25:
451:, published by Daeha Publication Company in 1965. In 1972, Choi went into exile in Canada after the South Korean government objected to his introduction of the sport into North Korea, and the South Korea government formed the World Taekwondo Federation (WTF) in 1973 (renamed to WT in 2018). In 1979 he traveled and defected to North Korea where he was welcomed by the government and supported in his project of spreading Taekwondo to the world.
374:. Just before he had left Korea, Choi apparently had a disagreement with a wrestler named Hu, and the possibility of a future confrontation inspired him to train; in his own words, "I would imagine that these were the techniques I would use to defend myself against the wrestler, Mr. Hu, if he did attempt to carry out his promise to tear me limb from limb when I eventually returned to Korea". Choi attained the rank of 1st
437:* – 跆 means stomp or trample, not foot; 拳 means fist if used as a noun but punch if used as a verb; 道 means road, way, path, method, or doctrine. Therefore the combination of these elements is NOT "foot/fist art" nor "way of hand & foot" but logic would dictate that "the way of kicking & punching" is the only feasible way to translate them correctly.
396:
during World War II, but was implicated in a rebellion and imprisoned, during which time he continued practicing martial arts. Following the war, in
January 1946, Choi was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the Korean army. From 1946 to 1951, Choi received promotions to first lieutenant, captain,
579:
The spelling of "taekwondo" varies widely in
English usage. The WT and affiliated organizations typically use "taekwondo," while the ITF and affiliated organizations typically use "taekwon-do" (as Choi used this spelling). In Knowledge (XXG), the default spelling is "taekwondo." This article follows
446:
internationally by stationing Korean taekwondo instructors around the world, and have consistently claimed that ITF-style taekwondo is the only authentic style of taekwondo, most notably in early sections of its textbooks. He was also the author of the first
English taekwondo syllabus book,
544:
Choi is listed in the
Taekwondo Hall of Fame with various titles: "Father of Taekwon-Do," "Founder and First President of the International Taekwon-Do Federation," and "Founder of Oh Do Kwan." Choi is survived by his wife, Choi Joon-hee; his son,
362:, the ancient Korean art of foot fighting". He later recanted this story and said that he never studied taekkyeon and that it had nothing to contribute to taekwondo. Choi travelled to Japan, where he studied English, mathematics, and karate. In
416:"; his organization spelt it Taekwon-Do, (태권도; 跆拳道)*, which means "foot, fist, art" or "the way of hand and foot" and it was so named on 11 April 1955. Choi founded the Oh Do Kwan, and held an honorary 4th
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The
Difficult Dialogue: Communism, Nationalism, and Political Propaganda in North Korean Sport, Jung Woo Lee and Alan Bairner, Journal of Sport and Social Issues, 2009, 33: 390
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358:, North Korea). Choi originally claimed that his father sent him to study calligraphy under Han Il-dong, who was also "a master of
424:. Due to accusations of dishonesty, Choi was stripped of his rank and position in the Chung Do Kwan. During the 1960s, Choi and
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this standard, but uses "taekwon-do" when referring specifically to the ITF or affiliated organizations' names.
832:"The Founder of the International Taekwon-Do Federation (ITF) Choi Hong Hi: An Exploration of Fiction and Fact"
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in promoting their martial art around the world, though these would be only the first of many such endeavors.
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major, lieutenant colonel, colonel, and then brigadier general. Choi was promoted to major general in 1954.
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in karate is followed by a note about the outbreak of World War II, which would suggest that Choi's 2nd
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instructor and taught Choi this martial art. Choi also claimed to have learned
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Choi is regarded by many as the "Founder of
Taekwon-Do"—most often by organizations belonging to the
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1016:. Vol. 1 (3rd ed.). Mississauga: International Tae Kwon Do Federation. pp. 241–274.
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871:"The Origins of Football: History, Ideology and the Making of The People's Game"
927:, 3rd ed. (Vol. 1, pp. 10–11). Mississauga: International Taekwon-Do Federation.
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at the
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A Killing Art: The Untold
History of Tae Kwon Do, Updated and Revised
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promotion occurred no later than the early stages of that conflict (
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ITF taekwondo organizations credit Choi with starting the spread of
723:"The Making of a Modern Myth: Inventing a Tradition for Taekwondo"
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and Tang Soo Do to develop a style of the martial art known as "
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In Park's (1993) article, the note on Choi's promotion to 2nd
549:; two daughters, Sunny and Meeyun; and several grandchildren.
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923:
Franks, A. (1993): Taekwon-Do and imitators. In H. H. Choi:
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Moenig, Udo; Choi, Hyun Min; Kim, Minho (22 November 2021).
766:"Choi Hong Hi, 83, Korean General Who Created Tae Kwon Do"
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1014:Taekwon-Do: The Korean art of self-defence
925:Taekwon-Do: The Korean art of self-defence
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1124:South Korean male taekwondo practitioners
61:Learn how and when to remove this message
1028:Obituary: General Choi Hong-hi Biography
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952:. Toronto: ECW Press. p. 237.
320:International Taekwon-Do Federation
721:Capener, Steven D. (Spring 2016).
408:Choi combined elements Oh Do Kwan
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467:. On his funeral committee were:
764:Goldman, Ari L. (29 June 2002).
392:Choi was forced to serve in the
380:in karate in 1939, and then 2nd
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978:(in Korean). KCNA. 16 June 2002
914:Retrieved on 18 September 2007.
179:(Karate), Kim Hyun-soo (Karate)
1048:Obituary: General Choi Hong-Hi
1038:Obituary: General Choi Hong-hi
657:Son, Duk Sung (15 June 1959).
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559:List of taekwondo grandmasters
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999:Retrieved on 12 January 2008.
848:10.1080/09523367.2021.1984232
795:. Tkdnews.com. Archived from
644:Retrieved on 29 January 2008.
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622:"General Choi Hong Hi"
348:Korea, Empire of Japan
133:Korea, Empire of Japan
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946:Gillis, Alex (2016).
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1058:General Choi Hong-hi
1012:Choi, H. H. (1993).
905:History of Taekwondo
883:10.2139/ssrn.2897953
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1052:The Daily Telegraph
910:3 July 2007 at the
903:Kim, S. J. (2007):
799:on 18 February 2012
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771:The New York Times
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975:고 최홍희선생의 장의위원회 구성
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793:"태권도신문"
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