644:(LR-WPAN). However, whereas IEEE 802.15.4-2006 standard specifies that WPANs encompass an area of 10 m or less, IEEE 802.15.4a-2007, specifies CSS as a physical layer to be used when longer ranges and devices moving at high speeds are part of your network. Nanotron's CSS implementation was actually seen to work at a range of 570 meters between devices. Further, Nanotron's implementation can work at data rates of up to 2 Mbit/s - higher than specified in 802.15.4a. Finally, the IEEE 802.15.4a PHY standard actually mixes CSS encoding techniques with
42:
349:
20:
616:(FHSS) in that it does not add any pseudo-random elements to the signal to help distinguish it from noise on the channel, instead relying on the linear nature of the chirp pulse. Additionally, chirp spread spectrum is resistant to the
603:
methods, chirp spread spectrum uses its entire allocated bandwidth to broadcast a signal, making it robust to channel noise. Further, because the chirps utilize a broad band of the spectrum, chirp spread spectrum is also resistant to
639:
Chirp spread spectrum is ideal for applications requiring low power usage and needing relatively low data rates (1 Mbit/s or less). In particular, IEEE 802.15.4a specifies CSS as a technique for use in low-rate
803:
324:
550:
1112:
654:
Chirp spread spectrum may also be used in the future for military applications as it is very difficult to detect and intercept when operating at low power.
1066:
497:
833:
Ikpehai, Augustine; Adebisi, Bamidele; Rabie, Khaled M.; Anoh, Kelvin; Ande, Ruth E.; Hammoudeh, Mohammad; Gacanin, Haris; Mbanaso, Uche M. (April 2019).
288:
636:(also known as IEEE 802.15.4a-2007), it is no longer actively being considered by the IEEE for standardization in the area of precision ranging.
1223:
446:
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can only measure range-rate (relative velocity along the line of sight). FM-CW radars are very widely used as radio altimeters in aircraft.
720:
771:
317:
233:
1264:
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111:
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A linear frequency modulated upchirp in the time domain. Other types of upchirps may increase exponentially over time.
898:
1259:
893:
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391:
263:
83:
1088:
136:
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156:
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for precision ranging and low-rate wireless networks in the 2.45 GHz band. However, since the release of
170:
819:
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101:
1249:
754:
Berni, A. J., & Gregg, W. D. (June 1973). On the utility of chirp modulation for digital signaling,
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IEEE Computer
Society, (August 31, 2007). IEEE Standard 802.15.4a-2007. New York, NY: IEEE.
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979:
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807:
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835:"Low-Power Wide Area Network Technologies for Internet-of-Things: A Comparative Review"
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Nanotron
Technologies, (2007). nanoNET chirp based wireless networks. Retrieved from
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About coexistence of IEEE 802.15.4aCSS with IEEE 802.11b/g (2.45 GHz WLAN)
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signal whose frequency increases or decreases over time (often with a
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fading even when operating at very low power. However, it is unlike
580:
576:
492:
248:
673:
917:
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IEEE 802.15 WPAN Low Rate
Alternative PHY Task Group 4a (TG4a)
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Chirp spread spectrum was originally designed to compete with
591:
expression for the relationship between time and frequency).
769:
http://www.autoid.org/SC31/wg5/06/WG5_200603_010_InfoCSS.ppt
575:
technique that uses wideband linear frequency modulated
894:
1159:
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1031:
993:
952:
657:Very similar frequency swept waveforms are used in
620:, which is typical in mobile radio applications.
904:Nanotron nanoNET Chirp Based Wireless Networks
929:
789:http://www.nanotron.com/EN/docs/WP/WP_CSS.pdf
544:
318:
8:
672:One application of chirp spread spectrum is
665:(distance); an unmodulated continuous wave
936:
922:
914:
659:frequency modulated continuous wave radars
551:
537:
336:
325:
311:
26:
820:"RF Modulation: Crash Course for Hackers"
18:
884:Download the 802.15 standards from IEEE
737:
511:
455:
400:
355:
339:
225:
192:
169:
91:
48:
29:
651:(DPSK) to achieve better data rates.
7:
965:Code-division multiple access (CDMA)
800:The Revenge of Chirp Spread Spectrum
721:Spectral efficiency comparison table
899:Nanotron Chirp Spread Spectrum page
756:IEEE Transactions on Communications
14:
1010:Frequency-hopping spread spectrum
614:frequency-hopping spread spectrum
579:pulses to encode information. A
347:
40:
1004:Direct-sequence spread spectrum
839:IEEE Internet of Things Journal
646:differential phase shift keying
642:wireless personal area networks
610:direct-sequence spread spectrum
778:, Nanotron Mine Test: slide 22
1:
1198:Low probability of intercept
1167:PN (pseudorandom noise) code
1022:Time-hopping spread spectrum
563:In digital communications,
16:Signal processing technique
1281:
234:Capacity-approaching codes
1265:Digital signal processing
1206:
947:in digital communications
851:10.1109/JIOT.2018.2883728
1224:Statistical multiplexing
802:, Military applications
758:. Volume COM-21, 748-751
458:Statistical multiplexing
171:Hierarchical modulation
1255:Radio modulation modes
1182:Power spectral density
520:Channel access methods
24:
1214:Digital communication
1076:Major implementations
1016:Chirp spread spectrum
565:chirp spread spectrum
525:Medium access control
22:
461:(variable bandwidth)
406:(constant bandwidth)
822:. 28 January 2020.
806:2008-05-15 at the
774:2007-10-21 at the
93:Digital modulation
25:
1260:Wireless locating
1237:
1236:
561:
560:
357:Analog modulation
335:
334:
50:Analog modulation
1272:
1177:Near–far problem
994:Spread spectrum
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931:
924:
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871:
870:
845:(2): 2225–2240.
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473:Packet switching
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1109:Cordless phones
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960:Spread spectrum
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945:Spread spectrum
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808:Wayback Machine
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573:spread spectrum
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1160:Major concepts
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980:Commercial use
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878:External links
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701:IEEE 802.15.4a
698:
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688:
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634:IEEE 802.15.4a
630:ultra-wideband
625:
622:
618:Doppler effect
599:As with other
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512:Related topics
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1193:Rake receiver
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1139:(aka IS-2000)
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1133:(aka cdmaOne)
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1083:Space Network
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953:Main articles
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696:IEEE 802.15.4
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667:Doppler radar
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21:
1250:Multiplexing
1188:Process gain
1033:
1015:
995:
842:
838:
828:
814:
795:
783:
764:
755:
749:
740:
671:
656:
653:
638:
627:
598:
568:
564:
562:
478:Dynamic TDMA
437:Polarization
425: /
403:Circuit mode
341:Multiplexing
299:Multiplexing
239:Demodulation
202:
975:Hedy Lamarr
716:IEEE 802.22
711:IEEE 802.20
706:IEEE 802.16
691:IEEE 802.11
661:to measure
244:Line coding
1244:Categories
1219:Modulation
732:References
649:modulation
612:(DSSS) or
606:multi-path
589:polynomial
585:sinusoidal
34:modulation
1104:Bluetooth
859:2327-4662
686:Bluetooth
1229:Waveform
1210:See also
1146:Qualcomm
1137:CDMA2000
1120:Cellular
1052:TD-SCDMA
867:69444615
804:Archived
772:Archived
680:See also
595:Overview
226:See also
31:Passband
1151:Verizon
1099:GLONASS
1094:Galileo
1067:MC-CDMA
1062:FH-CDMA
1057:DS-CDMA
1047:TD-CDMA
1034:schemes
996:methods
985:More...
971:History
571:) is a
442:Spatial
1127:Mobile
1085:(NASA)
1042:W-CDMA
1024:(THSS)
1012:(FHSS)
1006:(DSSS)
865:
857:
726:Zigbee
498:SC-FDM
152:SC-FDE
1184:(PSD)
1131:IS-95
1125:EV-DO
1032:CDMA
1018:(CSS)
863:S2CID
663:range
583:is a
581:chirp
577:chirp
503:MC-SS
493:OFDMA
249:Modem
1172:Chip
1142:Also
1113:DECT
855:ISSN
674:LoRa
624:Uses
488:DSSS
483:FHSS
432:SDMA
289:OFDM
218:THSS
213:FHSS
208:DSSS
122:MFSK
107:APSK
1089:GPS
847:doi
569:CSS
447:OAM
427:WDM
423:FDM
418:TDM
392:SSB
382:QAM
294:FDM
284:ΔΣM
279:PWM
274:PDM
269:PCM
264:PAM
259:PoM
254:AnM
203:CSS
185:WDM
180:QAM
162:WDM
157:TCM
147:QAM
142:PSK
137:PPM
132:OOK
127:MSK
117:FSK
112:CPM
102:ASK
84:SSB
74:QAM
1246::
1111::
861:.
853:.
841:.
837:.
676:.
387:SM
377:PM
372:FM
367:AM
79:SM
69:PM
64:FM
59:AM
937:e
930:t
923:v
869:.
849::
843:6
567:(
552:e
545:t
538:v
326:e
319:t
312:v
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
