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Overall, the
Chichibu Incident was caused by a combination of liberal, revolutionary ideologies and economic motivations. Though the traditional view of the event reduces the peasants' motivations to being purely economic, some scholars see it as part of a suppressed peoples' rights movement in this
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Having established a headquarters, the ringleaders adopted a new calendar, and began to issue decrees, labeling all as being issued in "Year One of
Freedom and Self-Government." The revolutionaries also dispatched smaller groups to seek out and oust individual government officials in the neighboring
337:
movement, nor an ordinary uprising by poor peasants looking to absolve themselves of their debts. The leaders of the uprising, if not the majority of their followers, were active thinkers of the
Freedom and People's Rights movements, and sought no less than to challenge the Meiji government itself.
274:. The rebels poured out of their small mountain villages, armed not only with weapons, but with banners and slogans; declaring "New Rule of Benevolence," and labeling the seized district office as the "Headquarters of the Revolutionary Army."
338:
According to
Irokawa, they were guided by "the revolutionary ideology of the Liberal Party; they had a revolutionary faith that they could 'reform the government, make freedom come to life, and join battle for the people.'"
196:
and other writings on freedom in the west were largely unknown among the
Japanese masses at this time, but there were those in the movement who had studied the west and were able to conceive of democratic political
297:, and their advance ground to a halt under the overwhelming police and army firepower. Roughly ten days after the seizure of the district office, the Chichibu uprising was finally fully quashed at the foot of the
192:, a catch-all term for a number of disconnected meeting groups and societies throughout the country, consisting of citizens who sought more representation in government and basic rights. The national
251:
While many groups and political parties across the country debated political issues peacefully, the self-titled "Revolutionary Army" erupted in revolt on 31 October 1884, in the
Chichibu district of
132:
from 1881, which severely depressed rice prices, leading to further bankruptcies. As tenants were forced to pay over half their crop as rent, they were often forced to send wives and daughters to
312:
Although this was the largest popular uprising of the Meiji period, or perhaps because of it, the government sought to dismiss it by describing the rebels as little more than hooligans.
345:
to the fallen was erected several decades later, a great number of the ringleaders and others who escaped formal punishment have never had their names officially cleared. A film,
163:
in various impoverished rural areas around the country. The year 1884 saw roughly sixty riots; the total debt of the time of Japan's farmers is estimated to two hundred million
301:. The precise number of revolutionaries killed remains unknown. Many survivors were arrested, and nearly 3,000 were tried and convicted. Three hundred were convicted as
78:
It was one of many similar uprisings in Japan around that time, occurring in reaction to the dramatic changes to society which came about in the wake of the 1868
255:. The uprising was triggered by the refusal of creditors to allow a moratorium on repayment of loans. The insurgents sought to attack a government building and
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Some locals in
Chichibu claim that the peasant revolt was the inspiration for the fictional setting of Titipu in the British comic opera
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Accounts of the size of the revolt varied widely, from 5,000 to over 10,000 men. Most of the rebels were armed with farming implements,
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increased the process of landlordism, with many farmers having their land confiscated due to inability to pay the new taxes.
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82:. What set Chichibu apart was the scope of the uprising, and the severity of the government's response.
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Rice planting in 1890s. This scene remained virtually unchanged until the 1970s in some parts of Japan
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Kamikaze, Cherry
Blossoms, and Nationalisms: The Militarization of Aesthetics in Japanese History
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based its industrialization program on tax revenues from private land ownership, and the
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Memorial to the "unnamed dead" of the
Chichibu Incident at Onraku-ji, Chichibu, Saitama
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222:. Songs and rumors among the rebels often indicated their belief that the
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Howell, Geographies of
Identity in Nineteenth Century Japan. Pp.109
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Bowman, Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture. p. 167
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A number of these uprisings were organized and led through the "
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was first performed in Chichibu by a cast of local actors.
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villages before recalling their forces and marching toward
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Irokawa Daikichi, The Culture of the Meiji Period. Pp.155
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Tierney, Kamikaze, Cherry Blossoms and Nationism. p. 81
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Geographies of Identity in Nineteenth-Century Japan
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Columbian Chronologies of Asian History and Culture
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259:offices and to destroy records of their debts.
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431:McCain. Japan:A Modern History. Pp.118
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285:The revolutionaries were met by the
172:Freedom and People's Rights Movement
143:The rising discontent of the farmers
125:This situation was worsened by the
514:. University of California Press.
464:The Mikado in the Town of Chichibu
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305:, and the seven ringleaders were
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358:, appeared in 2004, directed by
243:would alleviate their problems.
693:Fujiwara no Hirotsugu Rebellion
579:. University of Chicago Press.
530:The Culture of the Meiji Period
331:The Culture of the Meiji Period
699:Fujiwara no Nakamaro Rebellion
575:Tierney, Emiko Ohnuki (2002).
215:lit. "straightening the world"
75:. It lasted about two weeks.
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495:. Columbia University Press.
446:, Long-Banned Imperial Spoof"
270:, wooden cannon, and hunting
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27:1884 peasant revolt in Japan
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289:and the new professional
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552:McCain, James L (2001).
71:, a short distance from
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560:. WW Norton & Son.
556:Japan: A Modern History
327:Tokyo Keizai University
130:Matsukata Fiscal Policy
112:Land Tax Reform of 1873
291:Imperial Japanese Army
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487:Bowman, John (2000).
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100:Japanese agriculture
67:in November 1884 in
63:, was a large-scale
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795:Shakushain's revolt
783:Shimabara Rebellion
759:Yamashiro Rebellion
729:Siege of Hōjūjidono
657:Kibi Clan Rebellion
159:led to a number of
102:was dominated by a
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892:Takebashi incident
856:Two Lords Incident
450:The New York Times
307:sentenced to death
253:Saitama Prefecture
140:to pay for taxes.
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96:Meiji Restoration
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69:Chichibu, Saitama
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548:trans. ed.)
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348:Kusa no Ran
1128:Categories
1065:Rice riots
1057:Taishō era
1000:Pre-Modern
648:Pre-Modern
641:rebellions
481:References
444:The Mikado
377:The Mikado
368:The Mikado
257:loan shark
86:Background
1108:Koza riot
1082:Shōwa era
1026:Meiji era
991:Riots and
915:Shōwa era
848:Meiji era
639:coups and
637:Attempted
341:Though a
321:period.
98:of 1868,
94:with the
534:Japanese
468:Archived
343:monument
335:yonaoshi
266:spears,
247:Uprising
203:yonaoshi
199:ideology
272:muskets
773:(1591)
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316:Legacy
303:felons
268:swords
264:bamboo
237:Jiyūtō
179:自由民権運動
1002:Japan
650:Japan
538:明治の文化
383:Notes
356:]
280:Tokyo
154:nōmin
581:ISBN
562:ISBN
516:ISBN
497:ISBN
46:秩父事件
38:The
325:of
230:自由党
209:世直し
165:yen
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