Chitosan - Knowledge (XXG)

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disadvantages such as low mechanical strength and low-temperature response rate; it must be combined with other gelling agents to improve its properties. Using glycerolphosphate salts (possessing a single anionic head) without chemical modification or cross-linking, the pH-dependent gelation properties can be converted to temperature-sensitive gelation properties. In the year 2000, Chenite was the first to design the temperature-sensitive chitosan hydrogels drug delivery system using chitosan and β-glycerol phosphate. This new system can remain in the liquid state at room temperature, while becoming gel with increasing temperature above the physiological temperature (37 °C). Phosphate salts cause a particular behaviour in chitosan solutions, thereby allowing these solutions to remain soluble in the physiological pH range (pH 7), and they will be gel only at body temperature. When the liquid solution of chitosan-glycerol phosphate, containing the drug, enters the body through a syringe injection, it becomes a water-insoluble gel at 37 °C. The entrapped drug particles between the hydrogel chains will be gradually released.

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InChI=1S/C56H103N9O39/c1-87-56(86)65-28-38(84)46(19(10-74)96-55(28)104-45-18(9-73)95-49(27(64)37(45)83)97-39-12(3-67)88-47(85)20(57)31(39)77)103-54-26(63)36(82)44(17(8-72)94-54)102-53-25(62)35(81)43(16(7-71)93-53)101-52-24(61)34(80)42(15(6-70)92-52)100-51-23(60)33(79)41(14(5-69)91-51)99-50-22(59)32(78)40(13(4-68)90-50)98-48-21(58)30(76)29(75)11(2-66)89-48/h11-55,66-85H,2-10,57-64H2,1H3,(H,65,86)/t11-,12-,13-,14-,15-,16-,17-,18-,19-,20-,21-,22-,23-,24-,25-,26-,27-,28-,29-,30-,31-,32-,33-,34-,35-,36-,37-,38-,39-,40-,41-,42-,43-,44-,45-,46-,47-,48+,49+,50+,51+,52+,53+,54+,55+/m1/s1

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InChI=1/C56H103N9O39/c1-87-56(86)65-28-38(84)46(19(10-74)96-55(28)104-45-18(9-73)95-49(27(64)37(45)83)97-39-12(3-67)88-47(85)20(57)31(39)77)103-54-26(63)36(82)44(17(8-72)94-54)102-53-25(62)35(81)43(16(7-71)93-53)101-52-24(61)34(80)42(15(6-70)92-52)100-51-23(60)33(79)41(14(5-69)91-51)99-50-22(59)32(78)40(13(4-68)90-50)98-48-21(58)30(76)29(75)11(2-66)89-48/h11-55,66-85H,2-10,57-64H2,1H3,(H,65,86)/t11-,12-,13-,14-,15-,16-,17-,18-,19-,20-,21-,22-,23-,24-,25-,26-,27-,28-,29-,30-,31-,32-,33-,34-,35-,36-,37-,38-,39-,40-,41-,42-,43-,44-,45-,46-,47-,48+,49+,50+,51+,52+,53+,54+,55+/m1/s1

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action of chitosan elicits natural innate defense responses within plant to resist insects, pathogens, and soil-borne diseases when applied to foliage or the soil. Chitosan increases photosynthesis, promotes and enhances plant growth, stimulates nutrient uptake, increases germination and sprouting, and boosts plant vigor. When used as a seed treatment or seed coating on cotton, corn, seed potatoes, soybeans, sugar beets, tomatoes, wheat, and many other seeds, it elicits an

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food quality and safety. Biodegradable chitosan films have potential for preserving various food products, retaining their firmness and restricting weight loss due to dehydration. In addition, composite biodegradable films containing chitosan and antimicrobial agents are in development as safe alternatives to preserve food products.

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In 2008, the EPA approved natural broad-spectrum elicitor status for an ultralow molecular active ingredient of 0.25% chitosan. A natural chitosan elicitor solution for agriculture and horticultural uses was granted an amended label for foliar and irrigation applications by the EPA in 2009. Given its

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Chitosan has a rich history of being researched for applications in agriculture and horticulture dating back to the 1980s. By 1989, chitosan salt solutions were applied to crops for improved freeze protection or to crop seed for seed priming. Shortly thereafter, chitosan salt received the first ever

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The agricultural and horticultural uses for chitosan, primarily for plant defense and yield increase, are based on how this glucosamine polymer influences the biochemistry and molecular biology of the plant cell. The cellular targets are the plasma membrane and nuclear chromatin. Subsequent changes

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Microbial contamination of food products accelerates the deterioration process and increases the risk of foodborne illness caused by potentially life-threatening pathogens. Ordinarily, food contamination originates superficially, requiring surface treatment and packaging as crucial factors to assure

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The natural biocontrol ability of chitosan should not be confused with the effects of fertilizers or pesticides upon plants or the environment. Chitosan active biopesticides represent a new tier of cost-effective biological control of crops for agriculture and horticulture. The biocontrol mode of

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Agricultural applications of chitosan can reduce environmental stress due to drought and soil deficiencies, strengthen seed vitality, improve stand quality, increase yields, and reduce fruit decay of vegetables, fruits and citrus crops . Horticultural application of chitosan increases blooms and

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Chitosan is used within some wound dressings to decrease bleeding. Upon contact with blood, the bandage becomes sticky, effectively sealing the laceration. Chitosan hydrogel-based wound dressings have also been found useful as burn dressings, and for the treatment of chronic diabetic wounds and

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Chitosan is dissolved in dilute organic acid solutions but is insoluble in high concentrations of hydrogen ions at pH 6.5 and is precipitated as a gel-like compound. Chitosan is positively charged by amine groups, making it suitable for binding to negatively charged molecules. However, it has

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value of ~6.5, which leads to significant protonation in neutral solution, increasing with increased acidity (decreased pH) and the %DA-value. This makes chitosan water-soluble and a bioadhesive which readily binds to negatively charged surfaces such as mucosal membranes. Also, chitosan can

2422:. . . application of a commercially-prepared chitosan formulation to loblolly pine produced inconsistent responses in tree parameters associated with bark beetle resistance, suggesting that exogenously applied chitosan preparations have limited utility for managing bark beetles. 681:

space station in 1997 (see photo left). NASA results revealed chitosan induces increased growth (biomass) and pathogen resistance due to elevated levels of β-(1→3)-glucanase enzymes within plant cells. NASA confirmed chitosan elicits the same effect in plants on earth.

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and body weight has been evaluated, the effect appears to have no or low clinical importance. Reviews from 2016 and 2008 found there was no significant effect, and no justification for overweight people to use chitosan supplements. In 2015, the U.S.

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are salts made from mixing chitosan with an organic acid (such as succinic or lactic acid). Chitosan may have other properties conducive to wound healing, including antibacterial and antifungal activity, which remain under preliminary research.

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Poosapati, Aswani; Vadnala, Sudharshan; Negrete, Karla; Lan, Yucheng; Hutchison, John; Zupan, Mark; Madan, Deepa (15 April 2021). "Rechargeable Zinc-Electrolytic Manganese Dioxide (EMD) Battery with a Flexible Chitosan-Alkaline Electrolyte".

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Poosapati, Aswani; Negrete, Karla; Thorpe, Micah; Hutchison, John; Zupan, Mark; Lan, Yucheng; Madan, Deepa (6 April 2021). "Safe and flexible chitosan‐based polymer gel as an electrolyte for use in zinc‐alkaline based chemistries".

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Quintela, S; Villarán, M. C.; López De Armentia, I; Elejalde, E (2012). "Ochratoxin a removal from red wine by several oenological fining agents: Bentonite, egg albumin, allergen-free adsorbents, chitin and chitosan".

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agent in winemaking. Fungal source chitosan has shown an increase in settling activity, reduction of oxidized polyphenolics in juice and wine, chelation and removal of copper (post-racking) and control of the spoilage

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low potential for toxicity and abundance in the natural environment, chitosan does not harm people, pets, wildlife, or the environment when used according to label directions. Chitosan blends do not work against

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regulates its use on organic certified farms and crops. EPA-approved, biodegradable chitosan products are allowed for use outdoors and indoors on plants and crops grown commercially and by consumers.

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methods to manufacture large scale consumer objects using chitosan. This method is based on replicating the molecular arrangement of chitosan from natural materials into fabrication methods, such as

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chitosan objects can be recycled, with the option of reintroducing or discarding the dye at each recycling step, enabling reuse of the polymer independently of colorants. Unlike other plant-based

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Tampieri, A; Celotti, G; Landi, E; Sandri, M; Roveri, N; Falini, G (2003). "Biologically inspired synthesis of bone-like composite: Self-assembled collagen fibers/hydroxyapatite nanocrystals".

3400:"Preparation of chitosan from brine shrimp (Artemia urmiana) cyst shells and effects of different chemical processing sequences on the physicochemical and functional properties of the product" 511:

effectively bind to other surface via hydrophobic interaction and/or cation-π interaction (chitosan as a cation source) in aqueous solution. The free amine groups on chitosan chains can make

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and the degree of deacetylation in commercially available chitosan ranges from 60 to 100%. On average, the molecular weight of commercially produced chitosan is 3800–20,000

307: 2173:"Biochemistry of Oleoresinosis: Monoterpene and Diterpene Biosynthesis in Lodgepole Pine Saplings Infected with Ceratocystis clavigera or Treated with Carbohydrate Elicitors" 2149: 1685:

Moghadas, Babak; Solouk, Atefeh; Sadeghi, Davoud (24 August 2020). "Development of chitosan membrane using non-toxic crosslinkers for potential wound dressing applications".

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Jull, Andrew B; Ni Mhurchu, Cliona; Bennett, Derrick A; Dunshea-Mooij, Christel AE; Rodgers, Anthony (2008). Jull, Andrew B (ed.). "Chitosan for overweight or obesity".

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Aiedeh, K.M.; Taha, M.O.; Al-Khatib, H. (2005). "Evaluation of chitosan succinate and chitosan phthalate as enteric coating polymers for diclofenac sodium tablets".

485:. A common method for obtaining chitosan is the deacetylation of chitin using sodium hydroxide in excess as a reagent and water as a solvent. The reaction follows 3074:

Agnihotri, Sunil A.; Mallikarjuna, Nadagouda N.; Aminabhavi, Tejraj M. (2004). "Recent advances on chitosan-based micro- and nanoparticles in drug delivery".

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process. Chitosan causes the fine sediment particles to bind together, and is subsequently removed with the sediment during sand filtration. It also removes

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Degraded molecules of chitin/chitosan exist in soil and water. Chitosan applications for plants and crops are regulated in the USA by the EPA, and the USDA

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Escudero-Abarca, Blanca I.; Escudero-Abarca, M. Guadalupe; Aguilar-Uscanga, Patricia M.; Hayward-Jones, Patricia; Mendoza, Mario; Ramírez, Leticia (2004).

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zinc. The electrolyte has excellent physical stability up to 50 °C, electrochemical stability up to 2 V with zinc electrodes, and accommodates

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barrier for the first stage is estimated at 48.8 kJ·mol at 25–120 °C (77–248 °F) and is higher than the barrier to the second stage.

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COC(=O)N1(((O1O2(O((2O)N)O3(O((3O)N)O)CO)CO)CO)O4((((O4)CO)O5((((O5)CO)O6((((O6)CO)O7((((O7)CO)O8((((O8)CO)O9((((O9)CO)O)O)N)O)N)O)N)O)N)O)N)O)N)O

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issued a public advisory about supplement retailers who made exaggerated claims concerning the supposed weight loss benefit of various products.

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has conducted research on chitosan to control pathogens in pine trees and increase resin pitch outflow which resists pine beetle infestation.

2456: 2042: 1945: 2978:"Thermosensitive Chitosan-β-Glycerophosphate Hydrogels as Targeted Drug Delivery Systems: An Overview on Preparation and Their Applications" 2439:

Yong, S. K; Shrivastava, M; Srivastava, P; Kunhikrishnan, A; Bolan, N (2015). "Environmental Applications of Chitosan and Its Derivatives".

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Sanjanwala, Dhruv; Londhe, Vaishali; Trivedi, Rashmi; Bonde, Smita; Sawarkar, Sujata; Kale, Vinita; Patravale, Vandana (28 November 2022).

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NASA life support GAP technology with untreated beans (left tube) and ODC chitosan biocontrol-treated beans (right tube) returned from the

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Chitosan-based wound dressings have been widely explored for a variety of acute and chronic wounds. Chitosan has the ability to adhere to

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Sanjanwala, Dhruv; Londhe, Vaishali; Trivedi, Rashmi; Bonde, Smita; Sawarkar, Sujata; Kale, Vinita; Patravale, Vandana (1 January 2024).

3725:. Wyss Institute Communications, Hansjorg Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University. 2014. Archived from 1984: 3449:

Fernandez, J. G.; Ingber, D. E. (2012). "Unexpected strength and toughness in chitosan-fibroin laminates inspired by insect cuticle".

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alkaline system. As of 2022 results were promising, but the battery needed testing on a larger scale and under actual use conditions.

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Ryu, J. H; Hong, S; Lee, H (2015). "Bio-inspired adhesive catechol-conjugated chitosan for biomedical applications: A mini review".

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Shahidi, Fereidoon; Synowiecki, Jozef (1991). "Isolation and characterization of nutrients and value-added products from snow crab (

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scaffolds for creating artificial tissues and organs is another application where chitosan has gained popularity. Chitosan has high

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Fernandez, J. G.; Ingber, D. E. (2014). "Manufacturing of Large-Scale Functional Objects Using Biodegradable Chitosan Bioplastic".

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Linden, James C.; Stoner, Richard J.; Knutson, Kenneth W.; Gardner-Hughes, Cecilie A. (2000). "Organic disease control elicitors".

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Fernandez J, Ingber D (February 2014). "Manufacturing of large-scale functional objects using biodegradable chitosan bioplastic".

1991: 1798: 25: 1834: 2382:"Effects of a commercial chitosan formulation on bark beetle (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) resistance parameters in loblolly pine" 3523:

Shukla, S. K.; Mishra, A. K.; Arotiba, O. A.; Mamba, B. B. (2013). "Chitosan-based nanomaterials: A state-of-the-art review".

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Kim, In-Yong; Seo, Seog-Jin; Moon, Hyun-Seuk; Yoo, Mi-Kyong; Park, In-Young; Kim, Bom-Chol; Cho, Chong-Su (1 January 2008).

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Moghadas, Babak; Dashtimoghadam, Erfan; Mirzadeh, Hamid; Seidi, Farzad; Hasani-Sadrabadi, Mohammad Mahdi (19 January 2016).

930:), the main natural sources of chitosan come from marine environments and do not compete for land or other human resources. 714:, and oils from the water. As an additive in water filtration, chitosan combined with sand filtration removes up to 99% of 3136:

Shukla, S. K; Mishra, A. K; Arotiba, O. A; Mamba, B. B (2013). "Chitosan-based nanomaterials: A state-of-the-art review".

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Feng, Peipei; Luo, Yang; Ke, Chunhai; Qiu, Haofeng; Wang, Wei; Zhu, Yabin; Hou, Ruixia; Xu, Long; Wu, Songze (2021).

718:. Chitosan is among the biological adsorbents used for heavy metals removal without negative environmental impacts. 580:, chitosan is typically used as a natural seed treatment and plant growth enhancer, and as an ecologically friendly 408:, it can be used as a fining agent, also helping to prevent spoilage. In industry, it can be used in a self-healing 2650:

Ullah, Faheem; Othman, Muhammad Bisyrul Hafi; Javed, Fatima; Ahmad, Zulkifli; Akil, Hazizan Md. (1 December 2015).

3991:"Antimicrobial food packaging based on sustainable Bio-based materials for reducing foodborne pathogens: A review" 3722: 4946: 2025:

Linden, J. C.; Stoner, R. J. (2007). "Pre-harvest application of proprietary elicitor delays fruit senescence".

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In the European Union and United Kingdom, chitosan is registered as a "basic substance" for use as a biological

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Ríos-Hoyo, A; Gutiérrez-Salmeán, G (June 2016). "New Dietary Supplements for Obesity: What We Currently Know".

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substance that boosts the innate ability of plants to defend themselves against fungal infections. The natural

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Jeffryes, C; Agathos, SN; Rorrer, G (June 2015). "Biogenic nanomaterials from photosynthetic microorganisms".

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Narudin, Nur Alimatul Hakimah; Rosman, Nurul ‘Aqilah; Shahrin, Ensan Waatriah ES; et al. (January 2022).

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to reduce bleeding and as an antibacterial agent; it can also be used to help deliver drugs through the skin.

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Ducheyne, Paul; Healy, Kevin; Hutmacher, Dietmar E.; Grainger, David W.; Kirkpatrick, C. James, eds. (2011).

2276:"YEA! Elicitor Response Comparison to Chitin / Chitosan in Mung Bean and Adzuki Bean Germination Experiments" 4739: 1862: 133: 4951: 4925: 4733: 4172: 3363:

Cheng, Q; Jiang, L; Tang, Z (2014). "Bioinspired layered materials with superior mechanical performance".

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Tampieri, A; Celotti, G; Landi, E (2005). "From biomimetic apatites to biologically inspired composites".

1573: 999: 550: 4727: 2120: 2101:"Cellular response of loblolly pine to wound inoculation with bark beetle-associated fungi and chitosan" 667: 3560:"Customized biomimetic scaffolds created by indirect three-dimensional printing for tissue engineering" 2535: 1533:"Contact time- and pH-dependent adhesion and cohesion of low molecular weight chitosan coated surfaces" 1404:"Extraction, characterization, and kinetics of N-deacetylation of chitin obtained from mud crab shells" 565:, oxidative burst, reactive oxygen species, callose pathogenesis-related (PR) genes, and phytoalexins. 3790: 3749: 2651: 2251: 1628: 1444: 1266: 1098: 1048: 4866: 3571: 3458: 3040: 2314: 1265:

de Alvarenga, Elson Santiago; Pereira de Oliveira, Cristiane; Roberto Bellato, Carlos (16 May 2010).

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Chitosan is marketed in a tablet form as a "fat binder". Although the effect of chitosan on lowering

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Chitosan-containing wound dressings received approval for medical use in the United States in 2003.

2603:"Selective antimicrobial action of chitosan against spoilage yeasts in mixed culture fermentations" 375: 272: 183: 61: 3687:

Zhao, Y; Xie, Z; Gu, H; Zhu, C; Gu, Z (2012). "Bio-inspired variable structural color materials".

2850: 1962: 4956: 4118: 4074: 3962: 3891: 3668:. Hansjorg Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University. 3 March 2014 3482: 3345: 2831: 2632: 2583: 2406: 2381: 1881:"Expert group for technical advice on organic production. Final report on plant protection (III)" 1763:

Hadwiger, Lee A. (2013). "Multiple effects of chitosan on plant systems: Solid science or hype".

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response in developing roots which destroys parasitic cyst nematodes without harming beneficial

4158: 1049:"Polysaccharide-based hydrogels for medical devices, implants and tissue engineering: A review" 4110: 4066: 4020: 4012: 3944: 3883: 3843: 3818: 3810: 3771: 3704: 3597: 3540: 3474: 3431: 3380: 3337: 3302: 3237: 3188: 3153: 3091: 3056: 3009: 2953: 2904: 2856: 2823: 2815: 2776: 2741: 2723: 2679: 2671: 2624: 2575: 2462: 2452: 2292: 2202: 2081: 2038: 2002: 1941: 1935: 1780: 1745: 1702: 1656: 1648: 1601: 1593: 1554: 1513: 1464: 1425: 1384: 1366: 1343:

Novikov, Vitaly Yu.; Derkach, Svetlana R.; Konovalova, Irina N.; et al. (30 March 2023).

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Commercial chitosan is derived from the shells of shrimp and other sea crustaceans, including

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Poliglusam; Deacetylchitin; Poly-(D)glucosamine; BC; Chitopearl; Chitopharm; Flonac; Kytex

1908: 3575: 3462: 3044: 2702:"Chitosan-Based Functional Materials for Skin Wound Repair: Mechanisms and Applications" 1379: 1344: 187: 137: 4755: 4552: 4309: 4286: 4266: 3592: 3583: 3559: 3426: 3399: 3232: 3207: 3004: 2977: 2948: 2923: 2899: 2882: 2736: 2701: 2197: 2172: 1508: 1483: 1015: 945: 933: 885: 863: 742: 364: 285: 3122: 1845: 1445:"Extraction of chitin from prawn shells and conversion to low molecular mass chitosan" 960:

and immunomodulatory activities which make it suitable for making artificial tissues.

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to improve chitosan's mechanical properties. Chitosan enhances the transport of polar

4940: 4861: 4778: 4666: 4557: 4122: 4078: 3806: 3486: 2835: 2795: 2482:"Chitosan Treatment of Sediment Laden Water – Washington State I-90 Issaquah Project" 1714: 1668: 1613: 1574:"Intermolecular interactions of chitosan: Degree of acetylation and molecular weight" 1251: 1148: 1080: 957: 949: 897: 844: 778: 769: 760:, and removes yeast cells, fruit particles, and other detritus that cause hazy wine. 707: 588:

active ingredients, chitin/chitosan, are found in the shells of crustaceans, such as

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Chitosan has a number of commercial and possible biomedical uses. It can be used in

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Chitosan was first registered as an active ingredient (licensed for sale) in 1986.

409: 401: 3208:"Thiolated Chitosans: A Multi-talented Class of Polymers for Various Applications" 3087: 2636: 2275: 1644: 1589: 1549: 1532: 1460: 1282: 1227: 3184: 2571: 2034: 1741: 1212:"Polysaccharide-based hydrogels for drug delivery and wound management: A review" 4903: 4891: 4763: 4674: 4422: 4417: 4357: 2772: 2481: 2448: 2402: 1837:

Federal Register/Vol. 72, No. 236/Monday, December 10, 2007/Rules and Regulation

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Baldrick, Paul (2010). "The safety of chitosan as a pharmaceutical excipient".

2667: 2512: 2333:"Control Strategies to reduce postharvest decay of fresh fruits and vegetables" 2076: 2059: 1698: 1627:

Choi, Jieun; Hwang, Dong Soo; Lim, Chanoong; Lee, Dong Woog (15 January 2024).

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Mima, Seiichi; Miya, Masaru; Iwamoto, Reikichi; Yoshikawa, Susumu (June 1983).

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Kou, Shijie (Gabriel); Peters, Linda M.; Mucalo, Michael R. (1 February 2021).

439: 4679: 4621: 4616: 4489: 4442: 3879: 3416: 3333: 3029:"Novel chitosan-based nanobiohybrid membranes for wound dressing applications" 2718: 2619: 2602: 1443:

Mohammed, Musarrat H.; Williams, Peter A.; Tverezovskaya, Olga (1 June 2013).

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Rahmanian-Devin, Pouria; Baradaran Rahimi, Vafa; Askari, Vahid Reza (2021).

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Chitosan has been used to protect plants in space, as well, exemplified by

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shells of shrimp and other crustaceans with an alkaline substance, such as

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Tajik, H; Moradi, M; Rohani, S. M.; Erfani, A. M.; Jalali, F. S. (2008).

2188: 877: 799: 677:'s experiment to protect adzuki beans grown aboard the space shuttle and 416: 3298: 2794:

Guo, Baolin; Dong, Ruonan; Liang, Yongping; Li, Meng (1 November 2021).

1183: 4896: 4876: 4844: 4819: 4809: 4805: 4783: 4646: 4641: 4631: 4541: 4504: 4499: 4477: 4462: 4452: 4369: 4347: 4331: 4061: 3726: 3700: 3052: 1345:"Mechanism of Heterogeneous Alkaline Deacetylation of Chitin: A Review" 1123: 915: 881: 726: 608:. It is one of the most abundant biodegradable materials in the world. 601: 589: 420: 4106: 3376: 2939: 2221:"Treatment of Plants with Chitosan Salts, 1989, Patent WO/1989/007395" 1499: 782:. These products and uses are approved for European use by the EU and 4886: 4881: 4871: 4848: 4825: 4793: 4580: 4575: 4519: 4482: 4467: 4447: 4434: 4395: 4390: 4385: 4298: 4251: 4241: 4215: 4210: 927: 874: 597: 458: 386: 284:

Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their

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Al-Tayyar, Nasser A.; Youssef, Ahmed M.; Al-hindi, Rashad (2020).

3791:"Chitosan and its derivatives for tissue engineering applications" 901: 870: 854: 831:

Chitosan and derivatives have been explored in the development of

648: 605: 497: 474: 438: 412: 94: 84: 2441:

Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology Volume 233

2171:

Croteau, R.; Gurkewitz, S.; Johnson, M. A.; Fisk, H. J. (1987).

2111:. Res. Pap. SRS-30.asheville, Nc: US Department of Agriculture, 753: 749: 745: 674: 593: 4168: 3617:"Manufacturing 3-D objects just got easier with new bioplastic" 2883:"Topical and effective hemostatic medicines in the battlefield" 1484:"Strong adhesion and cohesion of chitosan in aqueous solutions" 3839:

The Health Professional's Guide to Popular Dietary Supplements

711: 678: 654: 501: 1572:

Lim, Chanoong; Hwang, Dong Soo; Lee, Dong Woog (1 May 2021).

859:

Large three-dimensional functional objects made from chitosan

802:

adhesion, causing clotting of blood and hemostasis. Chitosan

171: 2420:– via USDA Forest Service Southern Research Station. 2142:"Solution for Pine Bark Beetles May Help Front Range Trees" 346: 340: 642:

extends the life of cut flowers and Christmas trees. The

352: 2315:"Chitosan Exemption from the Requirement of a Tolerance" 2274:

Linden, James C.; Stoner, Richard J. (21 October 2008).

2982:

Advances in Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences

2924:"Chitin and chitosan: biopolymers for wound management" 1804:. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). February 2001. 1099:"Chitosan: A review of sources and preparation methods" 756:. Added late in the brewing process, chitosan improves 657:

space station aboard the space shuttle – September 1997

477:. The degree of deacetylation (%) can be determined by 302: 3748:

Croisier, Florence; Jérôme, Christine (1 April 2013).

3666:"Manufacturing a solution to planet-clogging plastics" 2796:"Haemostatic materials for wound healing applications" 2148:. Greeley, Colorado: KUNC 91.5 FM, NPR. Archived from 3206:

Federer, C; Kurpiers, M; Bernkop-Schnürch, A (2021).

355: 349: 337: 3750:"Chitosan-based biomaterials for tissue engineering" 2607:

Journal of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology

904:. The method is used to engineer and bioprint human 404:, helping plants to fight off fungal infections. In 343: 4754: 4711: 4693: 4665: 4607: 4600: 4568: 4540: 4433: 4368: 4330: 4297: 4274: 4265: 4234: 4203: 896:. Once discarded, chitosan-constructed objects are 847:systems, enteric coatings, and in medical devices. 435:

Forming chitosan by partial deacetylation of chitin

334: 3963:"Beware of Products Promising Miracle Weight Loss" 3842:. Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. p. 96. 3836:Allison Sarubin-Fragakis, Cynthia Thomson (2007). 3525:International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 3138:International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 2380:Klepzig, Kier D; Strom, Brian L (20 August 2010). 2355:"Chitosan; Poly-D-glucosamine (128930) Fact Sheet" 1990:. EM 8797: Oregon State University. Archived from 1799:"Chitosan; Poly-D-glucosamine (128930) Fact Sheet" 1103:International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 1053:International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 561:occur in cell membranes, chromatin, DNA, calcium, 4047:(4). American Chemical Society (ACS): 4248–4258. 3965:. US Food and Drug Administration. 5 January 2015 3504:. Harvard Gazette, Harvard University, Boston, MA 2099:Klepzig, Kier D.; Walkinshaw, Charles H. (2003). 1531:Chanoong Lim; Dong Woog Lee; et al. (2015). 1306:"Highly deacetylated chitosan and its properties" 2361:. US Environmental Protection Agency. 2 May 2006 1915:. Agriculture and Horticulture Development Board 367:composed of randomly distributed β-(1→4)-linked 3111:Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology 70: 3558:Lee, J. Y.; Choi, B.; Wu, B.; Lee, M. (2013). 2881:Zhang, Yin-Juan; Gao, Bo; Liu, Xi-Wen (2015). 1970:Journal of Food, Agriculture & Environment 869:, a manufacturing concept inspired by natural 385:(acetylated unit). It is made by treating the 4180: 2706:Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology 2020: 2018: 1680: 1678: 473:(such as crabs and shrimp) and cell walls of 8: 2922:Singh R, Shitiz K, Singh A (December 2017). 690:when put on a tree's leaves or in its soil. 3861: 3859: 3756:. Biobased Polymers and Related Materials. 666:label from the EPA, then followed by other 4604: 4271: 4187: 4173: 4165: 3500:Wyss Institute Communications (May 2014). 2536:"A clearer understanding of fining agents" 1172:Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 981:Biodegradable antimicrobial food packaging 541:have been made using chitin and chitosan. 186: 136: 114: 17: 4060: 4006: 3765: 3591: 3502:"Promising solution to plastic pollution" 3425: 3415: 3231: 3003: 2993: 2947: 2898: 2876: 2874: 2872: 2735: 2717: 2618: 2560:Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A 2196: 2075: 1985:"Seed Treatment for Sample Cereal Grains" 1890:. European Commission. 18 November 2021. 1548: 1507: 1419: 1378: 1360: 1122: 768:Chitosan has a long history for use as a 153: 3984: 3982: 3980: 3640:Macromolecular Materials and Engineering 3287:Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 3260:Macromolecular Materials and Engineering 1983:Smiley R.; Cook R.J.; Pauliz T. (2002). 430: 3933:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2971: 2969: 2967: 2434: 2432: 2430: 2397:(2) (published 1 April 2011): 124–134. 2297:Federal Register Notice of Availability 2058:Mason, Mary E.; Davis, John M. (1997). 1030: 242: 207: 182: 3322:Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 3253: 3251: 2761:Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology 2118: 2000: 1934:Goosen, Mattheus F. A. (1 June 1996). 600:, and many other organisms, including 127: 2695: 2693: 2321:. US Environmental Protection Agency. 994:Chitosan is being investigated as an 764:Winemaking and fungal source chitosan 453:Chitosan is produced commercially by 214:Key: FLASNYPZGWUPSU-SICDJOISSA-N 7: 2855:. Amsterdam: Elsevier. p. 229. 2656:Materials Science and Engineering: C 2064:Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions 1835:"USDA NOP and EPA Rule on Chitosan, 1205: 1203: 1201: 1199: 1197: 1195: 1193: 1092: 1090: 1042: 1040: 1038: 1036: 1034: 4136:Quaglia, Sofia (1 September 2022). 2488:. U.S. Department of Transportation 2140:O'Toole, Erin (10 September 2009). 2027:Advances in Plant Ethylene Research 1961:Linden, J.C.; Stoner, R.J. (2005). 1937:Applications of Chitan and Chitosan 1869:. 11 December 2008. pp. 10–15. 1482:Dong Woog Lee; et al. (2013). 523:across epithelial surfaces, and is 489:though it occurs in two steps; the 224:Key: FLASNYPZGWUPSU-SICDJOISBY 4095:Journal of Applied Polymer Science 1897:from the original on 25 July 2021. 1310:Journal of Applied Polymer Science 556:Agricultural and horticultural use 14: 2480:Alan Woodmansey (19 March 2002). 4921: 4920: 3807:10.1016/j.biotechadv.2007.07.009 2443:. Vol. 233. pp. 1–43. 2390:Journal of Entomological Science 2250:. pp. 68–71. Archived from 2115:, Southern Research Station. 9P. 1730:Current Opinion in Biotechnology 330: 292: 33: 24: 4157:International research project 3767:10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2012.12.009 1408:Polymers and Polymer Composites 1216:Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery 818:Temperature-sensitive hydrogels 572:Natural biocontrol and elicitor 288:(at 25 °C , 100 kPa). 4008:10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.125915 3941:10.1002/14651858.CD003892.pub3 3537:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2013.04.043 3150:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2013.04.043 2509:"Fining and Clarifying Agents" 2486:Federal Highway Administration 1777:10.1016/j.plantsci.2013.03.007 1115:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.12.005 1065:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128488 1002:with good performance and low 1: 3912:. Drugs.com. 12 February 2018 3365:Accounts of Chemical Research 3123:10.1016/S1773-2247(05)50033-9 3088:10.1016/j.jconrel.2004.08.010 3076:Journal of Controlled Release 1940:. CRC Press. pp. 132–9. 1645:10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121504 1590:10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.117782 1550:10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.10.033 1461:10.1016/j.foodhyd.2012.10.021 1283:10.1016/j.carbpol.2010.01.037 1228:10.1080/17425247.2022.2152791 4041:ACS Applied Energy Materials 3584:10.1088/1758-5082/5/4/045003 3185:10.1016/j.actbio.2015.08.043 2572:10.1080/19440049.2012.682166 2035:10.1007/978-1-4020-6014-4_65 1742:10.1016/j.copbio.2014.10.005 975:Food and Drug Administration 884:, has led to development of 2928:International Wound Journal 2773:10.1016/j.yrtph.2009.09.015 2534:Chorniak J (October 2007). 2449:10.1007/978-3-319-10479-9_1 2403:10.18474/0749-8004-46.2.124 798:, which produces increased 4980: 3224:10.1021/acs.biomac.0c00663 2852:Comprehensive Biomaterials 2812:10.1038/s41570-021-00323-z 2668:10.1016/j.msec.2015.07.053 2077:10.1094/MPMI.1997.10.1.135 1817:Agro Food Industry Hi-Tech 1699:10.1007/s00289-020-03352-8 1322:10.1002/app.1983.070280607 626:on a wide range of crops. 548: 461:, which is the structural 427:Manufacture and properties 4916: 3880:10.1007/s13679-016-0214-y 3417:10.3390/molecules13061263 3334:10.1007/s00216-004-2943-0 2719:10.3389/fbioe.2021.650598 2620:10.1007/s10295-004-0112-2 1421:10.1177/09673911221109611 811:hydrofluoric acid burns. 282: 253: 233: 198: 54: 46: 41: 32: 23: 4247:Cyclohexane conformation 3754:European Polymer Journal 3689:Chemical Society Reviews 3615:Selko A (6 March 2014). 2800:Nature Reviews Chemistry 2303:(248). 24 December 2008. 2125:: CS1 maint: location ( 2007:: CS1 maint: location ( 1170:) processing discards". 841:wound dressing materials 698:Chitosan can be used in 613:National Organic Program 515:polymeric networks with 500:group in chitosan has a 400:as a seed treatment and 374:(deacetylated unit) and 4740:Isomaltooligosaccharide 3868:Current Obesity Reports 4734:Galactooligosaccharide 4053:10.1021/acsaem.1c00675 3795:Biotechnology Advances 3652:10.1002/mame.201300426 3471:10.1002/adma.201104051 3272:10.1002/mame.201300426 1018:involved in the Zn-MnO 1000:rechargeable batteries 860: 658: 551:Chitosan nanoparticles 450: 436: 4728:Fructooligosaccharide 3723:"Chitosan bioplastic" 2538:. Wine Maker Magazine 1633:Carbohydrate Polymers 1578:Carbohydrate Polymers 1537:Carbohydrate Polymers 1362:10.3390/polym15071729 1271:Carbohydrate Polymers 858: 668:intellectual property 652: 442: 434: 4101:(33). Wiley: 50813. 2995:10.1155/2021/6640893 2189:10.1104/pp.85.4.1123 2152:on 24 September 2009 2105:treesearch.fs.fed.us 1997:on 5 September 2006. 1851:on 11 December 2008. 1004:environmental impact 721:In combination with 487:first-order kinetics 3576:2013BioFa...5d5003L 3463:2012AdM....24..480F 3299:10.1002/jbm.a.10039 3045:2016RSCAd...6.7701M 2254:on 21 December 2015 2242:Stoner, R. (2006). 1494:(46): 14222–14229. 1414:: 096739112211096. 1184:10.1021/jf00008a032 1164:Chionoecetes opilio 990:Battery electrolyte 20: 3701:10.1039/c2cs15267c 3451:Advanced Materials 3173:Acta Biomaterialia 3053:10.1039/C5RA23875G 2887:Int J Clin Exp Med 2029:. pp. 301–2. 1909:"Basic substances" 1449:Food Hydrocolloids 938:tissue engineering 861: 659: 517:dicarboxylic acids 451: 437: 419:, it is useful in 315:Infobox references 276:-acetylglucosamine 254:Related compounds 18: 4934: 4933: 4912: 4911: 4596: 4595: 4107:10.1002/app.50813 3377:10.1021/ar400279t 3212:Biomacromolecules 3039:(10): 7701–7711. 2940:10.1111/iwj.12797 2458:978-3-319-10478-2 2231:on 5 August 2012. 2044:978-1-4020-6013-7 1947:978-1-56676-449-0 1500:10.1021/la403124u 1222:(12): 1664–1695. 1168:Pandalus borealis 890:injection molding 804:hemostatic agents 644:US Forest Service 491:activation energy 446:Pandalus borealis 382: 371: 323:Chemical compound 321: 320: 267: 260:Related compounds 167:CompTox Dashboard 96:Interactive image 4969: 4947:Antihemorrhagics 4924: 4923: 4715:oligosaccharides 4695:Tetrasaccharides 4605: 4320:Dihydroxyacetone 4272: 4189: 4182: 4175: 4166: 4146: 4145: 4133: 4127: 4126: 4089: 4083: 4082: 4064: 4035: 4029: 4028: 4010: 3986: 3975: 3974: 3972: 3970: 3959: 3953: 3952: 3928: 3922: 3921: 3919: 3917: 3906: 3900: 3899: 3863: 3854: 3853: 3833: 3827: 3826: 3786: 3780: 3779: 3769: 3745: 3739: 3738: 3736: 3734: 3719: 3713: 3712: 3684: 3678: 3677: 3675: 3673: 3662: 3656: 3655: 3635: 3629: 3628: 3626: 3624: 3612: 3606: 3605: 3595: 3555: 3549: 3548: 3520: 3514: 3513: 3511: 3509: 3497: 3491: 3490: 3446: 3440: 3439: 3429: 3419: 3395: 3389: 3388: 3360: 3354: 3353: 3317: 3311: 3310: 3282: 3276: 3275: 3255: 3246: 3245: 3235: 3203: 3197: 3196: 3168: 3162: 3161: 3133: 3127: 3126: 3106: 3100: 3099: 3071: 3065: 3064: 3024: 3018: 3017: 3007: 2997: 2973: 2962: 2961: 2951: 2934:(6): 1276–1289. 2919: 2913: 2912: 2902: 2878: 2867: 2866: 2846: 2840: 2839: 2791: 2785: 2784: 2756: 2750: 2749: 2739: 2721: 2697: 2688: 2687: 2647: 2641: 2640: 2622: 2598: 2592: 2591: 2554: 2548: 2547: 2545: 2543: 2531: 2525: 2524: 2522: 2520: 2511:. Archived from 2504: 2498: 2497: 2495: 2493: 2477: 2471: 2470: 2436: 2425: 2424: 2419: 2417: 2386: 2377: 2371: 2370: 2368: 2366: 2351: 2345: 2344: 2343:on 16 July 2012. 2339:. Archived from 2329: 2323: 2322: 2311: 2305: 2304: 2289: 2283: 2282: 2280: 2271: 2265: 2263: 2261: 2259: 2239: 2233: 2232: 2227:. Archived from 2217: 2211: 2210: 2200: 2177:Plant Physiology 2168: 2162: 2161: 2159: 2157: 2137: 2131: 2130: 2124: 2116: 2096: 2090: 2089: 2079: 2055: 2049: 2048: 2022: 2013: 2012: 2006: 1998: 1996: 1989: 1980: 1974: 1973: 1967: 1958: 1952: 1951: 1931: 1925: 1924: 1922: 1920: 1905: 1899: 1898: 1896: 1885: 1877: 1871: 1870: 1859: 1853: 1852: 1850: 1844:. Archived from 1843: 1831: 1825: 1824: 1812: 1806: 1805: 1803: 1795: 1789: 1788: 1760: 1754: 1753: 1725: 1719: 1718: 1693:(9): 4919–4929. 1687:Polymer Bulletin 1682: 1673: 1672: 1624: 1618: 1617: 1569: 1563: 1562: 1552: 1528: 1522: 1521: 1511: 1479: 1473: 1472: 1440: 1434: 1433: 1423: 1399: 1393: 1392: 1382: 1364: 1340: 1334: 1333: 1316:(6): 1909–1917. 1301: 1295: 1294: 1277:(4): 1155–1160. 1262: 1256: 1255: 1207: 1188: 1187: 1159: 1153: 1152: 1126: 1094: 1085: 1084: 1044: 1008:biodegradability 946:biodegradability 942:biocompatibility 790:Wound management 741:, it is used to 479:NMR spectroscopy 449:, pictured here. 391:sodium hydroxide 380: 369: 362: 361: 358: 357: 354: 351: 348: 345: 342: 339: 336: 305: 299: 296: 295: 265: 191: 190: 175: 173: 157: 140: 129: 118: 98: 74: 37: 28: 21: 4979: 4978: 4972: 4971: 4970: 4968: 4967: 4966: 4962:Polysaccharides 4937: 4936: 4935: 4930: 4908: 4769:Oat beta-glucan 4756:Polysaccharides 4750: 4713: 4707: 4689: 4661: 4592: 4586:Neuraminic acid 4564: 4536: 4429: 4364: 4326: 4293: 4267:Monosaccharides 4261: 4230: 4199: 4193: 4154: 4149: 4135: 4134: 4130: 4091: 4090: 4086: 4037: 4036: 4032: 3988: 3987: 3978: 3968: 3966: 3961: 3960: 3956: 3935:(3): CD003892. 3930: 3929: 3925: 3915: 3913: 3908: 3907: 3903: 3865: 3864: 3857: 3850: 3835: 3834: 3830: 3788: 3787: 3783: 3747: 3746: 3742: 3732: 3730: 3721: 3720: 3716: 3695:(8): 3297–317. 3686: 3685: 3681: 3671: 3669: 3664: 3663: 3659: 3637: 3636: 3632: 3622: 3620: 3619:. Industry Week 3614: 3613: 3609: 3557: 3556: 3552: 3522: 3521: 3517: 3507: 3505: 3499: 3498: 3494: 3448: 3447: 3443: 3397: 3396: 3392: 3362: 3361: 3357: 3319: 3318: 3314: 3284: 3283: 3279: 3257: 3256: 3249: 3205: 3204: 3200: 3170: 3169: 3165: 3135: 3134: 3130: 3108: 3107: 3103: 3073: 3072: 3068: 3026: 3025: 3021: 2975: 2974: 2965: 2921: 2920: 2916: 2880: 2879: 2870: 2863: 2848: 2847: 2843: 2806:(11): 773–791. 2793: 2792: 2788: 2758: 2757: 2753: 2699: 2698: 2691: 2649: 2648: 2644: 2600: 2599: 2595: 2556: 2555: 2551: 2541: 2539: 2533: 2532: 2528: 2518: 2516: 2515:on 16 June 2006 2507:Rayner, Terry. 2506: 2505: 2501: 2491: 2489: 2479: 2478: 2474: 2459: 2438: 2437: 2428: 2415: 2413: 2384: 2379: 2378: 2374: 2364: 2362: 2353: 2352: 2348: 2331: 2330: 2326: 2313: 2312: 2308: 2291: 2290: 2286: 2278: 2273: 2272: 2268: 2257: 2255: 2241: 2240: 2236: 2219: 2218: 2214: 2170: 2169: 2165: 2155: 2153: 2146:Morning Edition 2139: 2138: 2134: 2117: 2098: 2097: 2093: 2057: 2056: 2052: 2045: 2024: 2023: 2016: 1999: 1994: 1987: 1982: 1981: 1977: 1965: 1960: 1959: 1955: 1948: 1933: 1932: 1928: 1918: 1916: 1907: 1906: 1902: 1894: 1883: 1879: 1878: 1874: 1867:Regulations.gov 1861: 1860: 1856: 1848: 1841: 1833: 1832: 1828: 1814: 1813: 1809: 1801: 1797: 1796: 1792: 1762: 1761: 1757: 1727: 1726: 1722: 1684: 1683: 1676: 1626: 1625: 1621: 1571: 1570: 1566: 1530: 1529: 1525: 1481: 1480: 1476: 1442: 1441: 1437: 1401: 1400: 1396: 1342: 1341: 1337: 1303: 1302: 1298: 1264: 1263: 1259: 1209: 1208: 1191: 1161: 1160: 1156: 1096: 1095: 1088: 1046: 1045: 1032: 1028: 1021: 1016:redox reactions 992: 983: 966: 853: 829: 820: 792: 766: 702:as a part of a 696: 638:and organisms. 632:innate immunity 574: 558: 553: 547: 508: 429: 333: 329: 324: 317: 312: 311: 310: ?) 301: 297: 293: 289: 271: 261: 249: 246: 241: 240: 229: 226: 225: 222: 216: 215: 212: 206: 205: 194: 176: 169: 160: 121: 101: 88: 77: 64: 50: 12: 11: 5: 4977: 4976: 4973: 4965: 4964: 4959: 4954: 4949: 4939: 4938: 4932: 4931: 4929: 4928: 4917: 4914: 4913: 4910: 4909: 4907: 4906: 4901: 4900: 4899: 4894: 4884: 4879: 4874: 4869: 4867:Levan beta 2→6 4864: 4859: 4858: 4857: 4841: 4830: 4829: 4828: 4812: 4803: 4798: 4797: 4796: 4791: 4786: 4781: 4776: 4771: 4760: 4758: 4752: 4751: 4749: 4748: 4743: 4737: 4731: 4725: 4719: 4717: 4709: 4708: 4706: 4705: 4699: 4697: 4691: 4690: 4688: 4687: 4682: 4677: 4671: 4669: 4667:Trisaccharides 4663: 4662: 4660: 4659: 4654: 4649: 4644: 4639: 4634: 4629: 4624: 4619: 4613: 4611: 4602: 4598: 4597: 4594: 4593: 4591: 4590: 4589: 4588: 4578: 4572: 4570: 4566: 4565: 4563: 4562: 4561: 4560: 4555: 4553:Mannoheptulose 4546: 4544: 4538: 4537: 4535: 4534: 4533: 4532: 4527: 4522: 4514: 4513: 4512: 4507: 4502: 4497: 4487: 4486: 4485: 4480: 4475: 4470: 4465: 4460: 4455: 4450: 4439: 4437: 4431: 4430: 4428: 4427: 4426: 4425: 4415: 4414: 4413: 4408: 4400: 4399: 4398: 4393: 4388: 4383: 4374: 4372: 4366: 4365: 4363: 4362: 4361: 4360: 4352: 4351: 4350: 4345: 4336: 4334: 4328: 4327: 4325: 4324: 4323: 4322: 4314: 4313: 4312: 4310:Glyceraldehyde 4303: 4301: 4295: 4294: 4292: 4291: 4290: 4289: 4287:Glycolaldehyde 4280: 4278: 4269: 4263: 4262: 4260: 4259: 4254: 4249: 4244: 4238: 4236: 4232: 4231: 4229: 4228: 4223: 4218: 4213: 4207: 4205: 4201: 4200: 4194: 4192: 4191: 4184: 4177: 4169: 4163: 4162: 4153: 4152:External links 4150: 4148: 4147: 4128: 4084: 4030: 3995:Food Chemistry 3976: 3954: 3923: 3901: 3855: 3848: 3828: 3781: 3760:(4): 780–792. 3740: 3729:on 24 May 2014 3714: 3679: 3657: 3646:(8): 932–938. 3630: 3607: 3564:Biofabrication 3550: 3515: 3492: 3441: 3410:(6): 1263–74. 3390: 3371:(4): 1256–66. 3355: 3312: 3277: 3266:(8): 932–938. 3247: 3198: 3163: 3128: 3117:(3): 207–211. 3101: 3066: 3019: 2963: 2914: 2868: 2861: 2841: 2786: 2751: 2689: 2642: 2593: 2566:(7): 1168–74. 2549: 2526: 2499: 2472: 2457: 2426: 2372: 2346: 2324: 2306: 2284: 2266: 2234: 2212: 2163: 2132: 2113:Forest Service 2091: 2050: 2043: 2014: 1975: 1953: 1946: 1926: 1900: 1872: 1854: 1826: 1807: 1790: 1755: 1720: 1674: 1619: 1564: 1543:(6): 887–894. 1523: 1474: 1455:(2): 166–171. 1435: 1394: 1335: 1296: 1257: 1189: 1178:(8): 1527–32. 1166:) and shrimp ( 1154: 1086: 1029: 1027: 1024: 1019: 991: 988: 982: 979: 965: 962: 934:3D Bioprinting 852: 849: 828: 825: 819: 816: 791: 788: 765: 762: 708:heavy minerals 695: 692: 670:applications. 573: 570: 557: 554: 546: 543: 535:applications. 506: 428: 425: 365:polysaccharide 322: 319: 318: 313: 291: 290: 286:standard state 283: 280: 279: 262: 259: 256: 255: 251: 250: 248: 247: 244: 236: 235: 234: 231: 230: 228: 227: 223: 220: 219: 217: 213: 210: 209: 201: 200: 199: 196: 195: 193: 192: 179: 177: 165: 162: 161: 159: 158: 150: 148: 142: 141: 131: 123: 122: 120: 119: 111: 109: 103: 102: 100: 99: 91: 89: 82: 79: 78: 76: 75: 67: 65: 60: 57: 56: 52: 51: 48: 44: 43: 39: 38: 30: 29: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4975: 4974: 4963: 4960: 4958: 4955: 4953: 4952:Biopesticides 4950: 4948: 4945: 4944: 4942: 4927: 4919: 4918: 4915: 4905: 4902: 4898: 4895: 4893: 4890: 4889: 4888: 4885: 4883: 4880: 4878: 4875: 4873: 4870: 4868: 4865: 4863: 4862:Hemicellulose 4860: 4856: 4853: 4852: 4851: 4850: 4846: 4842: 4840: 4839: 4835: 4831: 4827: 4824: 4823: 4822: 4821: 4817: 4813: 4811: 4807: 4804: 4802: 4799: 4795: 4792: 4790: 4787: 4785: 4782: 4780: 4777: 4775: 4772: 4770: 4767: 4766: 4765: 4762: 4761: 4759: 4757: 4753: 4747: 4744: 4741: 4738: 4735: 4732: 4729: 4726: 4724: 4721: 4720: 4718: 4716: 4710: 4704: 4701: 4700: 4698: 4696: 4692: 4686: 4683: 4681: 4678: 4676: 4673: 4672: 4670: 4668: 4664: 4658: 4655: 4653: 4650: 4648: 4645: 4643: 4640: 4638: 4635: 4633: 4630: 4628: 4625: 4623: 4620: 4618: 4615: 4614: 4612: 4610: 4609:Disaccharides 4606: 4603: 4599: 4587: 4584: 4583: 4582: 4579: 4577: 4574: 4573: 4571: 4567: 4559: 4558:Sedoheptulose 4556: 4554: 4551: 4550: 4549:Ketoheptoses 4548: 4547: 4545: 4543: 4539: 4531: 4528: 4526: 4523: 4521: 4518: 4517: 4516:Deoxy sugars 4515: 4511: 4508: 4506: 4503: 4501: 4498: 4496: 4493: 4492: 4491: 4488: 4484: 4481: 4479: 4476: 4474: 4471: 4469: 4466: 4464: 4461: 4459: 4456: 4454: 4451: 4449: 4446: 4445: 4444: 4441: 4440: 4438: 4436: 4432: 4424: 4421: 4420: 4419: 4416: 4412: 4409: 4407: 4404: 4403: 4402:Ketopentoses 4401: 4397: 4394: 4392: 4389: 4387: 4384: 4382: 4379: 4378: 4377:Aldopentoses 4376: 4375: 4373: 4371: 4367: 4359: 4356: 4355: 4353: 4349: 4346: 4344: 4341: 4340: 4339:Aldotetroses 4338: 4337: 4335: 4333: 4329: 4321: 4318: 4317: 4315: 4311: 4308: 4307: 4305: 4304: 4302: 4300: 4296: 4288: 4285: 4284: 4282: 4281: 4279: 4277: 4273: 4270: 4268: 4264: 4258: 4255: 4253: 4250: 4248: 4245: 4243: 4240: 4239: 4237: 4233: 4227: 4224: 4222: 4219: 4217: 4214: 4212: 4209: 4208: 4206: 4202: 4198: 4197:carbohydrates 4190: 4185: 4183: 4178: 4176: 4171: 4170: 4167: 4160: 4156: 4155: 4151: 4143: 4139: 4132: 4129: 4124: 4120: 4116: 4112: 4108: 4104: 4100: 4096: 4088: 4085: 4080: 4076: 4072: 4068: 4063: 4058: 4054: 4050: 4046: 4042: 4034: 4031: 4026: 4022: 4018: 4014: 4009: 4004: 4000: 3996: 3992: 3985: 3983: 3981: 3977: 3964: 3958: 3955: 3950: 3946: 3942: 3938: 3934: 3927: 3924: 3911: 3905: 3902: 3897: 3893: 3889: 3885: 3881: 3877: 3874:(2): 262–70. 3873: 3869: 3862: 3860: 3856: 3851: 3849:9780880913638 3845: 3841: 3840: 3832: 3829: 3824: 3820: 3816: 3812: 3808: 3804: 3800: 3796: 3792: 3785: 3782: 3777: 3773: 3768: 3763: 3759: 3755: 3751: 3744: 3741: 3728: 3724: 3718: 3715: 3710: 3706: 3702: 3698: 3694: 3690: 3683: 3680: 3667: 3661: 3658: 3653: 3649: 3645: 3641: 3634: 3631: 3618: 3611: 3608: 3603: 3599: 3594: 3589: 3585: 3581: 3577: 3573: 3570:(4): 045003. 3569: 3565: 3561: 3554: 3551: 3546: 3542: 3538: 3534: 3530: 3526: 3519: 3516: 3503: 3496: 3493: 3488: 3484: 3480: 3476: 3472: 3468: 3464: 3460: 3456: 3452: 3445: 3442: 3437: 3433: 3428: 3423: 3418: 3413: 3409: 3405: 3401: 3394: 3391: 3386: 3382: 3378: 3374: 3370: 3366: 3359: 3356: 3351: 3347: 3343: 3339: 3335: 3331: 3328:(3): 568–76. 3327: 3323: 3316: 3313: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3296: 3293:(2): 618–25. 3292: 3288: 3281: 3278: 3273: 3269: 3265: 3261: 3254: 3252: 3248: 3243: 3239: 3234: 3229: 3225: 3221: 3217: 3213: 3209: 3202: 3199: 3194: 3190: 3186: 3182: 3178: 3174: 3167: 3164: 3159: 3155: 3151: 3147: 3143: 3139: 3132: 3129: 3124: 3120: 3116: 3112: 3105: 3102: 3097: 3093: 3089: 3085: 3081: 3077: 3070: 3067: 3062: 3058: 3054: 3050: 3046: 3042: 3038: 3034: 3030: 3023: 3020: 3015: 3011: 3006: 3001: 2996: 2991: 2987: 2983: 2979: 2972: 2970: 2968: 2964: 2959: 2955: 2950: 2945: 2941: 2937: 2933: 2929: 2925: 2918: 2915: 2910: 2906: 2901: 2896: 2892: 2888: 2884: 2877: 2875: 2873: 2869: 2864: 2862:9780080552941 2858: 2854: 2853: 2845: 2842: 2837: 2833: 2829: 2825: 2821: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2801: 2797: 2790: 2787: 2782: 2778: 2774: 2770: 2766: 2762: 2755: 2752: 2747: 2743: 2738: 2733: 2729: 2725: 2720: 2715: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2696: 2694: 2690: 2685: 2681: 2677: 2673: 2669: 2665: 2661: 2657: 2653: 2646: 2643: 2638: 2634: 2630: 2626: 2621: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2604: 2597: 2594: 2589: 2585: 2581: 2577: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2561: 2553: 2550: 2537: 2530: 2527: 2514: 2510: 2503: 2500: 2487: 2483: 2476: 2473: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2442: 2435: 2433: 2431: 2427: 2423: 2412: 2408: 2404: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2391: 2383: 2376: 2373: 2360: 2356: 2350: 2347: 2342: 2338: 2334: 2328: 2325: 2320: 2316: 2310: 2307: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2288: 2285: 2277: 2270: 2267: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2238: 2235: 2230: 2226: 2222: 2216: 2213: 2208: 2204: 2199: 2194: 2190: 2186: 2183:(4): 1123–8. 2182: 2178: 2174: 2167: 2164: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2136: 2133: 2128: 2122: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2095: 2092: 2087: 2083: 2078: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2054: 2051: 2046: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2021: 2019: 2015: 2010: 2004: 1993: 1986: 1979: 1976: 1971: 1964: 1957: 1954: 1949: 1943: 1939: 1938: 1930: 1927: 1914: 1910: 1904: 1901: 1893: 1889: 1882: 1876: 1873: 1868: 1864: 1858: 1855: 1847: 1840: 1838: 1830: 1827: 1822: 1818: 1811: 1808: 1800: 1794: 1791: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1765:Plant Science 1759: 1756: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1724: 1721: 1716: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1681: 1679: 1675: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1623: 1620: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1568: 1565: 1560: 1556: 1551: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1527: 1524: 1519: 1515: 1510: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1478: 1475: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1439: 1436: 1431: 1427: 1422: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1398: 1395: 1390: 1386: 1381: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1363: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1339: 1336: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1300: 1297: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1261: 1258: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1206: 1204: 1202: 1200: 1198: 1196: 1194: 1190: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1158: 1155: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1125: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1093: 1091: 1087: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1043: 1041: 1039: 1037: 1035: 1031: 1025: 1023: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1006:due to rapid 1005: 1001: 997: 989: 987: 980: 978: 976: 971: 963: 961: 959: 958:wound healing 955: 951: 950:antimicrobial 947: 943: 939: 935: 931: 929: 925: 921: 917: 913: 911: 907: 903: 899: 898:biodegradable 895: 891: 887: 883: 879: 876: 872: 868: 865: 857: 850: 848: 846: 845:drug delivery 842: 838: 834: 833:nanomaterials 826: 824: 817: 815: 812: 808: 805: 801: 797: 789: 787: 785: 781: 780: 779:Brettanomyces 776: 771: 763: 761: 759: 755: 751: 747: 744: 740: 739:fining agents 736: 732: 728: 724: 719: 717: 713: 709: 705: 701: 693: 691: 689: 683: 680: 676: 671: 669: 665: 656: 651: 647: 645: 639: 637: 633: 627: 625: 621: 616: 614: 609: 607: 603: 599: 595: 591: 587: 583: 579: 571: 569: 566: 564: 555: 552: 544: 542: 540: 536: 534: 530: 529:biodegradable 526: 525:biocompatible 522: 518: 514: 509: 505: 499: 494: 492: 488: 484: 480: 476: 472: 468: 464: 460: 456: 455:deacetylation 448: 447: 441: 433: 426: 424: 422: 418: 414: 411: 407: 403: 399: 394: 392: 388: 384: 378: 373: 366: 360: 328: 316: 309: 304: 287: 281: 277: 275: 269: 263: 258: 257: 252: 243: 239: 232: 218: 208: 204: 197: 189: 185: 184:DTXSID6030992 181: 180: 178: 168: 164: 163: 156: 152: 151: 149: 147: 144: 143: 139: 135: 132: 130: 128:ECHA InfoCard 125: 124: 117: 113: 112: 110: 108: 105: 104: 97: 93: 92: 90: 86: 81: 80: 73: 69: 68: 66: 63: 59: 58: 53: 45: 40: 36: 31: 27: 22: 16: 4843: 4832: 4814: 4800: 4746:Maltodextrin 4627:Isomaltulose 4418:Deoxy sugars 4354:Ketotetrose 4257:Mutarotation 4142:the Guardian 4141: 4131: 4098: 4094: 4087: 4044: 4040: 4033: 3998: 3994: 3967:. Retrieved 3957: 3932: 3926: 3914:. Retrieved 3904: 3871: 3867: 3838: 3831: 3798: 3794: 3784: 3757: 3753: 3743: 3731:. Retrieved 3727:the original 3717: 3692: 3688: 3682: 3670:. Retrieved 3660: 3643: 3639: 3633: 3621:. Retrieved 3610: 3567: 3563: 3553: 3528: 3524: 3518: 3506:. Retrieved 3495: 3457:(4): 480–4. 3454: 3450: 3444: 3407: 3403: 3393: 3368: 3364: 3358: 3325: 3321: 3315: 3290: 3286: 3280: 3263: 3259: 3218:(1): 24–56. 3215: 3211: 3201: 3176: 3172: 3166: 3141: 3137: 3131: 3114: 3110: 3104: 3079: 3075: 3069: 3036: 3033:RSC Advances 3032: 3022: 2985: 2981: 2931: 2927: 2917: 2893:(1): 10–19. 2890: 2886: 2851: 2844: 2803: 2799: 2789: 2767:(3): 290–9. 2764: 2760: 2754: 2709: 2705: 2659: 2655: 2645: 2613:(1): 16–22. 2610: 2606: 2596: 2563: 2559: 2552: 2540:. Retrieved 2529: 2517:. Retrieved 2513:the original 2502: 2490:. Retrieved 2485: 2475: 2440: 2421: 2414:. Retrieved 2394: 2388: 2375: 2363:. Retrieved 2358: 2349: 2341:the original 2336: 2327: 2318: 2309: 2300: 2296: 2287: 2269: 2256:. Retrieved 2252:the original 2247: 2237: 2229:the original 2224: 2215: 2180: 2176: 2166: 2154:. Retrieved 2150:the original 2145: 2135: 2121:cite journal 2108: 2104: 2094: 2070:(1): 135–7. 2067: 2063: 2053: 2026: 1992:the original 1978: 1969: 1956: 1936: 1929: 1917:. Retrieved 1912: 1903: 1888:ec.europa.eu 1887: 1875: 1866: 1857: 1846:the original 1836: 1829: 1820: 1816: 1810: 1793: 1768: 1764: 1758: 1733: 1729: 1723: 1690: 1686: 1636: 1632: 1622: 1581: 1577: 1567: 1540: 1536: 1526: 1491: 1487: 1477: 1452: 1448: 1438: 1411: 1407: 1397: 1352: 1348: 1338: 1313: 1309: 1299: 1274: 1270: 1260: 1219: 1215: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1157: 1106: 1102: 1056: 1052: 993: 984: 967: 932: 914: 894:mold casting 880:, or insect 862: 837:bioadhesives 830: 821: 813: 809: 793: 777: 767: 758:flocculation 720: 697: 688:bark beetles 684: 672: 664:biopesticide 660: 640: 628: 617: 610: 582:biopesticide 575: 567: 559: 537: 503: 495: 452: 444: 415:coating. In 410:polyurethane 402:biopesticide 395: 383:-glucosamine 376: 372:-glucosamine 363:is a linear 326: 325: 273: 268:-glucosamine 55:Identifiers 47:Other names 15: 4904:Xanthan gum 4892:Amylopectin 4764:Beta-glucan 4675:Maltotriose 4490:Ketohexoses 4443:Aldohexoses 4423:Deoxyribose 4358:Erythrulose 4316:Ketotriose 4306:Aldotriose 4062:11603/31329 3801:(1): 1–21. 3082:(1): 5–28. 2662:: 414–433. 1919:18 November 1913:ahdb.org.uk 1355:(7): 1729. 1124:10289/14259 1012:recycleable 996:electrolyte 970:cholesterol 964:Weight loss 920:bioplastics 886:bioprinting 864:Bioinspired 851:Bioprinting 843:, improved 786:standards. 737:, or other 624:bactericide 578:agriculture 539:Nanofibrils 513:crosslinked 471:crustaceans 467:exoskeleton 398:agriculture 278:(monomers) 134:100.122.259 4941:Categories 4680:Melezitose 4622:Isomaltose 4617:Cellobiose 4283:Aldodiose 4001:: 125915. 3969:4 November 3916:4 November 3910:"Chitosan" 3179:: 101–15. 2712:: 650598. 2156:25 October 1823:(5): 32–4. 1639:: 121504. 1584:: 117782. 1059:: 128488. 1026:References 1010:, leaving 954:hemostatic 796:fibrinogen 731:silica gel 704:filtration 694:Filtration 586:biocontrol 563:MAP kinase 549:See also: 533:biomedical 406:winemaking 155:23R93M6Y64 107:ChemSpider 83:3D model ( 62:CAS Number 4957:Elicitors 4834:Galactose 4789:Cellulose 4779:Sizofiran 4703:Stachyose 4685:Raffinose 4652:Trehalose 4637:Lactulose 4458:Galactose 4381:Arabinose 4343:Erythrose 4195:Types of 4123:233563261 4115:0021-8995 4079:234870771 4071:2574-0962 4017:0308-8146 3815:0734-9750 3776:0014-3057 3531:: 46–58. 3487:205243157 3404:Molecules 3144:: 46–58. 3061:2046-2069 2836:237551413 2820:2397-3358 2728:2296-4185 2676:0928-4931 1736:: 23–31. 1715:221283821 1707:1436-2449 1669:264314560 1653:0144-8617 1614:232131640 1598:0144-8617 1469:0268-005X 1430:0967-3911 1371:2073-4360 1330:0021-8995 1291:0144-8617 1252:254041961 1236:1742-5247 1149:227522332 1133:0141-8130 1109:: 85–94. 1081:265569145 1073:0141-8130 924:cellulose 916:Pigmented 867:materials 735:isinglass 723:bentonite 716:turbidity 700:hydrology 636:nematodes 620:fungicide 72:9012-76-4 19:Chitosan 4926:Category 4855:Glycogen 4838:Galactan 4816:Fructose 4801:Chitosan 4774:Lentinan 4723:Acarbose 4657:Turanose 4601:Multiple 4542:Heptoses 4530:Rhamnose 4525:Fuculose 4510:Tagatose 4495:Fructose 4411:Xylulose 4406:Ribulose 4370:Pentoses 4332:Tetroses 4235:Geometry 4226:Pyranose 4221:Furanose 4159:Nano3Bio 4025:31841936 3949:18646097 3896:12071766 3888:27053066 3823:17884325 3709:22302077 3602:24060622 3545:23608103 3479:22162193 3436:18596653 3385:24635413 3350:25745619 3342:15696277 3307:14566805 3242:32567846 3193:26318801 3158:23608103 3096:15491807 3014:34036263 2958:28799228 2909:25784969 2828:37117664 2781:19788905 2746:33681176 2684:26354282 2629:14747932 2580:22545592 2467:25367132 2411:12241255 2337:USDA.gov 2258:17 April 2248:NASA.gov 2225:wipo.int 2207:16665815 2003:cite web 1892:Archived 1785:23683928 1771:: 42–9. 1750:25445544 1661:37985092 1606:33674019 1559:25498713 1518:24138057 1488:Langmuir 1389:37050343 1380:10097213 1349:Polymers 1244:36440488 1141:33279563 900:and non- 882:cuticles 878:carapace 827:Research 800:platelet 590:lobsters 421:bandages 417:medicine 379:-acetyl- 327:Chitosan 4897:Amylose 4845:Glucose 4820:Fructan 4810:Dextran 4806:Dextrin 4784:Zymosan 4647:Sucrose 4642:Maltose 4632:Lactose 4581:Nonoses 4576:Octoses 4569:Above 7 4505:Sorbose 4500:Psicose 4478:Mannose 4463:Glucose 4453:Altrose 4435:Hexoses 4348:Threose 4299:Trioses 4204:General 3593:3852984 3572:Bibcode 3459:Bibcode 3427:6245338 3233:7805012 3041:Bibcode 3005:8116164 2949:7949833 2900:4358424 2737:7931995 2588:8215176 2519:18 July 2492:10 July 2416:6 March 2365:10 July 2359:epa.gov 2319:epa.gov 2198:1054405 2086:9002276 1509:3888206 910:tissues 743:clarify 727:gelatin 602:insects 483:daltons 465:in the 463:element 308:what is 306: ( 4887:Starch 4882:Pectin 4877:Mannan 4872:Lignin 4849:Glucan 4826:Inulin 4794:Chitin 4520:Fucose 4483:Talose 4468:Gulose 4448:Allose 4396:Xylose 4391:Ribose 4386:Lyxose 4276:Dioses 4252:Epimer 4242:Anomer 4216:Ketose 4211:Aldose 4121: 4113: 4077: 4069: 4023: 4015: 3947: 3894: 3886: 3846: 3821: 3813: 3774: 3733:24 May 3707: 3672:5 June 3623:24 May 3600: 3590: 3543: 3508:23 May 3485: 3477: 3434: 3424: 3383: 3348: 3340: 3305: 3240: 3230: 3191: 3156: 3094: 3059: 3012: 3002: 2988:: 17. 2956: 2946: 2907: 2897: 2859: 2834: 2826: 2818: 2779: 2744: 2734: 2726: 2682: 2674: 2637:250412 2635: 2627: 2586: 2578: 2542:24 May 2465: 2455: 2409: 2205: 2195: 2084: 2041: 1944: 1783: 1748: 1713: 1705: 1667: 1659: 1651: 1612: 1604: 1596: 1557: 1516: 1506: 1467: 1428: 1387: 1377: 1369: 1328: 1289: 1250: 1242: 1234: 1147: 1139: 1131: 1079: 1071: 948:, and 928:starch 922:(e.g. 906:organs 875:shrimp 770:fining 752:, and 598:shrimp 596:, and 459:chitin 387:chitin 303:verify 300: 238:SMILES 42:Names 4742:(IMO) 4736:(GOS) 4730:(FOS) 4712:Other 4473:Idose 4119:S2CID 4075:S2CID 3892:S2CID 3483:S2CID 3346:S2CID 2832:S2CID 2633:S2CID 2584:S2CID 2407:S2CID 2385:(PDF) 2279:(PDF) 1995:(PDF) 1988:(PDF) 1966:(PDF) 1895:(PDF) 1884:(PDF) 1849:(PDF) 1842:(PDF) 1802:(PDF) 1711:S2CID 1665:S2CID 1610:S2CID 1248:S2CID 1145:S2CID 1077:S2CID 902:toxic 871:nacre 775:yeast 606:fungi 594:crabs 521:drugs 498:amino 475:fungi 413:paint 203:InChI 116:64870 85:JSmol 4111:ISSN 4067:ISSN 4021:PMID 4013:ISSN 3971:2018 3945:PMID 3918:2018 3884:PMID 3844:ISBN 3819:PMID 3811:ISSN 3772:ISSN 3735:2014 3705:PMID 3674:2014 3625:2014 3598:PMID 3541:PMID 3510:2014 3475:PMID 3432:PMID 3381:PMID 3338:PMID 3303:PMID 3238:PMID 3189:PMID 3154:PMID 3092:PMID 3057:ISSN 3010:PMID 2986:2021 2954:PMID 2905:PMID 2857:ISBN 2824:PMID 2816:ISSN 2777:PMID 2742:PMID 2724:ISSN 2680:PMID 2672:ISSN 2625:PMID 2576:PMID 2544:2014 2521:2006 2494:2006 2463:PMID 2453:ISBN 2418:2021 2367:2006 2260:2009 2203:PMID 2158:2009 2127:link 2082:PMID 2039:ISBN 2009:link 1942:ISBN 1921:2021 1781:PMID 1746:PMID 1703:ISSN 1657:PMID 1649:ISSN 1602:PMID 1594:ISSN 1555:PMID 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