640:, had died a few years previously. Furthermore, the Zongli Yamen was only one of several agencies involved in international relations, and even within itself there was an ideological split between those who were open to foreigners and those who were more xenophobic. The power struggle meant the bureaucrats were unsure of which faction would be in charge and thus unwilling to do any more than their immediate responsibilities. In short, he was made into a scapegoat to cover for the shortcomings of the Zongli Yamen.
55:
512:
French consul, Henri-Victor
Fontanier, was to meet with Chonghou to discuss options, but Fontanier lost his temper and killed a Chinese official. Fontanier and his assistant were then killed by a mob. After the riot was quelled, Chonghou was sent to France with a letter of apology, which he was to be given to
628:. Russia had been in communication with the Qing government during its occupation of Xinjiang, so Russian demands should have been well-known long before Chonghou left for Saint Petersburg. During his voyage, he was also in frequent contact with the Zongli Yamen via mail and telegraph. Back in China,
511:
occurred on 21 June 1870. Several
Chinese people were arrested for kidnapping children and selling them to Catholic orphanages. There were rumors that the orphanages were extracting the children's hearts and eyes for magical purposes, and anti-Catholic elements rioted against the missionaries. The
643:
Paine acknowledges that much of that argument is speculation, as
Chonghou was made into a nonperson. He was expunged from government records and his letters were not published posthumously, as was the custom for Chinese court officials. Furthermore, neither the Chinese nor Russian governments
644:
retained any documents from the negotiations, thus making it difficult to determine how China ended up with an unequal treaty despite being in the better negotiating position (the
Russian army in Xinjiang was outnumbered and the Russian treasury was drained due to the
623:
believes that given his prior experience in France and in negotiating trade agreements in
Tianjin, it is very unlikely that Chonghou would have agreed to the terms of the treaty on his own. Instead, it is more likely that he was poorly advised by the
591:
Only because our military forces were exhausted, our treasury was short of money, our border defenses were also inadequate to rely on, and because I wanted to safeguard our national interests, I had no choice but to agree under
603:, and Zeng as well, the Qing government relented, and commuted his death sentence, but Chonghou still had to make a contribution of 300,000 taels to purchase his freedom. Zeng eventually negotiated the
599:
replaced
Chonghou, but Russia refused to renegotiate the treaty unless Chonghou was pardoned. After months of tension and appeals by foreign ambassadors and leaders, including
632:, who was the head of the ministry and who had years of experience dealing with foreigners, was involved in a power struggle with Cixi regarding who would replace the
869:
524:
and was unable to meet with him. He then spent time in London and New York, before returning to France to finally deliver the apology in
November 1871.
569:
of five million rubles. When the terms became known among
Chinese government officials, there was an uproar and Chonghou was branded as a traitor.
1008:
864:
584:
for having exceeded his powers. He was characterized variously as naive, too eager to return home, acting on his own, incompetent, and ignorant.
1033:
645:
979:
945:
911:
748:
604:
466:
565:
was to be ceded to Russia, Russia would have unprecedented access to trade routes in the interior of China, and China would pay an
531:(Ministry of Foreign Affairs). In 1874 he was Vice President of the Board of Revenue, and in 1876 he was sent as acting General of
562:
167:
611:
greetings on her 50th birthday, and restored to a rank two levels lower than his original rank. He died in obscurity in 1893.
428:
1013:
540:
1018:
572:
Upon his return to China, he was arrested, stripped of his rank, and sentenced to death. He was denounced by
535:, replacing his brother, who had died that year. In 1878 he proceeded as Ambassador to Russia, and sent to
1028:
1023:
859:
608:
474:
493:. During this time, Chonghou negotiated with Denmark, the Netherlands, Spain, Belgium, and Austria.
527:
On his return in 1872 he was appointed Vice
President of the Board of War and made a member of the
521:
159:
854:
648:). But evidence remains in the writings of others such as Zuo that points to that explanation.
975:
941:
907:
903:
800:
744:
738:
670:
558:
552:
458:
442:
348:
340:
969:
935:
449:
to the government for military expenses, and as a result, Chonghou was named as a prefect in
778:
716:
536:
517:
508:
502:
454:
370:
305:
282:
124:
31:. In accordance with Manchu custom, it should be used alone or with titles but not with the
147:
668:
as "Ch'ung-hou", "Chong-hou", "Chung How", "Chung Hao", or variations thereof; pronounced
633:
388:
326:
427:
Wanyan clan, and is thus said to have been a lineal descendant of the
Imperial House of
620:
600:
513:
477:(1860), and the prince made him Superintendent of Trade in 1861 for the three northern
424:
516:, making him the first Chinese official to visit the West since those who accompanied
1002:
896:
706:
581:
665:
625:
577:
573:
528:
412:
312:
106:
772:
710:
853:
894:
Paine, S. C. M. (1996). "Chinese Diplomacy in Disarray: The Treaty of Livadia".
629:
478:
470:
20:
24:
580:, nominally for returning without authorization; and also by the then Censor
596:
566:
532:
607:, and Chonghou retired to private life. In 1885, he was allowed to present
637:
255:
520:
to the United States in 1868. Thiers, however was preoccupied with the
490:
482:
32:
486:
408:
378:
36:
54:
462:
450:
438:
433:
971:
East Asia's Turbulent Century: With American Diplomatic Documents
636:: her nephew or the prince's son. Another experienced diplomat,
446:
561:
turned out to be very unfavorable to China: a large portion of
898:
Imperial Rivals: China, Russia, and Their Disputed Frontier
934:
Twitchett, Denis Crispin; Fairbank, John King (1978).
345:
331:
317:
457:
appointed him to the army to aid in suppressing the
339:
325:
311:
304:
299:
281:
272:
251:
243:
231:
216:
211:
197:
187:
165:
153:
141:
123:
104:
94:
84:
68:
45:
895:
587:Chonghou himself described his reasoning as such:
937:The Cambridge History of China, Volume 11, Part 2
805:. S. Low, Marston & Company. pp. 270–272
461:. Following that, he served in various posts in
80:8 December 1876 – 22 June 1878 (acting)
771:Boulger, Demetrius Charles de Kavanagh (1898).
940:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 93–94.
437:in 1849, he became a department magistrate in
431:of the 12th and 13th centuries. Graduating as
287:
8:
889:
887:
885:
883:
881:
879:
701:
699:
697:
695:
693:
691:
689:
743:. Columbia University Press. p. 134.
740:Eurasian Crossroads: A History of Xinjiang
423:He was the second son of Lin-ching of the
296:
180:11 October 1861 – 19 January 1862
53:
42:
832:]. Tokyo: Kazankai. pp. 120–121.
870:United States Government Printing Office
847:
845:
843:
841:
839:
685:
657:
393:
119:5 March 1872 – 8 December 1876
824:Yamada, Tatsuo, ed. (September 1995).
669:
347:
269:
7:
865:Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing Period
507:He was occupying this post when the
137:14 February – 20 April 1863
830:Dictionary of Modern Chinese Names
465:for several years, including as a
14:
712:A Chinese Biographical Dictionary
182:Serving with Zheng Dunjin
539:to negotiate a treaty after the
168:Court of Judicature and Revision
777:. W. Thacker & co. p.
473:during the negotiations of the
1009:19th-century Chinese diplomats
441:province in 1851. His brother
383:
346:
332:
318:
288:
1:
974:. Ardent Media. p. 23.
802:Russia's March Towards India
715:. Bernard Quaritch. p.
403: 1826 –
16:Chinese diplomat (1826–1893)
737:Millward, James A. (2007).
541:Qing reconquest of Xinjiang
1050:
605:Treaty of Saint Petersburg
550:
500:
485:(where he was stationed),
18:
1034:Ministers of Zongli Yamen
374:
360:
295:
277:
262:
207:
173:
130:
112:
73:
64:
52:
902:. M.E. Sharpe. pp.
968:Kim, Young Hum (1966).
453:province. In 1853, the
415:official and diplomat.
594:
860:Hummel, Arthur W. Sr.
852:Tu, Lien-Chê (1943).
615:Historical reputation
589:
469:in 1858. He assisted
419:Early life and career
774:The History of China
707:Giles, Herbert Allen
609:Empress Dowager Cixi
475:Convention of Peking
407: 1893), of the
522:Franco-Prussian War
445:contributed 10,000
1014:Manchu politicians
855:"Ch'ung-hou"
799:Anonymous (1894).
1019:Viceroys of Zhili
646:Russo-Turkish War
559:Treaty of Livadia
553:Treaty of Livadia
547:Treaty of Livadia
459:Taiping Rebellion
364:
363:
356:
355:
306:Standard Mandarin
266:
265:
90:Chongshi (acting)
69:General of Mukden
1041:
993:
992:
990:
988:
965:
959:
958:
956:
954:
931:
925:
924:
922:
920:
901:
891:
874:
873:
857:
849:
834:
833:
821:
815:
814:
812:
810:
796:
790:
789:
787:
785:
768:
762:
761:
759:
757:
734:
728:
727:
725:
723:
703:
673:
672:
662:
537:Saint Petersburg
518:Anson Burlingame
509:Tianjin Massacre
503:Tianjin Massacre
497:Tianjin Massacre
455:Xianfeng Emperor
406:
402:
397:
385:
376:
352:
351:
350:
335:
334:
321:
320:
297:
291:
290:
270:
238:
226:
224:
212:Personal details
200:
190:
178:
156:
144:
135:
125:Viceroy of Zhili
117:
97:
87:
78:
57:
43:
1049:
1048:
1044:
1043:
1042:
1040:
1039:
1038:
999:
998:
997:
996:
986:
984:
982:
967:
966:
962:
952:
950:
948:
933:
932:
928:
918:
916:
914:
893:
892:
877:
851:
850:
837:
823:
822:
818:
808:
806:
798:
797:
793:
783:
781:
770:
769:
765:
755:
753:
751:
736:
735:
731:
721:
719:
705:
704:
687:
682:
677:
676:
663:
659:
654:
634:Tongzhi Emperor
617:
555:
549:
505:
499:
421:
404:
400:
236:
222:
220:
198:
188:
183:
179:
174:
154:
142:
136:
131:
118:
113:
95:
85:
79:
74:
60:
48:
41:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1047:
1045:
1037:
1036:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1001:
1000:
995:
994:
980:
960:
946:
926:
912:
875:
835:
816:
791:
763:
749:
729:
684:
683:
681:
678:
675:
674:
656:
655:
653:
650:
621:S. C. M. Paine
616:
613:
601:Queen Victoria
557:The resulting
551:Main article:
548:
545:
514:Adolphe Thiers
501:Main article:
498:
495:
420:
417:
362:
361:
358:
357:
354:
353:
343:
337:
336:
329:
323:
322:
315:
309:
308:
302:
301:
300:Transcriptions
293:
292:
285:
279:
278:
275:
274:
264:
263:
260:
259:
253:
249:
248:
245:
241:
240:
239:(aged 66)
233:
229:
228:
227:7 October 1826
218:
214:
213:
209:
208:
205:
204:
201:
195:
194:
191:
185:
184:
181:
171:
170:
163:
162:
157:
151:
150:
145:
139:
138:
128:
127:
121:
120:
110:
109:
102:
101:
98:
92:
91:
88:
82:
81:
71:
70:
66:
65:
62:
61:
58:
50:
49:
46:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1046:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1006:
1004:
983:
981:9780390510532
977:
973:
972:
964:
961:
949:
947:9780521220293
943:
939:
938:
930:
927:
915:
913:9781563247248
909:
905:
900:
899:
890:
888:
886:
884:
882:
880:
876:
871:
867:
866:
861:
856:
848:
846:
844:
842:
840:
836:
831:
827:
820:
817:
804:
803:
795:
792:
780:
776:
775:
767:
764:
752:
750:9780231139243
746:
742:
741:
733:
730:
718:
714:
713:
708:
702:
700:
698:
696:
694:
692:
690:
686:
679:
671:
667:
661:
658:
651:
649:
647:
641:
639:
635:
631:
627:
622:
614:
612:
610:
606:
602:
598:
593:
588:
585:
583:
582:Zhang Zhidong
579:
575:
570:
568:
564:
560:
554:
546:
544:
542:
538:
534:
530:
525:
523:
519:
515:
510:
504:
496:
494:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
435:
430:
426:
418:
416:
414:
410:
398:
396:
390:
386:
380:
372:
368:
359:
349:
344:
342:
338:
330:
328:
324:
316:
314:
310:
307:
303:
298:
294:
286:
284:
280:
276:
271:
268:
261:
257:
254:
250:
246:
242:
235:26 March 1893
234:
230:
219:
215:
210:
206:
202:
196:
192:
186:
177:
172:
169:
164:
161:
158:
152:
149:
146:
140:
134:
129:
126:
122:
116:
111:
108:
103:
99:
93:
89:
83:
77:
72:
67:
63:
56:
51:
44:
39:
38:
34:
30:
26:
22:
985:. Retrieved
970:
963:
951:. Retrieved
936:
929:
917:. Retrieved
897:
863:
829:
825:
819:
807:. Retrieved
801:
794:
782:. Retrieved
773:
766:
754:. Retrieved
739:
732:
720:. Retrieved
711:
660:
642:
626:Zongli Yamen
618:
595:
590:
586:
578:Zuo Zongtang
574:Li Hongzhang
571:
556:
529:Zongli Yamen
526:
506:
479:treaty ports
432:
422:
413:Qing dynasty
411:clan, was a
394:
392:
382:
366:
365:
313:Hanyu Pinyin
267:
258:and diplomat
237:(1893-03-26)
199:Succeeded by
175:
166:Minister of
160:Liu Changyou
155:Succeeded by
132:
114:
107:Zongli Yamen
105:Minister of
96:Succeeded by
75:
35:
28:
1029:1893 deaths
1024:1826 births
987:25 February
953:25 February
919:22 February
809:22 February
784:23 February
756:23 February
722:22 February
630:Prince Gong
471:Prince Gong
244:Nationality
189:Preceded by
143:Preceded by
86:Preceded by
21:Manchu name
1003:Categories
680:References
619:Historian
395:Ch'ung-hou
389:Wade–Giles
333:Ch'ung-hou
327:Wade–Giles
252:Occupation
223:1826-10-07
25:given name
666:romanized
597:Zeng Jize
592:pressure.
567:indemnity
533:Shengyang
401:7 October
176:In office
133:In office
115:In office
76:In office
33:clan name
826:近代中国人名辞典
709:(1898).
638:Wenxiang
443:Chongshi
405:26 March
384:Chónghòu
367:Chonghou
319:Chónghòu
273:Chonghou
256:Official
59:Chonghou
47:Chonghou
29:Chonghou
19:In this
862:(ed.).
491:Yingkou
483:Tianjin
425:Jurchen
371:Chinese
283:Chinese
247:Chinese
203:Akdunbu
978:
944:
910:
906:–145.
747:
489:, and
487:Yantai
467:Taotai
409:Wanyan
391::
381::
379:pinyin
373::
193:Yikang
100:Qiyuan
37:Wanyan
23:, the
858:. In
828:[
664:Also
652:Notes
463:Zhili
451:Henan
447:taels
439:Gansu
434:juren
148:Wenyu
989:2018
976:ISBN
955:2018
942:ISBN
921:2018
908:ISBN
811:2018
786:2018
758:2018
745:ISBN
724:2018
576:and
232:Died
217:Born
904:133
779:490
717:210
563:Ili
481:of
429:Jin
341:IPA
27:is
1005::
878:^
868:.
838:^
688:^
543:.
399:,
387:;
377:;
375:崇厚
289:崇厚
991:.
957:.
923:.
872:.
813:.
788:.
760:.
726:.
369:(
225:)
221:(
40:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
