51:
766:
91:
spectrum of illnesses. It presents with red, painful, inflamed and coin-shaped patches of skin with a scaly and crusty appearance, most often on the scalp, cheeks, and ears. Hair loss may occur if the lesions are on the scalp. The lesions can then develop severe scarring, and the centre areas may
782:
515:
Rarely, patients may have lesions above and below the neck; these patients have generalized discoid lupus erythematosus. In addition to lesions in the typical above-the-neck locations, patients with generalized discoid lupus often have lesions on the
128:
Discoid lupus erythematosus (DLE) skin lesions first present as dull or purplish red, disc-shaped flat or raised and firm areas of skin. These lesions then develop increasing amounts of white, adherent scale. Finally, the lesions develop extensive
1573:
1553:
1662:
99:
develop discoid lupus lesions with some frequency. However, patients who present initially with discoid lupus infrequently develop systemic lupus. Discoid lupus can be divided into localized, generalized, and childhood discoid lupus.
489:
Discoid lupus can be broadly classified into localized discoid lupus and generalized discoid lupus based on the location of the lesions. Patients who develop discoid lupus in childhood also have their own sub-type of disease.
141:
in the center and develop increased, dark skin pigmentation around the rim. On lighter skin, the lesions often develop a gray color or have very little color change. More rarely, the lesions may be bright red and look like
1655:
278:
Sun exposure triggers lesions in people with discoid lupus erythematous (DLE). Evidence does not clearly demonstrate a genetic component to DLE; however, genetics may predispose certain people to disease.
1648:
364:
from a patient's lesions in order to look at its underside. If the patients do indeed have discoid lupus, the doctor may see tiny spines of keratin that look like carpet tacks and are called
684:
in the treatment of discoid lupus erythematosus. For oral treatment, hydroxychloroquine and acitretin are equally effective; however, acitretin was associated with more adverse effects.
1187:
Kouvelas, Dimitrios; Tzellos, Thrasivoulos George (2008-04-01). "Topical tacrolimus and pimecrolimus in the treatment of cutaneous lupus erythematosus: an evidence-based evaluation".
2144:
250:
Patients may state that their lesions are itchy, tender, or asymptomatic. In addition to their skin lesions, they may also have swelling and redness around their eyes, as well as
734:, although it is two to three times more common than systemic lupus erythematosus. The disease tends to affect young adults, and women are affected more than men in a 2:1 ratio.
430:
of the epidermis sometimes appears to have holes in it since some of the cells in this layer have broken apart. The remains of skin cells that have died through a process called
1993:
567:
When patients develop discoid lupus in childhood, it differs from typical discoid lupus in several ways. Boys and girls are equally affected, and these patients later develop
222:
and become white with areas of increased skin pigment, with or without areas of redness, and have a sunken appearance. They can have a smooth surface or have visible, dilated
1983:
2192:
218:
When discoid lupus is on the scalp, it starts as a red flat or raised area of skin that then loses hair and develops extensive scarring. The lesions often lose skin
1419:
690:
is also an effective treatment for patients with localized discoid lupus. For patients with scalp disease, hair transplantation can help with their hair loss.
702:, and lesions will last for several years without treatment. 50% of patients will eventually get better on their own. If a patient does not have any signs of
1401:
1756:
640:
can also be used. If this does not help the patient, his or her physician can prescribe an antimalarial medication such as oral hydroxychloroquine or
266:
and skin color changes even after the lesions get better. In addition, these patients have an increased, though still small, risk for aggressive skin
836:
Wollina, Uwe; Hansel, Gesina; Koch, André; Abdel-Naser, Mohamed Badawy (2006). "Topical pimecrolimus for skin disease other than atopic dermatitis".
1997:
1968:
1790:
1773:
754:
612:
In general, patients with discoid lupus who have only skin disease and no systemic symptoms have a genetically distinct disease from patients with
1842:
1827:
722:
at the time that they develop discoid lupus, they will most likely only have discoid lupus and will never develop systemic lupus erythematosus.
2410:
2127:
2289:
1299:
1109:
1009:
1817:
303:
under the microscope. However, scientists do not understand the connection between these antibodies and the lesions seen in discoid lupus.
2257:
2269:
387:
2371:
2264:
2202:
604:, they have lupus profundus. These patients have firm, nontender nodules with defined borders underneath their discoid lupus lesions.
2312:
1946:
970:
2252:
2120:
1761:
601:
2327:
2317:
2299:
1941:
1936:
1931:
1751:
541:
474:
2284:
2154:
2139:
1956:
1832:
585:
507:
Most people with discoid lupus only have lesions above the neck and therefore have localized discoid lupus erythematosus.
493:
496:
and lupus profundus are two special types of discoid lupus distinguished by their characteristic morphological findings.
2405:
2131:
1951:
1699:
703:
613:
568:
338:
96:
2274:
1978:
1877:
1746:
1741:
1723:
470:
383:
92:
appear lighter in color with a rim darker than the normal skin. These lesions can last for years without treatment.
1694:
1138:"Ocular Complications in Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus: A Systematic Review with a Meta-Analysis of Reported Cases"
2149:
2095:
1766:
1689:
787:
234:
When discoid lupus is on the lip, it often has a grey or red colour with a thickened top layer of skin (known as
624:
Treatment for discoid lupus erythematosus includes smoking cessation and a sunscreen that protects against both
2322:
1711:
1706:
1588:
731:
632:
light as well as very strong topical steroids or steroids injected into the lesions. Other topical treatments,
753:
was reportedly diagnosed with discoid lupus in 1984; the condition might have damaged his nasal cartilage and
337:
When a patient initially presents with discoid lupus, the doctor should ensure that the patient does not have
50:
2279:
2067:
342:
315:
267:
2007:
1812:
1628:
1242:
442:
318:, where it binds to circulating antibodies, thereby leading to a series of inflammatory reactions by the
2182:
1963:
1895:
1822:
557:
553:
239:
1640:
616:. However, 25% of patients with SLE get discoid lupus lesions at some point as part of their disease.
2345:
2207:
2159:
1988:
1973:
1852:
1802:
1785:
1736:
540:
and arms. Patients with generalized discoid lupus often have abnormal lab tests, such as an elevated
17:
2337:
2197:
2104:
2035:
2015:
1807:
1577:
707:
361:
134:
88:
2217:
2030:
1926:
1220:
861:
379:
288:
112:
84:
1300:"The efficacy of pulsed dye laser treatment for inflammatory skin diseases: A systematic review"
1298:
Erceg, Angelina; De Jong, Elke M.J.G.; Van De
Kerkhof, Peter C.M.; Seyger, Marieke M.B. (2013).
458:
133:
and/or atrophy, as well as pigment changes. They may also have overlying dried fluid, known as
2187:
2073:
2020:
1890:
1872:
1862:
1599:
1516:
1508:
1473:
1455:
1382:
1364:
1319:
1280:
1262:
1212:
1204:
1169:
1115:
1105:
1015:
1005:
966:
853:
699:
438:
63:
2361:
2242:
2212:
2025:
1857:
1500:
1463:
1445:
1372:
1356:
1311:
1270:
1254:
1196:
1159:
1149:
845:
711:
529:
395:
375:
371:
300:
571:
more often. These patients also typically do not have any abnormal sensitivity to the sun.
205:
More rarely, patients may have lesions on the head and neck as well as the arms and trunk.
750:
743:
108:
1345:"A Systematic Review of the Outcome of Hair Transplantation in Primary Scarring Alopecia"
592:-filled scale—an unusual subset of discoid lupus. Others consider it a distinct entity.
1847:
1781:
1468:
1433:
1377:
1344:
1275:
1164:
1137:
681:
446:
427:
235:
1582:
1241:
Jessop, Sue; Whitelaw, David A; Grainge, Matthew J; Jayasekera, Prativa (2017-05-05).
783:
List of cutaneous conditions associated with increased risk of nonmelanoma skin cancer
2399:
2380:
2366:
2307:
1837:
462:
454:
403:
399:
319:
223:
865:
765:
2234:
2050:
1258:
1224:
677:
669:
665:
649:
637:
549:
434:
are visible in the upper layer of the dermis and the basal layer of the epidermis.
407:
370:
Diagnosis is confirmed through biopsy. Typical biopsy findings include deposits of
311:
219:
138:
1593:
807:
2169:
2040:
1905:
1685:
661:
641:
629:
625:
450:
350:
307:
251:
155:
68:
1604:
1504:
1315:
849:
499:
Finally, many patients with systemic lupus also develop discoid lupus lesions.
2247:
1677:
1562:
1450:
1420:
Opinion:To understand
Michael Jackson and his skin, you have to go beyond race
1402:"At Lunch With: Seal; From a Crucible Of Early Pain Comes the Gold Of Stardom"
1343:
Ekelem, Chloe; Pham, Christine; Atanaskova
Mesinkovska, Natasha (2018-09-05).
1200:
1119:
1019:
633:
545:
346:
167:
72:
1512:
1459:
1368:
1266:
1208:
1918:
1909:
1732:
1717:
715:
687:
653:
525:
478:
431:
419:
415:
391:
354:
292:
104:
1520:
1477:
1386:
1323:
1284:
1216:
1173:
857:
1154:
360:
In order to help with diagnosis, the doctor may peel off the top layer of
1623:
645:
466:
296:
1545:
2229:
2174:
657:
589:
423:
199:
1360:
2376:
2089:
2045:
1885:
1797:
1557:
517:
411:
326:
103:
The lesions are diagnosed by biopsy. Patients are first treated with
1100:
Marks, James G.; Miller, Jeffrey J.; Lookingbill, Donald P. (2019).
764:
719:
195:
183:
171:
163:
143:
310:
light damages skin cells, which then release material from their
1867:
1566:
1432:
Olivry, Thierry; Linder, Keith E.; Banovic, Frane (2018-04-18).
673:
537:
533:
263:
187:
159:
130:
1644:
1491:
Rosenkrantz, Wayne (2013-12-01). "Immune-Mediated
Dermatoses".
1434:"Cutaneous lupus erythematosus in dogs: a comprehensive review"
521:
191:
179:
175:
83:
is the most common type of chronic cutaneous lupus (CCLE), an
644:. Other oral medications used to treat discoid lupus include
808:"Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus | American Skin Association"
664:(teratogenic, side effects include peripheral neuropathy),
1136:
Malagola, R.; Abicca, I.; Abbouda, A.; Arrico, L. (2015).
390:
can occur with biopsies of facial lesions. In addition,
158:
are most often in sun-exposed areas localized above the
111:. If this does not work, an oral medication—most likely
608:
Systemic lupus erythematosus with discoid lupus lesions
961:
James, William; Berger, Timothy; Elston, Dirk (2005).
238:), areas where the top layer has worn away (known as
1671:
Cutaneous keratosis, ulcer, atrophy, and necrobiosis
1535:
1493:
Veterinary
Clinics of North America: Equine Practice
588:—which consists of lesions covered by a very thick,
182:
and hands 24% of patients also have lesions in the
2354:
2336:
2298:
2228:
2168:
2103:
2088:
2059:
2006:
1984:
Palisaded neutrophilic and granulomatous dermatitis
1917:
1904:
1676:
1614:
1539:
963:
262:Darker-skinned patients are often left with severe
62:
40:
35:
2145:Lupus erythematosus–lichen planus overlap syndrome
600:If a patient has discoid lupus lesions on top of
1102:Lookingbill and Marks' principles of dermatology
2193:Morphea–lichen sclerosus et atrophicus overlap
1304:Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology
137:. On darker skin, the lesions often lose skin
58:Discoid lupus erythematosus lesion on the head
1656:
378:antibodies at the dermoepidermal junction on
299:when they biopsy the lesions and look at the
8:
773:Dogs and horses can also get discoid lupus.
426:clogging the openings of the follicles. The
957:
955:
953:
951:
949:
947:
945:
943:
941:
939:
937:
935:
933:
931:
929:
927:
925:
923:
921:
919:
917:
915:
913:
911:
909:
907:
905:
903:
901:
899:
897:
895:
341:. The doctor will order tests to check for
2100:
1914:
1663:
1649:
1641:
1536:
1000:Fitzpatrick, James E.; Morelli, Joseph G.
893:
891:
889:
887:
885:
883:
881:
879:
877:
875:
49:
32:
1757:Seborrheic keratosis with squamous atypia
1467:
1449:
1376:
1274:
1189:European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology
1163:
1153:
1998:Interstitial granulomatous drug reaction
1969:Annular elastolytic giant-cell granuloma
1791:Confluent and reticulated papillomatosis
1774:Keratosis punctata of the palmar creases
1843:Multiple minute digitate hyperkeratosis
1828:Hyperkeratosis of the nipple and areola
1247:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1243:"Drugs for discoid lupus erythematosus"
799:
209:Special characteristics of some lesions
1700:Acrokeratosis paraneoplastica of Bazex
575:Special types of discoid lupus lesions
115:or a related medication—can be tried.
2290:Atrophia maculosa varioliformis cutis
1994:Interstitial granulomatous dermatitis
1095:
1093:
1091:
1089:
1087:
1085:
1083:
1081:
1079:
1077:
1075:
1073:
1071:
1069:
1067:
1065:
1063:
1061:
1059:
1057:
1055:
1053:
1051:
1049:
242:), and a surrounding rim of redness.
18:Childhood discoid lupus erythematosus
7:
1818:Hyperkeratosis lenticularis perstans
1236:
1234:
1131:
1129:
1047:
1045:
1043:
1041:
1039:
1037:
1035:
1033:
1031:
1029:
995:
993:
991:
989:
987:
985:
983:
981:
979:
831:
829:
827:
481:, and systemic lupus erythematosus.
437:The differential diagnosis includes
2270:Acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans
755:led to some of his cosmetic surgery
2372:Poikiloderma vasculare atrophicans
2265:Atrophoderma of Pasini and Pierini
2203:Atrophoderma of Pasini and Pierini
1422:, The Washington Post, 30 May 2020
965:. (10th ed.) Saunders. Chapter 8.
25:
2313:Reactive perforating collagenosis
1947:Granuloma annulare in HIV disease
1418:Alyssa Rosenberg (Feb. 2, 2016).
838:Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy
706:, such as generalized hair loss,
698:Discoid lupus erythematosus is a
1762:Reticulated seborrheic keratosis
586:hypertrophic lupus erythematosus
532:on their scalp, and have severe
314:. This material diffuses to the
2328:Acquired perforating dermatosis
2318:Elastosis perforans serpiginosa
2258:Jadassohn–Pellizzari anetoderma
769:A dog with a lesion on the nose
162:, with favored sites being the
1752:Irritated seborrheic keratosis
1259:10.1002/14651858.CD002954.pub3
1:
2411:Cutaneous lupus erythematosus
2285:Linear atrophoderma of Moulin
1957:Patch-type granuloma annulare
1833:Inverted follicular keratosis
730:Discoid lupus has an unknown
422:as well as excess amounts of
418:appears thin and has effaced
325:Alternatively, dysfunctional
287:Most experts consider DLE an
2253:Schweninger–Buzzi anetoderma
1952:Localized granuloma annulare
1400:Finn, Robin (June 5, 1996).
704:systemic lupus erythematosus
339:systemic lupus erythematosus
1979:Necrobiotic xanthogranuloma
1878:Waxy keratosis of childhood
1747:Common seborrheic keratosis
1742:Clonal seborrheic keratosis
1724:Keratoderma blennorrhagicum
524:. These patients are often
471:polymorphous light eruption
347:low white blood cell levels
97:systemic lupus erythematous
81:Discoid lupus erythematosus
36:Discoid lupus erythematosus
2427:
1695:Paraneoplastic keratoderma
1505:10.1016/j.cveq.2013.08.001
1316:10.1016/j.jaad.2013.03.029
850:10.1517/14656566.7.14.1967
546:low white blood cell count
1767:Dermatosis papulosa nigra
1690:Keratoderma climactericum
1451:10.1186/s12917-018-1446-8
1201:10.1007/s00228-007-0421-2
788:List of people with lupus
746:has this skin condition.
380:direct immunofluorescence
329:may lead to the disease.
186:(most often the palate),
57:
48:
27:Autoimmune skin condition
2323:Perforating folliculitis
2275:Semicircular lipoatrophy
1712:Drug-induced keratoderma
1349:Skin Appendage Disorders
1142:Journal of Ophthalmology
1002:Dermatology secrets plus
475:lymphocytic infiltration
345:in the patient's serum,
2280:Follicular atrophoderma
2068:eosinophilic dermatosis
1438:BMC Veterinary Research
680:is more effective than
548:. They also often have
343:anti-nuclear antibodies
316:dermoepidermal junction
268:squamous cell carcinoma
2008:Foreign body granuloma
1919:Necrobiotic/palisading
1813:Chronic scar keratosis
770:
710:in the mouth or nose,
676:. The topical steroid
584:Some experts consider
382:. This finding is 90%
87:skin condition on the
2183:Localized scleroderma
1964:Necrobiosis lipoidica
1896:Cutis verticis gyrata
1823:Hydrocarbon keratosis
1707:Aquagenic keratoderma
1104:. Saunders Elsevier.
768:
443:sebborheic dermatitis
124:Morphology of lesions
2346:Pyoderma gangrenosum
2208:Pansclerotic morphea
1989:Rheumatoid nodulosis
1974:Granuloma multiforme
1853:Reactional keratosis
1803:Ichthyosis acquisita
1786:Acanthosis nigricans
1737:Seborrheic keratosis
1678:Epidermal thickening
812:www.americanskin.org
712:Raynaud's phenomenon
558:anti-ssDNA antibody.
394:often see groups of
2406:Autoimmune diseases
2198:Generalized morphea
2036:Zirconium granuloma
2016:Beryllium granuloma
1884:other hypertrophy:
1838:Lichenoid keratosis
1808:Arsenical keratosis
1155:10.1155/2015/254260
738:Society and culture
202:parts of the body.
150:Location of lesions
89:lupus erythematosus
2218:Linear scleroderma
2031:Silicone granuloma
1927:Granuloma annulare
1615:External resources
1406:The New York Times
771:
602:lupus panniculitis
580:Hypertrophic lupus
494:Hypertrophic lupus
355:blood in the urine
289:autoimmune disease
119:Signs and symptoms
113:hydroxychloroquine
44:DLE, Discoid lupus
2393:
2392:
2389:
2388:
2188:Localized morphea
2160:Rowell's syndrome
2084:
2083:
2074:Granuloma faciale
2021:Mercury granuloma
1891:Hypertrophic scar
1873:Warty dyskeratoma
1863:Thermal keratosis
1638:
1637:
1361:10.1159/000492539
1310:(4): 609–615.e8.
1111:978-0-323-43042-5
1011:978-0-323-31355-1
844:(14): 1967–1975.
700:chronic condition
467:tertiary syphilis
439:actinic keratoses
396:white blood cells
78:
77:
30:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
2418:
2362:Calcinosis cutis
2243:Lichen sclerosus
2213:Morphea profunda
2101:
2026:Silica granuloma
1915:
1858:Stucco keratosis
1665:
1658:
1651:
1642:
1537:
1525:
1524:
1488:
1482:
1481:
1471:
1453:
1429:
1423:
1416:
1410:
1409:
1397:
1391:
1390:
1380:
1340:
1334:
1333:
1331:
1330:
1295:
1289:
1288:
1278:
1238:
1229:
1228:
1184:
1178:
1177:
1167:
1157:
1133:
1124:
1123:
1097:
1024:
1023:
997:
974:
959:
870:
869:
833:
822:
821:
819:
818:
804:
688:Pulsed dye laser
528:, with abnormal
226:on the surface.
198:, which are all
166:, bridge of the
109:topical steroids
53:
33:
21:
2426:
2425:
2421:
2420:
2419:
2417:
2416:
2415:
2396:
2395:
2394:
2385:
2350:
2332:
2294:
2233:
2224:
2173:
2164:
2106:
2105:Cutaneous lupus
2093:
2080:
2060:Other/ungrouped
2055:
2002:
1900:
1868:Viral keratosis
1672:
1669:
1639:
1634:
1633:
1610:
1609:
1548:
1534:
1529:
1528:
1490:
1489:
1485:
1431:
1430:
1426:
1417:
1413:
1399:
1398:
1394:
1342:
1341:
1337:
1328:
1326:
1297:
1296:
1292:
1253:(5): CD002954.
1240:
1239:
1232:
1186:
1185:
1181:
1135:
1134:
1127:
1112:
1099:
1098:
1027:
1012:
999:
998:
977:
960:
873:
835:
834:
825:
816:
814:
806:
805:
801:
796:
779:
763:
751:Michael Jackson
740:
728:
696:
622:
610:
598:
596:Lupus profundus
582:
577:
565:
550:auto-antibodies
513:
505:
487:
459:Bowen's disease
398:, particularly
388:false positives
366:langue au chat.
335:
285:
276:
260:
248:
232:
216:
211:
152:
126:
121:
31:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2424:
2422:
2414:
2413:
2408:
2398:
2397:
2391:
2390:
2387:
2386:
2384:
2383:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2358:
2356:
2352:
2351:
2349:
2348:
2342:
2340:
2334:
2333:
2331:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2304:
2302:
2296:
2295:
2293:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2261:
2260:
2255:
2245:
2239:
2237:
2226:
2225:
2223:
2222:
2221:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2179:
2177:
2166:
2165:
2163:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2135:
2134:
2124:
2123:
2118:
2111:
2109:
2098:
2086:
2085:
2082:
2081:
2079:
2078:
2077:
2076:
2063:
2061:
2057:
2056:
2054:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2012:
2010:
2004:
2003:
2001:
2000:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1960:
1959:
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1934:
1923:
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1901:
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1898:
1893:
1888:
1881:
1880:
1875:
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1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1848:PUVA keratosis
1845:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1795:
1794:
1793:
1782:hyperkeratosis
1777:
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1769:
1764:
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1729:
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1570:
1549:
1544:
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1541:
1540:Classification
1533:
1532:External links
1530:
1527:
1526:
1499:(3): 607–613.
1483:
1424:
1411:
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682:hydrocortisone
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486:
485:Classification
483:
447:lupus vulgaris
400:T helper cells
334:
331:
284:
281:
275:
272:
259:
256:
247:
246:Other symptoms
244:
236:hyperkeratosis
231:
228:
224:hair follicles
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95:Patients with
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2381:Pseudo-ainhum
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2367:Sclerodactyly
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2308:Kyrle disease
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2108:
2107:erythematosus
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742:The musician
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463:lichen planus
460:
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408:blood vessels
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402:, around the
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258:Complications
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227:
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214:Scalp lesions
213:
208:
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56:
52:
47:
43:
39:
34:
19:
2235:atrophoderma
2121:Panniculitis
2115:
2066:
2051:Carbon stain
1942:Subcutaneous
1716:
1622:
1598:
1587:
1572:
1552:
1496:
1492:
1486:
1441:
1437:
1427:
1414:
1405:
1395:
1355:(2): 65–71.
1352:
1348:
1338:
1327:. Retrieved
1307:
1303:
1293:
1250:
1246:
1192:
1188:
1182:
1145:
1141:
1101:
1001:
962:
841:
837:
815:. Retrieved
811:
802:
772:
748:
741:
729:
726:Epidemiology
697:
686:
678:fluocinonide
670:methotrexate
666:azathioprine
650:isotretinoin
638:pimecrolimus
623:
611:
599:
583:
566:
530:skin pigment
514:
506:
498:
492:
488:
436:
392:pathologists
369:
365:
359:
336:
324:
305:
293:pathologists
286:
277:
261:
249:
233:
217:
204:
172:upper cheeks
156:skin lesions
153:
139:pigmentation
127:
102:
94:
80:
79:
2300:Perforating
2170:Scleroderma
2138:ungrouped:
2041:Soot tattoo
1937:Generalized
1932:Perforating
1906:Necrobiosis
1686:keratoderma
662:thalidomide
642:chloroquine
511:Generalized
451:sarcoidosis
428:basal layer
420:rete ridges
386:; however,
252:blepharitis
230:Lip lesions
69:Dermatology
41:Other names
2400:Categories
2338:Skin ulcer
2248:Anetoderma
2114:chronic:
2094:localized
1600:DiseasesDB
1444:(1): 132.
1329:2018-12-14
1148:: 254260.
1120:1024315813
1020:1010741108
817:2018-12-11
794:References
761:In animals
634:tacrolimus
552:, such as
306:Possibly,
297:antibodies
85:autoimmune
73:Immunology
2155:Verrucous
2140:Chilblain
1910:granuloma
1733:keratosis
1718:psoriasis
1513:0749-0739
1460:1746-6148
1369:2296-9195
1267:1465-1858
1209:1432-1041
732:incidence
716:arthritis
694:Prognosis
654:acitretin
646:retinoids
620:Treatment
563:Childhood
503:Localized
479:psoriasis
455:drug rash
432:apoptosis
416:epidermis
404:follicles
384:sensitive
333:Diagnosis
283:Mechanism
105:sunscreen
64:Specialty
2230:Atrophic
2132:Neonatal
2128:subacute
1624:Orphanet
1569:L93.020)
1521:24267678
1478:29669547
1387:30815438
1324:23711766
1285:28476075
1217:18157526
1174:26171240
866:44901447
858:17020422
777:See also
534:scarring
520:and the
264:scarring
174:, lower
131:scarring
2175:Morphea
2116:Discoid
1594:D008179
1469:5907183
1378:6388556
1276:6481466
1225:5788593
1165:4480931
749:Singer
658:dapsone
590:keratin
536:of the
424:keratin
410:in the
353:and/or
351:protein
327:T cells
240:erosion
220:pigment
200:mucosal
2377:Ainhum
2090:Dermis
2046:Tattoo
1886:Keloid
1798:Callus
1780:other
1519:
1511:
1476:
1466:
1458:
1385:
1375:
1367:
1322:
1283:
1273:
1265:
1223:
1215:
1207:
1172:
1162:
1118:
1108:
1018:
1008:
969:
864:
856:
708:ulcers
518:thorax
414:. The
412:dermis
349:, and
312:nuclei
301:tissue
291:since
274:Causes
178:, and
2355:Other
2150:Tumid
1629:90281
1605:29595
1583:695.4
1563:L93.0
1221:S2CID
862:S2CID
720:fever
718:, or
672:, or
544:or a
362:scale
196:vulva
194:, or
184:mouth
164:scalp
144:hives
135:crust
1589:MeSH
1578:9-CM
1567:ILDS
1517:PMID
1509:ISSN
1474:PMID
1456:ISSN
1383:PMID
1365:ISSN
1320:PMID
1281:PMID
1263:ISSN
1251:2017
1213:PMID
1205:ISSN
1170:PMID
1146:2015
1116:OCLC
1106:ISBN
1016:OCLC
1006:ISBN
967:ISBN
854:PMID
744:Seal
674:gold
628:and
538:face
526:bald
522:arms
406:and
374:and
295:see
188:nose
168:nose
160:neck
154:The
107:and
2096:CTD
1574:ICD
1554:ICD
1501:doi
1464:PMC
1446:doi
1373:PMC
1357:doi
1312:doi
1271:PMC
1255:doi
1197:doi
1160:PMC
1150:doi
846:doi
656:),
652:or
636:or
630:UVB
626:UVA
614:SLE
569:SLE
556:or
554:ANA
542:ESR
376:IgM
372:IgG
192:eye
180:ear
176:lip
2402::
2130::
1784::
1735::
1688::
1627::
1603::
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1581::
1561::
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1462:.
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1318:.
1308:69
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1279:.
1269:.
1261:.
1249:.
1245:.
1233:^
1219:.
1211:.
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1193:64
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1014:.
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308:UV
270:.
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190:,
170:,
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2379:/
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2172:/
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