597:, Romania underwent drastic changes to its populace. Ceaușescu, in an attempt to form a robust and young population, outlawed methods of contraception and encouraged the creation of large families with many children. Much like during the Fascist period of Italian history, incentives and cultural praise were offered to parents who produced many children. Ceaușescu established Decree 770 which outlawed abortion and contraception for all women, except those who were over 40, had already borne 4–5 children, had life-threatening complications during pregnancy, or who became pregnant through rape or incest. In the following years, Romania's birth rate nearly doubled. However, due to a lack of resources necessary to care for the abundance of children, thousands were abandoned or left to die. Other women resorted to unsafe forms of abortion carried out by people without medical training. The problem persisted until the coup that overthrew Ceaușescu in 1989. Following the coup, Romania's birthrate steadily declined for the following decades. Today, the birth rate has dropped to 1.52 births per woman, under the rate of replacement.
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and reclaim the child. Anonymous birthing is most often implemented as measure to prevent neonaticide and has been successful in multiple countries. Police in
Austria report a 57% drop in neonaticides after the country passed a law allowing for anonymous birthing and free delivery in 2001. Anonymous birthing provides the opportunity for mothers to disclose relevant health history to later be shared with the child and adoptive family, as well as access to hospital care to reduce risk during birth. In some states, France for example, mothers who choose anonymous birthing undergo counselling and are informed of available support structures to help them keep the child. Mothers who are seeking to anonymously abandon their child at birth may avoid anonymous birthing due to increased interaction with hospital staff and the possibility of undergoing counselling.
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decades, hundreds of thousands of children, the majority of which were girls, were abandoned and required caretaking. Non-governmental organizations stepped in to assist with the re-housing of these girls, leading to the international adoption of over 120,000 Chinese children. Today, China's fertility rate has not quite returned to the rate of replacement (the birth rate that will maintain population size under conditions of zero net immigration/emigration). In fact, in the years since the relinquishing of the policy, China's fertility rate has only risen .04 per family.
368:, parents who did not want to raise their children gave them to monasteries with a small fee, an act known as oblation, and in times of social stress, monasteries often received large numbers of children. By the high Middle Ages, oblation was less common and more often arranged privately between the monastery and the parents of the child. Sometimes, medieval hospitals cared for abandoned children at the community's expense. Still, some refused to do so because being willing to accept abandoned children would increase abandonment rates. Medieval laws in
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able to save their original parents or family by wielding power from their adoptive status, while making use of an education that sets them apart from their peers. The theme is also carried through in the case of many modern superheroes, most famously
Superman (see Modern Media below). Mark Twain tweaks the traditional "upgrading" of the foundling's social status by having the child's twin, who is powerful by birth, experience the "downgrading " of his position in a switch planned by the two children, in "The Prince and the Pauper".
376:, often prescribed that the person who had taken up the child was entitled to the child's service as a slave. Conscripting or enslaving children into armies and labor pools often occurred as a consequence of war or pestilence when many children were left parentless. Abandoned children then became the wards of the state, military organization, or religious group. When this practice happened en masse, it had the advantage of ensuring the strength and continuity of cultural and religious practices in medieval society.
349:." Children were left on hillsides, in the wilderness, near churches, and in other public places. If taken up by others, the children might join another family either as slaves or as free family members. Roman societies, in particular, chose slaves to raise their children rather than family members, who were often indifferent towards their children. Although being found by others would allow children who were abandoned to often survive, exposure is sometimes compared to
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in the United States in 1999 and have since been adopted in Canada, Japan, France, and
Slovakia. It is debated if safe haven laws prevent child abandonment or neonaticide. As with baby boxes, one study suggests that mothers in rural areas are not willing to travel to abandon their children and would not be willing to travel to a hospital to do so. As of 2017, 3,317 babies have been surrendered via safe haven laws in the United States.
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Advantages of baby boxes include a greater degree of anonymity for parents abandoning their children and a guarantee that the child will be found and attended to. However, children are sometimes placed in baby boxes with existing issue or injury and baby boxes are under-utilized and costly to operate. It is also debated if baby boxes are an accessible option for rural mothers who may not be willing to travel to abandon their children.
86:) with different state judicial systems treating it with varying severities and classifications. Child abandonment may lead to the permanent loss of parental rights of the parents. Some states allow for reinstatement of the parental rights, with about half of the states in the US having had laws for this purpose. Perpetrators can also be charged with
578:, it is estimated that roughly 50,000 babies were born of American fathers and Vietnamese mothers. A large contingent of these children were either unwanted due to the circumstances of their conception or unable to be cared for due to the lack of available resources and assistance in the war-torn country. Locally, these children were known as "
1839:
Citro, Brian; Gilson, Je; Kalantry, Sital; Stricker, Kelsey; University of
Chicago Law School. International Human Rights Clinic; National Asian Paci c American Women's Forum (U.S.); and Advancing New Standards in Reproductive Health (Organization), "Replacing Myths with Facts: Sex-Selective Abortion
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were highly popular as a source of free labor. The sheer size of the displacement and the complications and exploitation that occurred gave rise to new agencies and a series of laws that promoted adoption rather than indenture. By 1945, adoption was formulated as a legal act with consideration of the
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In these stories, the children seldom find adoptive parents, but malicious monsters, such as ogres and witches; outwitting them, they find treasure enough to solve their poverty. The stepmother may die coincidentally, or be driven out by the father when he hears, so that the reunited family can live
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Persons in cultures with poor social welfare systems who are not financially capable of taking care of a child are more likely to abandon them. Several
American states are moving towards passing legislation to prevent rehoming of children post adoption. However, national legislation may be needed to
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Europe saw the rise of foundling homes and increased abandonment of children to these homes. These numbers continued to rise and peaked when 5% of all births resulted in abandonment in France around 1830. The national reaction to this was to limit the resources provided by foundling homes and switch
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allow parents of a child, typically a newborn child but age can vary, to abandon the child at a place of local authority such as a hospital, fire station, or police station with no further question. Some states allow the parent to reclaim the child within a certain timeframe. Safe Haven Laws passed
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provide a safe and anonymous way to abandon children, typically newborns, rather than resorting to infant exposure or neonaticide. Baby boxes can be found in
Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, South Korea, and the United States.
35:
is the practice of relinquishing interests and claims over one's offspring in an illegal way, with the intent of never resuming or reasserting guardianship. The phrase is typically used to describe the physical abandonment of a child. Still, it can also include severe cases of neglect and emotional
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and adopted by the queen of Egypt, thus gaining a higher social status and better education, as well as a more powerful position than his birth family could have given him. A similar story is told of other heroes who eventually learn about their true origins only as adults, when they find they are
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some children of a multiple birth are abandoned after the heroine has taunted another woman with a claim that such a birth is proof of adultery and then suffered such a birth of her own. Poverty usually features as a cause only with the case of older children, who can survive on their own. Indeed,
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alleviate the problem by setting up international adoptions and other rehoming methods but were largely ineffective. To this day, attempts are being made to link
American veterans to children that they may have fathered during their time in Vietnam as well as children to their families in Vietnam.
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was established by the US government in an effort to bring over 3,300 children, many but not all of whom were abandoned, orphaned, or mixed-race, leading to fears of their exploitation, to
Western countries to be adopted, with varying degrees of success. Non-governmental organizations attempted to
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if they were to have another child. Families that disobeyed the law were levied a fine and lost their right to many government services, including access to health and educational services. Nevertheless, transgressions of the law most certainly occurred. Consequently, over the course of over three
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allows pregnant mothers to give birth to their child without revealing their identity or claiming any ownership over or legal obligation to the child. Different countries wait varying lengths of time from 2–8 weeks before putting the child up for adoption to allow mothers to return to the hospital
386:
Abandonment increased towards the end of the 19th century, particularly in the United States. The largest migration of abandoned children in history occurred in the United States between 1853 and 1929. Over one hundred and twenty thousand orphans (not all of whom were intentionally abandoned) were
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features a wicked uncle in the role of the wicked stepmother, who gives an order for the children to be killed. However, although the servants scruple to obey him, and the children are abandoned in the woods, the tale ends tragically: the children die, and their bodies are covered with leaves by
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of a child is a form of abandonment that entails ending contact with and support for one's dependent. Disownment tends to occur later in a child's life, generally due to a conflict between the parent(s) and the child, but can also occur when children are still young. Reasons include: divorce of
1062:, the main protagonist is a prince who is whisked out of a castle under attack in a basket-like device and then found by a couple and raised on land so that his father's enemies do not find him. He returns to the seas to fulfill the prophecy thought to be his father's but that was actually his.
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is a foundling sold as a slave on a remote planet. He is bought and freed by a beggar who educates and inspires him, then learns from multiple kind foster families. He later discovers that his parents were killed for opposing slavery in the galactic conglomerate that they owned and that he
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Governmental assistance can be provided in the form of parental counseling, post-natal services, mental health services, and other community support services for parents who are at a higher risk of abandoning their children because of age, support, physical ability, mental illness, or
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to foster homes instead such that fewer children would die within overcrowded foundling homes during infancy. As access to contraception increased and economic conditions improved in Europe towards the end of the 19th century, the number of children being abandoned declined.
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Evidence has shown that, when bans on abortion are lifted, the number of abandoned, abused, and neglected children goes down in response. However, access is an issue. In the United States, 87% of all counties, and 97% of all rural counties, do not have any access to abortion
609:, can combine many advantages to a plot: mysterious antecedents, leading to plots to discover them; high birth and lowly upbringing. Foundlings have appeared in literature in some of the oldest known tales. The most common reasons for abandoning children in literature are
142:, and other countries) who are not financially capable of taking care of a child are more likely to abandon their children because of a lack of resources. In some cases the parents already have a child or children, but are unable to take care of another child at that time.
820:, the disfigured child is abandoned at the cathedral's foundling's bed, made available for the leaving of unwanted infants. Ruth Benedict, in studying the Zuni, found that the practice of child abandonment was unknown, but featured heavily in their folktales.
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In some cartoons, wily characters may disguise themselves as foundlings. This may be accomplished by the character dressing as a baby and lying in a bassinet or basket on a doorstep, perhaps with a note adding to the ruse. This was parodied in the 2006 movie
1943:
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was a foundling, given to the
Ophanarium and a note in an alien language to make people believe that she was an alien rather than a mutant; she would have been forced, in the latter case, to live in the sewers with the other
516:, where between 2005 and 2011, 517 babies were dumped. Of those 517 children, 287 were found dead. In 2012, there were 31 cases, including at least one instance of a child being tossed from a window of a high rise apartment.
361:: "it is certainly the more cruel way to kill... by exposure to cold and hunger and dogs." Despite the comparison, other sources report that infanticide and exposure were viewed as morally different in ancient times.
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parents, discovering the true paternity of a child, and a child's actions bringing shame to a family; most commonly, breaking the law, teenage pregnancy, major religious or ideological differences, and identifying as
93:
Official statistics on child abandonment do not exist in most countries. In
Denmark, an estimate of child abandonment prevalence was 1.7 infants per 100,000 births, with another source suggesting higher prevalence in
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that the child will cause harm; the mother's desire to conceal her illegitimate child, often after rape by a god; or spite on the part of people other than the parents, such as sisters and mothers-in-law in such
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abandonment, such as when parents fail to provide financial and emotional support for children over an extended period (sometimes referred to as "throwaway" children). An abandoned child is referred to as a
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when adoptive parents use illegal means, such as the internet, to find new homes for their children. In the case where child abandonment is anonymous within the first 12 months, it may be referred to as
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In cultures where the sex of the child is of utmost importance, parents are more likely to abandon a baby of the undesired sex. Similarly, people may choose to pursue the often controversial option of
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Child abandonment is illegal in most of the world, and depending upon the facts of the case and laws of the state in which it occurs could be prosecuted as a misdemeanor or felony criminal offense.
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the child is abandoned immediately after birth, which may reflect pre-Christian practices, both Scandavian and Roman, that the newborn would not be raised without the father's decision to do so.
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which set up penalties for families that chose to have more than one child. Women were compelled to undergo a surgical implantation of an IUD following the birth of their first child and
82:
2056:"Serving Our Youth: Findings from a National Survey of Service Providers Working with Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender Youth Who Are Homeless or At Risk of Becoming Homeless"
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This may reflect the widespread practice of child abandonment in their cultures. On the other hand, the motif is continued through literature where the practice is not widespread.
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For children who are abandoned in dangerous places, such as dumpsters, doorsteps, and other public areas, exposure to the elements and physical injury are distinct possibilities.
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When the cause of the abandonment is a prophecy, the abandonment is usually instrumental in causing the prophecy to be fulfilled. Besides Oedipus, Greek legends also included
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In the UK abandoning a child under the age of two years is a criminal offence. In 2004 49 babies were abandoned nationwide with slightly more boys than girls being abandoned.
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958:, who was prophesied to kill his uncle; his ignorance of his parentage, stemming from his abandonment, caused his uncle to jeer at him and him to kill the uncle in anger.
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resources, like contraception, and abortion can help prevent people who cannot take care of, or do not want to raise, children from becoming pregnant in the first place.
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863:. This can imply or outright state that the child benefits by this pure upbringing by unspoiled people, as opposed to the corruption that surrounded his birth family.
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reveals the brocade and the ring she was abandoned with, her mother and sister recognize her; this makes her a suitable bride for the man whose mistress she had been.
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more happily than in Oedipus' case. Grown children, having been taken up by strangers, were usually recognized by tokens that had been left with the exposed baby: In
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may be seen as a continuation of the foundling tradition, the lone survivor of an advanced (but almost-completely extinct) civilization who is found and raised by
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describes how the Jewish infant is abandoned by his mother and set to float in the Nile in a reed basket, in hopes that he will be found and nurtured; as planned,
52:
refers to parents leaving a child younger than 12 months in a public or private place with the intent of terminating their care for the child. It is also known as
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1670:"Improving knowledge on child abandonment and care in United States and other countries: A demographic contribution to the achievement of child protection"
1142:, who was found, as a toddler, among the ruins of a caravan party that had been attacked by bandits, and was then surrounded by the bodies of the adults.
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Depending upon the severity of their symptoms, children who have developed certain maladjusted tendencies in social interaction may be diagnosed with
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in which the title refers to a "receiver of foundlings" who were placed in a device called a "foundling wheel", in the wall of a church or hospital.
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or other health complications may be abandoned if their parents feel unequipped to provide them with the level of care that their condition requires.
774:, believing him to be her husband's illegitimate child, when a priestess reveals the birth-tokens that show that Ion is her own, abandoned infant.
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Notable contemporary instances of child abandonment include homicidal neglect by confinement of infants or children, such as in the affair of the
284:
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From Oedipus onward, Greek and Roman tales are filled with exposed children who escaped death to be reunited with their families—usually, as in
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Child Welfare Information Gateway. “Foster care statistics 2015”. Washington, DC: Department of Health and Human Services, Children's Bureau.
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shipped west on railroad cars, where families agreed to foster the children in exchange for their use as farmhands, household workers, etc.
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Miller-Loessi, Karen; Kilic, Zeynep (2001). "A Unique Diaspora?: The Case of Adopted Girls and Boys from the People's Republic of China".
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both continue the tradition of foundlings abandoned because of prophecies, and who fulfil the prophecies because of their abandonment.
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The children of Queen Blondine and of her sister, Princess Brunette, picked up by a Corsair after seven days at sea; illustration by
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659:, who is left to die as a baby in the hills by a herdsman ordered to kill the baby, but is found and grows up to unwittingly marry
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were suckled by a wolf in the wilderness, but afterward, again found by a shepherd. This ties this motif in with the genre of the
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most such individuals are of royal or noble birth; their abandonment means they grow up in ignorance of their true social status.
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Children born out of the confines of marriage may be abandoned in a family's attempt to prevent being shamed by their community.
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can result in the involuntary abandonment of a child, even if the parent(s) did not voluntarily relinquish their parental role.
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that he is a foundling; in a story set in the same world, "The Foundling," Dallben himself proves to be a foundling as well.
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child's best interests. The origin of the move toward secrecy and the sealing of all adoption and birth records began when
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Boswell, John Eastburn (1984). "Expositio and Oblatio: The Abandonment of Children and the Ancient and Medieval Family".
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despite learning her true father at the end of the book, she refuses to leave Silas Marner, who had actually reared her.
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introduced the concept to prevent children from the orphan trains from returning to or being reclaimed by their parents.
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industrialist Andrew Undershaft, a foundling himself, intently searches for a foundling to assume the family business.
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the child is actually abandoned by a servant who had been given orders to put the child to death. Other tales such as
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is a king's daughter rather than a shepherdess, and so suitable for her prince lover. Similarly, when the heroine of
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The pattern of a child remaining with its adoptive parents is less common than the reverse, but it occurs. In the
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The strangers who take up the child are often shepherds or other herdsmen. This befell not only Oedipus, but also
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The Kindness of Strangers: The Abandonment of Children in Western Europe from Late Antiquity to the Renaissance.
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has children reluctantly abandoned in the forest by their parents since they were no longer able to feed them.
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Attachment issues: difficulty becoming emotionally attached to and trusting other people, especially caregivers
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Hobbs, G. F.; Hobbs, C. J.; Wynne, J. M. (December 1999). "Abuse of children in foster and residential care".
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Political conditions, such as war and displacement of a family, also cause parents to abandon their children.
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The Visigothic Code: (Forum judicum), Book IV: Concerning Natural Lineage Title IV: Concerning Foundlings
1721:"Factors associated with abandonment of infants born to HIV positive mother: results from a birth cohort"
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is never reconciled with his mother, and dies in battle with her legitimate son. In the Grimm fairy tale
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Still, even cultures that do not practice it may reflect older customs; in medieval literature, such as
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Bailey, Heather; Semenenko, Igor; Pilipenko, Tatyana; Malyuta, Ruslan; Thorne, Claire (December 2010).
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In 2015, the United States' government spent over $ 9 billion to support 427,910 children who were in
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and many other countries, child abandonment is usually treated as a subset of the broader category of
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2438:"The impact of legalized abortion on child health outcomes and abandonment. Evidence from Romania"
1384:"Child Abandonment and Anonymous Surrendering of Babies: Experiences in Ten High-income Countries"
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farmers in a pastoral setting, and later discovers his alien origins and uses his powers for good.
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When older children are abandoned in fairy tales, while poverty may be cited as a cause, as in
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In the Service of the Khan: Eminent Personalities of the Early Mongol-Yüan Period (1200–1300)
1882:"Disrupting young lives: How detention and deportation affect US-born children of immigrants"
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was also nursed by a bear before being found. In some cases, the child is depicted as being
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China's Hidden Children: Abandonment, Adoption, and the Human Costs of the One-child Policy
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1622:. Institute of Work, Health and Organisations. Nottingham: University of Nottingham. 2012.
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In a common variant on the abandonment and rediscovery of an infant, the biblical story of
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2666:"Lost but not yet Found: Medieval Foundlings and their Care in Northern France, 1200–1500"
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where a baby can be anonymously abandoned while ensuring that the child will be cared for.
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76:"where they will not be prosecuted.") In the United States it is punishable as a class 4
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Low self-esteem stemming from feelings of guilt about being at fault for being abandoned
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502:, which apply to babies left in designated places such as hospitals (see, for example,
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80:, and a second or subsequent offense after a prior conviction is a class 3 felony (see
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Bitler, Marianne; Zavodny, Madeline (2002). "Child Abuse and Abortion Availability ".
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One of the earliest surviving examples of child abandonment in literature is that of
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72:. (However, states have laws allowing a parent to permanently surrender a child at a
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1777:"The tragic tale of China's orphanages: 98% of abandoned children have disabilities"
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Foundlings still appear in modern literature; this is a partial list of examples:
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The Great Fairy Tale Tradition: From Straparola and Basile to the Brothers Grimm,
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Laws in the United States" (2014). Cornell Law Faculty Publications. Paper 1399.
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2005:"Homeless rates for LGBT teens are alarming, but parents can make a difference"
882:; however, in actuality, feral children have proven to be incapable of speech.
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that the character Pastorella, raised by shepherds, is in fact of noble birth.
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leave the state. In 1981, this distinction was upheld as constitutional by the
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1176:
1133:
807:
757:
696:
to ensure that the child can be identified. This theme is a main element in
408:
345:
Historically, many cultures practiced abandonment of infants, often called "
145:
In societies where young women and young men are looked down upon for being
122:
are often causes of child abandonment. People living in countries with poor
2650:
2522:
2479:
2110:
1762:
767:
2265:
1810:
4220:
4154:
3561:
2372:"'They don't deserve this kind of life:' Meet China's Abandoned Children"
1120:
1036:
955:
940:
Foundling Bird never learns of, least of all reunites with, his parents.
871:
860:
513:
488:
250:
103:
3857:
3821:
3075:"GIs return to end 30 years of pain for Vietnam's children of the dust"
2708:
2642:
1857:"How can abandonment of children by noncustodial parents be prevented?"
1179:
was abandoned on the Rubbles's doorstep and eventually adopted by them.
1092:
867:
660:
656:
219:
Possibility of experiencing abuse and neglect in institutionalized care
131:
123:
115:
2786:
Philanthropy in America : a comprehensive historical encyclopedia
2462:
1944:"Family functioning in families with alcohol and other drug addiction"
1696:
1686:
1669:
1496:"Reinstatement of Parental Rights – Child Welfare Information Gateway"
498:
Many jurisdictions have exceptions to abandonment laws in the form of
447:(wrong in itself) due to the direct harm to the child, and because of
228:: feelings of anxiety about being separated from parents or caregivers
4081:
4000:
3596:
3556:
3551:
3546:
1225:
1040:
988:
908:
749:
606:
468:
369:
135:
77:
45:
2634:
2310:"Post Traumatic Stress Disorder of Abandonment, Part I: An Overview"
1971:"ISIS Declares War on Hamas, and Gaza Families Disown Sons in Sinai"
885:
The theme of young boys being raised by leading women of the early
2976:
930:
920:
900:
729:
667:
440:
418:
127:
3688:
1433:"Child Abandonment Law and Legal Definition | USLegal, Inc"
1153:
495:
made national headlines by rehoming two young adopted children.
206:
3503:
2926:"As Arkansas Outlaws Re-homing, Other States Might Follow Suit"
1055:
revolves about the Tramp's efforts to raise an abandoned child.
3962:
3368:
Ratchnevsky, Paul (1993). "Sigi Qutuqu (c. 1180–c. 1260)". In
991:
malice). The stepmother's wishes may be the sole cause, as in
2597:"About Teen Pregnancy | Teen Pregnancy | Reproductive Health"
2417:. National Conference of State Legislatures. 23 February 2020
692:
Children are often abandoned with birth tokens, which act as
3499:
2232:"A Helpful Way to Conceptualize and Understand Reenactments"
439:
Today, abandonment of a child is considered to be a serious
799:, in one of the first novels recognized as such, recounted
717:
a recognition scene in the final act reveals by these that
621:
The Dancing Water, the Singing Apple, and the Speaking Bird
524:
State programs for facilitating anonymous child abandonment
3306:
The Ties That Bound: Peasant Families in Medieval England,
3090:
3088:
2856:"Foster Family Disputes Key Statements from Justin Harris"
2436:
Mitrut, Andreea; Wolff, François-Charles (December 2011).
977:
the most common effect is when poverty is combined with a
265:, and traumatic reenactment through romantic relationships
3467:
Oedipus Simplex: Freedom and Fate in Folklore and Fiction
2789:. Burlingame, Dwight. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. 2004.
2179:"Abandonment Issues – Are They Holding You Back In Life?"
866:
Often, the child is aided by animals before being found;
3018:
The Encyclopedia of World Problems & Human Potential
90:
if victims die as a result of their actions or neglect.
1545:
Browne, Kevin. "Child abandonment and its prevention".
479:
against a parent's argument that it denied parents the
2030:"America's Shame: 40% of Homeless Youth Are LGBT Kids"
3008:
3006:
3004:
3002:
3000:
2998:
2670:
Proceedings of the Western Society for French History
1448:"Parental Rights Terminated Due to Child Abandonment"
1356:"What is Adoption Rehoming, Disruption, Dissolution?"
153:
and single fathers, child abandonment is more common.
2951:"Newborn killings drop after anonymous delivery law"
467:
to willfully and voluntarily abandon a child, and a
4279:
4188:
4105:
4029:
3981:
3840:
3737:
3632:
3537:
944:depicted the abandonment of the character Eppie in
520:protect children from being rehomed in all states.
443:in many jurisdictions because it can be considered
2236:The Journal of Psychotherapy Practice and Research
1903:
1382:Navne, Laura; Jakobsen, Marie (27 December 2020).
1334:"What is Rehoming and What Can Be Done to Stop it"
4353:Adoption, fostering, orphan care and displacement
1549:. Institute of Work, Health & Organisations,
781:used the abandonment and discovery of Perdita in
3274:v. 2, p. 68. Dover Publications, New York, 1965.
3249:Fables of Identity: Studies in Poetic Mythology.
2870:
2868:
106:with data suggesting 4.9 per 1,000 live births.
3123:"Overplanned Parenthood: Ceausescu's Cruel Law"
2721:Adoption Detective: Memoir of an Adopted Child
2543:. National Abortion Federation. Archived from
1905:"False DNA test led father to reject daughter"
1842:http://scholarship.law.cornell.edu/facpub/1399
1620:Child abandonment and its prevention in Europe
3515:
1579:. University of Chicago Press. pp. 1–3.
1152:is a foundling, left in a basket with only a
552:National law and effects on child abandonment
8:
2694:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1799:Diaspora: A Journal of Transnational Studies
855:and several of the characters listed above.
451:concerns (in that the child often becomes a
274:posttraumatic stress disorder of abandonment
3495:Angelo F. Coniglio's treatise on foundlings
3043:. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
1969:Abuheweila, Iyad; Kershner, Isabel (2018).
1309:"Reuters Investigates – The Child Exchange"
403:or the affair of two abandoned children in
3522:
3508:
3500:
3285:The Hard Facts of the Grimms' Fairy Tales,
2365:
2363:
2361:
3272:The English and Scottish Popular Ballads,
2461:
2255:
1752:
1695:
1685:
1427:
1425:
27:Crime or process of giving up one's child
2129:"Child Abandonment Laws in Pennsylvania"
593:During the rule of Communist politician
1614:
1612:
1610:
1608:
1606:
1604:
1602:
1600:
1598:
1596:
1268:
1111:inherits, and he carries on their work.
789:reveals in the last Canto of Book 6 of
285:disinhibited social engagement disorder
2810:
2687:
2122:
2120:
1950:. Ministry of Social Development (MSD)
1668:Delaunay, Valérie (30 December 2011).
1663:
1661:
1643:
1570:
1568:
1566:
1564:
1562:
1560:
3146:
3144:
3068:
3066:
3064:
2760:"Washingtonpost.com: Horizon Section"
1851:
1849:
1388:Vulnerable Children and Youth Studies
802:The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling
7:
4348:Adoption forms and related practices
3231:"The Lady of the Wheel (La Ruotaia)"
2924:Montanari, Stefano (15 April 2015).
2903:"Malaysia's 'Baby-Dumping' Epidemic"
2154:"Child Attachment Disorder | Health"
1924:from the original on 12 January 2022
1577:The Child: An Encyclopedic Companion
1377:
1375:
1373:
1278:
1276:
1274:
1272:
889:is prominent in sources such as the
372:governing child abandonment, as the
2876:"What happens to abandoned babies?"
2723:, Wheatmark Publishing, 2011, p. ix
2411:"Child Welfare Enacted Legislation"
870:sent a bear to nurse the abandoned
4322:Parents Against Child Exploitation
2983:. Save Abandoned Babies Foundation
25:
4292:Mothers Apart from Their Children
2901:Barro, Josh (28 September 2012).
2382:from the original on 9 March 2018
1002:In a grimmer variation, the tale
491:where, in 2015, state legislator
1902:Hall, Macer (11 February 2001).
899:was found wandering a destroyed
591:Romania under Nicolae Ceaușescu:
4150:Management of domestic violence
3996:Corporal punishment in the home
3243:Northrop Frye, "Recognition in
3195:p. 242. New York: Burt Franklin
2370:Ripley, Will (11 August 2015).
1206:Borderline personality disorder
487:. 'Rehoming' is still legal in
483:and thereby denied parents the
4307:National Fatherhood Initiative
2623:The American Historical Review
2454:10.1016/j.jhealeco.2011.08.004
1145:The character of Mozzie, from
1140:Captain Carrot Ironfoundersson
700:'s historical fiction novella
1:
4312:National Parents Organization
4037:Adverse childhood experiences
2095:10.1016/S0145-2134(99)00096-4
1470:"Parental rights restoration"
1400:10.1080/17450128.2020.1861400
1128:Several foundlings appear in
903:camp, he was taken to either
892:Secret History of the Mongols
810:, the eponymous character in
559:In 1979 China introduced its
270:posttraumatic stress disorder
190:Additionally, a parent being
4077:Effects of domestic violence
3719:Social emotional development
3193:Medieval Romance in England,
3073:Watts, Jonathan (May 2005).
2537:"Unequal Access to Abortion"
1737:10.1080/09540121.2010.482127
485:equal protection of the laws
401:Osaka child abandonment case
281:reactive attachment disorder
3893:Identification (psychology)
2734:"The Orphan Train Movement"
2571:Prevent Child Abuse America
2442:Journal of Health Economics
1211:Coin-operated-locker babies
817:The Hunchback of Notre-Dame
173:Children who are born with
170:problems that parents face.
4369:
4317:Parent–teacher association
4092:Parental abuse by children
3973:Positive Parenting Program
3923:Parent management training
3918:Normative social influence
2567:"Preventing Child Neglect"
2515:10.1257/000282802320191624
2284:www.bernsteininstitute.com
2205:"Understanding Clinginess"
1674:African Population Studies
1575:Schweder, Richard (2009).
1102:The protagonist Thorby of
4302:National Childbirth Trust
4097:Stress in early childhood
3817:Taking children seriously
3649:Applied behavior analysis
3191:Laura A. Hibbard (1963).
3096:"Decree 770 of Ceaucescu"
3039:Johnson, Kay Ann (2016).
2664:E., Lester, Anne (2007).
2230:Levy, Michael S. (1998).
2083:Child Abuse & Neglect
1088:The Chronicles of Prydain
895:. For example, the young
574:During and following the
557:China's One Child Policy:
3958:The talk (sex education)
3669:Developmental psychology
2719:Judith and Martin Land,
2503:American Economic Review
1551:University of Nottingham
1191:Abandoned child syndrome
999:happily in her absence.
907:'s wife Börte or mother
405:Calgary, Alberta, Canada
239:abandoned child syndrome
59:secret child abandonment
4165:Parental responsibility
4125:Cost of raising a child
2981:saveabandonedbabies.org
2977:"Save Abandoned Babies"
2738:www.childrensaidnyc.org
2280:"Traumatic Reenactment"
1525:Georgia Criminal Lawyer
1196:Abandonment (emotional)
678:In many tales, such as
672:the child is discovered
605:Foundlings, who may be
512:Abandonment is rife in
471:to abandon one's child
455:). For example, in the
272:(PTSD), referred to as
3152:"Romania – Birth Rate"
2882:. BBC. 8 December 2005
2817:: CS1 maint: others (
2764:www.washingtonpost.com
2341:"Attachment Disorders"
1650:: CS1 maint: others (
1521:"Reckless Abandonment"
1075:and Lir, in the novel
745:
436:
307:Child abandonment laws
182:sex-selective abortion
4287:Families Need Fathers
3848:After-school activity
3772:Concerted cultivation
3767:Buddha-like parenting
3699:Nature versus nurture
3664:Cognitive development
3304:Barbara A. Hanawalt,
1811:10.1353/dsp.2011.0057
1474:Casey Family Programs
1108:Citizen of the Galaxy
1058:In the graphic novel
741:Princess Belle-Etoile
733:
703:The Lady of the Wheel
661:his biological mother
422:
74:designated safe haven
4145:Right to family life
4072:Dysfunctional family
3782:Free-range parenting
3757:Attachment parenting
3747:Achievement ideology
3170:Anatomy of Criticism
3100:Searching in History
3014:"Abandoned children"
2209:Evolution Counseling
2183:Harley Therapy™ Blog
1500:www.childwelfare.gov
1246:Unintended pregnancy
1221:Lost boys (polygamy)
1095:reveals to the hero
1085:In the last book of
785:as noted above, and
580:children of the dust
394:Charles Loring Brace
320:Providing access to
237:, characteristic of
214:Effects on survivors
175:congenital disorders
88:reckless abandonment
4160:Parental alienation
4087:Narcissistic parent
4011:Positive discipline
3832:Work at home parent
3812:Strict father model
3797:Nurturant parenting
3704:Parental investment
3539:Kinship terminology
3459:Vintage Books, 1990
3429:Once upon a Galaxy,
3384:Harrassowitz Verlag
3370:de Rachewiltz, Igor
3268:Francis James Child
3245:The Winter's Tale,"
3209:Once upon a Galaxy,
1910:The Daily Telegraph
1284:"Child Abandonment"
1027:George Bernard Shaw
779:William Shakespeare
160:Physical disability
83:classes of felonies
4206:T. Berry Brazelton
3943:Social integration
3679:Identity formation
3386:. pp. 75–77.
3229:Cipolla, Gaetano.
2957:. 12 December 2012
2930:Social Work Helper
2860:The Arkansas Times
2060:Williams Institute
2034:Williams Institute
2009:chicagotribune.com
1975:The New York Times
1861:www.custodyzen.com
1336:. 29 December 2015
1256:Foundling hospital
1104:Robert A. Heinlein
853:Amphion and Zethus
783:The Winter's Tale,
754:Daphnis and Chloe,
746:
738:to the fairy tale
698:Angelo F. Coniglio
627:chivalric romances
584:Operation Babylift
530:Anonymous birthing
477:U.S. Supreme Court
437:
235:Abandonment issues
226:Separation anxiety
102:countries such as
4343:Child abandonment
4330:
4329:
4140:Family disruption
4062:Cinderella effect
4042:Child abandonment
4016:Tactical ignoring
3913:Moral development
3792:Helicopter parent
3787:Gatekeeper parent
3752:Atlas personality
3729:Social psychology
3674:Human development
3659:Child development
3644:Attachment theory
3463:Dorothy L. Sayers
3427:Josepha Sherman,
3102:. 19 January 2014
2089:(12): 1239–1252.
1731:(12): 1439–1448.
1687:10.11564/25-1-268
1547:Daphne Foundation
1476:. 5 February 2018
1130:Terry Pratchett's
1005:Babes in the Wood
987:(or sometimes, a
984:Hansel and Gretel
981:'s malice, as in
880:raised by animals
857:Romulus and Remus
792:The Faerie Queene
770:is about to kill
713:The Winter's Tale
710:In Shakespeare's
687:Hansel and Gretel
638:the Swan-Children
595:Nicolae Ceaușescu
453:ward of the state
415:Current situation
366:Early Middle Ages
353:—as described by
243:social alienation
40:(as opposed to a
33:Child abandonment
16:(Redirected from
4360:
4180:Shared parenting
3991:Blanket training
3983:Child discipline
3623:In loco parentis
3602:Shared parenting
3524:
3517:
3510:
3501:
3491:
3489:
3487:
3440:
3425:
3419:
3404:
3398:
3397:
3365:
3359:
3344:
3338:
3323:
3317:
3302:
3296:
3281:
3275:
3265:
3259:
3241:
3235:
3234:
3226:
3220:
3202:
3196:
3189:
3183:
3162:
3156:
3155:
3148:
3139:
3138:
3136:
3134:
3121:Breslau, Karen.
3118:
3112:
3111:
3109:
3107:
3092:
3083:
3082:
3070:
3059:
3058:
3051:
3045:
3044:
3036:
3030:
3029:
3027:
3025:
3010:
2993:
2992:
2990:
2988:
2973:
2967:
2966:
2964:
2962:
2947:
2941:
2940:
2938:
2936:
2921:
2915:
2914:
2912:
2910:
2898:
2892:
2891:
2889:
2887:
2872:
2863:
2854:Benjamin Hardy,
2852:
2846:
2829:
2823:
2822:
2816:
2808:
2781:
2775:
2774:
2772:
2770:
2756:
2750:
2749:
2747:
2745:
2740:. Children's Aid
2730:
2724:
2717:
2711:
2706:
2700:
2699:
2693:
2685:
2661:
2655:
2654:
2618:
2612:
2611:
2609:
2607:
2593:
2587:
2586:
2584:
2582:
2573:. Archived from
2563:
2557:
2556:
2554:
2552:
2533:
2527:
2526:
2498:
2492:
2491:
2465:
2448:(6): 1219–1231.
2433:
2427:
2426:
2424:
2422:
2407:
2401:
2398:
2392:
2391:
2389:
2387:
2367:
2356:
2355:
2353:
2351:
2336:
2330:
2329:
2327:
2325:
2316:. Archived from
2306:
2300:
2299:
2297:
2295:
2286:. Archived from
2276:
2270:
2269:
2259:
2227:
2221:
2220:
2218:
2216:
2201:
2195:
2194:
2192:
2190:
2175:
2169:
2168:
2166:
2164:
2150:
2144:
2143:
2141:
2139:
2124:
2115:
2114:
2078:
2072:
2071:
2069:
2067:
2052:
2046:
2045:
2043:
2041:
2026:
2020:
2019:
2017:
2015:
2003:Seaton, Jaimie.
2000:
1994:
1993:
1991:
1989:
1966:
1960:
1959:
1957:
1955:
1940:
1934:
1933:
1931:
1929:
1907:
1899:
1893:
1892:
1890:
1888:
1878:
1872:
1871:
1869:
1867:
1853:
1844:
1837:
1831:
1830:
1794:
1788:
1787:
1785:
1783:
1773:
1767:
1766:
1756:
1716:
1710:
1709:
1699:
1689:
1665:
1656:
1655:
1649:
1641:
1616:
1591:
1590:
1572:
1555:
1554:
1542:
1536:
1535:
1533:
1531:
1517:
1511:
1510:
1508:
1506:
1492:
1486:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1466:
1460:
1459:
1458:on 8 March 2018.
1454:. Archived from
1443:
1437:
1436:
1429:
1420:
1419:
1379:
1368:
1367:
1365:
1363:
1352:
1346:
1345:
1343:
1341:
1330:
1324:
1323:
1321:
1319:
1305:
1299:
1298:
1296:
1294:
1280:
1078:The Last Unicorn
561:one-child policy
407:by their mother
257:, anger issues,
255:eating disorders
253:and nightmares,
100:Eastern European
21:
4368:
4367:
4363:
4362:
4361:
4359:
4358:
4357:
4333:
4332:
4331:
4326:
4275:
4256:Matthew Sanders
4211:Rudolf Dreikurs
4184:
4170:Parents' rights
4130:Deadbeat parent
4107:
4101:
4025:
3977:
3953:The talk (race)
3836:
3827:Tiger parenting
3733:
3628:
3577:Extended family
3533:
3528:
3485:
3483:
3478:
3475:
3449:
3447:Further reading
3444:
3443:
3426:
3422:
3405:
3401:
3394:
3367:
3366:
3362:
3345:
3341:
3324:
3320:
3303:
3299:
3282:
3278:
3266:
3262:
3247:pp. 108–109 of
3242:
3238:
3228:
3227:
3223:
3205:Josepha Sherman
3203:
3199:
3190:
3186:
3163:
3159:
3150:
3149:
3142:
3132:
3130:
3129:. ceausescu.org
3120:
3119:
3115:
3105:
3103:
3094:
3093:
3086:
3072:
3071:
3062:
3053:
3052:
3048:
3038:
3037:
3033:
3023:
3021:
3012:
3011:
2996:
2986:
2984:
2975:
2974:
2970:
2960:
2958:
2949:
2948:
2944:
2934:
2932:
2923:
2922:
2918:
2908:
2906:
2900:
2899:
2895:
2885:
2883:
2874:
2873:
2866:
2853:
2849:
2830:
2826:
2809:
2797:
2783:
2782:
2778:
2768:
2766:
2758:
2757:
2753:
2743:
2741:
2732:
2731:
2727:
2718:
2714:
2707:
2703:
2686:
2663:
2662:
2658:
2635:10.2307/1855916
2620:
2619:
2615:
2605:
2603:
2595:
2594:
2590:
2580:
2578:
2577:on 9 March 2018
2565:
2564:
2560:
2550:
2548:
2547:on 9 March 2018
2535:
2534:
2530:
2500:
2499:
2495:
2435:
2434:
2430:
2420:
2418:
2409:
2408:
2404:
2399:
2395:
2385:
2383:
2369:
2368:
2359:
2349:
2347:
2338:
2337:
2333:
2323:
2321:
2320:on 9 March 2018
2314:Abandonment.net
2308:
2307:
2303:
2293:
2291:
2278:
2277:
2273:
2229:
2228:
2224:
2214:
2212:
2203:
2202:
2198:
2188:
2186:
2177:
2176:
2172:
2162:
2160:
2152:
2151:
2147:
2137:
2135:
2127:Thorne, Roger.
2126:
2125:
2118:
2080:
2079:
2075:
2065:
2063:
2054:
2053:
2049:
2039:
2037:
2028:
2027:
2023:
2013:
2011:
2002:
2001:
1997:
1987:
1985:
1968:
1967:
1963:
1953:
1951:
1948:www.msd.govt.nz
1942:
1941:
1937:
1927:
1925:
1901:
1900:
1896:
1886:
1884:
1880:
1879:
1875:
1865:
1863:
1855:
1854:
1847:
1838:
1834:
1796:
1795:
1791:
1781:
1779:
1775:
1774:
1770:
1718:
1717:
1713:
1667:
1666:
1659:
1642:
1630:
1618:
1617:
1594:
1587:
1574:
1573:
1558:
1544:
1543:
1539:
1529:
1527:
1519:
1518:
1514:
1504:
1502:
1494:
1493:
1489:
1479:
1477:
1468:
1467:
1463:
1445:
1444:
1440:
1431:
1430:
1423:
1381:
1380:
1371:
1361:
1359:
1354:
1353:
1349:
1339:
1337:
1332:
1331:
1327:
1317:
1315:
1307:
1306:
1302:
1292:
1290:
1282:
1281:
1270:
1265:
1260:
1241:Street children
1201:Barrel children
1186:
1172:The Flintstones
1047:Charlie Chaplin
1019:
1017:In modern media
969:Hop o' My Thumb
964:
917:
842:
806:In the case of
653:
642:in the variant
603:
554:
544:Safe haven laws
526:
500:safe haven laws
481:right to travel
417:
374:Visigothic Code
347:infant exposure
343:
326:family planning
317:
309:
297:
263:substance abuse
216:
168:substance abuse
112:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4366:
4364:
4356:
4355:
4350:
4345:
4335:
4334:
4328:
4327:
4325:
4324:
4319:
4314:
4309:
4304:
4299:
4297:Mothers' Union
4294:
4289:
4283:
4281:
4277:
4276:
4274:
4273:
4271:Benjamin Spock
4268:
4263:
4258:
4253:
4251:Penelope Leach
4248:
4246:Annette Lareau
4243:
4238:
4236:Alan E. Kazdin
4233:
4228:
4223:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4198:
4196:Mary Ainsworth
4192:
4190:
4186:
4185:
4183:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4122:
4117:
4111:
4109:
4108:social aspects
4103:
4102:
4100:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4033:
4031:
4027:
4026:
4024:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3987:
3985:
3979:
3978:
3976:
3975:
3970:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3940:
3935:
3925:
3920:
3915:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3873:Dishabituation
3870:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3844:
3842:
3838:
3837:
3835:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3802:Slow parenting
3799:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3743:
3741:
3735:
3734:
3732:
3731:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3676:
3671:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3640:
3638:
3633:Theories
3630:
3629:
3627:
3626:
3619:
3614:
3612:Blended family
3609:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3592:Nuclear family
3589:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3543:
3541:
3535:
3534:
3529:
3527:
3526:
3519:
3512:
3504:
3498:
3497:
3492:
3482:. the Namibian
3474:
3473:External links
3471:
3470:
3469:
3460:
3448:
3445:
3442:
3441:
3420:
3399:
3392:
3360:
3339:
3318:
3297:
3276:
3260:
3236:
3221:
3197:
3184:
3157:
3154:. Index Mundi.
3140:
3113:
3084:
3060:
3046:
3031:
2994:
2968:
2942:
2916:
2893:
2864:
2847:
2832:Jones v. Helms
2824:
2796:978-1576078600
2795:
2776:
2751:
2725:
2712:
2701:
2656:
2613:
2588:
2558:
2528:
2509:(2): 363–367.
2493:
2428:
2402:
2393:
2357:
2331:
2301:
2290:on 4 July 2022
2271:
2242:(3): 227–235.
2222:
2211:. 12 June 2014
2196:
2170:
2145:
2133:Livestrong.com
2116:
2073:
2062:. 11 July 2012
2047:
2036:. 13 July 2012
2021:
1995:
1961:
1935:
1894:
1873:
1845:
1832:
1805:(2): 243–260.
1789:
1768:
1711:
1657:
1629:978-0853582861
1628:
1592:
1586:978-0226475394
1585:
1556:
1537:
1512:
1487:
1461:
1446:Chung, Cindy.
1438:
1421:
1394:(3): 195–205.
1369:
1347:
1325:
1300:
1267:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1258:
1253:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1236:Safe-haven law
1233:
1231:Project Cuddle
1228:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1208:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1181:
1180:
1167:
1157:
1143:
1126:
1114:The character
1112:
1106:'s 1957 novel
1100:
1083:
1068:, in the film
1063:
1056:
1044:
1034:
1031:Major Barbara,
1029:'s stage play
1018:
1015:
963:
962:Older children
960:
936:Foundling-Bird
916:
913:
911:to be raised.
841:
838:
797:Henry Fielding
787:Edmund Spenser
652:
649:
602:
599:
565:tubal ligation
553:
550:
549:
548:
541:
534:
525:
522:
433:Czech Republic
416:
413:
342:
339:
338:
337:
333:
329:
316:
313:
308:
305:
296:
295:Financial cost
293:
292:
291:
288:
277:
266:
249:, clinginess,
232:
229:
223:
220:
215:
212:
211:
210:
199:
188:
185:
178:
171:
164:mental illness
157:
154:
151:single mothers
143:
126:systems (i.e.
124:social welfare
111:
108:
26:
24:
18:Child exposure
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4365:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4340:
4338:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4284:
4282:
4280:Organizations
4278:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4266:B. F. Skinner
4264:
4262:
4261:William Sears
4259:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4231:Thomas Gordon
4229:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4193:
4191:
4187:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4158:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4120:Child support
4118:
4116:
4115:Child custody
4113:
4112:
4110:
4104:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4057:Child neglect
4055:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4034:
4032:
4028:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3988:
3986:
3984:
3980:
3974:
3971:
3968:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3933:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3888:Homeschooling
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3845:
3843:
3839:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3744:
3742:
3740:
3736:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3724:Socialization
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3709:Paternal bond
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3694:Maternal bond
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3631:
3625:
3624:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3607:Single parent
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3567:Alloparenting
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3544:
3542:
3540:
3536:
3532:
3525:
3520:
3518:
3513:
3511:
3506:
3505:
3502:
3496:
3493:
3481:
3477:
3476:
3472:
3468:
3464:
3461:
3458:
3454:
3451:
3450:
3446:
3438:
3437:0-87483-387-6
3434:
3430:
3424:
3421:
3417:
3416:0-393-97636-X
3413:
3409:
3403:
3400:
3395:
3393:9783447033398
3389:
3385:
3381:
3377:
3376:
3371:
3364:
3361:
3357:
3356:0-87483-591-7
3353:
3349:
3343:
3340:
3336:
3335:0-87483-591-7
3332:
3328:
3322:
3319:
3315:
3314:0-19-504564-5
3311:
3307:
3301:
3298:
3294:
3293:0-691-06722-8
3290:
3286:
3283:Maria Tatar,
3280:
3277:
3273:
3269:
3264:
3261:
3257:
3256:0-15-629730-2
3253:
3250:
3246:
3240:
3237:
3232:
3225:
3222:
3218:
3217:0-87483-387-6
3214:
3210:
3206:
3201:
3198:
3194:
3188:
3185:
3181:
3180:0-691-01298-9
3177:
3173:
3171:
3166:
3165:Northrop Frye
3161:
3158:
3153:
3147:
3145:
3141:
3128:
3124:
3117:
3114:
3101:
3097:
3091:
3089:
3085:
3080:
3076:
3069:
3067:
3065:
3061:
3056:
3055:"Public Data"
3050:
3047:
3042:
3035:
3032:
3019:
3015:
3009:
3007:
3005:
3003:
3001:
2999:
2995:
2982:
2978:
2972:
2969:
2956:
2952:
2946:
2943:
2931:
2927:
2920:
2917:
2904:
2897:
2894:
2881:
2877:
2871:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2851:
2848:
2844:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2828:
2825:
2820:
2814:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2792:
2788:
2787:
2780:
2777:
2765:
2761:
2755:
2752:
2739:
2735:
2729:
2726:
2722:
2716:
2713:
2710:
2705:
2702:
2697:
2691:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2660:
2657:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2617:
2614:
2602:
2598:
2592:
2589:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2562:
2559:
2546:
2542:
2541:prochoice.org
2538:
2532:
2529:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2497:
2494:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2464:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2432:
2429:
2416:
2412:
2406:
2403:
2397:
2394:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2366:
2364:
2362:
2358:
2346:
2345:www.aacap.org
2342:
2335:
2332:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2305:
2302:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2275:
2272:
2267:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2226:
2223:
2210:
2206:
2200:
2197:
2185:. 2 June 2016
2184:
2180:
2174:
2171:
2159:
2155:
2149:
2146:
2134:
2130:
2123:
2121:
2117:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2077:
2074:
2061:
2057:
2051:
2048:
2035:
2031:
2025:
2022:
2010:
2006:
1999:
1996:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1965:
1962:
1949:
1945:
1939:
1936:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1906:
1898:
1895:
1883:
1877:
1874:
1862:
1858:
1852:
1850:
1846:
1843:
1836:
1833:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1793:
1790:
1778:
1772:
1769:
1764:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1715:
1712:
1707:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1664:
1662:
1658:
1653:
1647:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1625:
1621:
1615:
1613:
1611:
1609:
1607:
1605:
1603:
1601:
1599:
1597:
1593:
1588:
1582:
1578:
1571:
1569:
1567:
1565:
1563:
1561:
1557:
1552:
1548:
1541:
1538:
1526:
1522:
1516:
1513:
1501:
1497:
1491:
1488:
1475:
1471:
1465:
1462:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1442:
1439:
1434:
1428:
1426:
1422:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1378:
1376:
1374:
1370:
1358:. 20 May 2014
1357:
1351:
1348:
1335:
1329:
1326:
1314:
1310:
1304:
1301:
1289:
1285:
1279:
1277:
1275:
1273:
1269:
1262:
1257:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1247:
1244:
1242:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1168:
1166:
1164:
1158:
1155:
1151:
1149:
1144:
1141:
1138:most notably
1137:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1122:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1098:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1074:
1072:
1067:
1064:
1061:
1057:
1054:
1053:
1048:
1045:
1042:
1038:
1035:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1023:
1022:
1016:
1014:
1012:
1007:
1006:
1000:
997:
995:
990:
986:
985:
980:
976:
972:
970:
961:
959:
957:
952:
950:
948:
943:
939:
937:
932:
929:
927:
922:
914:
912:
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
893:
888:
887:Mongol Empire
883:
881:
877:
873:
869:
864:
862:
858:
854:
850:
847:
839:
837:
835:
833:
828:
827:
821:
819:
818:
813:
809:
805:
803:
798:
794:
793:
788:
784:
780:
775:
773:
769:
766:
764:
759:
755:
751:
744:
742:
737:
732:
728:
726:
725:
720:
716:
714:
708:
706:
704:
699:
695:
690:
688:
684:
682:
676:
673:
669:
664:
662:
658:
650:
648:
645:
641:
639:
634:
633:
628:
624:
622:
617:
612:
608:
601:In literature
600:
598:
596:
592:
588:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
566:
562:
558:
551:
545:
542:
538:
535:
531:
528:
527:
523:
521:
517:
515:
510:
507:
505:
501:
496:
494:
493:Justin Harris
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
434:
430:
426:
421:
414:
412:
410:
406:
402:
397:
395:
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