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The tribal population felt that these actions endangered their livelihood, culture, and ethnic identity. Buddhists had historically been the majority in the CHT. Their majority status was threatened by large scale migration of
Bengali Muslim settlers to the CHT. Several indigenous associations,
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University of Dhaka academics Zahid Ul Arefin
Choudhury and Khairul Chowdhury described the association as student-based, with a "pro-Chinese radical Marxist" ideology. It was led by Ananta Bihari Khisa and school teacher
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Barua, D. Mitra (2020). "Arakanese
Chittagong Became Mughal Islamabad: Buddhist–Muslim Relationship in Chittagong (Chottrogram), Bangladesh". In Frydenlund, Iselin; Jerryson, Michael (eds.).
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Choudhury, Zahid Ul Arefin; Chowdhury, Khairul (15 March 2023). "A Rationalist
Explanation for Violence and Peace in the Chittagong Hill Tracts of Bangladesh".
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Nayak, Arun Kumar (October 2014). "Understanding
Environmental Security and its Causal Factors with Reference to Chittagong Hill Tracts of Bangladesh".
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Pakistan government policy had dismantled piece by piece long standing protections of the CHT and the tribal people's way of life. Restrictions on
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to carry out an insurgency against
Bangladeshi state forces to gain autonomy and rights for the tribes and people of the Hill Tracts.
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Van
Schendel, Willem (February 1992). "The Invention of the 'Jummas': State Formation and Ethnicity in Southeastern Bangladesh".
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migration into the CHT were lifted. Development projects encouraged logging and the establishment of rubber plantations. The
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47:, completed in 1962, submerged 40% of the arable land in the CHT and displaced 100,000 indigenous people.
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Suzuki, Yasushi; Miah, Md. Dulal (December 2015). "Justice-seeking in the perspective of rent-seeking".
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including, in 1966, the CHT Welfare
Association, sprang up to defend the rights of the tribal people.
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Montu, Kazi (6 September 1980). "Tribal
Insurgency in Chittagong Hill Tracts".
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in December 1966 to defend the rights of the tribal people of the
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