551:
696:. According to reporter Barbara Bisantz Raymond, Tann, in 1924–1950, stole many children and sold 5,000 children, most or all of them white. The children were adopted by families in exchange for substantial fees (ostensibly for transport and hotel but Tann charged multiple times for a single trip and collected the money personally rather than through the Tennessee Children's Home Society) and processed the adoptions without investigating adoptive parents except for their wealth. Amounts charged for adoptions ranged from $ 700 to $ 10,000 when "reputable agencies ... almost nothing". Tann, in a 1944 speech accusing others of unlicensed adoption placements, did not admit selling children herself.
763:. For Galindo, baby buyers, often taxi drivers and orphanage managers, offered low-income mothers (chosen by baby recruiters) money or rice for children, whom Galindo claimed were orphans and for whom adopting families paid around $ 11,000 in fees. Galindo, saying she intended "to save children from desperate circumstances" and that she felt she acted "with the highest integrity", was convicted in the U.S. and sentenced to a year and a half in prison.
600:
non-government organisation Baby Back Home, said the database is the most effective way to reunite families. Baby Back Home receives an average of 50 inquiries a day from abducted children and their parents; Baby Back Home gives blood samples to the ministry for DNA testing. However Zhang Baoyan, founder of Baby Back Home, said that "there are still some parents of missing children who have no idea about the DNA database".
641:. Some babies will be bought by couples desperate to start a family, while other babies are sold to traffickers and forced to become sex slaves or beggars. Prostitution rings also offer babies from their foreign sex workers who get pregnant with some of the sex workers even willing to contact any couples by themselves to offer their babies as Malaysian laws does not allow migrant workers to bear children in the country.
808:
709:
children for up to $ 100 each. Tann, apparently disagreeing with the prevailing view, argued (against her own belief) that children were "blank slates", thus free of the sin and genetic defects attributable to their parents, thus making adoption appealing, and providing a way for children who might otherwise have been dead to survive and receive care. Her waiting lists included much of the
674:
the young kid inter the bargain.... I'll tell thee wot, Jack ... if thee't mak it up three gallons o' drink, her's thine, I'll ax thee naught fer the babby, an' the halter's worth a quart. Come, say shillins!" In various cases, when wife sales split families, it appears that the youngest children went with mothers and older children went with fathers.
699:
According to
Raymond, Tann made adoption socially acceptable. Previously, when the first U.S. state adoption law was passed in 1851, adoption was "not immediately popular". Early in the 20th century, adoption was "rare". Low-income birth parents from whom children were taken were generally considered
599:
According to a 2013 English-language
Chinese newspaper report, Chen Shiqu, director of the Chinese Ministry of Public Security's human trafficking task force, said that since a DNA database started in April 2009 it has matched 2,348 children with their biological parents. Zhang Baoyan, founder of the
673:
officials, and a wife and child, born after she started living with her lover but before the sale, were sold. In another case, a wife and baby about a year old were sold at an auction, where the selling husband said, "ome on wi' yer bids, and if yer gies me a good price fer the ooman, I'll gie yer
708:
gathered children and transported them for resettlement under farmers needing labor, using a procedure akin to a slave auction. Some children's custody was changed "through secretive means" between sets of parents, some willing and some unaware. Baby farms, where many children were murdered, sold
612:
Legal adoption was introduced to
Ireland by the passage of the Adoption Act in 1952, which took effect from 1 January 1953. Both prior to and after the enactment of this law, children were regularly trafficked for the purposes of adoption, usually to the United States, by religious orders who ran
603:
A 2013 English news magazine report describes Xiao
Chaohua, a campaigning parent of an abducted child, as believing that the authorities could be doing a lot more. Xiao says that buyers of abducted children still often get away without punishment—they usually live in villages and sometimes enjoy
389:
668:
reported a sale of two children with a sale of a wife to an
American in 1865 for ÂŁ25 per child (the wife being sold for another ÂŁ100). In atypical cases, a wife and four children were sold for a shilling each, apparently to preclude an expulsion to be forced by
517:, or subsequent custodians, including adoption agencies, orphanages and Mother and Baby Homes. Where the subsequent relationship with the child is essentially non-exploitative, it is usually the case that purpose of child-selling was to permit
541:
According to UNO HR deputy director coordinator the country is very poor so many people are selling their children and unborn children, daughters are being sold into marriage and or for forced child labor for $ 850-2000 US dollars.
384:
550:
341:
296:
596:
According to a 2007 English newspaper report, in China, 190 children were snatched every day, but the
Chinese government did not acknowledge the extent or cause of the problem.
2760:
1538:
614:
1247:, p. 223 and see pp. 119–120 & nn. 42–43 (accusation of sale of children) & p. 252 & n. 21 (giving away of children due to poverty)
1401:
677:
Procedures for selling children were often like those for selling wives when they relied on the contractual method, even if the contract was not legally enforceable.
533:
is a treaty which bans the buying and selling of children and attempts to impose controls and regulation on inter-country adoption, which gives rise to the practice.
574:"deplored ... the sale of children due to joblessness" and, Dikötter continued, sale of children by "many" of the unemployed also occurred in south China, near
1694:, Tann was "employed by the Tennessee Children's Home Society") and see p. 1 ("er orphanage or Home, the local branch of the Tennessee Children's Home Society").
946:
movie released in 1977, Pete, the title character, was found to have been sold to the Gogans, an uneducated family who used him as cheap labor until he ran away.
775:, "babies of ... young women are sometimes sold to adoptive parents before their mothers even leave the hospital." In 2007, brokering was being investigated by
578:"some families sold their children", in 1953 during a famine in some provinces "desperate parents even bartered their children", and one price in 1950–1953 in
449:
1166:
649:
Lawrence Stone reported some attempted sales of children accompanying wives sold by husbands to new husbands, one in 1815 and another discussed in 1763. (
593:, and the sales are to parents who want servants, more children, or future brides for sons. "Relatively few Chinese brokers are caught and prosecuted."
2700:
2614:
1445:
2520:
2681:
2535:
1019:
756:
555:
1473:
2745:
2540:
1192:
2735:
2261:
2242:
2179:
306:
1142:
2833:
497:
2705:
924:
693:
2579:
2557:
1116:
2591:
979:
a South Korean film about two brokers and the mother of an abandoned baby that follows the brokers on their journey to sell the baby.
617:. Journalist and author Mike Milotte estimates that as many as 4,000 such illegal adoptions took place, from the 1940s to the 1970s.
2848:
2414:
2299:
2280:
2223:
2200:
891:
629:, baby-selling rings were believed by some to be "thriving", although this activity was still considered criminal. A 2016 report by
1546:
2843:
2686:
2626:
2419:
1224:
700:
genetically inferior, and the children, considered adoptable, were considered therefore genetically tainted. Before Tann's work,
1515:
2690:
2485:
2331:
971:, begins with the opening chapter "Black Market Baby"; Flair's parents obtained him from the Tennessee Children's Home Society.
704:
was applied to some children with the duties to educate the children and to provide them with land scarcely enforced, and the
2585:
2573:
829:
825:
872:
2475:
2383:
1014:
844:
650:
379:
589:
According to a 2006 report, low-income families and unwed mothers sell babies, often girls, in the underground market in
2730:
2603:
938:
464:
1730:, p. 79 and see pp. viii (see n. for p. x on point), 2, 13, 45, 115, 116, 160, 163, 209, 210, 212, 214, & 215.
566:, in 1953 or 1954, when there was starvation, "across the country people sold their children" and a 1950 report by the
2530:
2525:
2378:
851:
454:
2772:
286:
1143:"This Afghan Man Sold His 5-Month-Old Daughter To Survive: 'Did I Have A Choice? You Tell Me.' And He's Not Alone"
818:
633:
exposed that baby selling was ongoing in
Malaysia for a long time, with the babies brought in from countries like
2609:
2495:
2450:
2169:
530:
419:
374:
369:
759:"made $ 8 million by arranging eight hundred adoptions of Cambodian children by unwitting Americans", one being
2695:
2658:
2631:
2620:
2404:
858:
782:
Worldwide, in recent years, according to reporter
Barbara Bisantz Raymond, brokers steal and sell children. In
630:
567:
490:
444:
364:
2001:, p. 78 (quoting the author and not Tann, but the author said Tann "said repeatedly") and see pp. 82–84.
744:, a child was sold twice on one train ride, and one "father ... traded his unborn daughter for a poker debt."
2803:
2388:
1024:
261:
20:
604:
protection from local officials. He says orphanages sometimes fail to take DNA from children they receive.
2793:
2500:
2435:
1350:
1009:
840:
316:
301:
205:
2490:
2409:
2368:
2358:
915:
281:
256:
233:
19:
This article is about selling mainly for non-exploitative adoption. For selling for exploitation, see
2637:
2552:
2510:
2505:
469:
311:
131:
126:
101:
1376:
2838:
2455:
2445:
2440:
2324:
483:
195:
91:
2828:
2363:
975:
689:
658:
439:
228:
136:
76:
2788:
2597:
2515:
2373:
2295:
2276:
2257:
2238:
2219:
2196:
2175:
2165:
1200:
1004:
670:
563:
429:
145:
2750:
2470:
999:
994:
909:
729:
359:
210:
200:
165:
155:
121:
42:
31:
865:
2725:
2480:
1691:
1503:
1034:
733:
459:
1167:"Starving Afghan kids sold, forced into labor amid dire economic and humanitarian crises"
2235:
The Baby Thief: The Untold Story of
Georgia Tann, the Baby Seller Who Corrupted Adoption
2766:
2710:
2317:
1478:
1450:
989:
760:
665:
514:
336:
271:
220:
46:
2822:
2720:
2715:
2547:
2212:
2190:
1406:
1053:
964:
959:
718:
710:
331:
291:
266:
251:
160:
141:
24:
747:
In 1955–1956, attempts to pass U.S. Federal legislation to ban baby-selling failed.
2755:
1354:
1029:
951:
705:
685:
583:
579:
114:
81:
38:
2798:
2465:
2344:
1380:
1324:
807:
741:
721:. One person adopted through the Tennessee Children's Home Society was wrestler
414:
321:
96:
86:
1091:
930:
326:
55:
1204:
2740:
2663:
2460:
968:
737:
722:
701:
575:
150:
2309:
586:, enough for the father (the seller) to buy rice to last through a famine.
2340:
791:
776:
638:
634:
626:
571:
518:
276:
190:
2171:
The
Tragedy of Liberation: A History of the Chinese Revolution, 1945–57
1446:"SPECIAL INVESTIGATION: Fears over 'trafficking' of children to the US"
832: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
654:
653:
was illegal but believed to be lawful and widely practiced in southern
582:
was "a handful of grain", another price in 1953 or 1954 having been 50
215:
185:
178:
1539:"This horrifying video exposes ugly truth of baby-selling in Malaysia"
1193:"As Afghanistan Sinks Into Destitution, Some Sell Children to Survive"
30:
For the illegal acquisition of children by purchase or otherwise, see
943:
783:
772:
714:
434:
409:
62:
1117:"Afghan families sell daughters into marriage as economy collapses"
787:
590:
549:
45:, or children selling products as a small activity. (such as at a
1225:"Afghan dad trying to sell daughter to keep family from starving"
2214:
Wives for Sale: an Ethnographic Study of British Popular Divorce
2313:
2189:
Flair, Ric (2004). Keith Elliot Greenberg; Mark Madden (eds.).
1474:"SPECIAL INVESTIGATION: Government already knew of baby deaths"
801:
1092:"Afghanistan: 'I drug my hungry children to help them sleep'"
794:, in 2007, brokering was being investigated by Interpol.
513:
is the practice of selling children, usually by parents,
342:
List of child abuse cases featuring long-term detention
1779:
1777:
1752:
1750:
1748:
1924:, pp. 72–74 (for an earlier auction, see p. 67).
2781:
2761:
Child abductions in the Russian invasion of Ukraine
2672:
2647:
2566:
2428:
2397:
2351:
2144:
2142:
2211:
2117:
2115:
2090:
2088:
2051:
2049:
2036:
2034:
1857:
1855:
1830:
1828:
2009:
2007:
1982:
1980:
1978:
1876:, p. 71 and see pp. 65–70, 75, & 77–78.
1678:, p. 1 ("Memphis... where Georgia lived")
2325:
1255:
1253:
491:
8:
2254:Ireland, Slavery and Anti-Slavery: 1612–1865
1191:Shah, Saeed; Houdt, Joël van (2021-10-16).
23:. For sale as part of ongoing slavery, see
2651:
2332:
2318:
2310:
1377:"Database gives hope to abducted children"
955:, Mr. Bumble sold Oliver to an undertaker.
554:Parents selling their children during the
498:
484:
51:
2701:Canadian Indian residential school system
892:Learn how and when to remove this message
531:Hague Convention on Intercountry Adoption
1651:
1639:
1627:
1615:
1603:
1591:
1307:
1295:
1283:
1271:
1259:
1244:
2682:List of international adoption scandals
2133:
2121:
2106:
2094:
2079:
2067:
2055:
2040:
2013:
1998:
1986:
1969:
1957:
1945:
1933:
1921:
1909:
1897:
1885:
1873:
1861:
1846:
1834:
1819:
1807:
1795:
1783:
1768:
1756:
1739:
1727:
1715:
1703:
1687:
1675:
1663:
1499:
1336:
1319:
1078:
1071:
1046:
1020:List of international adoption scandals
61:
54:
2746:Kidnapping of children by Nazi Germany
1810:, p. ix and see pp. 78 & 118.
1349:Clare Dwyer Hogg (23 September 2007).
728:Brokers who sold babies were found in
2736:Forced adoption in the United Kingdom
2148:
2025:
1742:, p. 84 and see pp. 75 & 78.
1579:
1567:
7:
2237:. New York, NY: Union Square Press.
2218:. New York, NY: St. Martin's Press.
830:adding citations to reliable sources
71:Marriage and other unions and status
2615:Hindu Adoptions and Maintenance Act
2580:Adoption Information Disclosure Act
2558:History of children in the military
2275:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
1690:, p. 6 (according to Governor
1518:. Al Jazeera News. 24 November 2016
2782:Historical criticism of orphanages
2673:Controversial violations of rights
2273:Road to Divorce: England 1530–1987
2174:. New York, NY: Bloomsbury Press.
1718:, pp. 121–122 and see p. 210.
1472:Ó Fátharta, Conall (3 June 2015).
1444:Ó Fátharta, Conall (3 June 2015).
923:daughter supposedly came from the
556:Northern Chinese Famine of 1876–79
385:Hague Convention (child abduction)
14:
2706:Tennessee Children's Home Society
2256:. Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan.
2233:Raymond, Barbara Bisantz (2007).
925:Tennessee Children's Home Society
694:Tennessee Children's Home Society
2687:American Indian boarding schools
2627:Islamic adoptional jurisprudence
2290:Thompson, Edward Palmer (1993).
806:
2691:American Indian outing programs
2486:Cultural variations in adoption
2210:Menefee, Samuel Pyeatt (1981).
1960:, pp. 69–70 and see p. 77.
1537:Lydia Aziz (26 November 2016).
817:needs additional citations for
2586:Adoption and Safe Families Act
2574:Access to Adoption Records Act
2195:. New York, NY: Pocket Books.
2028:, pp. 3–6, 278, & 332
751:Cambodian children to the U.S.
390:Hague Convention (maintenance)
43:marketing directed at children
1:
2476:Political abuse of psychiatry
2070:, p. 212 and see p. 252.
1015:International child abduction
380:International child abduction
2731:Forced adoption in Australia
2675:in adoption or child custody
2604:Foster Care Independence Act
1706:, p. viii and see p. 7.
1351:"Has anyone seen our child?"
1147:RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty
908:, a cable TV movie starring
767:Other cultures and worldwide
465:Paternal rights and abortion
16:Practice of selling children
2834:Interpersonal relationships
2294:. New York, NY: New Press.
1972:, p. 79 and see p. 77.
1516:"Malaysia: Babies for Sale"
1322:, pp. 246–247, citing
375:Hague Convention (adoption)
2865:
2773:Jewish orphans controversy
2610:Hague Adoption Convention
1630:, pp. 463–465 (appx.)
1502:, p. 249, citing ABC
234:Parenting coordinator (US)
36:
29:
18:
2654:
2592:Christian law of adoption
2496:Genealogical bewilderment
2451:Adoption reunion registry
2271:Stone, Lawrence (2002) .
1545:. AsiaOne. Archived from
402:Family and criminal code
360:Private international law
354:Private international law
2849:Human commodity auctions
2696:Indian Placement Program
2659:Adoption in ancient Rome
2632:Putative father registry
2621:Indian Child Welfare Act
2192:Ric Flair: To Be the Man
445:Parental child abduction
292:Contact & visitation
179:Dissolution of marriages
37:Not to be confused with
2844:Crimes against children
1798:, pp. 80, 118, 210
1025:Trafficking of children
933:, in comic book fiction
568:Chinese Communist Party
21:trafficking of children
2794:Mount Cashel Orphanage
2501:International adoption
2436:Adopted child syndrome
2398:Foster care by country
2252:Rodgers, Nini (2007).
1429:Milotte, Mike (2012).
1010:International adoption
742:New Orleans, Louisiana
692:, was employed by the
613:adoption agencies and
559:
307:UN Rights of the Child
302:Grandparent visitation
229:Custody evaluator (US)
206:Matrimonial Causes Act
1642:, p. 466 (appx.)
919:; "Joan Crawford ...
615:Mother and Baby Homes
553:
287:Filial responsibility
282:Tender years doctrine
257:DNA paternity testing
115:Validity of marriages
2804:St. John's Orphanage
2638:Uniform Adoption Act
2553:Sealed birth records
2511:Language of adoption
2506:Interracial adoption
1900:, pp. ix, 71–72
826:improve this article
706:Orphan Train Project
651:Wife sale in England
470:Right to family life
132:Prenuptial agreement
127:Marriage certificate
102:Domestic partnership
2456:Adoption tax credit
2446:Adoption home study
2441:Adoption disclosure
2352:Adoption by country
1549:on 28 November 2016
1433:. New Island Books.
1197:Wall Street Journal
196:Grounds for divorce
92:Common-law marriage
1786:, pp. 118–119
1771:, pp. ix, 118
1759:, pp. 117–118
1582:, pp. 143–146
976:Broker (2022 film)
798:In popular culture
690:Memphis, Tennessee
560:
440:Legality of incest
146:Voidable marriages
137:Matrimonial regime
77:Types of marriages
2816:
2815:
2812:
2811:
2789:Duplessis Orphans
2598:Dima Yakovlev Law
2516:Same-sex adoption
2292:Customs in Common
2263:978-0-333-77099-3
2244:978-1-4027-5863-8
2181:978-1-62040-347-1
1410:. 24 January 2013
1005:Human trafficking
902:
901:
894:
876:
525:International law
508:
507:
430:Domestic violence
404:(or criminal law)
312:Children's rights
246:Children's issues
2856:
2751:Tianjin Massacre
2652:
2471:Child laundering
2334:
2327:
2320:
2311:
2305:
2286:
2267:
2248:
2229:
2217:
2206:
2185:
2152:
2146:
2137:
2131:
2125:
2119:
2110:
2104:
2098:
2092:
2083:
2077:
2071:
2065:
2059:
2053:
2044:
2038:
2029:
2023:
2017:
2011:
2002:
1996:
1990:
1984:
1973:
1967:
1961:
1955:
1949:
1948:, pp. 75–77
1943:
1937:
1931:
1925:
1919:
1913:
1907:
1901:
1895:
1889:
1883:
1877:
1871:
1865:
1859:
1850:
1844:
1838:
1832:
1823:
1817:
1811:
1805:
1799:
1793:
1787:
1781:
1772:
1766:
1760:
1754:
1743:
1737:
1731:
1725:
1719:
1713:
1707:
1701:
1695:
1685:
1679:
1673:
1667:
1661:
1655:
1649:
1643:
1637:
1631:
1625:
1619:
1613:
1607:
1601:
1595:
1589:
1583:
1577:
1571:
1565:
1559:
1558:
1556:
1554:
1534:
1528:
1527:
1525:
1523:
1512:
1506:
1497:
1491:
1490:
1488:
1486:
1469:
1463:
1462:
1460:
1458:
1441:
1435:
1434:
1426:
1420:
1419:
1417:
1415:
1398:
1392:
1391:
1389:
1387:
1372:
1366:
1365:
1363:
1361:
1346:
1340:
1334:
1328:
1317:
1311:
1305:
1299:
1293:
1287:
1281:
1275:
1269:
1263:
1257:
1248:
1242:
1236:
1235:
1233:
1232:
1221:
1215:
1214:
1212:
1211:
1188:
1182:
1181:
1179:
1178:
1163:
1157:
1156:
1154:
1153:
1141:Saber, Shapoor.
1138:
1132:
1131:
1129:
1128:
1113:
1107:
1106:
1104:
1103:
1088:
1082:
1076:
1060:
1051:
1000:Child laundering
995:Child harvesting
910:Mary Tyler Moore
897:
890:
886:
883:
877:
875:
834:
810:
802:
730:Augusta, Georgia
500:
493:
486:
211:Legal separation
201:No-fault divorce
166:Amatonormativity
156:Marriageable age
122:Marriage licence
52:
32:child laundering
2864:
2863:
2859:
2858:
2857:
2855:
2854:
2853:
2819:
2818:
2817:
2808:
2777:
2726:Michael A. Hess
2674:
2668:
2643:
2562:
2481:Closed adoption
2424:
2393:
2347:
2338:
2308:
2302:
2289:
2283:
2270:
2264:
2251:
2245:
2232:
2226:
2209:
2203:
2188:
2182:
2166:Dikötter, Frank
2164:
2160:
2155:
2147:
2140:
2132:
2128:
2120:
2113:
2105:
2101:
2093:
2086:
2078:
2074:
2066:
2062:
2054:
2047:
2039:
2032:
2024:
2020:
2012:
2005:
1997:
1993:
1985:
1976:
1968:
1964:
1956:
1952:
1944:
1940:
1932:
1928:
1920:
1916:
1908:
1904:
1896:
1892:
1884:
1880:
1872:
1868:
1860:
1853:
1845:
1841:
1833:
1826:
1818:
1814:
1806:
1802:
1794:
1790:
1782:
1775:
1767:
1763:
1755:
1746:
1738:
1734:
1726:
1722:
1714:
1710:
1702:
1698:
1692:Gordon Browning
1686:
1682:
1674:
1670:
1662:
1658:
1652:Thompson (1993)
1650:
1646:
1640:Thompson (1993)
1638:
1634:
1628:Thompson (1993)
1626:
1622:
1616:Thompson (1993)
1614:
1610:
1604:Thompson (1993)
1602:
1598:
1592:Thompson (1993)
1590:
1586:
1578:
1574:
1566:
1562:
1552:
1550:
1536:
1535:
1531:
1521:
1519:
1514:
1513:
1509:
1504:Radio Australia
1498:
1494:
1484:
1482:
1471:
1470:
1466:
1456:
1454:
1443:
1442:
1438:
1431:Banished Babies
1428:
1427:
1423:
1413:
1411:
1402:"A cruel trade"
1400:
1399:
1395:
1385:
1383:
1374:
1373:
1369:
1359:
1357:
1348:
1347:
1343:
1335:
1331:
1318:
1314:
1308:Dikötter (2013)
1306:
1302:
1296:Dikötter (2013)
1294:
1290:
1284:Dikötter (2013)
1282:
1278:
1272:Dikötter (2013)
1270:
1266:
1260:Dikötter (2013)
1258:
1251:
1245:Dikötter (2013)
1243:
1239:
1230:
1228:
1223:
1222:
1218:
1209:
1207:
1190:
1189:
1185:
1176:
1174:
1165:
1164:
1160:
1151:
1149:
1140:
1139:
1135:
1126:
1124:
1115:
1114:
1110:
1101:
1099:
1090:
1089:
1085:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1064:
1063:
1056:, a subject of
1052:
1048:
1043:
1035:Commodification
986:
898:
887:
881:
878:
841:"Child selling"
835:
833:
823:
811:
800:
769:
753:
734:Wichita, Kansas
683:
647:
623:
610:
548:
539:
527:
515:legal guardians
504:
475:
474:
460:Paternity fraud
455:Parents' rights
450:Parental duties
405:
403:
395:
394:
355:
347:
346:
247:
239:
238:
181:
171:
170:
117:
107:
106:
72:
50:
35:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2862:
2860:
2852:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2821:
2820:
2814:
2813:
2810:
2809:
2807:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2785:
2783:
2779:
2778:
2776:
2775:
2770:
2767:Postremo mense
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2711:Baby Scoop Era
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2684:
2678:
2676:
2670:
2669:
2667:
2666:
2661:
2655:
2649:
2645:
2644:
2642:
2641:
2635:
2629:
2624:
2618:
2612:
2607:
2601:
2595:
2589:
2583:
2577:
2570:
2568:
2564:
2563:
2561:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2544:
2543:
2538:
2536:United Kingdom
2533:
2528:
2523:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2432:
2430:
2426:
2425:
2423:
2422:
2417:
2415:United Kingdom
2412:
2407:
2401:
2399:
2395:
2394:
2392:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2361:
2355:
2353:
2349:
2348:
2339:
2337:
2336:
2329:
2322:
2314:
2307:
2306:
2300:
2287:
2281:
2268:
2262:
2249:
2243:
2230:
2224:
2207:
2201:
2186:
2180:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2153:
2138:
2134:Raymond (2007)
2126:
2122:Raymond (2007)
2111:
2107:Raymond (2007)
2099:
2095:Raymond (2007)
2084:
2080:Raymond (2007)
2072:
2068:Raymond (2007)
2060:
2056:Raymond (2007)
2045:
2041:Raymond (2007)
2030:
2018:
2014:Raymond (2007)
2003:
1999:Raymond (2007)
1991:
1987:Raymond (2007)
1974:
1970:Raymond (2007)
1962:
1958:Raymond (2007)
1950:
1946:Raymond (2007)
1938:
1934:Raymond (2007)
1926:
1922:Raymond (2007)
1914:
1910:Raymond (2007)
1902:
1898:Raymond (2007)
1890:
1886:Raymond (2007)
1878:
1874:Raymond (2007)
1866:
1862:Raymond (2007)
1851:
1847:Raymond (2007)
1839:
1835:Raymond (2007)
1824:
1820:Raymond (2007)
1812:
1808:Raymond (2007)
1800:
1796:Raymond (2007)
1788:
1784:Raymond (2007)
1773:
1769:Raymond (2007)
1761:
1757:Raymond (2007)
1744:
1740:Raymond (2007)
1732:
1728:Raymond (2007)
1720:
1716:Raymond (2007)
1708:
1704:Raymond (2007)
1696:
1688:Raymond (2007)
1680:
1676:Raymond (2007)
1668:
1664:Menefee (1981)
1656:
1644:
1632:
1620:
1608:
1596:
1584:
1572:
1560:
1529:
1507:
1500:Raymond (2007)
1492:
1479:Irish Examiner
1464:
1451:Irish Examiner
1436:
1421:
1393:
1367:
1341:
1337:Raymond (2007)
1329:
1320:Raymond (2007)
1312:
1300:
1288:
1276:
1274:, p. 1473
1264:
1249:
1237:
1216:
1183:
1158:
1133:
1108:
1083:
1079:Raymond (2007)
1070:
1068:
1065:
1062:
1061:
1058:Mommie Dearest
1045:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1038:
1037:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1017:
1012:
1007:
1002:
997:
992:
990:Adoption fraud
985:
982:
981:
980:
972:
956:
947:
934:
928:
921:Mommie Dearest
916:Mommie Dearest
912:
900:
899:
814:
812:
805:
799:
796:
768:
765:
761:Angelina Jolie
757:Lauryn Galindo
755:In 1997–2001,
752:
749:
736:. A sale by a
682:
679:
666:E. P. Thompson
646:
645:United Kingdom
643:
622:
619:
609:
606:
564:Frank Dikötter
547:
544:
538:
535:
526:
523:
506:
505:
503:
502:
495:
488:
480:
477:
476:
473:
472:
467:
462:
457:
452:
447:
442:
437:
432:
427:
422:
417:
412:
406:
401:
400:
397:
396:
393:
392:
387:
382:
377:
372:
367:
362:
356:
353:
352:
349:
348:
345:
344:
339:
337:Paper abortion
334:
329:
324:
319:
314:
309:
304:
299:
294:
289:
284:
279:
274:
272:Legal guardian
269:
264:
259:
254:
248:
245:
244:
241:
240:
237:
236:
231:
226:
223:
221:Parenting plan
218:
213:
208:
203:
198:
193:
188:
182:
177:
176:
173:
172:
169:
168:
163:
158:
153:
148:
139:
134:
129:
124:
118:
113:
112:
109:
108:
105:
104:
99:
94:
89:
84:
79:
73:
70:
69:
66:
65:
59:
58:
47:lemonade stand
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2861:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2826:
2824:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2786:
2784:
2780:
2774:
2771:
2769:
2768:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2721:Home Children
2719:
2717:
2716:Sixties Scoop
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2679:
2677:
2671:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2656:
2653:
2650:
2646:
2639:
2636:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2622:
2619:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2605:
2602:
2599:
2596:
2593:
2590:
2587:
2584:
2581:
2578:
2575:
2572:
2571:
2569:
2565:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2548:Open adoption
2546:
2542:
2541:United States
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2518:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2433:
2431:
2427:
2421:
2420:United States
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2402:
2400:
2396:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2384:United States
2382:
2380:
2377:
2375:
2372:
2370:
2367:
2365:
2362:
2360:
2357:
2356:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2335:
2330:
2328:
2323:
2321:
2316:
2315:
2312:
2303:
2301:1-56584-074-7
2297:
2293:
2288:
2284:
2282:0-19-822651-9
2278:
2274:
2269:
2265:
2259:
2255:
2250:
2246:
2240:
2236:
2231:
2227:
2225:0-312-88629-2
2221:
2216:
2215:
2208:
2204:
2202:0-7434-5691-2
2198:
2194:
2193:
2187:
2183:
2177:
2173:
2172:
2167:
2163:
2162:
2157:
2150:
2145:
2143:
2139:
2136:, p. 116
2135:
2130:
2127:
2124:, p. 249
2123:
2118:
2116:
2112:
2109:, p. 250
2108:
2103:
2100:
2097:, p. 246
2096:
2091:
2089:
2085:
2082:, p. 245
2081:
2076:
2073:
2069:
2064:
2061:
2058:, p. 214
2057:
2052:
2050:
2046:
2043:, p. 213
2042:
2037:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2022:
2019:
2015:
2010:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1995:
1992:
1988:
1983:
1981:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1966:
1963:
1959:
1954:
1951:
1947:
1942:
1939:
1935:
1930:
1927:
1923:
1918:
1915:
1911:
1906:
1903:
1899:
1894:
1891:
1887:
1882:
1879:
1875:
1870:
1867:
1863:
1858:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1843:
1840:
1837:, p. 118
1836:
1831:
1829:
1825:
1822:, p. 231
1821:
1816:
1813:
1809:
1804:
1801:
1797:
1792:
1789:
1785:
1780:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1765:
1762:
1758:
1753:
1751:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1736:
1733:
1729:
1724:
1721:
1717:
1712:
1709:
1705:
1700:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1684:
1681:
1677:
1672:
1669:
1666:, p. 165
1665:
1660:
1657:
1654:, p. 446
1653:
1648:
1645:
1641:
1636:
1633:
1629:
1624:
1621:
1618:, p. 441
1617:
1612:
1609:
1606:, p. 440
1605:
1600:
1597:
1594:, p. 415
1593:
1588:
1585:
1581:
1576:
1573:
1570:, p. 146
1569:
1564:
1561:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1533:
1530:
1517:
1511:
1508:
1505:
1501:
1496:
1493:
1481:
1480:
1475:
1468:
1465:
1453:
1452:
1447:
1440:
1437:
1432:
1425:
1422:
1409:
1408:
1407:The Economist
1403:
1397:
1394:
1382:
1378:
1371:
1368:
1356:
1352:
1345:
1342:
1339:, p. 247
1338:
1333:
1330:
1327:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1313:
1310:, p. 223
1309:
1304:
1301:
1298:, p. 213
1297:
1292:
1289:
1286:, p. 212
1285:
1280:
1277:
1273:
1268:
1265:
1261:
1256:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1241:
1238:
1226:
1220:
1217:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1187:
1184:
1172:
1168:
1162:
1159:
1148:
1144:
1137:
1134:
1122:
1118:
1112:
1109:
1097:
1093:
1087:
1084:
1081:, p. 251
1080:
1075:
1072:
1066:
1059:
1055:
1054:Joan Crawford
1050:
1047:
1040:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1003:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
991:
988:
987:
983:
978:
977:
973:
970:
966:
965:autobiography
962:
961:
960:To Be the Man
957:
954:
953:
948:
945:
941:
940:
939:Pete's Dragon
935:
932:
929:
926:
922:
918:
917:
913:
911:
907:
906:Stolen Babies
904:
903:
896:
893:
885:
874:
871:
867:
864:
860:
857:
853:
850:
846:
843: –
842:
838:
837:Find sources:
831:
827:
821:
820:
815:This section
813:
809:
804:
803:
797:
795:
793:
789:
785:
780:
778:
774:
766:
764:
762:
758:
750:
748:
745:
743:
739:
735:
731:
726:
724:
720:
719:South America
716:
712:
707:
703:
697:
695:
691:
687:
681:United States
680:
678:
675:
672:
667:
662:
660:
656:
652:
644:
642:
640:
636:
632:
628:
620:
618:
616:
607:
605:
601:
597:
594:
592:
587:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
562:According to
557:
552:
545:
543:
536:
534:
532:
524:
522:
520:
516:
512:
511:Child-selling
501:
496:
494:
489:
487:
482:
481:
479:
478:
471:
468:
466:
463:
461:
458:
456:
453:
451:
448:
446:
443:
441:
438:
436:
433:
431:
428:
426:
425:Child selling
423:
421:
418:
416:
413:
411:
408:
407:
399:
398:
391:
388:
386:
383:
381:
378:
376:
373:
371:
368:
366:
363:
361:
358:
357:
351:
350:
343:
340:
338:
335:
333:
332:Child support
330:
328:
325:
323:
320:
318:
315:
313:
310:
308:
305:
303:
300:
298:
295:
293:
290:
288:
285:
283:
280:
278:
275:
273:
270:
268:
267:Child custody
265:
263:
260:
258:
255:
253:
250:
249:
243:
242:
235:
232:
230:
227:
224:
222:
219:
217:
214:
212:
209:
207:
204:
202:
199:
197:
194:
192:
189:
187:
184:
183:
180:
175:
174:
167:
164:
162:
161:Sham marriage
159:
157:
154:
152:
149:
147:
143:
140:
138:
135:
133:
130:
128:
125:
123:
120:
119:
116:
111:
110:
103:
100:
98:
95:
93:
90:
88:
85:
83:
80:
78:
75:
74:
68:
67:
64:
60:
57:
53:
48:
44:
40:
33:
26:
25:child slavery
22:
2765:
2756:Mortara case
2291:
2272:
2253:
2234:
2213:
2191:
2170:
2158:Bibliography
2149:Flair (2004)
2129:
2102:
2075:
2063:
2026:Flair (2004)
2021:
2016:, p. 79
1994:
1989:, p. 78
1965:
1953:
1941:
1936:, p. 76
1929:
1917:
1912:, p. 68
1905:
1893:
1888:, p. 71
1881:
1869:
1864:, p. ix
1849:, p. 92
1842:
1815:
1803:
1791:
1764:
1735:
1723:
1711:
1699:
1683:
1671:
1659:
1647:
1635:
1623:
1611:
1599:
1587:
1580:Stone (2002)
1575:
1568:Stone (2002)
1563:
1551:. Retrieved
1547:the original
1542:
1532:
1520:. Retrieved
1510:
1495:
1483:. Retrieved
1477:
1467:
1455:. Retrieved
1449:
1439:
1430:
1424:
1412:. Retrieved
1405:
1396:
1384:. Retrieved
1370:
1358:. Retrieved
1355:The Observer
1344:
1332:
1323:
1315:
1303:
1291:
1279:
1267:
1262:, p. 60
1240:
1229:. Retrieved
1227:. 2021-09-09
1219:
1208:. Retrieved
1196:
1186:
1175:. Retrieved
1173:. 2022-01-21
1171:PBS NewsHour
1170:
1161:
1150:. Retrieved
1146:
1136:
1125:. Retrieved
1123:. 2021-11-21
1120:
1111:
1100:. Retrieved
1098:. 2022-11-24
1095:
1086:
1074:
1057:
1049:
1030:Wife selling
974:
958:
952:Oliver Twist
950:
937:
920:
914:
905:
888:
879:
869:
862:
855:
848:
836:
824:Please help
819:verification
816:
781:
770:
754:
746:
740:occurred in
727:
698:
686:Georgia Tann
684:
676:
663:
648:
624:
611:
602:
598:
595:
588:
580:Nanhe County
561:
558:, drawn 1878
540:
528:
510:
509:
424:
317:Emancipation
82:Cohabitation
2799:Mary Norris
2466:Child abuse
2389:South Korea
2379:Philippines
2345:foster care
2151:, p. 3
1553:29 November
1543:Vulcan Post
1522:29 November
1414:26 February
1381:China Daily
1375:Zhang Yan.
1360:26 February
1325:China Daily
779:in Greece.
625:In 2005 in
537:Afghanistan
415:Child abuse
322:Foster care
97:Civil union
87:Concubinage
39:child labor
2839:Family law
2823:Categories
2491:Disruption
1231:2023-07-28
1210:2023-07-28
1177:2023-07-28
1152:2023-07-28
1127:2023-07-28
1102:2023-07-28
1067:References
931:Donna Troy
852:newspapers
664:Historian
631:Al Jazeera
262:Legitimacy
225:Residence
56:Family law
2829:Childhood
2741:Devshirme
2664:Fosterage
2582:(Ontario)
2576:(Ontario)
2521:Australia
2461:Aging out
2405:Australia
2369:Guatemala
2359:Australia
1205:0099-9660
969:Ric Flair
723:Ric Flair
702:indenture
576:Changchun
252:Paternity
151:Annulment
2600:(Russia)
2341:Adoption
2168:(2013).
1386:31 March
1121:NBC News
1096:BBC News
984:See also
882:May 2024
792:Portugal
777:Interpol
671:poor law
659:Midlands
657:and the
639:Cambodia
635:Thailand
627:Malaysia
621:Malaysia
572:Shanghai
519:adoption
420:CPS (US)
370:Marriage
297:CAFCASS
277:Adoption
191:Adultery
2648:History
2617:(India)
2594:(India)
866:scholar
738:midwife
655:England
608:Ireland
365:Divorce
216:Alimony
186:Divorce
2531:Europe
2526:Brazil
2429:Issues
2410:Canada
2364:France
2298:
2279:
2260:
2241:
2222:
2199:
2178:
1485:25 May
1457:25 May
1203:
963:, the
944:Disney
868:
861:
854:
847:
839:
790:, and
784:France
773:Greece
732:, and
717:, and
715:Canada
435:Incest
410:Bigamy
63:Family
2374:Italy
1041:Notes
873:JSTOR
859:books
788:Italy
688:, of
591:China
546:China
2640:(US)
2634:(US)
2623:(US)
2606:(US)
2588:(US)
2567:Laws
2343:and
2296:ISBN
2277:ISBN
2258:ISBN
2239:ISBN
2220:ISBN
2197:ISBN
2176:ISBN
1555:2016
1524:2016
1487:2017
1459:2017
1416:2016
1388:2013
1362:2016
1201:ISSN
942:, a
845:news
711:U.S.
637:and
584:yuan
529:The
327:Ward
144:and
142:Void
967:of
949:In
936:In
828:by
771:In
661:.)
570:on
2825::
2141:^
2114:^
2087:^
2048:^
2033:^
2006:^
1977:^
1854:^
1827:^
1776:^
1747:^
1541:.
1476:.
1448:.
1404:.
1379:.
1353:.
1252:^
1199:.
1195:.
1169:.
1145:.
1119:.
1094:.
786:,
725:.
713:,
521:.
49:).
41:,
2689:/
2333:e
2326:t
2319:v
2304:.
2285:.
2266:.
2247:.
2228:.
2205:.
2184:.
1557:.
1526:.
1489:.
1461:.
1418:.
1390:.
1364:.
1234:.
1213:.
1180:.
1155:.
1130:.
1105:.
927:"
895:)
889:(
884:)
880:(
870:·
863:·
856:·
849:·
822:.
499:e
492:t
485:v
34:.
27:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.