Child support - Knowledge (XXG)

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since doing so creates a larger financial incentive for each state. However, as a matter of law, when the federal government mandates state action it is broadly required to reimburse the state for the cost of the required action. It has also been argued that a Defendant in a child-support matter cannot get a fair trial due to the fact that the Courts have a financial interest in keeping child-support orders higher than necessary. However, there has never been a showing that states have created or modified their child-support formulas in such a manner, nor would doing so actually increase federal reimbursements.

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child support would change significantly). For instance, if the obligor has a change in income or faces financial hardship, they may petition the court for a reduction in support payments. Examples of financial hardship include supporting other children, unemployment, extraordinary healthcare expenses, etc. Likewise, if the obligor is spending more time with the child, they may petition the court for a reduction or even a reversal in support payments. Conversely, if the child's expenses increase, the obligee may ask the court to increase payments to cover the new costs

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tuition to the obligee. Orders may also require each parent to assume a percentage of expenses for various needs. For instance, in the U.S. state of Massachusetts, custodial parents are required to pay for the first $ 100 of annual uninsured medical costs incurred by each child. Only then will the courts consider authorizing child-support money from a non-custodial parent to be used for said costs. Canadian courts provide child support through the "Federal Child Support Guidelines" based on income; however, "Extraordinary Expenses" can be ordered.

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which are then modified and adjusted based on several factors. In the United States, the federal government requires all states to have guideline calculations. Guidelines are either a percentage of income or more usually in the form of tables listing incomes and the amount needed to support one to six children. These computations are often performed by computer programs upon input of certain financial information including, earnings, visitation (overnights with the non-custodial parent (NCP)), health insurance costs, and several other factors.

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automobile insurance; AP exams; cell phones and plans; Christmas presents; educational expenses (trips, pictures, study guides, tutoring, AP and SAT exams, books, supplies, and uniforms); laptops; music lessons; parking fees; private school tuition; sports activities; and summer camps is computed and reduced to a table. Separating parents then find their incomes in the table and how much average intact families pay on children. In the widely used income shares model that amount is divided in proportion to the parents income.

1212:, who state that child-support policy violates gender equality and denies reproductive choice to men. Child support is based principally upon income and custody arrangements and not on gender, and male and female parents report similar levels of satisfaction with support awards. As child support is payable for the benefit of the children, not the parent, courts are not sympathetic to the idea that a parent should be able to refuse to support a child by claiming that he would have preferred that the child not be born. 534:

joint custody, the child is considered to have two custodial parents and no non-custodial parents, and a custodial parent with a higher income (obligor) may be required to pay the other custodial parent (obligee). In other jurisdictions, and even with legally shared residence, unless they can prove exactly equal contributions, one parent will be deemed the non-resident parent for child support and will have to pay the other parent a proportion of their income; the "resident" parent's income or needs are not assessed.

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Regarding families formerly on assistance, current support is paid to the family first, and only after said support is received, the government may then collect additional payments to reimburse itself for previously paid assistance to the obligee (receiving parent). See 42 USC 657: "(A) Current Support Payments: To the extent that the amount so collected does not exceed the amount required to be paid to the family for the month in which collected, the State shall distribute the amount so collected to the family.".

1484:"Child support is the legal right of a child to receive financial support from their parents. That right exists whether or not the child's parents were ever married and whether or not they ever lived together. That right continues until the child turns 19 years old. If the child is still dependent at age 19 or older - owing to illness or disability, or because the child is still in school, for example - then the right to financial support will continue." British Columbia Attorney General, Canada 917:

and other assistance, instead reimbursing themselves and the federal government. Most of the rest only pass along $ 50.00 per month. The bipartisan 2006 Deficit Reduction Act and other measures have sought to reduce the amount of money claimed by the government and to ensure that more funds are accessible by children and families, noting that more obligors (paying parents) are willing to pay child support when their children directly benefit from payments.

963:, which may range in age from 16 to 23 (Massachusetts and Hawaii) or graduates from high school. Some countries and states have provisions that allow support to continue past the age of majority if the child is enrolled as a full-time, degree-seeking post-secondary student. If the obligor owes back child support, they must continue to make payments until the debt is satisfied, regardless of the age of the child. 728:, there is no limitations, accountability, or other restriction on how the obligee spends the child support received, it is merely presumed that the money is spent on the child. However, in other jurisdictions, a child support recipient might legally be required to give specific details on how child support money is spent at the request of the court or the non-custodial parent. In the United States, 10 states ( 809:

social security or tax identification numbers and dates of birth. Parents may also be required to furnish details relating to their marriage and divorce, if applicable, as well as documents certifying the identity and parentage of the child(ren). Local jurisdictions may charge fees for filing such applications, however, if the filing parent is receiving any sort of public assistance, these fees may be waived.

1004:. Compliance is judged by the paying party's performance in meeting the financial terms of the legal child support court order. In some circumstances, obligors found "not in compliance" or "criminally non-compliant" have even had their professional (e.g. doctors, lawyers, dentists, etc.) and other (e.g. driver's) licenses suspended or revoked in an effort to collect monies for support and shared expenses. 667:

providing it to the "Custodial" parent. While the courts recognize that the child has an "expectation of support from both parents", there is no legal precedent under the "Divorce Act" indicating that the "Custodial" parent has any obligation to support the child. In addition, courts have vehemently opposed any attempt by "Non-Custodial" parents to ensure "Child Support" is actually used for the child.

607:, 45 C.F.R. 302.56 requires each state to establish and publish a Guideline that is presumed correct (but rebuttable), and Review the Guideline, at a minimum, every four years. Child-support laws and obligations are known to be recognized in a vast majority of world nations, including the majority of countries in Europe, North America and Australia, as well as many in Africa, Asia and South America. 1099: 863:

find that the decrease in income is of no fault of the child, and will not decrease the child's expenses, and therefore should not affect him or her financially. Likewise, a court may find that an increase in the child's expenses may have been calculated by the receiving parent and is not necessary, and therefore the support obligation of the paying parent should not increase.

801:, along with other issues, such as alimony, custody and visitation. In other cases, there are several steps that must be undertaken to receive court-ordered child support. Some parents anticipating that they will receive child support may hire lawyers to oversee their child support cases for them; others may file their own applications in their local courthouses. 1179:

their children. However, courts uniformly recognize that the custodial parent will incur expenses for the care of children that a non-custodial parent might prefer not to pay, and that giving the non-custodial parent direct control over how child support is used would in many cases result in abusive or controlling behavior by the child support payor.

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also has a duty to support the children, yet in countries like Canada, it has been shown that "over a wide range of reasonable assumptions, the does not financially contribute to the support of the children but in fact receives a net wealth transfer from the system." Child-support amounts are considerably higher than the costs of raising children.

1274:, who wrote that "if a woman makes a unilateral decision to bring pregnancy to term, and the biological father does not, and cannot, share in this decision, he should not be liable for 21 years of support...autonomous women making independent decisions about their lives should not expect men to finance their choice." 1023:, child-support enforcement is also handled largely at the state level, but non-compliant parents who meet certain criteria, such as traveling across state lines to circumvent orders or owing more than two years of support payments, may be subjected to federal prosecution under the Federal Deadbeat Punishment Act. 716:

Universities all have different standards but essentially mimic the provincial standards required for student loan eligibility. While both parents are expected to provide support, "Custodial Parents" are rarely ordered to provide it whilst "Non-Custodial" parents are required to provide it under the law.

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Consequences of non-payment vary by jurisdiction, the length of time the parent has been noncompliant, and the amount owed. Typical penalties include wage garnishment and denial or suspension of drivers, hunting and professional licenses. In the United States, noncompliant parents who are more than $

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Within the United States, a 2007 study conducted through the University of Baltimore estimates that 50% of all child-support arrears are owed to the government to reimburse welfare expenses. Half of U.S. states pass along none of the child support they collect to low-income families receiving welfare

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If tables are used in the guidelines those tables are computed by economists such as Policy Studies, Inc. They examine spending patterns of couples without children and couples with children in the consumer expenditure survey. The amount of additional money spent on the children (for expenses such as

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Guidelines for support orders may be based on laws that require obligors to pay a flat percentage of their annual income toward their children's expenses. Often two approaches are combined. In the United Kingdom, for instance, there are four basic rates of child support based on the obligors' income,

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Various approaches to calculating the amount of child-support award payments exist. Many jurisdictions consider multiple sources of information when determining support, taking into account the income of the parents, the number and ages of children living in the home, basic living expenses and school

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One parent, or their attorney, must file an application or complaint with the local court for the establishment of child support. The information required varies by jurisdiction, but generally collects identifying data about both parents and the child(ren) involved in the case, including their names,

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and regulations vary around the world. Legal intervention is not mandatory: some parents have informal or voluntary agreements or arrangements that do not involve the courts, where financial child support and/or other expenses are provided to the other parent to assist in supporting their child(ren).

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When children live with both parents, courts rarely, if ever, direct the parents on how to provide financial support for their children. However, when the parents are not together, courts often order one parent to pay the other an amount set as financial support for the child. In such situations, one

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arrangements in relation to the division of parenting time. In the UK a "non-resident" parent caring for the children 174 nights a year would have to pay the other parent (4/7) 57% of the maintenance they would have paid if they had provided no care. Thus, a "non-resident" parent may be obligated to

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Some child-support laws and formulas do not adequately reflect the extent to which the child-support payor supports the children, and the expenses the payor incurs in caring for the children. Many jurisdictions have tried to develop child-support formulas and models that take into account the extent

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Some parents argue that they should be permitted to directly provide for their children, with those provisions being credited against child support or taking the place of any payment to the other parent. Some argue that being ordered to pay child support reduces their ability to directly provide for

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Payment is not made to children but between parents, and the payee is not required to account for how child-support money is spent. Critics of child support argue that, as a result, the support payments do not need to be used to support the child and can be regarded as a punishment to the parent who

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After the responsibility for child support is established and questions of paternity have been answered to the court's satisfaction, the court will notify the obligor and order that parent to make timely child support payments, fees (which may be 0, $ 60, or more) and establish any other provisions,

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Child support orders may earmark funds for specific items for the child, such as school fees, day care, and medical expenses. In some cases, obligors parents may pay for these items directly. For example, they may pay tuition fees directly to their child's school, rather than remitting money for the

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Child support is based on the policy that both parents are obliged to financially support their children, even when the children are not living with both parents. Child support includes the financial support of children and not other forms of support, such as emotional support, intellectual support,

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Critics of child support, such as fathers' rights groups, complain that the law does not necessarily require that the child support money be used for the child. Barring unusual circumstances, most jurisdictions do not require accountings on the request of a child support payor. The custodial parent

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In the United States, obligors may receive a medical order that requires them to add their children to their health insurance plans. In some states both parents are responsible for providing medical insurance for the child/children. If both parents possess health coverage, the child may be added to

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Child support paid by a non-custodial parent or obligor does not absolve the obligor of the responsibility for costs associated with their child staying with the obligor in their home during visitation. For example, if an obligor pays child support to an obligee, this does not mean that the obligee

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adequate for the children's development is a common responsibility of both parents and a fundamental human right for children, and asserts that the primary responsibility to provide such for the children rests with their parents. Other United Nations documents and decisions related to child-support

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In jurisdictions where child support is reduced or partially reduced when care is provided by both parents, there may be a financial incentive for the resident parent to restrict the amount of time the other parent can see the children. If a parent seeks a custody order with the goal of maximizing

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A major impetus to collection of child support in many places is recovery of welfare expenditure. A resident or custodial parent receiving public assistance, as in the United States, is required to assign their right to child support to the Department of Welfare before cash assistance is received.

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may be decided in the same divorce or paternity settlement, in most jurisdictions the two rights and obligations are completely separate and individually enforceable. Custodial parents may not withhold contact to "punish" a noncustodial parent for failing to pay some or all child support required.

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Child support may be ordered to be paid by one parent to another when one is a non-custodial parent and the other is a custodial parent. Similarly, child support may also be ordered to be paid by one parent to another when both parents are custodial parents (joint or shared custody) and they share

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Critics of child support suggest that support orders carry the threat of state violence to give the resident parent a degree of financial control over the non-resident parent, and even that the enforcement of child support can be considered domestic violence or abuse. No jurisdiction has accepted

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Although both parents have the right to petition the court for a support order adjustment, modifications are not automatic, and a judge may decide not to alter the amount of support after hearing the facts of the case. That is to say, simply because an obligors's income has decreased, a court may

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Once established, child-support orders typically remain static unless otherwise reviewed. Obligors and obligees reserve the right to request a court review for modification (typically six months to one year or more after the issuance of the order or if the circumstances have changed such that the

1864:"Statutes in all countries in the region provide that a man must support his legitimate and illegitimate children" (pertaining to Lesotho, Swaziland, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Mozambique and Botswana) "Payments for Child Support in Southern Africa: Using Law to Promote Family Planning". Alice Armstrong, 1191:

In the United States, each state receives money from the federal government to offset some of the expenses it incurs in processing paternity, spousal support and child-support cases. It has been argued that this creates an incentive for each state to enforce larger than necessary support orders,

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While child support and contact are separate issues, in some jurisdictions, the latter may influence the former. In the United Kingdom, for example, the amount of support ordered may be reduced based on the number of nights per week the child regularly spends at the support-giving parent's home.

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Depending on the jurisdiction, a custodial parent may pay child support to a non-custodial parent. Typically one has the same duty to pay child support irrespective of sex, so a mother is required to pay support to a father just as a father must pay a mother. In some jurisdictions where there is

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Canadian courts differ in that the "Divorce Act" sets out in detail, the financial responsibilities of the "Non-Custodial" parent whilst the "Custodial" parent's responsibilities are not mentioned. Consequently, Canadian courts limit themselves to dividing the "Non-Custodial" parents income and

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is the establishment and strengthening of international treaties to further aid in child-support order enforcement across national and international boundaries. Under these agreements, orders established in one country are considered valid and enforceable in another country, and may be pursued

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The first payee for child support depends on the current welfare status of the payee. For example, if the obligee is currently receiving a monthly check from the government, all current support collected during said month is paid to the government to reimburse the monies paid to the obligee.

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The other parent is located, and served a court summons by a local sheriff, police officer, bailiff or process server. The summons informs the other parent that they are being sued for child support. Once served, the other parent must attend a mandatory court hearing to determine if they are

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Many American universities also consider non-custodial parents partially responsible for paying college costs, and will consider parents' income in their financial aid determinations. In certain states, non-custodial parents may be ordered by the court to assist with these expenses. Canadian

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to relinquish all future parental rights and financial responsibility—leaving the informed mother with the same three options. McCulley's male-abortion concept aims to equalize the legal status of unwed men and unwed women by giving the unwed man by law the ability to 'abort' his rights and

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Another criticism of child support is that it can be difficult for a man who has been mistakenly identified as a child's father, or who later discovers that he is not a child's biological parent, to be excused from an order to pay child support, and recover the money already taken from him.

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2500 in arrears may be denied passports under the Passport Denial Program. Australia, Austria, and Finland do not imprison persons for failure to pay child-support arrears. In the U.S., in contrast, non-payment of child support may be treated as a criminal offense or a civil offense, and

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Conversely, a noncustodial parent is required to pay child support even if they are partially or fully denied contact with the child. Furthermore, child support is established between parents also if joint custody is awarded, but the child spends most of the time with one of the parents.

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Accountability regulations for child support money vary by country and state. In some jurisdictions, such as Australia, child support recipients are trusted to use support payments in the best interest of the child, and thus are not required to provide details on specific purchases. In

708:, such as food, clothing, and ordinary educational needs, but that is not required. Under California law, for example, child-support money may be used to "improve the standard of living of the custodial household" and the recipient does not have to account for how the money is spent. 683:

Additionally, a non-custodial parent is responsible for child-support payments even if they do not wish to have a relationship with the child. Courts have maintained that a child's right to financial support from parents supersedes an adult's wish not to assume a parenting role.

1508:"Financial support paid by a parent to help support a child or children of whom they do not have custody. Child support can be entered into voluntarily or ordered by a court or a properly empowered administrative agency, depending on each State’s laws." OSCE, USA 2010: 1283:

and was rejected by the court, since legislation in the various jurisdictions currently sets forth guidelines for when child support is owed as well as its amount. Accordingly, legislation would be required to change the law to implement McCulley's concept.

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the more beneficial plan, or use one to supplement the other. Children of active or retired members of the U.S. armed forces are also eligible for health coverage as military dependents, and may be enrolled in the DEERS program at no cost to the obligor.

1609:"Every child has the right to basic necessities...Children should get these basic needs from their parents or relatives...This support given by parents or relatives is called maintenance." Western Cape governmental information service, South Africa 506:) is an ongoing, periodic payment made by a parent for the financial benefit of a child (state or parent, caregiver, guardian) following the end of a marriage or other similar relationship. Child maintenance is paid directly or indirectly by an 1167:

is paying child support. A response to that criticism is that if a parent is caring for the children, that parent will incur costs in providing that support, even if they have no duty to account for their expenditures in support of the child.

1230:(1996), a man who produced evidence that the mother of the child raped him while he was unconscious was nevertheless ordered to pay child support. Men who assert that a child was conceived as a result of deception, birth-control fraud or 891:

requires that the payment amounts be maintained without regard for the physical capability of the person owing child support (the obligor) to promptly document changed circumstances or regard for his awareness of the need to make the

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the child-raising responsibilities. In some cases, a parent with sole custody of their children may even be ordered to pay child support to the non-custodial parent to support the children while they are in the care of that parent.

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Most international and national child-support regulations recognize that every parent has an obligation to support their child. Under this obligation, both parents are expected to share the responsibility for their child(ren)'s

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Child-support guidelines and policies have also been criticized for requiring boys and men that are victims of sexual assault to pay child support to the women who sexually assaulted them; a precedent-setting case in US law is

1531:"What is child support? When parents separate, they need to make financial arrangements for their children. How they do this depends on when they separated and when their children were born." Australian Child Support Agency 1073:

Since the duty to provide child support is separate from the civil requirement to obey a court order regarding visitation, it is exceptionally rare for a parent to be jailed for violating that part of the court order.

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in 1998, suggesting that a father should be allowed to disclaim his obligations to an unborn child early in the pregnancy. Proponents hold that concept begins with the premise that when an unmarried woman becomes

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More than 100 nations currently have reciprocal arrangements for child support orders. Examples of reciprocal agreements include the UK Reciprocal Enforcement of Maintenance Orders (REMO) and those of Canada,

628:) is ordered to pay child support. The amount of child support may be set on a case-by-case basis or by a formula estimating the amount thought that parents should pay to financially support their children. 909:). The payments are recorded, any portion required to reimburse the government is subtracted, and then the remainder is passed on to the obligee (receiving parent), either through direct deposit or checks. 901:

Child-support payments are distributed in a variety of ways. In cases where an obligor is liable for specific expenses such as school tuition, they may pay them directly instead of through the obligee.

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is responsible for food, shelter, furniture, toiletries, clothes, toys or games, or any of the other child expenses directly associated with the child staying with the non-custodial parent or obligor.

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Regulations and laws on the enforcement of child-support orders vary by country and state. In some jurisdictions, such as Australia, enforcement is overseen by a national office. In others, such as

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obligations to the child. If a woman decides to keep the child, the father may choose not to by severing all ties legally (in the same way a sperm donor usually rescinds all parental rights).

1070:. In New York, continuous failure to provide child support is an E felony punishable by up to 4 years in prison. In addition, child-support debtors are subject to fines and property seizure. 3900:

McCulley, Melanie G. (1998). The male abortion: the putative father's right to terminate his interests in and obligations to the unborn child. The Journal of Law and Policy, Vol. VII, No. 1.

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Skinner, Christine, and Jacqueline Davidson (2009). "Recent Trends in Child Maintenance Schemes in 14 Countries," International Journal of Law, Policy, and the Family 23, pp. 25-52.

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While the US has an extremely negotiable system, Canadian laws are fairly automatic and "No-Fault". Child support is determined by the number of children and the obligor's income.

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through local court processes. The goal of such conventions is to ensure that noncompliant parents will not be able to evade support payments by crossing an international border.

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In addition, the right to child support, as well as specific implementation and enforcement measures, has been recognized by various other international entities, including the

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Within individual countries, examples of legislation pertaining to, and establishing guidelines for, the implementation and collection of child maintenance include the 1975

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Several circumstances allow for the termination of a support order for a child under the age of majority. These include the child's marriage, legal emancipation or death.

701:. What differs between jurisdictions is which "expenses" are covered by "Child Support" and which are "Extraordinary" and fall outside the definition of "Child Support". 2192: 1039: 1035: 574: 3226: 3916: 3488: 1034:

To this end, various international conventions regarding interjurisdictional enforcement of maintenance orders have been created, including the 1956 United Nations

1728: 1019:, the responsibility to enforce child-support orders rests with individual provinces, with financial and logistical assistance from the federal government. In the 1790: 828:

in contested cases. Once the identity of the father is confirmed through DNA testing, the child's birth certificate may be amended to include the father's name.

589: 2980: 2075: 4607: 647:(filiation) need to be demonstrated for a child-support obligation to be found by a competent court. Child support may also operate through the principle of 438: 1578:"Child maintenance is money paid when parents live apart...the parent with whom the child does not live is responsible for paying child maintenance." UK CSA 2528: 905:

In some jurisdictions, obligors (paying parents) are required to remit their payments to the governing federal or state child-support enforcement agency (

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child support, the effect could be to reduce the amount of contact that the children have with the other parent without regard to their needs or wishes.

1038:, the Hague Conference's 1973 Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Decisions relating to Maintenance Obligations and the 1956 United Nations 789:

Another common requirement of welfare benefits in some jurisdictions is that a custodial parent must pursue child support from the non-custodial parent.

2654: 1445: 1883: 1361: 3757: 2692: 1562:"Child support is money paid by parents who are not living with their children to help financially support their children" New Zealand Inland Revenue 3120: 3086: 3070: 3011: 2545: 2311: 3471: 2223: 3658:

Hatcher, Daniel L. (2007). "Child Support Harming Children: Subordinating the Best Interests of Children to the Fiscal Interests of the State".

4698: 4395: 3877:"Erasing Gender Privilege in Nonconsensual Procreation: An Argument for an Equitable Change to the Law Regarding the Unauthorized Use of Sperm" 1027: 842:

fees. If the child has special needs, such as treatment for a serious illness or disability, these costs may also be taken into consideration.

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that argument, and a parent ordered to pay child support will not face any legal consequence if payments are made as ordered by the court.

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The duration of support orders varies both by jurisdiction and by case. Requirements for support typically end when the child reaches the

3726:"A Critique of the Strict Liability Standard for Determining Child Support in Cases of Male Victims of Sexual Assault and Statutory Rape" 804:

While procedures vary by jurisdiction, the process of filing a motion for court ordered child support typically has several basic steps.

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In cases where parentage of a child is denied, has not been established by marriage or is not listed on the birth certificate, or where

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for the care and support of children of a relationship that has been terminated, or in some cases never existed. Often the obligor is a

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is suspected, courts may order or require establishment of paternity. Paternity may be established voluntarily if the father signs an

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The right to child support and the responsibilities of parents to provide such support have been internationally recognized. The 1992

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Statutory Instrument 1992 No. 1813: The Child Support (Maintenance Assessment Procedure) Applications for a Maintenance Assessment

2710: 1501: 4448: 3160: 932:. State use of prepaid cards has helped increase the popularity of federal benefit debit cards, such as the Direct Express Debit 4592: 4438: 1396: 1267: 4759: 2770: 2472: 4749: 3279: 2933: 2413:"Integrated Child Support Services A Division of the South Carolina Department of Social Services Frequently Asked Questions" 2189: 1546: 1391: 1120: 1116: 32: 3876: 3341: 2961: 2836: 1831: 3237: 4754: 4479: 4116: 3105: 368: 3913: 3296: 4673: 4519: 4415: 4390: 4161: 3008: 2738: 1713: 1324: 1238: 1043: 453: 3177: 3048: 2260: 4335: 3678: 2143: 4612: 2812: 1794: 1152: 443: 27:

This article is about payments made for the benefit of a child. For payments for the benefit of a former spouse, see

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Morgan, Laura W. (2000). "Whose Money Is It, Anyway? A Custodial Parent's (Non)Duty to Account for Child Support".

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Sheets, Virgil L.; Braver, Sanford L. (July 1996). "Gender Differences in Satisfaction with Divorce Settlements".

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Convention of 2 October 1973 on the Recognition and Enforcement of Decisions relating to Maintenance Obligations"

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is a binding convention signed by every member nation of the United Nations and formally ratified by all but the

408: 363: 358: 3444: 2525: 1725: 4111: 1303: 1083: 479: 433: 353: 3549: 2660: 1900: 4567: 3957: 1880: 906: 705: 698: 250: 4790: 4400: 4239: 2689: 878:) requires state courts to prohibit retroactive reduction of child-support obligations. Specifically, it: 305: 290: 194: 3598: 4729: 4290: 4214: 4141: 4106: 3500:

Harris, Leslie (2009). "The Basis for Legal Parentage and the Clash between Custody and Child Support".

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Statutory Instrument 2001 No. 157 The Child Support (Maintenance Calculation Procedure) Regulations 2000

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https://law.justia.com/cases/alabama/court-of-appeals-civil/1996/2950025-0.html SF v. State Ex Rel. TM

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A voluntary maintenance arrangement can in certain jurisdictions be approved by judicial authorities.

768:) allow courts to demand an accounting on expenses and spending from custodial parents. Additionally, 4587: 4514: 4463: 4224: 4199: 4189: 3212: 2786: 2332: 1401: 1385: 515: 458: 300: 120: 115: 90: 3925: 1446:"How child maintenance is worked out: How the Child Maintenance Service works out child maintenance" 4800: 4602: 4529: 4453: 4274: 4254: 4209: 4146: 4029: 3981: 2965: 2127: 1933: 1762: 1372: 1218: 596: 472: 184: 80: 1474: 4810: 4785: 4648: 4385: 4121: 3950: 3857: 3815: 3706: 3640: 3445:"Dismiss lawsuit by man who was wrongly jailed and forced to pay child support, U.S. judge urged" 936: 929: 798: 765: 569: 428: 217: 125: 65: 3136: 2996: 1808: 1308: 1205: 3271: 2344: 1597: 1258:, that in the earliest stages of pregnancy, the putative (alleged) father should have the same 663:

for sufficient time to establish a permanent parental relationship with the child or children.

4805: 4739: 4582: 4504: 4484: 4355: 4295: 4234: 4229: 4194: 4171: 4101: 4086: 3698: 3275: 2887: 2599: 2576: 1356: 867: 585: 542: 418: 134: 2363: 4795: 4622: 4458: 4433: 4425: 4181: 4065: 4044: 3849: 3807: 3690: 3632: 3263: 2284: 1344: 1334: 1184: 659: 519: 348: 199: 189: 154: 144: 110: 2914: 2488: 2221:

Child Support Initiative: Final Evaluation Summary, Recommendations and Management Response

1774: 1632: 4653: 4572: 4409: 4370: 4269: 4019: 3920: 3381: 3164: 3124: 3093: 3074: 3052: 3034: 3015: 2984: 2920: 2774: 2696: 2611: 2532: 2513: 2495: 2476: 2351: 2315: 2264: 2246: 2227: 2196: 2147: 2079: 1997: 1887: 1835: 1732: 1662: 1528: 1505: 1481: 1255: 980: 960: 875: 817: 640: 603:), the Child Support Act (United Kingdom) and the Maintenance and Affiliation Act (Fiji). 448: 3937: 3795: 3489:

Court finally stops trying to make Detroit man pay child support for child that isn't his

2625: 2506: 1828: 1676: 832:

such as medical orders. Generally the father will be required to pay for genetic testing.

3027: 1498: 1266:

This same concept has been supported by a former president of the feminist organization

4713: 4693: 4688: 4678: 4638: 4315: 4244: 4034: 3853: 2716: 1957: 1850: 1576: 1329: 1279: 1223: 1059: 921: 578: 527: 325: 260: 209: 3796:"Fatherhood by Conscription: Nonconsensual Insemination and the Duty of Child Support" 3157: 2438: 2387: 2375: 4779: 4708: 4617: 4557: 4499: 4330: 4166: 4151: 4136: 4049: 4009: 3861: 3819: 3419: 3264: 2755: 2057: 1319: 1298: 1020: 948: 676: 565: 413: 280: 255: 240: 149: 130: 3710: 4658: 4509: 4494: 4350: 4340: 4126: 2978:

Family Code: Chapter 154. Child Support. Subchapter A. Court-Ordered Child SupportT

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List of REMO (Reciprocal Enforcement of Maintenance Orders) reciprocating countries

1316:, payments from adult children are made to impoverished parents or their caregivers 1271: 1259: 882:

automatically triggers a non-expiring lien whenever child support becomes past-due.

103: 70: 3046: 2937: 2798: 1550: 2847: 17: 4668: 4643: 4489: 4325: 4310: 4096: 4024: 4014: 3523: 2871: 2439:"The Establishment of Child Support Orders for Low Income Non-custodial Parents" 2257: 2032: 1231: 1098: 1055: 825: 639:

In most jurisdictions, there is no need for the parents to be married, and only

550: 403: 310: 85: 75: 2958: 38:

Ongoing, periodic payment made by a parent for the financial benefit of a child

4683: 4577: 4380: 4305: 4249: 4219: 4156: 4054: 1697: 940: 933: 725: 315: 44: 2742: 989:

parent is one who has refused to provide child support payments or expenses.

772:

courts have authorized such accounting under certain specific circumstances.

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Recommendation 869 on payment by the state of advances on child maintenance

992:

US Governmental child support agencies typically refer to clients as being

797:

In divorce cases, child-support payments may be determined as part of the

4663: 4597: 4004: 3811: 1677:"Government of Somalia ratifies UN Convention on the Rights of the Child" 1251: 1247: 925: 757: 753: 749: 733: 729: 653: 648: 265: 179: 3758:"Arizona Is Requiring A Male Statutory Rape Victim To Pay Child Support" 2239: 1522: 4300: 4264: 3694: 1990: 1862: 1293: 1254:, or sole parenthood; and argues, in the context of legally recognized 1123: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 769: 741: 737: 554: 538: 204: 174: 167: 28: 3644: 1876: 1874: 4524: 4443: 4039: 3999: 3994: 3989: 3167:

Scott Sussman and Corey Mather, Center for Family Policy and Practice

1016: 761: 644: 423: 398: 51: 3178:"Yukon Territory Maintenance Enforcement Program fact sheet, Canada" 2837:"Child Support Debit Card (NC Kids Card) Frequently Asked Questions" 1829:

List of countries with reciprocal child support enforcement policies

1183:

to which parents share custody, and adjust child-support amounts in

568:. It declares that the upbringing and development of children and a 3636: 3576:"Should a man be responsible for supporting a baby he didn't want?" 1743: 1741: 3835:"'Sperm Bandits', Birth Control Fraud and the Battle of the Sexes" 3359:

Comanor Sarro and Rogers (2015). "Research in Law and Economics".

2846:. North Carolina Dept of Health and Human Services. Archived from 2275: 2273: 4131: 1226:

was required to pay child support to the mother. In the case of

3946: 2801:

Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act

888:

disallows any judicial discretion, even from bankruptcy judges.

4405: 3517: 3515: 3118:

Iowa State Legislature Chapter 33: Child Support Noncompliance

3106:

Utah State Courts regulation on law licenses and noncompliance

2328: 2326: 2324: 1092: 781: 704:

Support moneys collected are often assumed to be used for the

2388:"Fees for Services - Arizona Department of Economic Security" 2304: 2302: 1470: 1468: 1466: 1237:

Melanie McCulley, a South Carolina attorney, coined the term

581:, which has been ratified by the 64 of the UN member states. 3942: 3227:"Habeas Corpus – A Better Remedy in Visitation Denial Cases" 1234:

have also challenged their obligation to pay child support.

3215:

Western Cape governmental information service, South Africa

2968:

Web Archives National Conference of State Legislatures, USA

1953: 1951: 1986: 1984: 1188:

pay up to 17% (31%*4/7) of their income as child support.

3470:

Broadcasting Corporation, Australian (11 November 2006).

2124:"Have a Child Support Order and Been Recently Activated?" 2959:

Termination of Child Support and Support Beyond Majority

2345:

Chapter 130: Status of Children; Arrangement of Sections

2018: 920:

Most U.S. states deliver child-support benefits through

3928:- includes calculators and guides for separated parents 3342:"An Assessment of the Federal Child Support Guidelines" 2910: 2908: 2489:

Maintenance calculation, Subordinate Court of Singapore

1414:

British Columbia Family Maintenance Enforcement Program

331:

List of child abuse cases featuring long-term detention

3139:

United States Administration for Children and Families

3068:

Overview of the Canadian System of Support Enforcement

2465: 2463: 2470:

Things you should know about child support in Arizona

2882: 2880: 2082:

New York State Division of Child Support Enforcement

1588: 1586: 1584: 624:) receives child support, and the other parent (the 562:

United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child

4722: 4631: 4548: 4472: 4424: 4283: 4180: 4075: 3980: 2659:, Child Support Orange County, 2014, archived from 2577:"Economic Basis for Updated Child Support Schedule" 2167:. State of California. July 1, 1992. Archived from 1824: 1822: 1594:"Maintenance is in the Best Interests of the Child" 3158:Criminal statutes for non-payment of child support 1714:"Convention on the Recovery Abroad of Maintenance" 1709: 1707: 1705: 3055:Convention on the Rights of the Child, Article 27 2507:The federal child support guidelines step by step 549:, determination of parentage or dissolution of a 3063: 3061: 1040:Convention on the Recovery Abroad of Maintenance 1036:Convention on the Recovery Abroad of Maintenance 575:Convention on the Recovery Abroad of Maintenance 2281:"Subordinate Courts of Singapore - Maintenance" 2209:Child support for custodial mothers and fathers 2073:"Medical Support Establishment and Enforcement" 1868:Vol. 23, No. 4 (Jul. - Aug., 1992), pp. 217-228 1204:Child-support policies have been criticized by 3938:Department of Justice - Child Support (Canada) 2789:Western Cape Information Service, South Africa 2419:. South Carolina Department of Social Services 2335:Western Cape Information Service, South Africa 2240:Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) 1890:U.S Administration for Children & Families 1785: 1783: 3958: 3187:. Yukon Department of Justice. Archived from 2813:"Mothers Scrimp as States Take Child Support" 2366:Rhode Island Office of Child Support Services 2068: 2066: 2060:Rhode Island Office of Child Support Services 1846: 1844: 1809:"Guidelines for setting child support awards" 1777:1991, Office of Public Sector Information, UK 1541: 1539: 1537: 1494: 1492: 1490: 1153:Fathers' rights movement § Child support 985:With respect to child support obligations, a 885:overrides any state's statute of limitations. 537:Child support is often arranged as part of a 480: 8: 3731:. University of Pennsylvania. Archived from 3297:"Child Support Accountability: Where Is It?" 1619: 1617: 1615: 1572: 1570: 1568: 1518: 1516: 1514: 2090: 2088: 1758: 1756: 1277:The legal concept was tried in the case of 3965: 3951: 3943: 3679:"Expectant Fathers, Abortion, and Embryos" 3472:"High Court rejects father's deceit claim" 2230:Canada Department of Justice, October 2002 2096:"Department of Finance and Administration" 487: 473: 40: 2552:. Arizona Judicial Branch. Archived from 1901:"For the Public - Kansas Bar Association" 1362:California Child Support Guideline Review 1139:Learn how and when to remove this message 926:recipients who do not have a bank account 3266:The Politics of Child Support in America 2799:§ 657. Distribution of collected support 1791:"Maintenance and Affiliation Act (Fiji)" 1631:. State Courts Singapore. Archived from 3270:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 2934:"Child support - What is child support" 2739:"State of Ohio Office of Child Support" 2575:Policy Studies Inc. (6 February 2003). 2446:Department of Health and Human Services 1547:"Child support - What is child support" 1437: 813:responsible for child-support payments. 50: 43: 3377: 3366: 2607: 2597: 2526:Formula Assessment of support payments 1716:United Nations, New York, 20 June 1956 1068:it can result in a prison or jail term 1028:Declaration of the Rights of the Child 675:While the issues of child support and 573:enforcement include the 1956 New York 3683:Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 3295:Silberberg, Fred (10 November 2010). 3225:James, A. Albert; Gregory A. Brodek. 1699:Convention on the Rights of the Child 1656:Convention on the Rights of the Child 1158:Implementation flaws and side effects 616:physical care, or spiritual support. 7: 3932:US Federal Child Support Enforcement 3926:Child Support Agency (CSA) Australia 2680:Department of Revenue, Massachusetts 2626:"Child Support Guidelines Worksheet" 2190:1.1.M.15 Maintenance agreement (FTB) 1208:advocacy groups, as well as by some 1121:adding citations to reliable sources 60:Marriage and other unions and status 3396:"How we work out child maintenance" 3087:Statement of Intent - 2004 - Part 1 3037:United States Department of Justice 1881:Chapter 8 - Paternity Establishment 1653:United Nations Treaty Collection. 1340:List of largest divorce settlements 924:, but many states make payments to 4765:Parents Against Child Exploitation 3914:History of child support in the UK 3854:10.1111/j.1748-121X.2001.tb00176.x 2656:Child Support Lawyer Orange County 2546:"Arizona Child Support Guidelines" 2199:Family Assistance Guide, Australia 1367:Child support in the United States 605:Child support in the United States 577:created under the auspices of the 374:Hague Convention (child abduction) 25: 4735:Mothers Apart from Their Children 3599:"Make fatherhood a man's choice!" 970:Compliance and enforcement issues 2211:United States Census Bureau 2000 1748:Maintenance claims across the EU 1097: 557:(spousal support) arrangements. 4593:Management of domestic violence 4439:Corporal punishment in the home 3548:Shrage, Laurie (Jun 12, 2013). 3213:"Enforcing a Maintenance Order" 3009:"Enforcement of support orders" 2715:. Family Law OC. Archived from 2161:"Family Code Section 4050-4076" 1397:Shared residency in English law 1268:National Organization for Women 1199: 1108:needs additional citations for 1026:One focus of Article 27 of the 4750:National Fatherhood Initiative 3424:Social Security Administration 3340:Sarlo, Christopher A. (2014). 3323:American Journal of Family Law 2923:Subordinate Court of Singapore 2777:Child Support Agency Australia 2712:Child Support in Orange County 2709:Joseph B. Downs (March 2014). 2283:. State Courts. Archived from 2150:Australia Child Support Agency 2000:Australia Child Support Agency 1392:Child Support Agency Australia 1078:Laws in specific jurisdictions 379:Hague Convention (maintenance) 33:Child support (disambiguation) 1: 4755:National Parents Organization 4480:Adverse childhood experiences 3884:Suffolk University Law Review 3574:Roiphe, Katie (Jun 8, 2012). 3522:Young, Kathy (Oct 19, 2000). 3137:FPLS: Passport Denial Program 2787:Enforcing a maintenance order 2756:Child support payment options 2690:When to contact Child Support 2586:. State of Arizona. p. 2 2479:Supreme Court of Arizona, USA 1971:"California Family Code 4053" 692:Use of child support payments 588:, the European Union and the 518:. The obligee is typically a 369:International child abduction 4520:Effects of domestic violence 4162:Social emotional development 3550:"Is Forced Fatherhood Fair?" 3262:Crowley, Jocelyn E. (2003). 3077:Canada Department of Justice 3018:Canada Department of Justice 2516:Canada Department of Justice 2258:Department of Child Services 2141:FAQ on expenses and payments 1499:Definition of child support: 1475:Definition of child support: 1325:Parental Alienation Syndrome 1058:, the United States and the 1044:Hague Maintenance Convention 454:Paternal rights and abortion 4336:Identification (psychology) 3934:- child support enforcement 3794:Higdon, Michael J. (2011). 3597:March, Anna (Nov 2, 2013). 2811:Erik Eckholm (2007-12-01). 2333:Getting a maintenance order 2245:September 27, 2006, at the 2033:"Divorce and Financial Aid" 1866:Studies in Family Planning, 1222:, whereby a male victim of 364:Hague Convention (adoption) 4827: 4760:Parent–teacher association 4535:Parental abuse by children 4416:Positive Parenting Program 4366:Parent management training 4361:Normative social influence 3096:New Zealand Inland Revenue 2949:New Zealand Inland Revenue 2699:New Zealand Inland Revenue 2635:. Commonwealth of Virginia 2535:New Zealand Inland Revenue 2364:Establishment of Paternity 2318:New Zealand Inland Revenue 2309:Applying for child support 1765:The Hague Conference, 1973 1314:Filial responsibility laws 1150: 1081: 978: 955:Duration of support orders 866:In United States law, the 223:Parenting coordinator (US) 26: 4745:National Childbirth Trust 4540:Stress in early childhood 4260:Taking children seriously 4092:Applied behavior analysis 3524:"A man's right to choose" 3028:Child support enforcement 824:or may be proven through 671:Child support vs. contact 391:Family and criminal code 349:Private international law 343:Private international law 4401:The talk (sex education) 4112:Developmental psychology 3677:Purvis, Dara E. (2015). 1958:Child support fact sheet 1838:U.S. Department of State 1666:. Retrieved 21 May 2009. 1304:Costs of raising a child 1246:, she has the option of 1084:Child support by country 1002:criminally non-compliant 897:Distribution and payment 434:Parental child abduction 281:Contact & visitation 168:Dissolution of marriages 4608:Parental responsibility 4568:Cost of raising a child 3875:Faille, Nicole (2015). 2758:Hawaii Attorney General 2354:Commonwealth of Bahamas 1991:Child support agreement 1926:"Uniform Parentage Act" 1853:UK Child Support Agency 1735:1979, Council of Europe 1200:A man's right to choose 907:State Disbursement Unit 854:Change of circumstances 776:Obtaining child support 3724:London, Ellen (2004). 3660:Wake Forest Law Review 3376:Cite journal requires 1930:Uniform Law Commission 1813:edocket.access.gpo.gov 837:Calculating the amount 296:UN Rights of the Child 291:Grandparent visitation 218:Custody evaluator (US) 195:Matrimonial Causes Act 31:. For other uses, see 4730:Families Need Fathers 4291:After-school activity 4215:Concerted cultivation 4210:Buddha-like parenting 4142:Nature versus nurture 4107:Cognitive development 2892:www.justice.gov.ab.ca 2745:on December 31, 2007. 2058:Medical support order 677:visitation or contact 276:Filial responsibility 271:Tender years doctrine 246:DNA paternity testing 104:Validity of marriages 4588:Right to family life 4515:Dysfunctional family 4225:Free-range parenting 4200:Attachment parenting 4190:Achievement ideology 3812:10.2139/ssrn.1761333 2130:on October 10, 2007. 1936:on 26 September 2016 1386:Child Support Agency 1117:improve this article 516:non-custodial parent 459:Right to family life 121:Prenuptial agreement 116:Marriage certificate 91:Domestic partnership 4603:Parental alienation 4530:Narcissistic parent 4454:Positive discipline 4275:Work at home parent 4255:Strict father model 4240:Nurturant parenting 4147:Parental investment 3982:Kinship terminology 3833:Sheldon, S (2001). 3243:on 16 December 2013 2966:Library of Congress 2556:on 26 February 2014 1977:on August 17, 2010. 1797:on January 6, 2007. 1750:European Commission 1625:"FAQs: Maintenance" 1373:Hermesmann v. Seyer 1219:Hermesmann v. Seyer 876:§ 666(a)(9)(c) 553:and may supplement 185:Grounds for divorce 81:Common-law marriage 4649:T. Berry Brazelton 4386:Social integration 4122:Identity formation 3919:2011-10-02 at the 3800:Georgia Law Review 3764:. 2 September 2014 3695:10.1111/jlme.12249 3554:The New York Times 3502:Indiana Law Review 3301:huffingtonpost.com 3163:2007-11-27 at the 3123:2007-11-27 at the 3092:2008-05-08 at the 3073:2007-10-16 at the 3051:2010-06-11 at the 3033:2006-01-11 at the 3014:2007-10-16 at the 2987:State of Texas USA 2983:2007-10-18 at the 2964:2009-07-18 at the 2919:2007-06-22 at the 2844:ncchildsupport.com 2773:2008-06-10 at the 2695:2008-04-30 at the 2610:has generic name ( 2531:2007-10-05 at the 2512:2007-11-30 at the 2494:2007-11-01 at the 2475:2007-10-12 at the 2350:2007-10-11 at the 2314:2008-05-07 at the 2287:on 10 October 2013 2263:2007-10-14 at the 2226:2008-05-29 at the 2195:2007-09-16 at the 2146:2009-03-26 at the 2078:2012-10-03 at the 1996:2009-10-14 at the 1886:2007-09-13 at the 1834:2010-03-08 at the 1731:2007-11-20 at the 1661:2014-02-11 at the 1635:on 8 February 2012 1527:2011-02-23 at the 1504:2008-01-04 at the 1480:2012-12-29 at the 975:"Deadbeat" parents 937:prepaid debit card 930:prepaid debit card 799:divorce settlement 570:standard of living 543:marital separation 429:Legality of incest 135:Voidable marriages 126:Matrimonial regime 66:Types of marriages 4773: 4772: 4583:Family disruption 4505:Cinderella effect 4485:Child abandonment 4459:Tactical ignoring 4356:Moral development 4235:Helicopter parent 4230:Gatekeeper parent 4195:Atlas personality 4172:Social psychology 4117:Human development 4102:Child development 4087:Attachment theory 3738:on April 27, 2019 2888:"Alberta Justice" 2663:on March 25, 2014 2171:on 17 August 2010 1775:Child Support Act 1402:Children's centre 1380:UK and Australia: 1357:Bradley Amendment 1149: 1148: 1141: 998:not in compliance 868:Bradley Amendment 586:Council of Europe 504:child maintenance 497: 496: 419:Domestic violence 393:(or criminal law) 301:Children's rights 235:Children's issues 18:Child maintenance 16:(Redirected from 4818: 4623:Shared parenting 4434:Blanket training 4426:Child discipline 4066:In loco parentis 4045:Shared parenting 3967: 3960: 3953: 3944: 3901: 3898: 3892: 3891: 3881: 3872: 3866: 3865: 3839: 3830: 3824: 3823: 3791: 3785: 3780: 3774: 3773: 3771: 3769: 3762:Business Insider 3754: 3748: 3747: 3745: 3743: 3737: 3730: 3721: 3715: 3714: 3674: 3668: 3667: 3655: 3649: 3648: 3625:Family Relations 3620: 3614: 3613: 3611: 3609: 3594: 3588: 3587: 3585: 3583: 3571: 3565: 3564: 3562: 3560: 3545: 3539: 3538: 3536: 3534: 3519: 3510: 3509: 3497: 3491: 3486: 3480: 3479: 3467: 3461: 3460: 3458: 3456: 3441: 3435: 3434: 3432: 3430: 3416: 3410: 3409: 3407: 3406: 3400: 3392: 3386: 3385: 3379: 3374: 3372: 3364: 3356: 3350: 3349: 3346:Fraser Institute 3337: 3331: 3330: 3318: 3312: 3311: 3309: 3307: 3292: 3286: 3285: 3269: 3259: 3253: 3252: 3250: 3248: 3242: 3236:. 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Archived from 2735: 2729: 2728: 2726: 2724: 2719:on 25 March 2014 2706: 2700: 2687: 2681: 2678: 2672: 2671: 2670: 2668: 2651: 2645: 2644: 2642: 2640: 2630: 2622: 2616: 2615: 2609: 2605: 2603: 2595: 2593: 2591: 2581: 2572: 2566: 2565: 2563: 2561: 2542: 2536: 2523: 2517: 2504: 2498: 2486: 2480: 2467: 2458: 2457: 2455: 2453: 2443: 2435: 2429: 2428: 2426: 2424: 2409: 2403: 2402: 2400: 2398: 2384: 2378: 2373: 2367: 2361: 2355: 2342: 2336: 2330: 2319: 2306: 2297: 2296: 2294: 2292: 2277: 2268: 2255: 2249: 2237: 2231: 2218: 2212: 2206: 2200: 2187: 2181: 2180: 2178: 2176: 2157: 2151: 2138: 2132: 2131: 2126:. Archived from 2120: 2114: 2113: 2111: 2109: 2103:www.arkansas.gov 2100: 2092: 2083: 2070: 2061: 2055: 2049: 2048: 2046: 2044: 2029: 2023: 2022: 2021:on May 29, 2007. 2017:. Archived from 2007: 2001: 1988: 1979: 1978: 1973:. Archived from 1967: 1961: 1955: 1946: 1945: 1943: 1941: 1932:. Archived from 1922: 1916: 1915: 1913: 1911: 1897: 1891: 1878: 1869: 1860: 1854: 1848: 1839: 1826: 1817: 1816: 1805: 1799: 1798: 1793:. Archived from 1787: 1778: 1772: 1766: 1760: 1751: 1745: 1736: 1723: 1717: 1711: 1700: 1695: 1689: 1688: 1686: 1684: 1673: 1667: 1651: 1645: 1644: 1642: 1640: 1629:subcourts.gov.sg 1621: 1610: 1608: 1606: 1605: 1596:. Archived from 1590: 1579: 1574: 1563: 1561: 1559: 1558: 1549:. Archived from 1543: 1532: 1520: 1509: 1496: 1485: 1472: 1461: 1460: 1458: 1456: 1442: 1345:Unfunded mandate 1335:Shared parenting 1185:shared parenting 1144: 1137: 1133: 1130: 1124: 1101: 1093: 793:Court procedures 706:child's expenses 660:in loco parentis 590:Hague Conference 520:custodial parent 489: 482: 475: 200:Legal separation 190:No-fault divorce 155:Amatonormativity 145:Marriageable age 111:Marriage licence 41: 21: 4826: 4825: 4821: 4820: 4819: 4817: 4816: 4815: 4776: 4775: 4774: 4769: 4718: 4699:Matthew Sanders 4654:Rudolf Dreikurs 4627: 4613:Parents' rights 4573:Deadbeat parent 4550: 4544: 4468: 4420: 4396:The talk (race) 4279: 4270:Tiger parenting 4176: 4071: 4020:Extended family 3976: 3971: 3921:Wayback Machine 3910: 3905: 3904: 3899: 3895: 3879: 3874: 3873: 3869: 3837: 3832: 3831: 3827: 3793: 3792: 3788: 3781: 3777: 3767: 3765: 3756: 3755: 3751: 3741: 3739: 3735: 3728: 3723: 3722: 3718: 3676: 3675: 3671: 3657: 3656: 3652: 3622: 3621: 3617: 3607: 3605: 3596: 3595: 3591: 3581: 3579: 3573: 3572: 3568: 3558: 3556: 3547: 3546: 3542: 3532: 3530: 3521: 3520: 3513: 3499: 3498: 3494: 3487: 3483: 3469: 3468: 3464: 3454: 3452: 3451:. 26 March 2013 3443: 3442: 3438: 3428: 3426: 3420:"42 U.S.C. 655" 3418: 3417: 3413: 3404: 3402: 3398: 3394: 3393: 3389: 3375: 3365: 3358: 3357: 3353: 3339: 3338: 3334: 3320: 3319: 3315: 3305: 3303: 3294: 3293: 3289: 3282: 3261: 3260: 3256: 3246: 3244: 3240: 3229: 3224: 3223: 3219: 3211: 3207: 3197: 3195: 3191: 3180: 3176: 3175: 3171: 3165:Wayback Machine 3156: 3152: 3147: 3143: 3135: 3131: 3125:Wayback Machine 3116: 3112: 3104: 3100: 3094:Wayback Machine 3085: 3081: 3075:Wayback Machine 3066: 3059: 3053:Wayback Machine 3045: 3041: 3035:Wayback Machine 3026: 3022: 3016:Wayback Machine 3007: 3003: 2995: 2991: 2985:Wayback Machine 2976: 2972: 2957: 2953: 2943: 2941: 2932: 2931: 2927: 2921:Wayback Machine 2913: 2906: 2896: 2894: 2886: 2885: 2878: 2870: 2866: 2856: 2854: 2853:on 11 June 2014 2850: 2839: 2835: 2834: 2830: 2821: 2819: 2810: 2809: 2805: 2797: 2793: 2785: 2781: 2775:Wayback Machine 2768:Payment options 2766: 2762: 2754: 2750: 2737: 2736: 2732: 2722: 2720: 2708: 2707: 2703: 2697:Wayback Machine 2688: 2684: 2679: 2675: 2666: 2664: 2653: 2652: 2648: 2638: 2636: 2628: 2624: 2623: 2619: 2606: 2596: 2589: 2587: 2579: 2574: 2573: 2569: 2559: 2557: 2544: 2543: 2539: 2533:Wayback Machine 2524: 2520: 2514:Wayback Machine 2505: 2501: 2496:Wayback Machine 2487: 2483: 2477:Wayback Machine 2468: 2461: 2451: 2449: 2441: 2437: 2436: 2432: 2422: 2420: 2411: 2410: 2406: 2396: 2394: 2386: 2385: 2381: 2374: 2370: 2362: 2358: 2352:Wayback Machine 2343: 2339: 2331: 2322: 2316:Wayback Machine 2307: 2300: 2290: 2288: 2279: 2278: 2271: 2265:Wayback Machine 2256: 2252: 2247:Wayback Machine 2238: 2234: 2228:Wayback Machine 2219: 2215: 2207: 2203: 2197:Wayback Machine 2188: 2184: 2174: 2172: 2159: 2158: 2154: 2148:Wayback Machine 2139: 2135: 2122: 2121: 2117: 2107: 2105: 2098: 2094: 2093: 2086: 2080:Wayback Machine 2071: 2064: 2056: 2052: 2042: 2040: 2031: 2030: 2026: 2009: 2008: 2004: 1998:Wayback Machine 1989: 1982: 1969: 1968: 1964: 1956: 1949: 1939: 1937: 1924: 1923: 1919: 1909: 1907: 1899: 1898: 1894: 1888:Wayback Machine 1879: 1872: 1861: 1857: 1849: 1842: 1836:Wayback Machine 1827: 1820: 1807: 1806: 1802: 1789: 1788: 1781: 1773: 1769: 1761: 1754: 1746: 1739: 1733:Wayback Machine 1724: 1720: 1712: 1703: 1696: 1692: 1682: 1680: 1675: 1674: 1670: 1663:Wayback Machine 1652: 1648: 1638: 1636: 1623: 1622: 1613: 1603: 1601: 1592: 1591: 1582: 1575: 1566: 1556: 1554: 1545: 1544: 1535: 1529:Wayback Machine 1521: 1512: 1506:Wayback Machine 1497: 1488: 1482:Wayback Machine 1473: 1464: 1454: 1452: 1444: 1443: 1439: 1434: 1309:Debtor's prison 1290: 1256:gender equality 1206:fathers' rights 1202: 1160: 1155: 1145: 1134: 1128: 1125: 1114: 1102: 1091: 1086: 1080: 1013: 983: 981:Deadbeat parent 977: 972: 961:age of majority 957: 899: 856: 839: 818:paternity fraud 795: 778: 694: 673: 657:parent that is 613: 493: 464: 463: 449:Paternity fraud 444:Parents' rights 439:Parental duties 394: 392: 384: 383: 344: 336: 335: 236: 228: 227: 170: 160: 159: 106: 96: 95: 61: 39: 36: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4824: 4822: 4814: 4813: 4808: 4803: 4798: 4793: 4788: 4778: 4777: 4771: 4770: 4768: 4767: 4762: 4757: 4752: 4747: 4742: 4740:Mothers' Union 4737: 4732: 4726: 4724: 4720: 4719: 4717: 4716: 4714:Benjamin Spock 4711: 4706: 4701: 4696: 4694:Penelope Leach 4691: 4689:Annette Lareau 4686: 4681: 4679:Alan E. Kazdin 4676: 4671: 4666: 4661: 4656: 4651: 4646: 4641: 4639:Mary Ainsworth 4635: 4633: 4629: 4628: 4626: 4625: 4620: 4615: 4610: 4605: 4600: 4595: 4590: 4585: 4580: 4575: 4570: 4565: 4560: 4554: 4552: 4551:social aspects 4546: 4545: 4543: 4542: 4537: 4532: 4527: 4522: 4517: 4512: 4507: 4502: 4497: 4492: 4487: 4482: 4476: 4474: 4470: 4469: 4467: 4466: 4461: 4456: 4451: 4446: 4441: 4436: 4430: 4428: 4422: 4421: 4419: 4418: 4413: 4403: 4398: 4393: 4388: 4383: 4378: 4368: 4363: 4358: 4353: 4348: 4343: 4338: 4333: 4328: 4323: 4318: 4316:Dishabituation 4313: 4308: 4303: 4298: 4293: 4287: 4285: 4281: 4280: 4278: 4277: 4272: 4267: 4262: 4257: 4252: 4247: 4245:Slow parenting 4242: 4237: 4232: 4227: 4222: 4217: 4212: 4207: 4202: 4197: 4192: 4186: 4184: 4178: 4177: 4175: 4174: 4169: 4164: 4159: 4154: 4149: 4144: 4139: 4134: 4129: 4124: 4119: 4114: 4109: 4104: 4099: 4094: 4089: 4083: 4081: 4076:Theories 4073: 4072: 4070: 4069: 4062: 4057: 4055:Blended family 4052: 4047: 4042: 4037: 4035:Nuclear family 4032: 4027: 4022: 4017: 4012: 4007: 4002: 3997: 3992: 3986: 3984: 3978: 3977: 3972: 3970: 3969: 3962: 3955: 3947: 3941: 3940: 3935: 3929: 3923: 3909: 3908:External links 3906: 3903: 3902: 3893: 3867: 3848:(3): 460–480. 3825: 3786: 3775: 3749: 3716: 3689:(2): 330–340. 3669: 3650: 3637:10.2307/585506 3615: 3589: 3566: 3540: 3511: 3492: 3481: 3462: 3436: 3411: 3387: 3378:|journal= 3351: 3332: 3313: 3287: 3280: 3254: 3217: 3205: 3169: 3150: 3141: 3129: 3110: 3098: 3079: 3057: 3039: 3020: 3001: 2999:United Kingdom 2989: 2970: 2951: 2925: 2904: 2876: 2874:United Kingdom 2864: 2828: 2817:New York Times 2803: 2791: 2779: 2760: 2748: 2730: 2701: 2682: 2673: 2646: 2617: 2567: 2537: 2518: 2499: 2481: 2459: 2430: 2404: 2379: 2368: 2356: 2337: 2320: 2298: 2269: 2250: 2232: 2213: 2201: 2182: 2165:leginfo.ca.gov 2152: 2133: 2115: 2084: 2062: 2050: 2024: 2002: 1980: 1962: 1947: 1917: 1892: 1870: 1855: 1840: 1818: 1800: 1779: 1767: 1752: 1737: 1718: 1701: 1690: 1668: 1646: 1611: 1580: 1564: 1533: 1510: 1486: 1462: 1436: 1435: 1433: 1430: 1429: 1428: 1417: 1416: 1405: 1404: 1399: 1394: 1389: 1377: 1376: 1369: 1364: 1359: 1348: 1347: 1342: 1337: 1332: 1330:Parenting plan 1327: 1322: 1317: 1311: 1306: 1301: 1296: 1289: 1286: 1280:Dubay v. Wells 1224:statutory rape 1201: 1198: 1159: 1156: 1147: 1146: 1105: 1103: 1096: 1090: 1087: 1082:Main article: 1079: 1076: 1060:European Union 1012: 1009: 979:Main article: 976: 973: 971: 968: 956: 953: 922:direct deposit 898: 895: 894: 893: 889: 886: 883: 872:42 U.S.C. 855: 852: 838: 835: 834: 833: 829: 814: 810: 794: 791: 780:Child-support 777: 774: 693: 690: 672: 669: 612: 609: 597:Family Law Act 579:United Nations 495: 494: 492: 491: 484: 477: 469: 466: 465: 462: 461: 456: 451: 446: 441: 436: 431: 426: 421: 416: 411: 406: 401: 395: 390: 389: 386: 385: 382: 381: 376: 371: 366: 361: 356: 351: 345: 342: 341: 338: 337: 334: 333: 328: 326:Paper abortion 323: 318: 313: 308: 303: 298: 293: 288: 283: 278: 273: 268: 263: 261:Legal guardian 258: 253: 248: 243: 237: 234: 233: 230: 229: 226: 225: 220: 215: 212: 210:Parenting plan 207: 202: 197: 192: 187: 182: 177: 171: 166: 165: 162: 161: 158: 157: 152: 147: 142: 137: 128: 123: 118: 113: 107: 102: 101: 98: 97: 94: 93: 88: 83: 78: 73: 68: 62: 59: 58: 55: 54: 48: 47: 37: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4823: 4812: 4809: 4807: 4804: 4802: 4799: 4797: 4794: 4792: 4791:Child support 4789: 4787: 4784: 4783: 4781: 4766: 4763: 4761: 4758: 4756: 4753: 4751: 4748: 4746: 4743: 4741: 4738: 4736: 4733: 4731: 4728: 4727: 4725: 4723:Organizations 4721: 4715: 4712: 4710: 4709:B. F. Skinner 4707: 4705: 4704:William Sears 4702: 4700: 4697: 4695: 4692: 4690: 4687: 4685: 4682: 4680: 4677: 4675: 4674:Thomas Gordon 4672: 4670: 4667: 4665: 4662: 4660: 4657: 4655: 4652: 4650: 4647: 4645: 4642: 4640: 4637: 4636: 4634: 4630: 4624: 4621: 4619: 4616: 4614: 4611: 4609: 4606: 4604: 4601: 4599: 4596: 4594: 4591: 4589: 4586: 4584: 4581: 4579: 4576: 4574: 4571: 4569: 4566: 4564: 4563:Child support 4561: 4559: 4558:Child custody 4556: 4555: 4553: 4547: 4541: 4538: 4536: 4533: 4531: 4528: 4526: 4523: 4521: 4518: 4516: 4513: 4511: 4508: 4506: 4503: 4501: 4500:Child neglect 4498: 4496: 4493: 4491: 4488: 4486: 4483: 4481: 4478: 4477: 4475: 4471: 4465: 4462: 4460: 4457: 4455: 4452: 4450: 4447: 4445: 4442: 4440: 4437: 4435: 4432: 4431: 4429: 4427: 4423: 4417: 4414: 4411: 4407: 4404: 4402: 4399: 4397: 4394: 4392: 4389: 4387: 4384: 4382: 4379: 4376: 4372: 4369: 4367: 4364: 4362: 4359: 4357: 4354: 4352: 4349: 4347: 4344: 4342: 4339: 4337: 4334: 4332: 4331:Homeschooling 4329: 4327: 4324: 4322: 4319: 4317: 4314: 4312: 4309: 4307: 4304: 4302: 4299: 4297: 4294: 4292: 4289: 4288: 4286: 4282: 4276: 4273: 4271: 4268: 4266: 4263: 4261: 4258: 4256: 4253: 4251: 4248: 4246: 4243: 4241: 4238: 4236: 4233: 4231: 4228: 4226: 4223: 4221: 4218: 4216: 4213: 4211: 4208: 4206: 4203: 4201: 4198: 4196: 4193: 4191: 4188: 4187: 4185: 4183: 4179: 4173: 4170: 4168: 4167:Socialization 4165: 4163: 4160: 4158: 4155: 4153: 4152:Paternal bond 4150: 4148: 4145: 4143: 4140: 4138: 4137:Maternal bond 4135: 4133: 4130: 4128: 4125: 4123: 4120: 4118: 4115: 4113: 4110: 4108: 4105: 4103: 4100: 4098: 4095: 4093: 4090: 4088: 4085: 4084: 4082: 4079: 4074: 4068: 4067: 4063: 4061: 4058: 4056: 4053: 4051: 4050:Single parent 4048: 4046: 4043: 4041: 4038: 4036: 4033: 4031: 4028: 4026: 4023: 4021: 4018: 4016: 4013: 4011: 4010:Alloparenting 4008: 4006: 4003: 4001: 3998: 3996: 3993: 3991: 3988: 3987: 3985: 3983: 3979: 3975: 3968: 3963: 3961: 3956: 3954: 3949: 3948: 3945: 3939: 3936: 3933: 3930: 3927: 3924: 3922: 3918: 3915: 3912: 3911: 3907: 3897: 3894: 3889: 3885: 3878: 3871: 3868: 3863: 3859: 3855: 3851: 3847: 3843: 3842:Legal Studies 3836: 3829: 3826: 3821: 3817: 3813: 3809: 3805: 3801: 3797: 3790: 3787: 3784: 3779: 3776: 3763: 3759: 3753: 3750: 3734: 3727: 3720: 3717: 3712: 3708: 3704: 3700: 3696: 3692: 3688: 3684: 3680: 3673: 3670: 3665: 3661: 3654: 3651: 3646: 3642: 3638: 3634: 3630: 3626: 3619: 3616: 3604: 3600: 3593: 3590: 3577: 3570: 3567: 3555: 3551: 3544: 3541: 3529: 3525: 3518: 3516: 3512: 3507: 3503: 3496: 3493: 3490: 3485: 3482: 3477: 3473: 3466: 3463: 3450: 3446: 3440: 3437: 3425: 3421: 3415: 3412: 3397: 3391: 3388: 3383: 3370: 3362: 3355: 3352: 3347: 3343: 3336: 3333: 3328: 3324: 3317: 3314: 3302: 3298: 3291: 3288: 3283: 3277: 3273: 3268: 3267: 3258: 3255: 3239: 3235: 3228: 3221: 3218: 3214: 3209: 3206: 3190: 3186: 3179: 3173: 3170: 3166: 3162: 3159: 3154: 3151: 3145: 3142: 3138: 3133: 3130: 3126: 3122: 3119: 3114: 3111: 3107: 3102: 3099: 3095: 3091: 3088: 3083: 3080: 3076: 3072: 3069: 3064: 3062: 3058: 3054: 3050: 3047: 3043: 3040: 3036: 3032: 3029: 3024: 3021: 3017: 3013: 3010: 3005: 3002: 2998: 2993: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2979: 2974: 2971: 2967: 2963: 2960: 2955: 2952: 2940:on 2007-10-27 2939: 2935: 2929: 2926: 2922: 2918: 2915: 2911: 2909: 2905: 2893: 2889: 2883: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2868: 2865: 2849: 2845: 2838: 2832: 2829: 2818: 2814: 2807: 2804: 2800: 2795: 2792: 2788: 2783: 2780: 2776: 2772: 2769: 2764: 2761: 2757: 2752: 2749: 2744: 2740: 2734: 2731: 2718: 2714: 2713: 2705: 2702: 2698: 2694: 2691: 2686: 2683: 2677: 2674: 2662: 2658: 2657: 2650: 2647: 2634: 2627: 2621: 2618: 2613: 2601: 2585: 2578: 2571: 2568: 2555: 2551: 2547: 2541: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2527: 2522: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2508: 2503: 2500: 2497: 2493: 2490: 2485: 2482: 2478: 2474: 2471: 2466: 2464: 2460: 2447: 2440: 2434: 2431: 2418: 2414: 2408: 2405: 2393: 2392:www.azdes.gov 2389: 2383: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2369: 2365: 2360: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2346: 2341: 2338: 2334: 2329: 2327: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2310: 2305: 2303: 2299: 2286: 2282: 2276: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2259: 2254: 2251: 2248: 2244: 2241: 2236: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2222: 2217: 2214: 2210: 2205: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2191: 2186: 2183: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2156: 2153: 2149: 2145: 2142: 2137: 2134: 2129: 2125: 2119: 2116: 2104: 2097: 2091: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2074: 2069: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2054: 2051: 2038: 2034: 2028: 2025: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2006: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1992: 1987: 1985: 1981: 1976: 1972: 1966: 1963: 1959: 1954: 1952: 1948: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1921: 1918: 1906: 1905:www.ksbar.org 1902: 1896: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1882: 1877: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1856: 1852: 1847: 1845: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1830: 1825: 1823: 1819: 1814: 1810: 1804: 1801: 1796: 1792: 1786: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1771: 1768: 1764: 1759: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1744: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1727: 1722: 1719: 1715: 1710: 1708: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1691: 1678: 1672: 1669: 1665: 1664: 1660: 1657: 1650: 1647: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1620: 1618: 1616: 1612: 1600:on 2012-07-22 1599: 1595: 1589: 1587: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1571: 1569: 1565: 1553:on 2007-10-27 1552: 1548: 1542: 1540: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1523: 1519: 1517: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1500: 1495: 1493: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1476: 1471: 1469: 1467: 1463: 1451: 1447: 1441: 1438: 1431: 1427: 1424: 1423: 1422: 1421: 1415: 1412: 1411: 1410: 1409: 1403: 1400: 1398: 1395: 1393: 1390: 1387: 1384: 1383: 1382: 1381: 1375: 1374: 1370: 1368: 1365: 1363: 1360: 1358: 1355: 1354: 1353: 1352: 1346: 1343: 1341: 1338: 1336: 1333: 1331: 1328: 1326: 1323: 1321: 1320:Joint custody 1318: 1315: 1312: 1310: 1307: 1305: 1302: 1300: 1299:Child custody 1297: 1295: 1292: 1291: 1287: 1285: 1282: 1281: 1275: 1273: 1269: 1264: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1240: 1239:male abortion 1235: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1220: 1213: 1211: 1207: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1186: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1157: 1154: 1143: 1140: 1132: 1129:November 2020 1122: 1118: 1112: 1111: 1106:This section 1104: 1100: 1095: 1094: 1088: 1085: 1077: 1075: 1071: 1069: 1063: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1047: 1045: 1042:and the 2007 1041: 1037: 1032: 1029: 1024: 1022: 1021:United States 1018: 1010: 1008: 1005: 1003: 999: 995: 994:in compliance 990: 988: 982: 974: 969: 967: 964: 962: 954: 952: 950: 949:Comerica Bank 947:, Chase, and 946: 942: 938: 935: 931: 927: 923: 918: 914: 910: 908: 903: 896: 892:notification. 890: 887: 884: 881: 880: 879: 877: 873: 869: 864: 860: 853: 851: 847: 843: 836: 830: 827: 823: 819: 815: 811: 807: 806: 805: 802: 800: 792: 790: 786: 783: 775: 773: 771: 767: 763: 759: 755: 751: 747: 743: 739: 735: 731: 727: 721: 717: 713: 709: 707: 702: 700: 691: 689: 685: 681: 678: 670: 668: 664: 662: 661: 656: 655: 650: 646: 642: 637: 633: 629: 627: 623: 617: 610: 608: 606: 602: 598: 593: 591: 587: 582: 580: 576: 571: 567: 566:United States 563: 558: 556: 552: 548: 544: 540: 535: 531: 529: 525: 521: 517: 513: 509: 505: 501: 500:Child support 490: 485: 483: 478: 476: 471: 470: 468: 467: 460: 457: 455: 452: 450: 447: 445: 442: 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