672:
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researcher found that boys who enjoy choir in middle school may not always go on to high school choir because it simply does not fit into their schedules. Some research speculates that one reason that boys' participation in choir is so low is because the U.S. does not encourage male singers. Often, schools will have a women's choir, which helps the balance issues mixed choirs face by taking on extra female singers. However, without a men's choir also, this can make the problem worse by not giving boys as many opportunities to sing as girls. Other researchers have noted that having an ensemble, or a workshop dedicated to male singers, can help with their confidence and singing abilities. British cathedral choirs are usually made from pupils enrolled in schools.
1233:
1027:, it is much more significant in boys. A lot of literature in music education has been focused on how male voice change works and how to help adolescent male singers. Research done by John Cooksey categorizes male voice change into five stages, and most middle school boys are in the early stages of change. The vocal range of male and female students may be limited while their voice is changing, and choir teachers must be able to adapt, which can be a challenge to teaching this age range.
1970:
1651:
1370:
753:
49:
1505:
1065:
Opponents argue that this method loses the spatial separation of individual voice lines, an otherwise valuable feature for the audience, and that it eliminates sectional resonance, which lessens the effective volume of the chorus. For music with double (or multiple) choirs, usually the members of each choir are together, sometimes significantly separated, especially in performances of 16th-century music (such as works in the
1860:
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people singing regularly in a choir. Over 30 percent of the groups listed described themselves a community choirs, half of the choirs listed sing contemporary music although singing classical music is still popular. Most choirs are self funding. It is thought that the increase in popularity of singing together in groups has been fed to some extent in the UK by TV progammes such as
1109:
1040:
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88:
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2104:, whose masses and motets startlingly juxtapose Renaissance counterpoint with chromatic harmony. Mendelssohn and Brahms also wrote significant a cappella motets. The amateur chorus (beginning chiefly as a social outlet) began to receive serious consideration as a compositional venue for the part-songs of Schubert,
523:; using a baton gives the conductor's gestures greater visibility, but many choral conductors prefer conducting with their hands for greater expressiveness, particularly when working with a smaller ensemble. In the 2010s, most conductors do not play an instrument when conducting, although in earlier periods of
873:
The all-female and mixed children's choirs tend to be professionally less prevalent than the high voiced boys' choirs, the lower voiced men's choruses, or the full SATB choirs. This is due to some extent to lack of scholarships and other types of funding, and a lack of professional opportunities for
1064:
More experienced choirs may sing with the voices all mixed. Sometimes singers of the same voice are grouped in pairs or threes. Proponents of this method argue that it makes it easier for each individual singer to hear and tune to the other parts, but it requires more independence from each singer.
1055:
There are various schools of thought regarding how the various sections should be arranged on stage. It is the conductor's decision on where the different voice types are placed. In symphonic choirs it is common (though by no means universal) to order the choir behind the orchestra from highest to
472:
accompaniment is often used, even if a different instrumentation is planned for performance, or if the choir is rehearsing unaccompanied music. With the new prevalence of electronic devices, small groups can use these together with learning tracks for both group rehearsals and private practice.
2139:
The Big Choral Census online survey was established to find out how many choirs there were in the UK, of what type, with how many members, singing what type of music and with what sort of funding. Results estimated that there were some 40,000 choral groups operating in the UK and over 2 million
511:
In most choirs, the same individual acts as musical director (responsible for deciding the repertoire and engaging soloists and accompanists), chorus master/mistress (or répétiteur) (responsible for training and rehearsing the singers), and conductor (responsible for directing the performance).
476:
Many choirs perform in one or many locations such as a church, opera house, school or village hall. In some cases choirs join up to become one "mass" choir that performs for a special concert. In this case they provide a series of songs or musical works to celebrate and provide entertainment to
1988:
1030:
Nationally, male students are enrolled in choir at much lower numbers than their female students. The music education field has had a longtime interest in the "missing males" in music programs. Speculation as to why there are not as many boys in choir, and possible solutions vary widely. One
771:
One of the main classifications of choirs is by gender and age since these factors have traditionally been thought to affect how a choir sounds and what music it performs. The types are listed here in approximate descending order of prevalence at the professional and advanced amateur or
1979:
569:, to which they may make certain adjustments (e.g., regarding tempo, repetitions of sections, assignment of vocal solos and so on), work out their interpretation, and relay their vision to the singers. Choral conductors may also have to conduct instrumental ensembles such as
2132:. These groups were characterized by arrangements of hymns and other sacred works of christian nature which helped define the choral sound of the United States for most of the 20th century. Secular choral music in the United States was popularized by groups such as the
394:
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voice is also used (e.g., SATBarB), often sung by the higher basses. In smaller choirs with fewer men, SAB, or soprano, alto, and baritone arrangements allow the few men to share the role of both the tenor and bass in a single part and altos may also sing the tenor
397:
396:
392:
391:
398:
866:, a choir of adult women, high voices only, usually consisting of soprano and alto voices, two parts in each, often abbreviated as SSAA, or as soprano I, soprano II, and alto, abbreviated SSA. If all singers are young, the term "girls' choir" is used instead.
1670:
1932:
became more interested in choral music near the end of his life following his visits to
England in the 1790s, when he heard various Handel oratorios performed by large forces; he wrote a series of masses beginning in 1797 and his two great oratorios
395:
422:
or choirmaster/mistress or a choir director. Most often choirs consist of four sections intended to sing in four part harmony, but there is no limit to the number of possible parts as long as there is a singer available to sing the part:
703:
used groups of strings and winds. Many churches which use a contemporary worship format use a small amplified band to accompany the singing, and Roman
Catholic Churches may use, at their discretion, additional orchestral accompaniment.
1082:
Consideration is also given to the spacing of the singers. Studies have found that not only the actual formation, but the amount of space (both laterally and circumambiently) affects the perception of sound by choristers and auditors.
1060:
or piano-accompanied situations it is not unusual for the men to be in the back and the women in front; some conductors prefer to place the basses behind the sopranos, arguing that the outer voices need to tune to each other.
1457:
The interaction of sung voices in
Renaissance polyphony influenced Western music for centuries. Composers are routinely trained in the "Palestrina style" to this day, especially as codified by the 18th century music theorist
1554:. This innovation was in fact an extension of established practice of accompanying choral music at the organ, either from a skeletal reduced score (from which otherwise lost pieces can sometimes be reconstructed) or from a
1445:
setting, originated at this period. Although madrigals were initially dramatic settings of unrequited-love poetry or mythological stories in Italy, they were imported into
England and merged with the more dancelike
1987:
1717:. While the modern chorus of hundreds had to await the growth of Choral Societies and his centennial commemoration concert, we find Handel already using a variety of performing forces, from the soloists of the
796:. Often one or more voices is divided into two, e.g., SSAATTBB, where each voice is divided into two parts, and SATBSATB, where the choir is divided into two semi-independent four-part choirs. Occasionally
1317:, along with a few other types of chant which were later subsumed (or sometimes suppressed) by the Catholic Church. This tradition of unison choir singing lasted from sometime between the times of
1834:) calling for at least 12 singers. In light of Bach's responsibility to provide music to four churches and be able to perform double choir compositions with a substitute for each voice,
1955:
is probably suitable only for the grandest ceremonies due to its length, difficulty and large-scale scoring. He also pioneered the use of chorus as part of symphonic texture with his
1019:
In the United States, middle schools and high schools often offer choir as a class or activity. Some choirs participate in competitions. One kind of choir popular in high schools is
671:
393:
2854:
This descriptive study is an investigation into the history of the formation of the nation's first gay men's chorus, and its relevance to the lesbigay community as a social service.
562:, the conductor will often give verbal instructions to the ensemble, since they generally also serve as an artistic director who crafts the ensemble's interpretation of the music.
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1430:
were choral, sung by choirs of great skill and distinction all over Europe. Choral music from this period continues to be popular with many choirs throughout the world today.
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1353:
motet, describes a composition with different texts sung simultaneously in different voices. The first evidence of polyphony with more than one singer per part comes in the
573:
if the choir is singing a piece for choir and orchestra. They may also attend to organizational matters, such as scheduling rehearsals, planning a concert season, hearing
2153:
Apart from their roles in liturgy and entertainment, choirs and choruses may also have social-service functions, including for mental health treatment or as therapy for
1406:
choir, though there is some dispute over the role of instruments during certain periods and in certain areas. Some of the better-known composers of this time include
2715:
1920:
Composers of the late 18th century became fascinated with the new possibilities of the symphony and other instrumental music, and generally neglected choral music.
2352:
2144:'s 'The Choir'. In 2017, the Purwa Caraka Music Studio Choir of Indonesia began the trend when they covered children's songs in a choral arrangement for the film
1609:
as suited to church or to chamber singing. Monteverdi, himself a singer, is documented as taking part in performances of his
Magnificat with one voice per part.
187:
2459:
Fisher, Ryan A. (1 October 2014). "The
Impacts of the Voice Change, Grade Level, and Experience on the Singing Self-Efficacy of Emerging Adolescent Males".
2064:
also exploited the grandeur offered by instrumental accompaniment. Oratorios also continued to be written, clearly influenced by Handel's models. Berlioz's
3311:
3085:
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2436:
2108:, Mendelssohn, Brahms, and others. These 'singing clubs' were often for women or men separately, and the music was typically in four-part (hence the name "
842:), a choir of adult men, low voices only, usually consisting of two tenors, baritone, and bass, often abbreviated as TTBB (or ATBB if the upper part sings
56:
860:, sometimes including a cambiata/tenor part for boys/young men whose voices are changing and a baritone part for boys/young men whose voices have changed.
2828:
2020:
In the 19th century, sacred music escaped from the church and leaped onto the concert stage, with large sacred works unsuitable for church use, such as
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A choir can be a subset of an ensemble; thus one speaks of the "woodwind choir" of an orchestra, or different "choirs" of voices or instruments in a
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1795:(1685–1750) are perhaps the most recognizable (and often-performed) contribution to this repertoire: his obituary mentions five complete cycles of
1079:. Some composers use separated choirs to create "antiphonal" effects, in which one choir seems to "answer" the other choir in a musical dialogue.
1454:
now refers to the latter, rather than to madrigals proper, which refers to a poetic form of lines consisting of seven and eleven syllables each.
328:
written specifically for such an ensemble to perform or in other words is the music performed by the ensemble. Choirs may perform music from the
386:, 'chorus' or 'choir' implies that there is more than one singer per part, in contrast to the quartet of soloists also featured in these works.
2668:
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456:
discourages this usage in favor of "unaccompanied", since a cappella denotes singing "as in the chapel" and much unaccompanied music today is
445:
is for three choirs of 16 voices each, a total of 48 parts. Other than four, the most common number of parts are three, five, six, and eight.
1779:
being a prime example), though the
Lutheran church cantata did not assume its more codified, recognizable form until the early 18th century.
821:
453:
223:
1581:
and his Eighth Book of
Madrigals, which call for great virtuosity on the part of singers and instruments alike. (His Fifth Book includes a
496:, by way of visible gestures with the hands, arms, face and head. The primary duties of the conductor or choirmaster/mistress are to unify
230:
1232:
2528:
Elpus, Kenneth (2 January 2015). "National estimates of male and female enrolment in
American high school choirs, bands and orchestras".
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2146:
1605:
or old style continued to be written well into the 19th century. Choirs at this time were usually quite small and that singers could be
804:
Male choir (or choir of men & boys) with the same SATB voicing as a mixed choir, but with boys singing the upper part (often called
216:
1803:. Bach himself rarely used the term cantata. Motet refers to his church music without orchestra accompaniment, but instruments playing
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1475:
2222:
1526:
system. The figured bass part was performed by the basso continuo group, which at minimum included a chord-playing instrument (e.g.,
3115:
2826:
Hilliard, R. E. (2002). "The San
Francisco Gay Men's Chorus: A historical perspective on the role of a chorus as a social service".
2756:
2264:
1907:
1300:
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301:
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performs in theatres or concert halls, but this distinction is not rigid. Choirs may sing without instruments, or accompanied by a
832:). However, all cathedrals now accept women and girls and by 2019 female choristers outnumbered males in English cathedral choirs.
593:. While much religious music has been written with concert performance in mind, its origin lies in its role within the context of
3517:
1415:
1325:(6th century) up to the present. During the later Middle Ages, a new type of singing involving multiple melodic parts, called
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1885:
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Integrated signing and singing choir, using both sign language and voices and led by both a signductor and a musical director
829:
636:
2922:
3238:
2574:
Sweet, Bridget (25 February 2010). "A Case Study: Middle School Boys' Perceptions of Singing and Participation in Choir".
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1394:, sacred choral music was the principal type of formally notated music in Western Europe. Throughout the era, hundreds of
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are in the category. Schubert, Mendelssohn, and Brahms also wrote secular cantatas, the best known of which are Brahms's
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Adult mixed choir (with male and female voices) is perhaps the most common and dominant type, usually consisting of
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Children's mixed choir (with male and female voices), often two-part SA or three-part SSA, sometimes more voices.
375:
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1633:
1134:, as singing in big groups is extremely widely spread in traditional cultures (both singing in one part, or in
247:
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Daugherty, J. "Spacing, Formation, and Choral Sound: Preferences and Perceptions of Auditors and Choristers."
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However, these roles may be divided, especially when the choir is combined with other forces, for example in
3054:
2616:
1921:
1775:. Substantial late 17th-century sacred choral works in the emerging German tradition exist (the cantatas of
1644:
was a pioneer) extended this concept into concert-length works, usually based on Biblical or moral stories.
1570:
1097:
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2315:
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Conductors act as guides to the choirs they conduct. They choose the works to be performed and study their
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2199:– a festive song or hymn often sung by a choir or a few singers with or without instrumental accompaniment
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The conductor or choral director typically stands on a raised platform and he or she may or may not use a
39:
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1924:'s mostly sacred choral works stand out as some of his greatest (such as the "Great" Mass in C minor and
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1996:
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1450:, celebrating carefree songs of the seasons, or eating and drinking. To most English speakers, the word
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1946:
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A point of hot controversy today is the so-called "Rifkin hypothesis," which re-examines the famous "
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from the 1600s to the 1750s, conductors performing in the 2010s may lead an ensemble while playing a
438:
352:
115:
60:
460:). Accompanying instruments vary widely, from only one instrument (a piano or pipe organ) to a full
448:
Choirs can sing with or without instrumental accompaniment. Singing without accompaniment is called
2710:
2081:
1941:
1783:(based in Frankfurt) wrote over 1000 cantatas, many of which were engraved and published (e.g. his
1629:
1547:
1542:). Baroque vocal music explored dramatic implications in the realm of solo vocal music such as the
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is very often applied to groups affiliated with a church (whether or not they actually occupy the
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1023:. During middle school and high school students' voices are changing. Although girls experience
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to larger groups (whose proportions are still quite different from modern orchestra choruses):
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alternated accompanied solos with choral sections; the best-known composers of this genre were
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1193:(2c BC) is a complete song (although possibly for solo voice). One of the latest examples,
550:. Communication is typically non-verbal during a performance (this is strictly the case in
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1357:(1420, though containing music from the late 14th century), in which there are apparent
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2353:"Why do so many choirs exclude women? It's time for this outdated practice to change"
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1835:
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Independent instrumental accompaniment opened up new possibilities for choral music.
1601:
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155:
120:
2412:"Girl choristers now outnumber boys in English cathedrals for first time in history"
675:
Egyptian Alexandria Jewish choir of Rabbin Moshe Cohen at Samuel Menashe synagogue,
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In the United States, development of mixed choirs was pioneered by groups such as
724:(introit, gradual, communion antiphons appropriate for the different times of the
558:
or large pop ensembles, there may be occasional spoken instructions). However, in
2920:
2541:
1986:
1667:
1462:. Composers of the early 20th century also wrote in Renaissance-inspired styles.
1056:
lowest voices from left to right, corresponding to the typical string layout. In
3491:
3481:
3412:
3352:
3342:
3163:
2614:
Demorest, Steven M. (January 2000). "Encouraging male participation in chorus".
1859:
1804:
1558:, a part on a single staff containing the lowest sounding part (the bass part).
1531:
1318:
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1181:
1162:
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140:
2112:") and either a cappella or with simple instrumentation. At the same time, the
1735:, set to musick by the famous Mr Hendall: there being 40 voices, and about 160
1069:). Some composers actually specify that choirs should be separated, such as in
3450:
3362:
3337:
3254:
3205:
3183:
3136:
2012:
1693:
1562:
1527:
1403:
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1007:
995:
857:
820:. This format was until recently typical of the British cathedral choir (e.g.
676:
485:
449:
419:
364:
341:
2739:"Dunstaple [Dunstable, Dunstapell, Dumstable, Donstaple, etc.], John"
2637:
2589:
2549:
2482:
2474:
2364:
2327:
1799:, of which three, comprising some 200 works, are known today, in addition to
1701:
A pinnacle of baroque choral music, (particularly oratorio), may be found in
3397:
3372:
3289:
3274:
2993:
2116:
attempted a restoration of the pure Renaissance style in Catholic churches.
2109:
1772:
1427:
1346:
1338:
1330:
1176:
1166:
1154:
967:, for members who do not meet physically, some having originated during the
688:
687:
Christian churches, some American Protestant groups, and traditional Jewish
570:
559:
551:
461:
368:
2504:
Robinson, Russell L. (September 2007). "Junior High/Middle School Choirs".
1333:
was only sung by soloists. Further developments of this technique included
998:, in which the members sing and dance, often in performances somewhat like
2841:
1039:
880:
691:
do not accompany their songs with musical instruments. In churches of the
3357:
3269:
3193:
2154:
2093:
1637:
1447:
1438:
1434:
1117:
911:
884:
843:
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52:
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history, leading an ensemble while playing an instrument was common. In
87:
3382:
3347:
3299:
3188:
3168:
2645:
2437:"The Archipelago Singers represents Indonesia at French choir festival"
1827:
1769:
1765:
1748:
1740:
1539:
1326:
1211:
1139:
975:
Some choirs are categorized by the type of music they perform, such as
898:
877:
Choirs are also categorized by the institutions in which they operate:
777:
594:
493:
457:
407:
2940:
was created from a revision of this article dated 6 May 2005
1949:
wrote only two masses, both intended for liturgical use, although his
1593:) introduced the new style to Germany. Alongside the new music of the
17:
3402:
1613:
1565:, combining voices and instruments; its origins may be sought in the
1543:
1186:
1135:
737:
720:
and service music, some church choirs sing full liturgies, including
2974:
2629:
1145:
The oldest unambiguously choral repertory that survives is that of
3279:
3228:
1832:
A Short but Most Necessary Draft for a Well Appointed Church Music
1800:
1551:
1503:
1399:
1368:
1342:
1231:
1107:
1046:
1038:
879:
785:
751:
741:
670:
540:
513:
501:
489:
465:
428:
388:
360:
344:, who leads the performances with arm, hand, and facial gestures.
325:
508:), and to listen critically and shape the sound of the ensemble.
3306:
3233:
1839:
1744:
1535:
793:
781:
717:
3097:
3023:
1516:
in music is associated with the development around 1600 of the
1329:, became predominant for certain functions, but initially this
961:
Cambiata choirs, for adolescent boys whose voices are changing.
293:
1853:
1846:
who reinforce rather than slavishly double the vocal quartet.
1807:
with the voices. His works with accompaniment consists of his
1246:
874:
women such as that of being lay clerks or musical directors.
695:
the accompanying instrument is usually the organ, although in
604:
3078:
2980:
1138:, like in Ancient Greece, as well as singing in parts, or in
3058:
3017:
2918:
1968:
1649:
1361:, one part dividing into two simultaneously sounding notes.
887:
choir in the 1960s, a typical boys' school choir of the time
86:
3011:
3093:
1842:
in mind. A few sets of original performing parts include
2316:"Girl and boy choristers sound the same, says professor"
1218:
comments that it is no longer believed to be authentic.
736:
churches; far more common however is the performance of
3006:
2100:
A few composers developed a cappella music, especially
1838:
concludes that Bach's music was normally written with
901:(Kantorei), dedicated to mostly sacred Christian music
2757:"'La voce e grata assai, ma..' Monteverdi on Singing"
2172:
1928:
in D minor, the latter of which is highly regarded).
918:, the Archipelago Singers) or state-supported (e.g.,
378:
composition. In typical 18th century to 21st century
302:
290:
287:
1764:
Lutheran composers wrote instrumentally accompanied
1636:) separated these sections into separate movements.
1214:
surfaced in the 18th century. However, musicologist
3474:
3436:
3320:
3247:
3216:
3129:
2577:
Update: Applications of Research in Music Education
2259:(Fifth ed.). Oxford University Press, Oxford.
1402:(as well as various other forms) were composed for
284:
2969:
2252:
2802:"Film 'Surat Kecil untuk Tuhan' Pamer Mini Album"
31:"Choral" redirects here. Not to be confused with
3089:. Vol. 6 (11th ed.). pp. 270–271.
3069:. Vol. 6 (11th ed.). pp. 260–261.
3026:(Pilot research on Collective singing in Europe)
1791:(based in Darmstadt) over 1400. The cantatas of
1684:, is one of the most famous choruses of all time
1313:The earliest notated music of western Europe is
2716:The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians
1725:
1142:, like in contemporary European choral music).
712:In addition to leading of singing in which the
585:Historically, the sung repertoire divides into
2931:
2383:
2381:
1577:(1567–1643) brought it to perfection with his
3109:
910:Professional choir, either independent (e.g.
577:, and promoting their ensemble in the media.
255:
8:
2687:Why do People Sing? Music in Human Evolution
856:, a choir of boys, typically singing SSA or
1888:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1281:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
639:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
3116:
3102:
3094:
2829:Journal of Gay and Lesbian Social Services
1589:(1585–1672) (who had earlier studied with
1470:entirely in strict Renaissance style, and
262:
248:
70:
2994:European Choral Association/Europa Cantat
2223:"See "Choral Reviews Format" on ACDA.org"
1908:Learn how and when to remove this message
1301:Learn how and when to remove this message
1199:(3c) is also of interest as the earliest
1130:The origins of choral music are found in
846:in alto range). ATBB may be seen in some
659:Learn how and when to remove this message
464:of 70 to 100 musicians; for rehearsals a
402:A holiday choir singing several songs in
2948:, and does not reflect subsequent edits.
1994:(How lovely is thy dwelling place) from
1727:Yesterday there was a Rehearsal of the
504:, execute clear preparations and beats (
47:
2214:
2179:
1508:Baroque cantata with one voice per part
1492:and the contrapuntal techniques of his
907:Community choir (of children or adults)
437:, for eight choirs of five parts each;
78:
2776:"Number of UK choirs at all-time high"
2669:Journal of Research in Music Education
2462:Journal of Research in Music Education
2010:
1691:
1585:"for harpsichord or lute".) His pupil
2609:
2607:
2569:
2567:
2523:
2521:
2519:
454:American Choral Directors Association
340:repertoire. Most choirs are led by a
7:
2727:(London: Macmillan, 2001), xxv, 296.
2454:
2452:
2346:
2344:
1886:adding citations to reliable sources
1441:conceived for amateurs to sing in a
1279:adding citations to reliable sources
1157:are the most complete. The original
744:at designated times in the service.
637:adding citations to reliable sources
2157:and disadvantaged people, like the
1980:"Wie lieblich sind deine Wohnungen"
57:Blue Coat CE School Choir, Coventry
3039:, online choral music radio stream
2351:Andriani, Ria (24 December 2018).
2295:from the original on 15 April 2013
2255:Oxford Concise Dictionary of Music
2136:throughout the late 20th century.
25:
2737:Bent, Margaret (1 January 2001).
2314:Radford, Tim (9 September 2003).
1153:and the 2nd century AD. hymns of
332:repertoire, which spans from the
2930:
2884:Australia's Choir of Hard Knocks
2182:
2011:Problems playing this file? See
1984:
1858:
1692:Problems playing this file? See
1665:
1416:Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina
1251:
609:
280:
3037:Choral Music from Classical MPR
2251:; Joyce Bourne Kennedy (2007).
1538:) and a bass instrument (e.g.,
1496:may be informed by this study.
1478:is an extension of this style.
1210:drama's music a single line of
1051:Choir in front of the orchestra
904:Collegiate and university choir
2800:Junianto, Beno (23 May 2017).
2285:"The Conductor of an Ensemble"
2161:or for special groups such as
1482:wrote his dissertation on the
1149:, of which the 2nd century BC
1120:with actresses (possibly from
539:). Conducting while playing a
492:performance, such as a choral
1:
3020:(international choir network)
2866:"The Choir of Unheard Voices"
1599:, contrapuntal motets in the
1550:and the development of early
1426:; the glories of Renaissance
792:voices, often abbreviated as
728:). Chief among these are the
188:International Association for
2977:– choral repertoire database
2970:Choral Public Domain Library
2542:10.1080/14613808.2014.972923
1850:Classical and Romantic music
1676:The Hallelujah Chorus, from
1165:, and fragments of works by
895:(including cathedral) choirs
67:, showing carved choirstalls
1751:and Bass' proportionable..!
812:) and men singing alto (in
174:International organizations
3534:
3461:Sound reinforcement system
3321:Concepts · Techniques
2988:Professional organizations
2983:– Gregorian and plainchant
2745:. Oxford University Press.
1826:" Bach's 1730 memo to the
1561:A new genre was the vocal
1383:Museo dell'Opera del Duomo
1349:motet), which, unlike the
1225:
1126:) carrying masks and drums
1101:
1095:
772:semi-professional levels.
488:is the art of directing a
418:Choirs are often led by a
367:, a small ensemble, or an
29:
2388:Dr. Barbara Hall (2016).
2130:Westminster Choir College
1067:Venetian polychoral style
587:sacred or religious music
224:American Choral Directors
203:US national organizations
181:International Society for
2672:. Vol. 47, Num. 3. 1999.
2590:10.1177/8755123310361770
2530:Music Education Research
2475:10.1177/0022429414544748
1785:Harmonische Gottesdienst
231:American String Teachers
210:National Association for
3518:Types of musical groups
3086:Encyclopædia Britannica
3066:Encyclopædia Britannica
3051:Phillips, Walter Alison
2617:Music Educators Journal
2147:Surat Kecil untuk Tuhan
2120:20th and 21st centuries
1468:Mass in the Dorian mode
1098:Music of ancient Greece
217:Music Teachers National
2926:
2906:Listen to this article
1973:
1781:Georg Philipp Telemann
1762:
1703:George Frideric Handel
1678:George Frideric Handel
1654:
1509:
1472:Ralph Vaughan Williams
1387:
1244:
1127:
1052:
1044:
928:Canadian Chamber Choir
888:
768:
716:participates, such as
680:
543:may also be done with
452:singing (although the
410:
134:Instructional settings
91:
68:
40:Choir (disambiguation)
3075:Schlesinger, Kathleen
3055:Spiers, Richard Phené
2981:Global Chant Database
2925:
2842:10.1300/J041v14n03_04
2041:Ein deutsches Requiem
1997:Ein deutsches Requiem
1972:
1793:Johann Sebastian Bach
1653:
1507:
1485:Choralis Constantinus
1372:
1235:
1111:
1050:
1042:
1035:Arrangements on stage
924:Chamber Choir Ireland
883:
755:
674:
401:
90:
51:
3248:Voice classification
2975:Musica International
2957:More spoken articles
2709:Warren Anderson and
2390:"The gendered choir"
2159:Choir of Hard Knocks
2134:Dale Warland Singers
1882:improve this section
1275:improve this section
936:Nederlands Kamerkoor
633:improve this section
439:Krzysztof Penderecki
116:Dalcroze Eurhythmics
38:For other uses, see
3312:Non-classical music
3217:Forms · Genres
2780:www.prsformusic.com
2755:Richard Wistreich:
2711:Thomas J. Mathiesen
2067:L'enfance du Christ
1548:Florentine Camerata
1355:Old Hall Manuscript
1216:Thomas J. Mathiesen
1043:One possible layout
940:Latvian Radio Choir
932:Swedish Radio Choir
838:(Male voice choir,
708:Liturgical function
581:In worship services
535:or the violin (see
336:to the present, or
99:Major methodologies
74:Part of a series on
27:Ensemble of singers
3147:Extended technique
2927:
2870:ABC Tropical North
2868:by Laura Hegarty,
2743:Grove Music Online
2126:The St. Olaf Choir
1974:
1840:one voice per part
1819:and the cantatas.
1789:Christoph Graupner
1777:Dietrich Buxtehude
1759:, October 14, 1727
1705:'s works, notably
1655:
1628:(such as those of
1575:Claudio Monteverdi
1510:
1388:
1345:(most notably the
1321:(4th century) and
1245:
1239:Tacuinum Sanitatis
1128:
1053:
1045:
955:rather than voices
889:
848:barbershop quartet
769:
765:Helsinki Cathedral
681:
411:
324:, in turn, is the
308:; also known as a
92:
69:
3500:
3499:
2923:
2872:, 10 October 2013
2114:Cecilian movement
1989:
1918:
1917:
1910:
1768:, often based on
1729:Coronation Anthem
1671:
1661:Hallelujah Chorus
1642:Giacomo Carissimi
1591:Giovanni Gabrieli
1460:Johann Joseph Fux
1374:Luca della Robbia
1365:Renaissance music
1323:Gregory the Great
1311:
1310:
1303:
1185:) are known from
1161:sang its part in
1132:traditional music
969:COVID-19 pandemic
830:Westminster Abbey
816:), also known as
669:
668:
661:
481:Role of conductor
399:
272:
271:
16:(Redirected from
3525:
3456:Pitch correction
3423:Vocal resonation
3201:Vocal percussion
3157:Overtone singing
3142:Bathroom singing
3118:
3111:
3104:
3095:
3090:
3082:
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2447:
2446:
2442:The Jakarta Post
2433:
2427:
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2283:Espie Estrella.
2280:
2274:
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2258:
2245:
2239:
2238:
2236:
2234:
2225:. Archived from
2219:
2187:
2186:
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1991:
1990:
1971:
1913:
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1902:
1899:
1893:
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1673:
1672:
1652:
1412:Josquin des Prez
1306:
1299:
1295:
1292:
1286:
1255:
1247:
1236:Church singing,
1196:Oxyrhynchus hymn
1191:Seikilos epitaph
1071:Benjamin Britten
985:Barbershop music
761:Cantores Minores
697:colonial America
685:Eastern Orthodox
664:
657:
653:
650:
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605:
427:wrote a 40-part
400:
318:musical ensemble
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3501:
3496:
3470:
3466:Monitor speaker
3439:(popular music)
3438:
3437:Sound equipment
3432:
3316:
3243:
3212:
3125:
3122:
3073:
3049:
2961:
2960:
2949:
2943:
2941:
2938:This audio file
2935:
2928:
2919:
2916:
2910:
2909:
2905:
2902:
2897:
2896:
2881:
2880:
2876:
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2825:
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2820:
2810:
2808:
2799:
2798:
2794:
2784:
2782:
2774:
2773:
2769:
2765:, February 1994
2754:
2750:
2736:
2735:
2731:
2708:
2704:
2697:
2681:
2680:
2676:
2665:
2661:
2630:10.2307/3399604
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2457:
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2445:. 26 July 2018.
2435:
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2395:
2393:
2392:. Norton Centre
2387:
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2332:
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2267:
2249:Michael Kennedy
2247:
2246:
2242:
2232:
2230:
2229:on 3 April 2015
2221:
2220:
2216:
2211:
2193:
2183:
2181:
2173:
2171:
2122:
2056:'s masses, and
2018:
2017:
2009:
2007:
2006:
2005:
2004:
2002:Johannes Brahms
1992:
1985:
1982:
1975:
1969:
1961:Choral Fantasia
1914:
1903:
1897:
1894:
1879:
1863:
1852:
1761:
1757:Norwich Gazette
1755:
1720:Chandos Anthems
1714:Israel in Egypt
1699:
1698:
1690:
1688:
1687:
1686:
1685:
1674:
1666:
1663:
1656:
1650:
1618:Orlando Gibbons
1596:seconda pratica
1587:Heinrich Schütz
1571:Venetian school
1502:
1476:Mass in G minor
1464:Herbert Howells
1408:Guillaume Dufay
1367:
1315:Gregorian chant
1307:
1296:
1290:
1287:
1272:
1256:
1230:
1224:
1201:Christian music
1112:Relief, now in
1106:
1100:
1094:
1089:
1037:
1017:
1004:Symphonic choir
885:Lambrook School
750:
726:liturgical year
710:
701:Moravian Church
665:
654:
648:
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630:
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583:
545:musical theatre
525:classical music
483:
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212:Music Education
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183:Music Education
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161:Youth orchestra
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80:Music education
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3418:Vocal register
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3408:Vocal pedagogy
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3098:
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3080:"Chorus"
3071:
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3028:
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3024:Singing Europe
3021:
3015:
3009:
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2985:
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2900:External links
2898:
2895:
2894:
2891:, 23 July 2007
2874:
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2792:
2767:
2748:
2729:
2702:
2696:978-9941401862
2695:
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2563:
2515:
2506:Choral Journal
2496:
2469:(3): 277–290.
2448:
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2167:
2163:Military Wives
2121:
2118:
2088:Schicksalslied
2008:
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1983:
1978:
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1976:
1967:
1966:
1965:
1957:Ninth Symphony
1952:Missa solemnis
1916:
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1848:
1830:City Council (
1753:
1689:
1675:
1664:
1659:
1658:
1657:
1648:
1647:
1646:
1583:basso continuo
1556:basso seguente
1524:basso continuo
1514:Baroque period
1501:
1498:
1490:Heinrich Isaac
1420:John Dunstable
1366:
1363:
1309:
1308:
1259:
1257:
1250:
1243:(14th century)
1228:Medieval music
1226:Main article:
1223:
1222:Medieval music
1220:
1147:ancient Greece
1096:Main article:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1036:
1033:
1016:
1013:
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1005:
1002:
993:
988:
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965:Virtual choirs
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822:King's College
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734:Roman Catholic
709:
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554:, but in jazz
548:pit orchestras
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3326:
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3310:
3308:
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3298:
3296:
3295:Mezzo-soprano
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
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3087:
3081:
3076:
3072:
3068:
3067:
3061:
3060:"Choir"
3056:
3052:
3048:
3047:
3046:
3045:
3038:
3035:
3034:
3033:
3032:
3025:
3022:
3019:
3016:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3004:
3003:
3002:
2995:
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2990:
2989:
2982:
2979:
2976:
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2968:
2967:
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2965:
2958:
2954:
2939:
2899:
2890:
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2885:
2878:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2862:
2859:
2855:
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2847:
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2807:
2803:
2796:
2793:
2781:
2777:
2771:
2768:
2764:
2763:
2758:
2752:
2749:
2744:
2740:
2733:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2721:Stanley Sadie
2718:
2717:
2713:. "Terence",
2712:
2706:
2703:
2698:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2678:
2675:
2671:
2670:
2663:
2660:
2655:
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2647:
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2608:
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2599:
2595:
2591:
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2583:
2579:
2578:
2570:
2568:
2564:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2536:(1): 88–102.
2535:
2531:
2524:
2522:
2520:
2516:
2511:
2507:
2500:
2497:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2463:
2455:
2453:
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2417:
2413:
2407:
2404:
2391:
2384:
2382:
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2358:
2354:
2347:
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2325:
2321:
2317:
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2307:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2279:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2266:9780199203833
2262:
2257:
2256:
2250:
2244:
2241:
2228:
2224:
2218:
2215:
2208:
2204:
2203:Come and sing
2201:
2198:
2197:Carol (music)
2195:
2194:
2190:
2180:
2176:
2168:
2166:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2151:
2149:
2148:
2143:
2142:Gareth Malone
2137:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2119:
2117:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2098:
2096:
2095:
2090:
2089:
2084:
2083:
2078:
2077:
2073:
2072:Mendelssohn's
2069:
2068:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2042:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2028:
2023:
2016:
2014:
2003:
1999:
1998:
1981:
1964:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1953:
1948:
1944:
1943:
1938:
1937:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1912:
1909:
1901:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1877:
1876:
1872:
1867:This section
1865:
1861:
1856:
1855:
1849:
1847:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1836:Joshua Rifkin
1833:
1829:
1825:
1820:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1771:
1767:
1758:
1752:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1724:
1722:
1721:
1716:
1715:
1710:
1709:
1704:
1697:
1695:
1683:
1679:
1662:
1645:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1626:Grands motets
1623:
1622:Henry Purcell
1619:
1615:
1614:Verse anthems
1610:
1608:
1604:
1603:
1598:
1597:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1569:music of the
1568:
1564:
1559:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1520:
1515:
1506:
1500:Baroque music
1499:
1497:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1486:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1455:
1453:
1449:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1431:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1385:
1384:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1364:
1362:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1305:
1302:
1294:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1270:
1269:
1265:
1260:This section
1258:
1254:
1249:
1248:
1242:
1240:
1234:
1229:
1221:
1219:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1204:
1202:
1198:
1197:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1183:
1178:
1174:
1173:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1151:Delphic hymns
1148:
1143:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1125:
1124:
1119:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1104:Ancient music
1099:
1091:
1086:
1084:
1080:
1078:
1077:
1072:
1068:
1062:
1059:
1049:
1041:
1034:
1032:
1028:
1026:
1022:
1014:
1009:
1006:
1003:
1001:
997:
994:
992:
989:
986:
983:
981:
978:
977:
976:
970:
966:
963:
960:
957:
954:
953:sign language
950:
949:Signing choir
947:
945:School choirs
944:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
906:
903:
900:
897:
894:
891:
890:
886:
882:
878:
875:
868:
865:
864:Women's choir
862:
859:
855:
852:
849:
845:
841:
837:
834:
831:
827:
823:
819:
818:countertenors
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
774:
773:
766:
762:
759:
754:
747:
745:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
707:
705:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
678:
673:
663:
660:
652:
642:
638:
634:
628:
627:
623:
618:This section
616:
612:
607:
606:
601:Accompaniment
600:
598:
596:
592:
591:secular music
588:
580:
578:
576:
572:
568:
563:
561:
557:
553:
549:
546:
542:
538:
537:Concertmaster
534:
530:
529:Baroque music
526:
522:
517:
515:
509:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
480:
478:
474:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
446:
444:
440:
436:
435:
434:Spem in alium
430:
426:
425:Thomas Tallis
421:
413:
409:
405:
387:
385:
381:
377:
372:
370:
366:
363:, accordion,
362:
358:
355:), whereas a
354:
350:
345:
343:
339:
338:popular music
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
306:
298:
277:
265:
260:
258:
253:
251:
246:
245:
243:
242:
234:
229:
227:
222:
220:
215:
213:
208:
207:
200:
199:
191:
186:
184:
179:
178:
171:
170:
162:
159:
157:
156:Marching band
154:
152:
149:
147:
144:
142:
139:
138:
131:
130:
122:
121:Suzuki method
119:
117:
114:
112:
109:
107:
106:Kodály method
104:
103:
96:
95:
89:
85:
84:
81:
77:
73:
72:
66:
62:
58:
55:rehearsal by
54:
50:
46:
41:
34:
19:
3486:
3428:Vocal weight
3393:Sprechgesang
3388:Scat singing
3285:Countertenor
3223:
3179:Sign singing
3174:Scat singing
3084:
3064:
3043:
3042:
3030:
3029:
3000:
2999:
2987:
2986:
2963:
2962:
2883:
2877:
2861:
2853:
2836:(3): 79–94.
2833:
2827:
2821:
2809:. Retrieved
2805:
2795:
2783:. Retrieved
2779:
2770:
2760:
2751:
2742:
2732:
2725:John Tyrrell
2714:
2705:
2686:
2677:
2667:
2662:
2624:(4): 38–41.
2621:
2615:
2581:
2575:
2533:
2529:
2509:
2505:
2499:
2466:
2460:
2440:
2431:
2419:. Retrieved
2415:
2406:
2394:. Retrieved
2368:. Retrieved
2357:The Guardian
2356:
2331:. Retrieved
2320:The Guardian
2319:
2309:
2299:26 September
2297:. Retrieved
2288:
2278:
2270:
2254:
2243:
2231:. Retrieved
2227:the original
2217:
2152:
2145:
2138:
2123:
2099:
2092:
2086:
2080:
2074:
2065:
2050:Stabat mater
2049:
2039:
2025:
2019:
1995:
1950:
1940:
1936:The Creation
1934:
1919:
1904:
1895:
1880:Please help
1868:
1843:
1831:
1823:
1821:
1797:his cantatas
1784:
1763:
1756:
1749:Kettle-Drums
1726:
1718:
1712:
1706:
1700:
1611:
1602:stile antico
1600:
1594:
1582:
1560:
1555:
1519:figured bass
1517:
1511:
1494:serial music
1483:
1480:Anton Webern
1467:
1456:
1451:
1432:
1424:William Byrd
1389:
1381:
1377:
1358:
1312:
1297:
1288:
1273:Please help
1261:
1241:Casanatensis
1237:
1205:
1194:
1180:
1170:
1159:Greek chorus
1144:
1129:
1121:
1081:
1074:
1063:
1057:
1054:
1029:
1025:voice change
1018:
991:Gospel choir
974:
876:
872:
836:Men's chorus
810:boy sopranos
770:
714:congregation
711:
693:Western Rite
682:
655:
646:
631:Please help
619:
584:
564:
518:
510:
484:
475:
447:
443:Stabat Mater
442:
432:
417:
373:
356:
348:
346:
334:medieval era
322:Choral music
321:
320:of singers.
313:
309:
275:
273:
151:Concert band
145:
65:York Minster
45:
3492:Vocal coach
3482:Vocal music
3413:Vocal range
3368:Lead vocals
3353:Death growl
3343:Chest voice
3164:Oversinging
2762:Early Music
2584:(2): 5–12.
2512:(3): 41–48.
2396:26 December
1942:The Seasons
1805:colla parte
1532:harpsichord
1392:Renaissance
1390:During the
1351:Renaissance
1347:isorhythmic
1319:St. Ambrose
1163:Greek drama
1123:The Bacchae
1076:War Requiem
920:BBC Singers
916:the Sixteen
854:Boys' choir
533:harpsichord
233:Association
226:Association
219:Association
141:School band
3507:Categories
3451:Microphone
3363:Head voice
3338:Coloratura
3255:Voice type
3206:Beatboxing
3184:Sing-along
3137:A cappella
3018:ChoirPlace
2953:Audio help
2944:2005-05-06
2889:Al Jazeera
2416:Classic FM
2271:Conducting
2209:References
2013:media help
1817:Magnificat
1694:media help
1640:(of which
1607:classified
1567:polychoral
1563:concertato
1528:pipe organ
1404:a cappella
1386:, Florence
1116:, showing
1102:See also:
1058:a cappella
1021:show choir
1015:In schools
1008:Vocal jazz
996:Show choir
980:Bach choir
840:Männerchor
689:synagogues
677:Alexandria
571:orchestras
560:rehearsals
500:, set the
498:performers
486:Conducting
450:a cappella
404:Düsseldorf
376:polychoral
365:pipe organ
3398:Tessitura
3373:Passaggio
3290:Contralto
3275:Baritenor
3012:Gerontius
3007:ChoralNet
3001:Resources
2964:Databases
2850:140495373
2689:. Logos.
2654:142062270
2638:0027-4321
2598:145316612
2558:143560172
2550:1461-3808
2491:143947270
2483:0022-4294
2365:0261-3077
2328:0261-3077
2289:about.com
2233:28 August
2110:part-song
1947:Beethoven
1898:July 2020
1869:does not
1638:Oratorios
1634:Delalande
1428:polyphony
1339:conductus
1335:clausulae
1331:polyphony
1291:July 2020
1262:does not
1177:Sophocles
1167:Euripides
1155:Mesomedes
1092:Antiquity
826:St Paul's
649:July 2020
620:does not
575:auditions
556:big bands
552:art music
462:orchestra
431:entitled
420:conductor
414:Structure
380:oratorios
369:orchestra
347:The term
342:conductor
59:, in the
3358:Falsetto
3348:Crooning
3270:Baritone
3239:Vocables
3194:Lip sync
3077:(1911).
3057:(1911).
2996:(Europe)
2955: ·
2811:29 April
2685:(2011).
2293:Archived
2169:See also
2155:homeless
2106:Schumann
2102:Bruckner
2054:Schubert
1824:Entwurff
1809:Passions
1766:cantatas
1754:—
1745:Hautboys
1741:Trumpets
1544:monodies
1522:and the
1466:wrote a
1452:madrigal
1448:balletto
1439:partsong
1435:madrigal
1378:Cantoria
1341:and the
1118:Dionysus
1000:musicals
844:falsetto
814:falsetto
798:baritone
758:boychoir
730:Anglican
477:others.
53:Evensong
3383:Rapping
3378:Quintus
3333:Belting
3300:Soprano
3189:Karaoke
3169:Rapping
3124:Singing
3044:Reading
2942: (
2913:minutes
2646:3399604
2082:St Paul
2062:Requiem
2046:Rossini
2032:Requiem
2027:Te Deum
2022:Berlioz
1926:Requiem
1890:removed
1875:sources
1844:ripieni
1828:Leipzig
1770:chorale
1737:violins
1708:Messiah
1682:Messiah
1579:Vespers
1546:of the
1540:violone
1443:chamber
1327:organum
1283:removed
1268:sources
1212:Terence
1206:Of the
1172:Orestes
1140:harmony
1087:History
899:Chorale
806:trebles
778:soprano
767:in 2013
763:in the
738:anthems
722:propers
679:, Egypt
641:removed
626:sources
595:liturgy
494:concert
490:musical
458:secular
408:Germany
316:) is a
310:chorale
3513:Choirs
3403:Timbre
3224:Choral
2848:
2785:16 May
2719:, ed.
2693:
2652:
2644:
2636:
2596:
2556:
2548:
2489:
2481:
2421:16 May
2370:16 May
2363:
2333:17 May
2326:
2263:
2175:Portal
2076:Elijah
2036:Brahms
2034:, and
1922:Mozart
1815:, the
1813:Masses
1801:motets
1787:) and
1422:, and
1400:motets
1396:masses
1359:divisi
1189:. The
1187:papyri
1175:) and
1136:unison
1114:Athens
951:using
893:Church
850:music.
788:, and
742:motets
699:, the
567:scores
384:masses
357:chorus
314:chorus
18:Choral
3487:Choir
3280:Tenor
3229:Opera
3031:Media
2846:S2CID
2650:S2CID
2642:JSTOR
2594:S2CID
2554:S2CID
2487:S2CID
2189:Music
2094:Nänie
2058:Verdi
1930:Haydn
1773:tunes
1630:Lully
1552:opera
1343:motet
1208:Roman
1010:choir
987:group
912:Anúna
801:part.
786:tenor
748:Types
718:hymns
683:Most
541:piano
521:baton
514:opera
506:meter
502:tempo
470:organ
466:piano
429:motet
361:piano
353:quire
349:choir
326:music
304:KWIRE
276:choir
146:Choir
61:quire
33:coral
3307:Fach
3260:Bass
3234:Lied
3014:(UK)
2813:2024
2806:VIVA
2787:2023
2723:and
2691:ISBN
2634:ISSN
2546:ISSN
2479:ISSN
2423:2023
2398:2020
2372:2023
2361:ISSN
2335:2023
2324:ISSN
2301:2019
2261:ISBN
2235:2012
2128:and
2091:and
2079:and
2070:and
2030:and
1959:and
1939:and
1873:any
1871:cite
1711:and
1632:and
1620:and
1536:lute
1512:The
1437:, a
1433:The
1398:and
1266:any
1264:cite
1182:Ajax
858:SSAA
794:SATB
790:bass
782:alto
756:The
732:and
624:any
622:cite
589:and
382:and
294:aɪər
2838:doi
2759:in
2626:doi
2586:doi
2538:doi
2471:doi
2060:'s
2048:'s
2038:'s
2024:'s
2000:by
1884:by
1731:in
1680:'s
1488:of
1474:'s
1376:'s
1277:by
1073:'s
808:or
740:or
635:by
468:or
441:'s
312:or
63:of
3509::
3083:.
3063:.
3053:;
2887:,
2852:.
2844:.
2834:14
2832:.
2804:.
2778:.
2741:.
2648:.
2640:.
2632:.
2622:86
2620:.
2606:^
2592:.
2582:28
2580:.
2566:^
2552:.
2544:.
2534:17
2532:.
2518:^
2510:48
2508:.
2485:.
2477:.
2467:62
2465:.
2451:^
2439:.
2414:.
2380:^
2359:.
2355:.
2343:^
2322:.
2318:.
2291:.
2287:.
2269:.
2165:.
2150:.
2097:.
2052:,
2044:.
1963:.
1945:.
1811:,
1747:,
1743:,
1739:,
1624:.
1573:.
1534:,
1530:,
1418:,
1414:,
1410:,
1380:,
1337:,
1203:.
938:,
934:,
930:,
926:,
922:,
914:,
828:,
824:,
784:,
780:,
597:.
516:.
406:,
371:.
274:A
3117:e
3110:t
3103:v
2959:)
2951:(
2946:)
2915:)
2911:9
2908:(
2840::
2815:.
2789:.
2699:.
2656:.
2628::
2600:.
2588::
2560:.
2540::
2493:.
2473::
2425:.
2400:.
2374:.
2337:.
2303:.
2237:.
2177::
2015:.
1911:)
1905:(
1900:)
1896:(
1892:.
1878:.
1696:.
1304:)
1298:(
1293:)
1289:(
1285:.
1271:.
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