276:, the seat used is an infant carrier with typical recommended weight range from 4 pounds (1.8 kg) to 35 pounds (16 kg). Most infant seats made in the US can now be used up to at least 30 pounds (14 kg) and 30 inches (76 cm), with some going up to 35 pounds (16 kg). In the past, most infant seats in the US went to 20 pounds (9.1 kg) and 26 inches (66 cm). Infant carriers are often also called "Bucket Seats" as they resemble a bucket with a handle. Some (but not all) seats can be used with the base secured, or with the carrier strapped in alone. Some seats do not have bases. Infant carriers are mounted rear-facing and are designed to "cocoon" against the back of the vehicle seat in the event of a collision, with the impact being absorbed in the outer shell of the restraint. Rear-facing seats are deemed the safest, and in the US, laws vary and children must remain in this position until they are at least 1 year of age in most states and at least 2 years of age in many states. More states are implementing a 2 year minimum. It is always recommended to keep them rear-facing until at least 2 years old or until they outgrow the rear-facing car seat height and weight, whichever is longer.
1141:: The earlier described combination seat can become a high-back belt-positioning booster. There is also a high-back belt positioning-booster that is available for that purpose only. The other type of belt-positioning booster is the low-back or no-back booster. The major differences between the low- and high-back booster seats are head support and improved protection in side-impact collisions. Vehicles with a bench seating and no headrest are required to use a high back booster. The purpose of the booster seats is to provide elevation to the child so the shoulder belt rests appropriately on the shoulder blade and does not ride up the child's neck. It also provides "hips" that the seat belt can rest securely across and remain on the large bones of the child instead of resting across the soft tissue of the abdomen. This seat is available for children over 40 pounds (18 kg) up to over 100 pounds (45 kg). From the ages of eight to twelve, children may have outgrown their booster seats and can be permitted to use regular adult seat restraints. It is suggested that, until the age of thirteen, the child remains in the back seat.
1169:(SIDS) to the prolonged sitting or lying position these infants are in when putting the safety seats to use. When researchers reviewed more than 500 infant deaths, it was found that 17 of these deaths occurred while the infant was in a device such as a child safety seat. The age of the most occurring rates of death by SIDS in a child safety device was found to be under one month, having six of the 17 deaths happen in this age group. Although SIDS has been found to be a high risk regarding child safety seats, a coroner in Quebec also stated that "putting infants in car seatsâŚcauses breathing problems and should be discouraged." His warning came after the death of a two-month-old boy who was left to nap in a child safety seat positioned inside his crib rather than the crib itself. The death was linked to positional
1067:
75:. Most commonly these seats are purchased and installed by car owners, but car manufacturers may integrate them directly into their vehicle's design and generally are required to provide anchors and ensure seat belt compatibility. Many jurisdictions require children defined by age, weight, and/or height to use a government-approved child safety seat when riding in a vehicle. Child safety seats provide passive restraints and must be properly used to be effective. However, research indicates that many child safety restraints are often not installed or used properly. To tackle this negative trend, health officials and child safety experts produce child safety videos to teach proper car seat installation to parents and caregivers.
1121:: Similar to the infant seat, the convertible seat can be used in a rear- or forward-facing position and is used for children typically beginning at 5 pounds (2.3 kg) up to 50 pounds (23 kg). The rear-facing position is used for children until they weigh more than 20 pounds (9.1 kg) and are at least two years old. Research studies and crash test results show that children are safer in a rear-facing child safety seat. The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends keeping children in a rear-facing seat until "they are 2 years of age or until they reach the highest weight or height allowed by their car safety seatâs manufacturer" (www.healthychildren.org).
1155:
1173:. This means that the child was in a position causing him to slowly lose his supply of oxygen. Coroner Jacques Robinson said it is common for a baby's head to slump forward while in a car seat that is not properly installed in a car and that can diminish a baby's ability to take in oxygen. "The car seat is for the car," he said. "It's not for a bed or sleeping." Robinson added, however, he has nothing against car seats when they are properly used. The coroner said that it is common for a baby's head to "slump forward while in a car seat and that it diminishes oxygen".
116:
be manufactured in the early 1930s, their purpose was not the safety of children. The purpose was to act as booster seats to bring the child to a height easier for the driving parent to see them. It was not until 1962 that two designs with the purpose of protecting a child were developed independently. British inventor Jean Ames created a rear-facing child seat with a Y-shaped strap similar to today's models. American
Leonard Rivkin, of Denver Colorado, designed a forward-facing seat with a metal frame to protect the child.
611:
332:
199:
128:
187:
1202:, and estimated that, in 2017, the requirements for fitting multiple child safety seats into a vehicle at the same time had likely discouraged several thousand families from having an additional child at that time. A major challenge to child restraint use is that it is considered as a mechanism to discipline children instead of being seen as a safety device by parents and as children became older they actively seek opportunities to negotiate the non-usage of restraints.
654:
practice, child restraint systems must be able to be fitted to the front, or other rows of seats. Seats equipped with layers like energy-retaining foam and supported side-influence confidence focus on your babyâs well being. Extra highlights, for example, customization outfit structure and against bounce back bars modify welfare and solidness. High belling principles give cognitive state, guaranteeing your childâs security outweighs everything else during car rides.
458:
250:
148:
33:
488:(Latch) connectors that secure to the vehicle's anchors, improving the seat's stability in the event of a collision. There are also 3-in-1 car seats that can first be used as a rear-facing baby car seat, then as a forward-facing seat, then finally as a booster seat when the child reaches the recommended height and weight. Unlike many booster seats, 3-1 car seats may use the LATCH system to be secured inside the car.
642:
countries, such as
Australia and the United States, forbid rear-facing child seats in a front seat that has an airbag. A rear-facing infant restraint put in the front seat of a vehicle places an infant's head close to the airbag, which can cause severe head injuries or death if the airbag deploys. Some modern cars include a switch to disable the front passenger airbag for child-supporting seat use.
1101:
466:
1727:
103:" is the name of a new European safety regulation that affects car seats for children under 15 months of age. It came into effect in July 2013 and provides extra protection in several ways, most notably by providing rearward facing travel for children up to 15 months instead of 9 to 12 months, which the previous EU regulation advised.
848:
must ride rear-facing. Children with the appropriate car seat are allowed to travel in the front seat if the airbag is disabled. The
Israeli transportation regulation states that a child under the weight of 36 kg (79 lb), height of 140 centimetres (4 feet 7 inches), or age of 8 will use some kind of safety chair.
362:(AAP) recommends that children remain rear-facing until they outgrow their convertible seat, regardless of how old they are. Children can remain in a rear-facing seat until they have either outgrown the weight limit for their seat, or the top of their head is within 25 mm (1 in) of the top of the shell of the car seat.
527:, child restraints are tested for use in just one crash event. This means that if the restraint is compromised in any way (with or without the child in it), owners are strongly suggested to replace it. This is due to the uncertainty with how a compromised child restraint will perform in subsequent crashes.
866:
governs the rules and sets standards for the health and safety aspects with respect to child restraints in New
Zealand. Their guidelines dictate the minimum legal requirements for a New Zealand vehicle from the safety perspective. The correct fitting of a car seat can protect individuals and can be a
847:
1961 Israeli transportation law states that every passenger and driver in the vehicle must either have a seat belt or a safety seat. A child under the age of 3 must be set in an approved safety seat, and until the age of 8 the child needs to be in a booster or a safety seat. Up until one year a child
641:
have child safety laws that require a child to be restrained appropriately depending on their age and weight. These regulations and standards are often minimums, and with each graduation to the next kind of safety seat, there is a step down in the amount of protection a child has in a collision. Some
590:
A study of car crash data from 16 U.S. states found that children under the age of 3 were 43% less likely to be injured in a car crash if their car seat was fastened in the center of the back seat rather than on one side. Results were based on data from 4,790 car crashes involving children aged 3 and
115:
was manufactured and put on the market in the early 1900s, many modifications and adjustments have been implemented to protect those that drive and ride in motorized vehicles. Most restraints were put into place to protect adults without regard for young children. Though child seats were beginning to
1197:
Child safety seats can be expensive and bulky, and if the family has multiple children who need to use child safety seats at the same time, it may even be necessary to buy a larger vehicle or specialized, narrower safety seats to comply with legal requirements about transporting children safely. One
1180:
says to "make sure the seat is at the correct angle so your infantâs head does not flop forward. Many seats have angle indicators or adjusters that can help prevent this. If your seat does not have an angle adjuster, tilt the car safety seat back by putting a rolled towel or other firm padding (such
343:
Convertible safety seats can be installed as either rear-facing or forward-facing. There is a large selection available to choose from and weight limits, height limits, and extra features vary from seat to seat and by manufacturer. Seats with a 5-point harness are considered safer than those with an
1087:
A safety seat increases the safety of a properly restrained child in the case of a motor vehicle accident. The safety seat includes foam padding, fabric covers, a harness, and buckles or attaching mechanisms. Labels and instructions are also attached. Every child safety seat will have an expiration
1047:
Most states include in their law a requirement that all infants ride rear-facing until they are BOTH one year of age AND at least 20 pounds. Though it is not included in every state's law, no child safety restraint marketed to the US will accommodate an infant less than 20 pounds, some no less than
973:
Under the
Republic Act No. 11229, or the Child Safety in Motor Vehicles Act which took effect on 2 February 2021, children age 12 years and below who are smaller than 1.50 m (4 ft 11 in) are required to use "child restraint systems" or child car seats and is bared from seating in the
692:
By law every child restraint sold in
Australia must carry the Australian Standard AS/NZ1754 sticker (pictured right). Most overseas child restraints, including restraints from Europe and the US, do not comply with these Standards and cannot legally be used in Australia. This also applies for ISOFIX
672:
2013: New EU I-Size regulation is introduced: "i-Size" is the name of a new
European safety regulation, UNECE Regulation 129 that affects car seats for children under 15 months of age. It came into effect in July 2013 and provides extra protection in several ways, most notably by providing rearward
491:
Some consumer groups are calling on manufacturers and retailers to phase out backless boosters, as it says they do not provide enough protection in side-impact crashes and could put children at risk. So while backless booster cushions are better than using no child seat at all, they do not provide
339:
Convertible seats can be used throughout many stages. Many convertible seats will transition from a rear-facing seat, to a forward-facing seat, and some then can be used as a booster seat. Many convertible seats allow for 2.3â18 kg (5.1â39.7 lb) rear-facing, allowing children to be in the
1542:
KamrĂŠn B, von Koch M, Lie A, Tingvall C, Larsson S, Turbell T. The
Protective Effect of Rearward Facing CRS. An Overview of possibilities and problems associated with child restraint for children aged 0-3 years. Child Occupant Protection symposium, San Antonio, November 1993. Society of Automotive
296:
using the integral handle if it is the specific model. Rear-facing child seats are inherently safer than forward-facing child seats because they provide more support for the child's head in the event of a sudden deceleration. Although some parents are eager to switch to a forward-facing child seat
1088:
date on it. The Safe Kids USA organization does not recommend using a child safety seat that is more than 6 years old. Periodically, child safety seats are recalled by manufacturers for safety reasons. The
National Highway Traffic Safety Administration posts a link to recent recall information at
534:
provides guidance on the reuse of child restraint systems after a crash. Replacement of child restraints is recommended following a moderate or severe crash in order to ensure a continued high level of protection for child passengers. However, recent studies demonstrate that child restraints can
1150:
Manufacturers have quality controls to ensure seats are properly put together and packaged. However, it is not guaranteed that the included instructions are always adhered to and correctly followed. Up to 95% of the safety seats that are installed may not be the right seat for the child, may be
710:
In
Australia there are six different types (Type A to Type F) of child restraints under the mandatory standard. Note: these restraints are NOT based on weight but on HEIGHT. All car seats with the AS/NZ1754 sticker will have height markers. These markers show clearly for what height the seat is
657:
For a child restraint to be sold or used within any of the 56 UNECE member states it must be approved by the standards of UNECE Regulation 44/04, Directive 77/541/EEC or any other subsequent adaptation thereto. In order to be granted ECE R44 approval the child restraint must comply with several
395:
It is recommended that children sit rear-facing for as long as possible. In Scandinavian countries, for example, children sit rear-facing until around four years old. Rear-facing car seats are significantly safer in frontal collisions, which are the most likely to cause severe injury and death.
833:
All children younger than 12 years and smaller than 135 cm (4 ft 5 in) must use a booster seat or child-safety seat appropriate to their weight. The Department of Transport advises that children continue to use a seat when they are 12 years or older but smaller than 150 cm
2364:
NHTSA. "National Child Passenger Safety Certification Training Program Manual. Some combination seats must be converted to a booster after the child reaches 40 pounds (18 kg), while others have much higher weight limits for use of the 5-point harness (e.g., up to 85 pounds (39 kg)).
633:
Other car seats, also known as "booster seats," are required until the child is large enough to use an adult seat belt. This is usually, but not always, when the child is 135 cm (4.43 ft; 53 in) tall. The child needs to meet five criteria before moving out of the booster seat,
480:
Booster seats lift the child and allow the seat belt to sit firmly across the collar bone and chest, with the lap portion fitted to the hips. If the seat belt is not across the collar bone and the hips, it will ride across the neck and the stomach and cause internal injuries in the event of a
653:
2003/20/EC of the European Parliament and the Council has mandated the use of child-restraint systems in vehicles effective May 5, 2006. Children less than 135 centimetres (53 in) tall in vehicles must be restrained by an approved child restraint system suitable for the child's size. In
1151:
hooked into the vehicle loosely, may be hooked with an incompatible belt in the vehicle, may have harnesses incorrectly fastened in some way, or may be incorrectly placed in front of air bags. In 1997, six out of ten children who were killed in vehicle crashes were not correctly restrained.
1055:(NHTSA) advises the use of a child restraint or a booster seat for all children who are shorter than 4 ft 9 in, regardless of age and weight, or even longer if the belts hit the child at the wrong place. Some booster seats can be used for children up to 60 inches and 120 pounds.
503:
After reaching one year of age and 20 pounds (9 kg), children may travel in forward-facing seats. Most Scandinavian countries require children to sit rear-facing until at least the age of 4 years. This has contributed to Sweden having the lowest rate of children killed in traffic in
1115:: Child safety seats made specifically for infants are the smallest and have carrying handles for easy carrying and loading. Newborns are most often placed in a rear-facing seat. These seats are designed for infants is up to 22 to 32 pounds (10.0 to 14.5 kg), depending on the model.
2303:
John Persing, MD, et al., American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Practice and Ambulatory Medicine, Section on Plastic Surgery and Section on Neurological Surgery, "Prevention and Management of Positional Skull Deformities in Infants," Pediatrics 112, no. 1 (July 2003):
573:
Children traveling by plane are safer in a child safety seat than in a parent's arms. The FAA and the AAP recommend that all children under 40 lb use a child safety seat on a plane. Booster seats cannot be used on airplanes because they do not have shoulder belts.
577:
Parents should not put children into safety seats with thick winter coats on. The coat will flatten in an accident and the straps will not be snug enough to keep the child safe. An alternative would be placing a coat on the child backwards after buckling the child in.
1044:, children who are four years or older can use an adult seat belt without a child safety seat. In the rest of the country, a booster seat or otherwise appropriate child restraint is required until the child is between five and nine years old, depending on the state.
515:
Well being is central with regards to car seats. Check for vehicle situates that have passed the Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards and accompany side-influence insurance, a five-point outfit, and a legitimate establishment framework, like the Hook framework.
756:
The responsibility for children under the age of 16 using restraints or safety belts correctly rests with the driver. In Queensland, penalties for drivers not ensuring that passengers under the age of 16 are properly restrained involve a fine of A$ 300 and three
673:
facing travel for children up to 15 months instead of 9 to 12 months, which the previous EU regulation advised. This new regulation is to be phased in between 2013 and 2018 and will be run in parallel to UNECE R44/04 until 2018 when it completely supersedes it.
1704:
658:
design, construction and production conformity standards. If approval is granted the seat can display an orange label with the unique approval license number, the type of approval, the mass group approved for and the details of the manufacturer.
477:. Seat belts are engineered for adults, and are thus too big for small children. In the United States, for children under the age of 4 and/or under 40 pounds (18 kg), a seat with a 5-point harness is suggested instead of a booster seat.
347:
Convertibles are not considered the best choice for a newborn because the bottom harness slots are often above the shoulders of most newborns. A seat with low bottom harness slots can be used if it is desired to use a convertible from birth.
569:
The purchase of a used seat is not recommended. Due to the aforementioned concerns regarding expiry dates, crash testing, and recalls, it is often impossible to determine the history of the child restraint when it is purchased second-hand.
1079:
Though there are hundreds of variations of makes and models in the world of child safety seats, the materials used in the manufacturing process are basically the same. Factories in which the seats are put together receive loads of
789:
All children who are smaller than 150 cm (4 ft 11 in) and younger than 14 years old must use a booster or car seat appropriate to their weight. A child must be either 14 years old or 4'11" to ride without a booster
1546:
Isaksson-Hellman I, Jakobson L, Gustafsson C, Norin H: Trends and effects of child restraint systems based on Volvoâs Swedish accident database. SAE Technical paper 973299. Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE). Warrendale, PA,
886:
Children aged 8 years to 14 years are not required to use a child restraint. However, if a seat belt is not available (pre-1979 vehicles are not required to be fitted with seat belts on all seats), they must sit in the back
1565:
Arbogast KB, Cornejo RA, Kallan MJ, Winston FK, Durbin DR: Injuries to children in forward facing child restraints. Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine 46th (AAAM). Annual Conference, Tempe, AX 2002. Pp
1193:
Child safety seats offer a considerable safety advantage over seat belts alone, when looking at data about collisions in newer cars with newer child safety seats, without restricting the data to include only fatalities.
800:
All children who are smaller than 145 cm (4 ft 9 in) and younger than 7 years old must use a booster or car seat appropriate to their weight. A child must use a car seat at ages 0â4; Ages 5â7 a booster is
565:
Child restraints are sometimes the subject of manufacturing recalls. Recalls vary in severity; sometimes the manufacturer will send an additional part for the seat, other times they will provide an entirely new seat.
234:, in the event of a big crash. It must be put on the rear seat of the car. Some models can be changed to face forward after the baby has reached the weight limit which is normally about 15â20 kg (33â44 lb).
1058:
Many state laws prefer that children 12 years and younger sit in the back seat if available. Some states, as is the case in Michigan, forbid placing a child under the age of 4 years in a front seat if a rear seat is
1126:
Some seats allow the child to stay rear-facing until 45 pounds (20 kg). Once the child has reached the minimum requirements to be forward facing, the seat can be turned around and used as a forward-facing
221:
are used for children that cannot sit in a regular baby seat, such as premature infants or infants that suffer from apnea. A carrycot is a restraint system intended to accommodate and restrain the child in a
974:
front seat of vehicles. The Department of Transportation is also mandated by the same law to conduct a feasibility study on the use of child restraint systems on public transport including buses, taxis, and
581:
Straps on the harness should be snug on the child, parents should not be able to pinch the straps away from the shoulders of the child. The straps also need to be placed at the proper height for the child.
1553:
Tingvall C. Children in cars. Doctor thesis. Some aspects of the safety of children as car passengers on road traffic accidents. Acta Paediatrica Scandinavica. Supplement, 339:1-35,1987. (Doctoral thesis)
994:
Front seats: children younger than 12 years or smaller than 4 feet 5 inches must use a child-safety seat. Persons bigger than 135 cm (4 ft 5 in) may use the adult safety belt.
1185:) under the base near the point where the back and bottom of the vehicle seat meet." Safety seats come with an instruction booklet with additional information on the appropriate angle for the seat.
507:
According to Canadian law, and some US states, children must be restrained until they are 4-years old and 40 pounds (18 kg). After the requirement is met, they may use a booster seat instead.
2042:
230:
with the child's spine perpendicular to the median longitudinal plane of the vehicle. Carrycots are designed to distribute the restraining forces over the child's head and body, excluding its
139:
European Regional standard ECE R44/04 categorizes these into 4 groups: 0â3. Many car seats combine the larger groups 1, 2 and 3. Some new car models includes stock restraint seats by default.
2365:
Children are safest in a five-point harness provided it is installed correctly and the child is within the height and weight limits for that particular seat." Safe Kids Worldwide, April 2007.
770:
Laws regarding taxis vary by state for infants. For children up to seven, a child restraint must be used if available, otherwise the child must use a properly fastened and adjusted seat belt.
542:
A visual inspection of the child safety seat, including inspection under any easily movable seat padding, does not reveal any cracks or deformation that might have been caused by the crash
1165:
Along with the problem of instructions not being followed properly, there are other hazards that can affect children involving these safety seats. A recent study attributed many cases of
2082:
776:
If a child has a medical condition or physical disability that makes it impractical to use a child restraint and the driver has a certificate from a doctor indicating this is the case.
358:
All convertible seats in the U.S. have at least a 35 pounds (16 kg) rear-facing weight limit, most now to go to 40 pounds (18 kg), and some go to 50 pounds (23 kg). The
1569:
Henary B, Sherwood, C P, Crandall J R, Kent R W, Vaca F E, Arbogast K B, Bull M J. Car safety seats for children: rear facing for best protection. Injury Prevention 2007; 13:398-402.
1135:: The combination seat or five-point booster is a forward-facing seat that has a five-point harness system. It can be modified to a belt-positioning booster by removing some webbing
1018:
In 2003, the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) suggested that infants "should spend minimal time in car seats (when not a passenger in a vehicle) or other seating that maintains
867:
lifesaver. This page provides details on qualified seat installation processes and approved standardized marks to look out for in child restraints. The Agency trains and certifies
297:
because it seems more "grown up," various countries and car seat manufacturers recommend that children continue to use a rear-facing child seat for as long as physically possible.
1988:
1465:
1572:
Sherwood C P, Crandall J R. Frontal sled tests comparing rear and forward facing child restraints with 1-3 year old dummies. Annual Proc Assoc Adv Automot Med. 2007;51:169-80.
1712:
880:
Children aged under 7 years must use an approved child restraint unless they are travelling in a public bus, shuttle or taxi and an approved child restraint is not available.
1009:
From September 18, 2006, all children under the age of 12 have to use some form of child car seat, unless they are taller than 135 centimetres (4 feet 5 inches).
1062:
Some states require that all child safety seats be used in full accordance with the manufacturer's instructions in what is sometimes referred to as a "proper use clause".
744:
a booster seat used in conjunction with a Type C child restraint and a seatbelt, or with a lap-sash seatbelt, suitable for children approximately 4 to 10 years of age, or
119:
Seat belts for adults were not standard equipment in automobiles until the 1960s. Child safety seats first became available in the late 1960s, but few parents used them.
1559:
Fuchs S, Barthel MJ, Flannery, AM and Christoffel KK: Cervical spine fractures sustained by young children in forward facing car seats. Pediatrics 84(2), 348-354, 1989.
2179:
2131:
1875:
Directive 2003/20/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 8 April 2003 amending Council Directive 91/671/EEC, Official Journal L 115, 2003-05-09 P. 63.
1637:
2597:
1846:
1328:
1066:
1052:
855:
An Urban legend in Israel states that nursery homes and hospitals will not allow exit with an infant if a SalKal (infant carry one safety seat) is not presented.
594:
The move from having car seats in the front passenger seat to having them in the back seat, facing backwards, may make it easier for a busy, distracted parent to
531:
79:
2156:
1530:
Carlsson G, Norin H, Ysander L: Rearward-facing child seats â the safest car restraint for children? Accident Analysis and Prevention, 23(2-3):175-182, 1991.
1562:
Stalnaker RL: Spinal cord injuries to children in real world accidents. SAE SP-986. Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE). Warrendale, PA. 1993. Pp 173-183.
1006:
As it was an EU member state at the time laws were introduced, products used in United Kingdom should comply with European Union single market definitions.
1084:
pellets. Foam makes up the padding of the individual seats, while vinyl and fabrics are used to make up the covers for the seats as well as the harnesses.
484:
There are two main types of boosters: high back (some of which have energy absorbing foam) and no back. A new generation of booster seats comes with rigid
1795:
1556:
Turbell T. Child restraint systems: Frontal Impact Performance. VTI rapport 36A. Swedish Road and Traffic Research Institute (VTI) Stockholm Sweden. 1974.
1550:
Jacobsson L, Isaksson âHellman I, Lundell B: Safety for the growing child â experiences from Swedish accident data. ESV conference 2005. Paper no 05-0330.
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including the child's seating position, shoulder belt position, lap belt position, knee position, and ability to sit properly for the length of the trip.
2108:
2068:
2028:
1940:
1211:
961:
The number after 'E' in the ECE 44 standard indicates as to which country certifies the child restraint. Hence the number differs between countries. The
1770:
165:
Carrycots are secured by both seat belts in the rear seat of the car. Both types have handles to allow them to be easily moved into and out of the car.
2046:
2002:
1966:
661:
However, until May 9, 2008, member states may have permitted the use of child restraint systems approved in accordance with their national standards.
2564:
2226:
997:
Rear seats: persons smaller than 135 centimetres (4 feet 5 inches) must use a child-safety seat. Also true for kids younger than 12 years.
1664:,International comparisons of child injuries and prevention programs: recommendations for an improved prevention program in Germany, August 4, 2014
2086:
559:
1744:
355:. Forward-facing limits range from 9 to 40 kg (20 to 88 lb) depending on the seat model and the manufacturer and country of origin.
2252:
1226:
1689:
Bilbarnstolen ska alltid bytas ut om den har skadats i samband med krock pü ett sätt som syns eller som püverkar funktionen i nügot avseende
682:
1431:
Uniform provisions concerning the approval of restraining devices for child occupants of power driven vehicles (âchild restraint systemsâ)
665:
has developed a child-safety-protection rating to encourage improved designs. Points are awarded for universal child-restraint anchorages
427:
Also known as booster seats, these position the child so that the adult seat belt is held in the correct position for safety and comfort.
1828:
2355:
AAP. "Car Safety Seats: A Guide For Families 2009." American Academy of Pediatrics. 2009. American Academy of Pediatrics. 22 Feb. 2009".
900:. There are different marks to indicate this approval from the safety perspective. Approved marks/symbols are shown in the table below:
761:. In Victoria the penalty is a fine of A$ 234 and three demerit points. Possible suspension or cancellation of license may also apply.
155:
Group 0 baby seats, or infant carriers, keep the baby locked up in a rear-facing position and are secured in place by a standard adult
2590:
1910:
198:
1479:
1443:
186:
1586:
817:
The strictest province law requires children who are younger than 10 years and smaller than 4 ft 9 in to use a booster seat.
1417:
1154:
852:
The Israeli regulation states that a Sal Kal (he:×Ą× ×§× lit. light basket) is equal to European group 0 and group 0+ regulations
88:
was launched in an attempt to provide a standard for fixing car seats into different makes of car. The standard now includes a
370:
A permanent fixture in the car using an adult seat belt to hold it in place and a five-point baby harness to hold the infant.
2500:
Bhaumik, Soumyadeep; Hunter, Kate; Matzopoulos, Richard; Prinsloo, Megan; Ivers, Rebecca Q.; Peden, Margaret (October 2020).
1177:
753:
Combination Type A/B: Child restraints can also be a combination of the above types. For example, a Type A/B converter seat.
359:
1610:
1048:
22 pounds, in a forward-facing position. As of 2011, most children ride rear-facing until they are at least 2 years of age.
2583:
1159:
837:
It is highly recommended that children younger than 14 years sit in the back seat or use a booster seat in the front seat.
2390:"How child safety seat is madeâmanufacture, history, used, parts, components, product, industry, History, Raw Materials"
1854:
1647:
1505:
1166:
2416:"Effectiveness of Child Safety Seats vs Seat Belts in Reducing Risk for Death in Children in Passenger Vehicle Crashes"
1221:
558:
Crashes that meet all of these criteria are much less severe than the dynamic testing requirement for compliance with
820:
For safety reasons, it is generally advised to use a booster seat until the child reaches a height of 4 ft 9 in.
1885:
1327:
International Standard ISO 13216. Anchorages in vehicles and attachments to anchorages for child restraint systems.
1803:
733:
a booster seat or booster cushion used with a Type C child restraint and a seat belt, or with a lap-sash seat belt,
718:
Type A: Rearward-facing or transversely installed restraint with a harness or other means of holding the child back
650:
408:
Position: Sitting, forward-facing or rear-facing (make sure the seat is certified for up to 25 kg (55 lb)
2651:
2374:
NHTSA. "National Child Passenger Safety Certification Training Program Manual." Safe Kids Worldwide, April 2007.
545:
The vehicle in which the child safety seat was installed was capable of being driven from the scene of the crash
396:
Rear-facing Group 1 car seats are becoming more widespread but are still difficult to source in many countries.
1592:
1676:
829:
As an EU member states, products used in Germany should comply with European Union single market definitions.
785:
As an EU member states, products used in Austria should comply with European Union single market definitions.
610:
591:
younger between 1998 and 2006. According to data, the center position was the safest but least used position.
965:(European Union) also has similar symbols to indicate safety standards for children travelling in a vehicle.
2687:
2314:
2006:
990:
As an EU member states, products used in Spain should comply with European Union single market definitions.
595:
1302:
703:
Children between six months and under four years must be restrained in a rear- or forward-facing restraint.
1430:
979:
747:
a converter used in conjunction with a seatbelt, suitable for children approximately 8 to 10 years of age.
351:
Rear-facing weight limits range from 9 to 23 kg (20 to 51 lb) depending on the manufacturer and
2339:
2230:
2713:
2473:
1277:
135:
There are several types of car seats, which vary in the position of the child and size of the seat. The
706:
Children between four and under seven must be restrained in a forward-facing restraint or booster seat.
265:
position. This design distributes the restraining forces over the child's head and body, excluding its
2502:"Facilitators and barriers to child restraint use in motor vehicles: a qualitative evidence synthesis"
1660:
404:
A larger seat than the Group 1 design. These seats use an adult seat belt to hold the child in place.
127:
2718:
2572:âStandardized curriculum used to train and certify child passenger safety technicians and instructors
1392:
1748:
1341:
897:
863:
331:
2537:
2453:
2415:
697:
Children under seven must be restrained in a suitable, approved child restraint or booster seat.
1832:
457:
2641:
2529:
2521:
2465:
2461:
2102:
2062:
2022:
1982:
1459:
638:
619:
520:
352:
249:
147:
72:
1918:
2513:
2445:
535:
withstand minor crash impacts without any documented degradation in subsequent performance.
2486:
2180:"Requirements for using child restraints in New Zealand | Waka Kotahi NZ Transport Agency"
1216:
1108:
There are different types of child safety seats for children of different sizes and ages.
1019:
223:
2389:
1367:
1483:
1429:
Regulation No 44 of the Economic Commission for Europe of the United Nations (UN/ECE) â
32:
1705:"NHTSA Advises Parents, Caregivers: Child Safety Seats Can Be Reused after Minor Crash"
1643:
962:
473:
Booster seats are recommended for children until they are big enough to properly use a
293:
266:
258:
231:
227:
136:
1596:
689:
Australian laws regarding infants in motor vehicles were revised on November 9, 2009.
669:, the quality of warning labels and deactivation systems for front-passenger airbags.
2707:
2682:
2646:
2541:
2457:
2204:
1731:
1199:
1081:
1030:
1023:
758:
736:
a converter seat suitable for children who weigh 18 to 32 kg (40 to 71 lb).
524:
391:
Approximate age: 9 months to 4 years (Although older children can fit too sometimes)
2636:
2517:
1170:
1041:
681:
599:
451:
441:
Approximate age: 4 to 10, and above if the child is not 36 kg (79 lb) yet
1251:
538:
A minor crash is defined by the NHTSA as one in which all of the following apply:
237:
Carrycots generally include a stomach belt and a connection to the (three points)
71:, is a seat designed specifically to protect children from injury or death during
17:
1614:
2629:
2558:
1198:
economic study found that these requirements affected families' decisions about
1182:
238:
883:
Children aged 7 years must use an approved child restraint if one is available.
2666:
2624:
618:
Baby car seats are legally required in many countries, including most Western
262:
89:
2525:
2121:
Shopping Before Birth: Orange, Family/Pregnancy_Birth _-_ Support, 01.12.2012
1509:
2656:
2606:
2501:
2278:
1231:
1100:
662:
474:
465:
289:
156:
2533:
2441:
1395:. United States Patent and Trademark Office. March 5, 1962. Archived from
2449:
1944:
975:
418:
Approximate age: 4 to 6 years (Although older children can sometimes fit)
1747:. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA). Archived from
562:
and are highly unlikely to affect future child safety seat performance.
374:
Position: Sitting, recommended rear-facing but forward-facing is legal,
2661:
2575:
1037:
700:
Children under six months must be restrained in a rear-facing position.
627:
285:
340:
safer rear-facing position up to a weight of 18 kg (40 lb).
1611:"Baby Car SeatsâAll The Information You Need To Find The Perfect One"
935:
666:
485:
377:
308:
273:
170:
169:
Position: Lying (in carrycots), rear-facing (in infant carriers), no
84:
96:. Generally, the ISOFIX system can be used with Groups 0, 0+ and 1.
622:, to safely transport children up to the age of 2 or more years in
261:
system intended to accommodate the child in a rearward-facing semi-
1153:
1099:
1065:
1029:
Child restraint requirements differ for the various states in the
804:
Children under 10 years old are required to ride in the back seat.
680:
609:
464:
456:
330:
248:
146:
126:
93:
37:
31:
2253:"What you need to know about the Philippines' child car seat law"
1730:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
1070:
Child Safety Seat Warning Label for Front Passenger Seat (Taiwan)
1967:"Child restraints < Children < NSW Centre for Road Safety"
614:
Child safety postage stamp of Russia showing a child safety seat
602:
and hypothermia in the United States after being left in a car.
2579:
1543:
engineers (SAE), Inc Warredale, PA. SAE technical paper 933093.
1771:"Winter coats and car seats: Keeping your child safe and warm"
1446:. March 22, 2011. Archived from the original on March 22, 2011
623:
112:
1969:. March 5, 2013. Archived from the original on March 5, 2013
814:
Child restraint requirements vary from province to province.
548:
The vehicle door nearest the child safety seat was undamaged
27:
Seat designed to protect children during traffic collisions
2227:"How to tell if a child restraint is safe for New Zealand"
1396:
1089:
896:
All child restraints must meet the standards set by the
2569:
1393:"USPTO Full-Text and Image Database. Patent #3,107,942"
2440:
Nickerson, Jordan; Solomon, David H. (July 31, 2020).
875:
Rules and regulations for passengers of different ages
551:
There were no injuries to any of the vehicle occupants
532:
National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA)
1679:. NationalfÜreningen fÜr trafiksäkerhetens främjande
1480:"Five-Point Harness or ShieldâChoosing a safer seat"
176:
Recommended weight: Birth to 10 kg (22 lb)
99:
In 2013, a new car seat regulation was introduced: "
2675:
2614:
2561:âFor information on child restraint use in the U.S.
1711:. U.S. Department of Transportation. Archived from
773:
A child traveling in a police or emergency vehicle.
162:Group 0 carrycots hold the baby lying on its back.
2565:2007 RTA/NRMA/RACV (Australian) Crash Test Results
1911:"Child car seat design and production regulations"
871:who are authorized to install child safety seats.
693:child restraints imported from Europe or the USA.
1847:"Car Seats | Parents Central | Keeping Kids Safe"
1506:"AAPâCar Safety Seats: A Guide for Familiesâ2005"
560:Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (FMVSS) 213
450:"Booster seat" redirects here. For the song, see
1987:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
1464:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
1823:
1821:
892:New Zealand Approved Marks for child restraints
1709:National Highway Traffic Safety Administration
1329:International Organization for Standardization
1053:National Highway Traffic Safety Administration
724:Type C: Forward-facing harness without a chair
598:. Each year, between 30 and 50 infants die of
2591:
2384:
2382:
2380:
1613:. Imported Auto. July 1, 2019. Archived from
741:Type F: A restraint that consists of either:
730:Type E: a restraint that consists of either:
8:
92:; the U.S. version of this system is called
721:Type B: Forward-facing chair with a harness
288:permanently fixed into the car by an adult
2598:
2584:
2576:
1282:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
1212:BeSeatSmart Child Passenger Safety Program
869:NZTA certified child restraint technicians
727:Type D: Rearward-facing chair with harness
492:adequate protection in all circumstances.
1886:"European Commission Rules on Seat Belts"
1444:"AAP Updates Recommendation on Car Seats"
1158:Child Safety Seat Inspection site by the
978:. The law does not cover motorcycles and
269:, in the event of the frontal collision.
1796:"The Last Word: Forgotten Baby Syndrome"
1699:
1697:
902:
381:(with the exception of curtain airbags).
312:(with the exception of curtain airbags).
173:(with the exception of curtain airbags).
1243:
182:
2482:
2471:
2351:
2349:
2107:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
2100:
2067:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
2060:
2027:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
2020:
1980:
1790:
1788:
1457:
2570:National Child Passenger Safety Board
2229:. NZ Transport Agency. Archived from
1773:. Consumer Reports. December 20, 2012
1227:National Child Passenger Safety Board
7:
2207:. Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand
646:European Union and UNECE regulations
554:The air bags (if any) did not deploy
292:and can be placed into some form of
2157:"Find a child restraint technician"
1941:"Seat belts & child restraints"
1508:. February 16, 2006. Archived from
917:Australia and New Zealand standardâ
637:Generally, countries that regulate
322:Approximate age: Birth to 15 months
284:Group 0+ car seats commonly have a
179:Approximate age: Birth to 15 months
2159:. New Zealand: NZ Transport Agency
1342:"A Brief History of 7 Baby Basics"
25:
2279:"Q&A: New child car seat law"
1662:Seat belts & child restraints
1022:" to avoid developing positional
431:Position: Sitting, forward-facing
317:Birth (2â3 kg) to 13 kg
2414:Elliot, Michael R.; et al.
1802:. March 26, 2009. Archived from
1725:
197:
185:
36:Child safety seat, produced for
1303:"Car Seat Safety (Healthy You)"
500:Used for Groups I, II and III.
2518:10.1136/injuryprev-2020-043655
1829:"ChildrenâEuropean Commission"
1595:: NHTSA DoT, 2, archived from
1178:American Academy of Pediatrics
360:American Academy of Pediatrics
335:Convertible Car Seat (Toddler)
1:
2340:"Michigan Car Seat Laws 2020"
1646:: Which, 2010, archived from
2442:"Car Seats as Contraception"
1639:Car safety & child seats
1167:sudden infant death syndrome
204:Car Seat - Not in Front Seat
1745:"Keeping You SafeâSafercar"
1222:Child Passenger Safety Week
596:forget an infant in the car
504:international comparisons.
253:Rear-facing infant car seat
192:Car Seat - Middle Back Seat
2735:
1677:"Bilbarnstolars livslängd"
1276:CDC (September 25, 2019).
449:
438:(48 lb to 76 lb)
415:(33 lb to 55 lb)
388:(20 lb to 40 lb)
159:and/or an ISOFIX fitting.
2652:Child-resistant packaging
1666:Retrieved August 5, 2018
1278:"Child Passenger Safety"
436:22 kg to 36 kg
413:15 kg to 25 kg
2688:School bus crossing arm
2205:"Promoting Road Safety"
1433:- Retrieved 2014-08-04
1026:("flat head syndrome").
952:United States Standardâ
834:(4 ft 11 in).
496:Front-facing restraints
469:Child in a booster seat
386:9 kg to 18 kg
257:Infant carrier means a
2481:Cite journal requires
1418:"Children's Car Seats"
1162:
1160:Maui Police Department
1105:
1071:
686:
615:
470:
462:
336:
254:
152:
132:
53:child restraint system
47:, sometimes called an
40:
2178:NZ Transport Agency.
1636:"Child safety week",
1252:"State of New Jersey"
1157:
1103:
1069:
765:Exemptions to the law
684:
613:
468:
461:Backless booster seat
460:
334:
252:
150:
130:
35:
2450:10.2139/ssrn.3665046
2009:on February 12, 2018
1857:on February 19, 2016
1835:on November 9, 2016.
1751:on September 1, 2006
1512:on February 16, 2006
434:Recommended weight:
411:Recommended weight:
384:Recommended weight:
315:Recommended weight:
2136:Shvil-haleida.co.il
1915:childseatcentre.com
1890:European Commission
1399:on October 19, 2012
1368:"Child Safety Seat"
1309:. February 25, 2020
1307:Texomashomepage.com
980:motorized tricycles
906:Symbol Description
898:NZ Transport Agency
864:NZ Transport Agency
714:The six types are:
620:developed countries
301:Position: Sitting,
2259:. February 1, 2021
1921:on October 9, 2020
1715:on October 5, 2016
1617:on October 9, 2020
1163:
1106:
1072:
1020:supine positioning
909:Standard followed
687:
616:
511:Safety information
471:
463:
337:
255:
210:Fastened carrycots
153:
133:
131:Child safety seats
73:vehicle collisions
49:infant safety seat
41:
18:Child safety seats
2701:
2700:
2693:Child safety seat
2642:Child safety lock
2506:Injury Prevention
2444:. Rochester, NY.
2285:. August 28, 2006
2049:on August 5, 2016
1650:on April 22, 2012
1486:on April 21, 2012
1133:Combination seats
1119:Convertible seats
1104:Child safety seat
959:
958:
353:country of origin
344:overhead shield.
327:Convertible seats
45:child safety seat
16:(Redirected from
2726:
2600:
2593:
2586:
2577:
2546:
2545:
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2240:
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2217:
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2201:
2195:
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2192:
2190:
2184:www.nzta.govt.nz
2175:
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2164:
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2146:
2144:
2142:
2128:
2122:
2119:
2113:
2112:
2106:
2098:
2096:
2094:
2089:on July 22, 2016
2085:. Archived from
2079:
2073:
2072:
2066:
2058:
2056:
2054:
2045:. Archived from
2039:
2033:
2032:
2026:
2018:
2016:
2014:
2005:. Archived from
1999:
1993:
1992:
1986:
1978:
1976:
1974:
1963:
1957:
1956:
1954:
1952:
1947:. August 4, 2014
1937:
1931:
1930:
1928:
1926:
1917:. Archived from
1907:
1901:
1900:
1898:
1896:
1882:
1876:
1873:
1867:
1866:
1864:
1862:
1853:. Archived from
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1831:. Archived from
1825:
1816:
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1531:
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1502:
1496:
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1491:
1482:. Archived from
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1463:
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1440:
1434:
1427:
1421:
1415:
1409:
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1380:
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1364:
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1353:
1348:. March 12, 2013
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1248:
903:
639:passenger safety
525:race car helmets
201:
189:
111:Since the first
21:
2734:
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2549:
2499:
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2480:
2470:
2439:
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2434:
2424:
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2420:JAMA Pediatrics
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2138:
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2125:
2120:
2116:
2099:
2092:
2090:
2083:"Archived copy"
2081:
2080:
2076:
2059:
2052:
2050:
2043:"Archived copy"
2041:
2040:
2036:
2019:
2012:
2010:
2003:"Archived copy"
2001:
2000:
1996:
1979:
1972:
1970:
1965:
1964:
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1950:
1948:
1939:
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1934:
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1922:
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1807:
1806:on July 5, 2014
1794:
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1604:
1599:on May 15, 2008
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1217:Bike child seat
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329:
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247:
245:Infant carriers
219:infant car beds
212:
205:
202:
193:
190:
151:Infant Car Seat
145:
125:
123:Classifications
109:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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2554:
2553:External links
2551:
2548:
2547:
2512:(5): 478â493.
2492:
2483:|journal=
2432:
2406:
2376:
2367:
2357:
2345:
2331:
2315:"Child safety"
2306:
2296:
2283:News.bbc.co.uk
2270:
2244:
2233:on May 9, 2012
2218:
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1219:
1214:
1207:
1204:
1190:
1187:
1147:
1144:
1143:
1142:
1136:
1129:
1128:
1123:
1122:
1116:
1097:
1094:
1076:
1073:
1064:
1063:
1060:
1056:
1049:
1045:
1034:
1027:
1014:
1011:
1003:
1002:United Kingdom
1000:
999:
998:
995:
987:
984:
970:
967:
957:
956:
950:
943:
942:
933:
922:
921:
915:
911:
910:
907:
893:
890:
889:
888:
884:
881:
876:
873:
860:
857:
850:
849:
843:
840:
839:
838:
835:
826:
823:
822:
821:
818:
815:
810:
807:
806:
805:
802:
796:
793:
792:
791:
782:
779:
778:
777:
774:
771:
766:
763:
759:demerit points
751:
750:
749:
748:
745:
739:
738:
737:
734:
728:
725:
722:
719:
708:
707:
704:
701:
698:
678:
675:
647:
644:
607:
604:
587:
586:Seat placement
584:
556:
555:
552:
549:
546:
543:
512:
509:
497:
494:
447:
444:
443:
442:
439:
432:
424:
421:
420:
419:
416:
409:
401:
398:
393:
392:
389:
382:
367:
364:
328:
325:
324:
323:
320:
313:
294:baby transport
281:
278:
246:
243:
228:prone position
211:
208:
207:
206:
203:
196:
194:
191:
184:
181:
180:
177:
174:
144:
141:
137:United Nations
124:
121:
108:
105:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2731:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2711:
2709:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2683:Child harness
2681:
2680:
2678:
2674:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2647:Childproofing
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2622:
2620:
2619:
2617:
2613:
2608:
2601:
2596:
2594:
2589:
2587:
2582:
2581:
2578:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2560:
2557:
2556:
2552:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2496:
2493:
2488:
2475:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2436:
2433:
2421:
2417:
2410:
2407:
2395:
2391:
2385:
2383:
2381:
2377:
2371:
2368:
2361:
2358:
2352:
2350:
2346:
2341:
2335:
2332:
2320:
2316:
2310:
2307:
2300:
2297:
2284:
2280:
2274:
2271:
2258:
2254:
2248:
2245:
2232:
2228:
2222:
2219:
2211:September 29,
2206:
2200:
2197:
2185:
2181:
2174:
2171:
2163:September 29,
2158:
2152:
2149:
2137:
2133:
2127:
2124:
2118:
2115:
2110:
2104:
2088:
2084:
2078:
2075:
2070:
2064:
2048:
2044:
2038:
2035:
2030:
2024:
2008:
2004:
1998:
1995:
1990:
1984:
1968:
1962:
1959:
1946:
1942:
1936:
1933:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1906:
1903:
1891:
1887:
1881:
1878:
1872:
1869:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1842:
1839:
1834:
1830:
1824:
1822:
1818:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1791:
1789:
1785:
1777:September 19,
1772:
1766:
1763:
1750:
1746:
1740:
1737:
1733:
1732:public domain
1714:
1710:
1706:
1700:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1678:
1672:
1669:
1665:
1663:
1657:
1654:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1640:
1632:
1629:
1616:
1612:
1606:
1603:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1589:
1581:
1578:
1571:
1568:
1564:
1561:
1558:
1555:
1552:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1540:
1536:
1533:
1527:
1524:
1511:
1507:
1501:
1498:
1485:
1481:
1475:
1472:
1467:
1461:
1445:
1439:
1436:
1432:
1426:
1423:
1419:
1414:
1411:
1398:
1394:
1388:
1385:
1373:
1369:
1363:
1360:
1347:
1343:
1337:
1334:
1330:
1324:
1321:
1308:
1304:
1298:
1295:
1283:
1279:
1272:
1269:
1257:
1253:
1247:
1244:
1237:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1209:
1205:
1203:
1201:
1200:birth spacing
1195:
1188:
1186:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1172:
1168:
1161:
1156:
1152:
1145:
1140:
1139:Booster seats
1137:
1134:
1131:
1130:
1125:
1124:
1120:
1117:
1114:
1111:
1110:
1109:
1102:
1095:
1093:
1091:
1085:
1083:
1082:polypropylene
1075:Manufacturing
1074:
1068:
1061:
1057:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1032:
1031:United States
1028:
1025:
1024:plagiocephaly
1021:
1017:
1016:
1013:United States
1012:
1010:
1007:
1001:
996:
993:
992:
991:
985:
983:
981:
977:
968:
966:
964:
955:
951:
949:
945:
944:
941:
937:
934:
932:
928:
924:
923:
920:
916:
913:
912:
908:
905:
904:
901:
899:
891:
885:
882:
879:
878:
874:
872:
870:
865:
858:
856:
853:
846:
845:
841:
836:
832:
831:
830:
824:
819:
816:
813:
812:
808:
803:
799:
798:
794:
788:
787:
786:
780:
775:
772:
769:
768:
764:
762:
760:
754:
746:
743:
742:
740:
735:
732:
731:
729:
726:
723:
720:
717:
716:
715:
712:
711:appropriate.
705:
702:
699:
696:
695:
694:
690:
683:
676:
674:
670:
668:
664:
659:
655:
652:
645:
643:
640:
635:
631:
629:
625:
621:
612:
605:
603:
601:
597:
592:
585:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
561:
553:
550:
547:
544:
541:
540:
539:
536:
533:
528:
526:
522:
517:
510:
508:
505:
501:
495:
493:
489:
487:
482:
478:
476:
467:
459:
453:
446:Booster seats
445:
440:
437:
433:
430:
429:
428:
422:
417:
414:
410:
407:
406:
405:
399:
397:
390:
387:
383:
380:
379:
373:
372:
371:
365:
363:
361:
356:
354:
349:
345:
341:
333:
326:
321:
319:(29 lb).
318:
314:
311:
310:
304:
300:
299:
298:
295:
291:
287:
279:
277:
275:
270:
268:
264:
260:
251:
244:
242:
240:
235:
233:
229:
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200:
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166:
163:
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158:
149:
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138:
129:
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120:
117:
114:
106:
104:
102:
97:
95:
91:
87:
86:
81:
78:In 1990, the
76:
74:
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2714:Child safety
2692:
2637:Baby monitor
2607:Child safety
2559:Safercar.gov
2509:
2505:
2495:
2474:cite journal
2435:
2423:. Retrieved
2419:
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2257:ABS-CBN News
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1914:
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1855:the original
1851:Safercar.gov
1850:
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1387:
1377:December 26,
1375:. Retrieved
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1346:Mental Floss
1345:
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1281:
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1255:
1246:
1196:
1192:
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1171:asphyxiation
1164:
1149:
1138:
1132:
1118:
1113:Infant seats
1112:
1107:
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1042:South Dakota
1008:
1005:
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960:
953:
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600:heat illness
593:
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568:
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518:
514:
506:
502:
499:
490:
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452:Booster Seat
435:
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375:
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350:
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342:
338:
316:
306:
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69:booster seat
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
42:
29:
2719:Road safety
2394:Madehow.com
2263:February 7,
2189:October 12,
1183:pool noodle
969:Philippines
859:New Zealand
481:collision.
303:rear-facing
239:safety belt
2708:Categories
2667:Pool fence
1238:References
1059:available.
919:AS/NZ 1754
914:Tick Mark
626:and other
521:motorcycle
272:For young
90:top tether
57:child seat
2657:Kiddy Bag
2542:218874010
2526:1475-5785
2458:229069738
1951:August 5,
1895:August 2,
1810:April 17,
1719:August 2,
1490:April 17,
1331:, Geneva.
1313:March 23,
1287:March 23,
1232:Seat belt
1189:Criticism
1090:nhtsa.gov
954:FMVSS 213
938:Standardâ
801:required.
677:Australia
663:Euro NCAP
651:Directive
475:seat belt
290:seat belt
263:recumbent
259:restraint
215:Carrycots
157:seat belt
82:standard
61:baby seat
2615:Domestic
2534:32447304
2319:iihs.org
2304:199-202.
2237:July 28,
2103:cite web
2093:July 27,
2063:cite web
2053:July 27,
2023:cite web
1983:cite web
1945:VicRoads
1800:The Week
1585:"Tips",
1566:213-230.
1460:cite web
1372:Made How
1206:See also
976:jeepneys
936:European
628:vehicles
280:Group 0+
65:car seat
2662:Playpen
2630:Toddler
2609:devices
2466:3665046
2425:June 9,
2399:May 16,
2324:May 27,
2289:May 16,
2141:May 27,
1973:May 27,
1925:May 27,
1755:May 27,
1683:May 15,
1621:July 7,
1516:May 16,
1450:May 27,
1403:May 16,
1146:Hazards
1038:Florida
948:S' mark
927:E' mark
825:Germany
781:Austria
423:Group 3
400:Group 2
366:Group 1
286:chassis
274:infants
171:airbags
143:Group 0
107:History
67:, or a
2676:Travel
2625:Infant
2540:
2532:
2524:
2464:
2456:
1256:Nj.gov
940:ECE 44
931:number
929:and a
842:Israel
809:Canada
795:Brazil
685:AS1754
667:ISOFIX
486:Isofix
378:airbag
309:airbag
224:supine
101:i-Size
85:ISOFIX
2538:S2CID
2454:S2CID
1547:1997.
1181:as a
1127:seat.
1096:Types
986:Spain
887:seat.
790:seat.
519:Like
267:limbs
232:limbs
94:LATCH
38:Volvo
2621:Bed
2530:PMID
2522:ISSN
2487:help
2462:SSRN
2427:2015
2401:2018
2326:2017
2291:2018
2265:2021
2239:2012
2213:2017
2191:2020
2165:2017
2143:2017
2109:link
2095:2016
2069:link
2055:2016
2029:link
2015:2018
1989:link
1975:2017
1953:2018
1927:2017
1897:2016
1863:2016
1812:2012
1779:2013
1757:2017
1721:2016
1685:2021
1623:2019
1518:2018
1492:2012
1466:link
1452:2017
1405:2018
1379:2014
1354:2014
1315:2020
1289:2020
1263:2013
1176:The
1051:The
1040:and
624:cars
530:The
523:and
2514:doi
2446:doi
1588:CPS
1036:In
606:Law
376:no
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