226:
million tons of ore. Ore grades estimated are 3 grams per tonne (0.11 oz/long ton) gold and 150–300 grams per tonne (5.4–10.8 oz/long ton) silver. Mineralization which formed the
Choquelimpie mineral deposits occurred through pulses of hydrothermal processes in acid sulfate environments and subsequent supergene processes. Such processes may now be underway at
60:. It is constructed from several separate layers of andesite and dacite on top of Tertiary and Precambrian layers. The volcano was active over six million years ago, with the neighbouring volcano Ajoya active over seven million years ago. Since then, erosion and glacial activity have dramatically reduced the height of the volcano and excavated a central depression.
134:
lowering it to 4,550 metres (14,930 ft) and leaving a rim behind with altitudes of about 5,300 metres (17,400 ft). The rim was later breached by
Milluni creek. Some hills within the central depression include Cerro Choquelimpie which is the main mining place. Mass failure may have also helped at exposing the buried parts of the volcano.
327:
The company
Norsemont Mining owns the Choquelimpie mine. Previous companies involved in Choquelimpie included the Arica Mining Company. Shell Chile bought Choquelimpie in 1987. The discovery of gold at Choquelimpie in the 1980s, among other deposits, has contributed towards making Chile a major gold
225:
A mine is located within the
Choquelimpie volcano. Mining has been reported as early as 1643. Before 1980 roughly 1.5 tonnes (1.5 long tons; 1.7 short tons) gold and 200 tonnes (200 long tons; 220 short tons) silver were obtained. Estimates made in 1986-1987 indicate the existence of more than 11
133:
The former
Choquelimpie volcano which partially overlaps with the Ajoya volcano to the northeast was about 5,600–6,000 metres (18,400–19,700 ft) high and surface area of 4.5 by 3.8 kilometres (2.8 mi × 2.4 mi). Later erosion removed most of the central portion of the volcano,
233:
The
Choquelimpie mineral deposit belongs to a category of ore deposits in the Andes which forms a long belt of epithermal deposits. Another belt of copper porphyry deposits is also found in the Andes but independent of the epithermal belt. Orcopampa in Peru is another mineral deposit of this
144:
up to 200 metres (660 ft) thick which forms Cerro Antena in the midwestern segment of the volcano. Two subsequent andesite and dacite layers form the bulk of the volcano's flanks. They include both breccia and lava flows and the andesite layer is up to 150 metres (490 ft) thick.
170:
and one dacitic pipe were intruded. Two major regional lineaments have influenced
Choquelimpie volcanism. One caldera may be associated with Choquelimpie. Dates obtained from Choquelimpie are over 6.60 ± 0.2 mya old. Choquelimpie's rocks are overall
193:
although an older age is plausible. In the Late
Glacial, about 12 glaciers descended from Choquelimpie, with end moraines at altitudes of 4,450–4,650 metres (14,600–15,260 ft). Some moraines were overrun by the Parinacota debris avalanche.
102:. Some of the Tertiary rocks are sediments which accumulated in basins and are of volcanic or biogenic origin. Volcanism in the area started with ignimbrites and now-eroded stratovolcanoes which have been dated at 10 ± 0.6
425:
Finot, Víctor L.; Soreng, Robert J.; Giussani, Liliana M.; Sabena, Florencia R.; Villalobos, Nicolás; Finot, Víctor L.; Soreng, Robert J.; Giussani, Liliana M.; Sabena, Florencia R.; Villalobos, Nicolás (December 2022).
63:
Choquelimpie is part of one of two belts of volcanically-generated ore deposits. It is mined for silver and gold since
Spanish times and a prospect in the 1980s indicated the presence of over eleven tons of ore.
165:
in these layers. Five different dacitic lava domes and lava dome like structures are found in the central sector of the volcano including Cerro
Chivaque and form the penultimate layer. Finally, andesitic
972:
Groepper, H.; Calvo, M.; Crespo, H.; Bisso, C. R.; Cuadra, W. A; Dunkerley, P. M.; Aguirre, E. (1 October 1991). "The epithermal gold-silver deposit of Choquelimpie, northern Chile".
234:
epithermal type. The mineral deposits are found within heavily altered breccias and porphyries in the case of Cerro Choquelimpie, with kaolinization and silification predominant.
372:
Ammann, Caspar; Jenny, Bettina; Kammer, Klaus; Messerli, Bruno (August 2001). "Late Quaternary Glacier response to humidity changes in the arid Andes of Chile (18–29°S)".
1015:
686:
Müller, Daniel; Groves, David I. (September 1993). "Direct and indirect associations between potassic igneous rocks, shoshonites and gold-copper deposits".
217:. With decreasing age they are progressively less eroded and less affected by glacial action; Guallatiri is solfatarically active to the present day.
738:
241:
Attempts to extract silver from sulfidic waste commenced in 1960 but success only occurred after 1980. The processing first occurred in
624:
920:
427:
21:
477:"Synopsis of Senecio series Culcitium (Asteraceae: Senecioneae, Senecioninae) in the Andean region of South America"
1010:
238:
modification is also present. The mineralization occurred 300 metres (980 ft) beneath the local water table.
893:
620:
77:
1020:
189:
well preserved. Three moraine stages have been distinguished, the middle stage of which was attributed to the
106:
and the 19 mya Condoriri ignimbrite. Local fault zones and lineaments also contribute to the geomorphology.
981:
857:
818:
774:
695:
639:
581:
381:
190:
476:
73:
950:
744:
665:
457:
214:
942:
875:
734:
619:
Wörner, G.; Harmon, R. S.; Davidson, J.; Moorbath, S.; Turner, D. L.; McMillan, N.; Nyes, C.;
549:
449:
989:
932:
865:
826:
782:
726:
703:
655:
647:
589:
539:
529:
496:
488:
439:
389:
765:
Cabello, Jose (March 1986). "Precious metals and cenozoic volcanism in the Chilean Andes".
202:
846:"IMA Commission on New Minerals, Nomenclature and Classification (CNMNC) – Newsletter 69"
985:
861:
844:
Miyawaki, Ritsuro; Hatert, Frédéric; Pasero, Marco; Mills, Stuart J. (19 October 2022).
822:
809:
Camus, Francisco (February 1990). "The geology of hydrothermal gold deposits in Chile".
778:
699:
643:
585:
385:
544:
521:
329:
167:
921:"El llamado de la lluvia: La tarqueada en arica como experiencia y performance sonora"
393:
1004:
954:
830:
786:
748:
707:
669:
461:
198:
172:
937:
444:
845:
506:
993:
593:
572:
Sillitoe, R. H. (1 October 1991). "Gold metallogeny of Chile; an introduction".
534:
332:
at Choquelimpie and other mines of the region brought their culture into Chile.
154:
121:
96:
492:
730:
522:"Taxonomic revision of the Andean genus Xenophyllum (Compositae, Senecioneae)"
262:
227:
210:
175:
162:
150:
103:
946:
879:
453:
36:
23:
870:
246:
235:
181:
Choquelimpie was glaciated during the Pleistocene glaciations, with lateral
553:
428:"Revisión taxonómica del género Poa L. (Poaceae: Pooideae: Poeae) en Chile"
660:
282:
250:
92:
265:
are among the ores found at Choquelimpie. The surrounding rock contains
651:
501:
475:
Salomón, Luciana; Sklenář, Petr; Freire, Susana E. (21 February 2018).
274:
266:
258:
206:
182:
146:
141:
138:
116:
99:
85:
53:
278:
270:
254:
186:
158:
137:
In order of age, five units have been distinguished. The oldest is a
242:
81:
57:
725:(in German). Springer Spektrum, Berlin, Heidelberg. p. 271.
285:
is also found at Choquelimpie. The mineral manganese-tennantite (
625:"The Nevados de Payachata volcanic region (18°S/69°W, N. Chile)"
111:
95:
age or younger, with the exception of a narrow segment of
894:"Norsemont Mining cierra la adquisición de Choquelimpie"
91:
The basement rock surrounding Choquelimpie is mostly of
520:
Calvo, Joel; Moreira-Muñoz, Andrés (3 September 2020).
411:
409:
407:
405:
403:
353:
351:
349:
347:
345:
681:
679:
605:
603:
374:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
367:
365:
363:
925:Boletín del Museo Chileno de Arte Precolombino
760:
758:
567:
565:
563:
8:
109:Plant species found at Choquelimpie include
197:Volcanoes surrounding Choquelimpie include
936:
869:
659:
543:
533:
500:
443:
52:is a 5,327 metres (17,477 ft) high
341:
245:and later in a plant next to the mine.
1016:Volcanoes of Arica y Parinacota Region
7:
88:is 20 kilometres (12 mi) east.
811:Journal of Geochemical Exploration
767:Journal of Geochemical Exploration
14:
938:10.4067/S0718-68942020000200083
919:Chamorro Pérez, Andrea (2020).
623:; Moreno, H. (September 1988).
445:10.4067/S0717-66432022000200159
850:European Journal of Mineralogy
324:) was first discovered there.
1:
394:10.1016/S0031-0182(01)00306-6
831:10.1016/0375-6742(90)90056-G
787:10.1016/0375-6742(86)90004-X
708:10.1016/0169-1368(93)90035-W
994:10.2113/gsecongeo.86.6.1206
594:10.2113/gsecongeo.86.6.1187
535:10.3897/phytokeys.158.50848
415:Groepper 1991, pp.1209-1210
357:Groepper 1991, pp.1206-1207
72:Choquelimpie is located in
1037:
493:10.11646/phytotaxa.340.1.1
731:10.1007/978-3-662-57384-6
723:Das Quartär in den Tropen
178:in terms of composition.
78:Arica y Parinacota Region
68:Geography and vegetation
871:10.5194/ejm-34-463-2022
632:Bulletin of Volcanology
799:Groepper 1991, p.1220
721:Heine, Klaus (2019).
609:Groepper 1991, p.1211
37:18.30528°S 69.27833°W
191:last glacial maximum
42:-18.30528; -69.27833
986:1991EcGeo..86.1206G
862:2022EJMin..34..463M
823:1990JCExp..36..197C
779:1986JCExp..25....1C
700:1993OGRv....8..383M
688:Ore Geology Reviews
644:1988BVol...50..287W
586:1991EcGeo..86.1187S
386:2001PPP...172..313A
205:(7.06 ± 0.21 mya),
74:Parinacota province
33: /
652:10.1007/BF01073587
201:(10.5 ± 0.3 mya),
84:. The border with
1011:Miocene volcanism
740:978-3-662-57384-6
621:Lopez-Escobar, L.
161:form most of the
1028:
997:
980:(6): 1206–1221.
974:Economic Geology
959:
958:
940:
916:
910:
909:
907:
905:
890:
884:
883:
873:
841:
835:
834:
817:(1–3): 197–232.
806:
800:
797:
791:
790:
762:
753:
752:
718:
712:
711:
683:
674:
673:
663:
629:
616:
610:
607:
598:
597:
580:(6): 1187–1205.
574:Economic Geology
569:
558:
557:
547:
537:
517:
511:
510:
504:
472:
466:
465:
447:
432:Gayana. Botánica
422:
416:
413:
398:
397:
380:(3–4): 313–326.
369:
358:
355:
323:
322:
321:
313:
312:
304:
303:
295:
294:
48:
47:
45:
44:
43:
38:
34:
31:
30:
29:
26:
16:Volcano in Chile
1036:
1035:
1031:
1030:
1029:
1027:
1026:
1025:
1021:Mining in Chile
1001:
1000:
971:
968:
963:
962:
918:
917:
913:
903:
901:
892:
891:
887:
843:
842:
838:
808:
807:
803:
798:
794:
764:
763:
756:
741:
720:
719:
715:
685:
684:
677:
627:
618:
617:
613:
608:
601:
571:
570:
561:
519:
518:
514:
474:
473:
469:
424:
423:
419:
414:
401:
371:
370:
361:
356:
343:
338:
330:Migrant workers
320:
317:
316:
315:
311:
308:
307:
306:
302:
299:
298:
297:
293:
290:
289:
288:
286:
223:
131:
70:
41:
39:
35:
32:
27:
24:
22:
20:
19:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1034:
1032:
1024:
1023:
1018:
1013:
1003:
1002:
999:
998:
967:
964:
961:
960:
911:
900:. 16 July 2020
885:
856:(5): 463–468.
836:
801:
792:
754:
739:
713:
694:(5): 383–406.
675:
638:(5): 287–303.
611:
599:
559:
528:(158): 1–106.
512:
467:
438:(2): 159–253.
417:
399:
359:
340:
339:
337:
334:
318:
309:
300:
291:
222:
219:
130:
127:
69:
66:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1033:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1008:
1006:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
970:
969:
965:
956:
952:
948:
944:
939:
934:
930:
926:
922:
915:
912:
899:
895:
889:
886:
881:
877:
872:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
840:
837:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
805:
802:
796:
793:
788:
784:
780:
776:
773:(1–2): 1–19.
772:
768:
761:
759:
755:
750:
746:
742:
736:
732:
728:
724:
717:
714:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
682:
680:
676:
671:
667:
662:
661:2027.42/47805
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
626:
622:
615:
612:
606:
604:
600:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
568:
566:
564:
560:
555:
551:
546:
541:
536:
531:
527:
523:
516:
513:
508:
503:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
471:
468:
463:
459:
455:
451:
446:
441:
437:
433:
429:
421:
418:
412:
410:
408:
406:
404:
400:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
368:
366:
364:
360:
354:
352:
350:
348:
346:
342:
335:
333:
331:
325:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
239:
237:
231:
229:
220:
218:
216:
212:
208:
204:
200:
199:Caldera Lauca
195:
192:
188:
184:
179:
177:
174:
173:calc-alkaline
169:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
143:
140:
135:
128:
126:
124:
123:
118:
114:
113:
107:
105:
101:
98:
94:
89:
87:
83:
79:
75:
67:
65:
61:
59:
55:
51:
46:
977:
973:
931:(2): 83–95.
928:
924:
914:
902:. Retrieved
897:
888:
853:
849:
839:
814:
810:
804:
795:
770:
766:
722:
716:
691:
687:
635:
631:
614:
577:
573:
525:
515:
507:ResearchGate
505:– via
487:(1): 42–43.
484:
480:
470:
435:
431:
420:
377:
373:
326:
281:and quartz.
240:
232:
224:
196:
180:
136:
132:
120:
110:
108:
90:
71:
62:
50:Choquelimpie
49:
18:
502:11336/97275
251:auripigment
163:phenocrysts
155:plagioclase
122:Xenophyllum
97:Precambrian
40: /
1005:Categories
904:26 October
336:References
328:province.
263:sphalerite
236:Propylitic
228:Guallatiri
215:Parinacota
211:Guallatiri
176:shoshonite
151:hornblende
28:69°16′42″W
25:18°18′19″S
955:234901142
947:0718-6894
880:0935-1221
749:187666121
670:129099050
526:PhytoKeys
481:Phytotaxa
462:257413333
454:0717-6643
277:, clays,
247:Acanthite
115:grasses,
554:32973385
283:Enargite
183:moraines
117:ragworts
93:Tertiary
982:Bibcode
966:Sources
898:Redimin
858:Bibcode
819:Bibcode
775:Bibcode
696:Bibcode
640:Bibcode
582:Bibcode
545:7483337
382:Bibcode
275:calcite
267:alunite
259:realgar
207:Taapaca
187:cirques
147:Biotite
142:breccia
139:dacitic
129:Geology
100:schists
86:Bolivia
54:volcano
953:
945:
878:
747:
737:
668:
552:
542:
460:
452:
287:Cu6(Cu
279:pyrite
271:barite
255:galena
221:Mining
159:quartz
951:S2CID
745:S2CID
666:S2CID
628:(PDF)
458:S2CID
261:and
243:Arica
203:Ajoya
168:dykes
82:Chile
58:Chile
943:ISSN
906:2020
876:ISSN
735:ISBN
550:PMID
450:ISSN
213:and
185:and
157:and
119:and
990:doi
933:doi
866:doi
827:doi
783:doi
727:doi
704:doi
656:hdl
648:doi
590:doi
540:PMC
530:doi
497:hdl
489:doi
485:340
440:doi
390:doi
378:172
305:)As
112:Poa
104:mya
56:in
1007::
988:.
978:86
976:.
949:.
941:.
929:25
927:.
923:.
896:.
874:.
864:.
854:34
852:.
848:.
825:.
815:36
813:.
781:.
771:25
769:.
757:^
743:.
733:.
702:.
690:.
678:^
664:.
654:.
646:.
636:50
634:.
630:.
602:^
588:.
578:86
576:.
562:^
548:.
538:.
524:.
495:.
483:.
479:.
456:.
448:.
436:79
434:.
430:.
402:^
388:.
376:.
362:^
344:^
319:13
296:Mn
273:,
269:,
257:,
253:,
249:,
230:.
209:,
153:,
149:,
125:.
80:,
76:,
996:.
992::
984::
957:.
935::
908:.
882:.
868::
860::
833:.
829::
821::
789:.
785::
777::
751:.
729::
710:.
706::
698::
692:8
672:.
658::
650::
642::
596:.
592::
584::
556:.
532::
509:.
499::
491::
464:.
442::
396:.
392::
384::
314:S
310:4
301:2
292:4
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.