:. Archived from 3598: 3592: 3591: 3589: 3587: 3567: 3561: 3560: 3558: 3556: 3540: 3534: 3533: 3531: 3529: 3520:. Archived from 3510: 3504: 3498: 3492: 3486: 3480: 3474: 3468: 3467: 3460: 3454: 3453: 3451: 3449: 3429: 3423: 3422: 3420: 3418: 3409:. Archived from 3397: 3391: 3390: 3388: 3386: 3381:on June 24, 2009 3380: 3374:. Archived from 3369: 3361: 3355: 3354: 3352: 3350: 3341:. Archived from 3331: 3325: 3324: 3322: 3320: 3314: 3303: 3294: 3288: 3287: 3285: 3283: 3263: 3257: 3250: 3244: 3243: 3241: 3239: 3219: 3213: 3212: 3210: 3208: 3189: 3183: 3180: 3174: 3173: 3171: 3169: 3153: 3147: 3141: 3135: 3134:, pp. 69–75 3129: 3123: 3117: 3111: 3101: 3099: 3097: 3080: 3074: 3073: 3055: 3044: 3037: 3031: 3030: 3028: 3026: 3002: 2996: 2984: 2978: 2977: 2975: 2973: 2954: 2948: 2947: 2945: 2943: 2919: 2913: 2912: 2910: 2908: 2885: 2879: 2878: 2862: 2852: 2846: 2845: 2825: 2819: 2818:, pp. 22–24 2813: 2807: 2806: 2804: 2802: 2793:. 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Archived from 1930: 1924: 1923: 1921: 1919: 1914:on April 9, 2011 1904: 1898: 1897: 1895: 1893: 1878: 1872: 1871: 1869: 1867: 1862:on June 15, 2013 1858:. Archived from 1852: 1846: 1845: 1843: 1841: 1826: 1817: 1816: 1814: 1812: 1796: 1783: 1782: 1780: 1773: 1765: 1756: 1747: 1738: 1725: 1719: 1718: 1716: 1714: 1709:on June 14, 2013 1699: 1682: 1679: 1673: 1670: 1664: 1657: 1531: 1515: 1437:Dyeing the river 1428: 1416: 1404: 1392: 1380: 1337:, may reach the 1331:invasive species 1246:trunnion bascule 1142:invasive species 1117:density currents 1106:Richard M. Daley 893:Allium tricoccum 847:Joliet, Illinois 841:on the west and 786: 785: 781: 766:South Branch at 701:333 Wacker Drive 697:Merchandise Mart 685:330 North Wabash 673:Wrigley Building 564:Wrigley Building 513:Chicago Landmark 458:forest preserves 435:Milwaukee Avenue 307:Municipal Device 214: 202: 86: 74: 62: 59: 58: 56: 55: 54: 49: 45: 42: 41: 40: 37: 21: 4526: 4525: 4521: 4520: 4519: 4517: 4516: 4515: 4491:Central Chicago 4481: 4480: 4479: 4474: 4446: 4258:Community areas 4229: 4224: 4186: 4184: 4183:on May 16, 2011 4177:Chicago Tribune 4171: 4148: 4130: 4125: 4119: 4106: 4097: 4095: 4087: 4081: 4064: 4058: 4045: 4036: 4034: 4026: 4022: 4017: 4016: 4006: 4004: 3995: 3994: 3990: 3980: 3978: 3968: 3967: 3963: 3953: 3951: 3950:on July 5, 2013 3947: 3936: 3932: 3931: 3927: 3917: 3915: 3906: 3905: 3901: 3890:Chicago Tribune 3883: 3882: 3878: 3861: 3860: 3856: 3838: 3837: 3833: 3823: 3821: 3807: 3806: 3802: 3794: 3790: 3773: 3772: 3768: 3758: 3756: 3742: 3741: 3737: 3727: 3725: 3715: 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weather 241:Chicago Portage 212: 200: 93: 77: 52: 50: 46: 43: 38: 35: 33: 31: 30: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4524: 4522: 4514: 4513: 4508: 4503: 4498: 4493: 4483: 4482: 4476: 4475: 4473: 4472: 4462: 4451: 4448: 4447: 4445: 4444: 4439: 4437:Transportation 4434: 4429: 4424: 4419: 4418: 4417: 4410:Public schools 4407: 4406: 4405: 4400: 4395: 4385: 4384: 4383: 4373: 4368: 4363: 4358: 4357: 4356: 4346: 4341: 4336: 4335: 4334: 4329: 4319: 4314: 4309: 4304: 4299: 4294: 4293: 4292: 4282: 4277: 4272: 4271: 4270: 4260: 4255: 4250: 4245: 4240: 4234: 4231: 4230: 4225: 4223: 4222: 4215: 4208: 4200: 4194: 4193: 4168: 4167: 4163: 4162: 4146: 4141: 4136: 4129: 4128:External links 4126: 4124: 4123: 4117: 4104: 4085: 4079: 4062: 4056: 4043: 4023: 4021: 4018: 4015: 4014: 3988: 3961: 3925: 3899: 3876: 3854: 3831: 3800: 3788: 3766: 3735: 3708: 3682: 3649: 3619: 3593: 3562: 3535: 3505: 3493: 3481: 3469: 3455: 3424: 3406:The Pantagraph 3392: 3356: 3326: 3289: 3258: 3245: 3214: 3184: 3175: 3148: 3136: 3124: 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