333:
196:
572:
567:
35:
577:
44:
764:
886:
769:
768:
1202:
Professor Marc
Edwards said lead spikes occur in several water utility system switchovers per year, due to lack of sufficient training and lack of removal of lead pipes. Lack of utility awareness that lead pipes are still in use is also part of the problem; the EPA has required all water utilities in
1211:
Chloramine is a highly unstable compound in concentrated form. Pure chloramine decomposes violently above −40 °C (−40 °F). Gaseous chloramine at low pressures and low concentrations of chloramine in aqueous solution are thermally slightly more stable. Chloramine is readily soluble in water
1106:
and, if not managed correctly, more irritating to the eyes of swimmers. Chloramines are responsible for the distinctive "chlorine" smell of swimming pools, which is often misattributed to elemental chlorine by the public. Some pool test kits designed for use by homeowners do not distinguish free
767:
1031:
as free chlorine) is being displaced by chloramine—to be specific, monochloramine—which is much less reactive and does not dissipate as rapidly as free chlorine. Chloramine also has a much lower, but still active, tendency than free chlorine to convert organic materials into
1527:
2471:
Richardson, Susan D.; Plewa, Michael J.; Wagner, Elizabeth D.; Schoeny, Rita; DeMarini, David M. (2007). "Occurrence, genotoxicity, and carcinogenicity of regulated and emerging disinfection by-products in drinking water: A review and roadmap for research".
2282:
Lévesque, Benoit; Duchesne, Jean-François; Gingras, Suzanne; Lavoie, Robert; Prud'Homme, Denis; Bernard, Emmanuelle; Boulet, Louis-Philippe; Ernst, Pierre (2006-10-01). "The determinants of prevalence of health complaints among young competitive swimmers".
2424:
Krasner, Stuart W.; Weinberg, Howard S.; Richardson, Susan D.; Pastor, Salvador J.; Chinn, Russell; Sclimenti, Michael J.; Onstad, Gretchen D.; Thruston, Alfred D. (2006). "Occurrence of a New
Generation of Disinfection Byproducts".
1070:, which may pose a significant health risk. Fortunately, water treatment plants can add caustic chemicals at the plant which have the dual purpose of reducing the corrosivity of the water, and stabilizing the disinfectant.
1191:, switched from chlorine to monochloramine, causing lead to leach from unreplaced pipes. The number of babies with elevated blood lead levels rose about tenfold, and by one estimate fetal deaths rose between 32% and 63%.
585:
547:
1197:
made the same switch, causing about one quarter of tested households to exceed EPA drinking water lead limits in the period from 2017 to 2019. 20 children tested positive for lead poisoning in 2016 alone. In 2023,
1122:
Though chloramine's distinctive smell has been described by some as pleasant and even nostalgic, its formation in pool water as a result of bodily fluids being exposed to chlorine can be minimised by encouraging
1127:
and other hygiene methods prior to entering the pool, as well as refraining from swimming while suffering from digestive illnesses and taking breaks to use the bathroom, instead of simply urinating in the pool.
691:
1107:
chlorine and chloramines, which can be misleading and lead to non-optimal levels of chloramines in the pool water. There is also evidence that exposure to chloramine can contribute to
1156:. While chloramination produces fewer regulated total halogenated disinfection by-products, it can produce greater concentrations of unregulated iodinated disinfection byproducts and
899:
683:
1653:
At low pH values, nitrogen trichloride dominates and at pH 3–5 dichloramine dominates. These equilibria are disturbed by the irreversible decomposition of both compounds:
1446:
2375:
1292:. The reaction occurs quickest at around pH 8. At higher pH values the concentration of hypochlorous acid is lower, at lower pH values ammonia is protonated to form
2564:
2351:
1432:
power of chloramines, which depends on their generating hypochlorous acid in water. It is expressed by the equation below, and is generally in the range 10 to 10 (
1769:
Examples of chlorination reactions include transformations to dichloramine and nitrogen trichloride in acidic medium, as described in the decomposition section.
1049:
2691:
372:
2188:
34:
770:
687:
3400:
2172:
1983:
2645:
1144:(ppm) based on a running annual average of all samples in the distribution system. In order to meet EPA-regulated limits on halogenated
2573:
1564:
chloramine solution in water decomposes according to the formula in several weeks. At pH values above 11, the following reaction with
785:
2549:
2010:
792:
347:
2664:
2684:
2326:
1137:
1792:
The amination of ammonia with chloramine to form hydrazine is an example of this mechanism seen in the Olin
Raschig process:
488:
671:
906:
2531:
637:
280:
1852:
Cl) formed during self-decomposition is unstable and decomposes itself, which leads to the net decomposition reaction:
571:
2677:
311:
43:
731:
2513:
778:
566:
1740:
464:
446:
2192:
1949:
3405:
3395:
2399:
1736:
1281:
203:
3410:
1894:
241:
715:
625:
711:
3390:
2376:"The Chlorine Smell From Pools May Actually Indicate Bodily Fluids Mixed In The Water, According To The CDC"
1773:
1145:
699:
675:
1119:. Respiratory problems related to chloramine exposure are common and prevalent among competitive swimmers.
576:
191:
3186:
2589:
Jacangelo, J. G.; Olivieri, V. P.; Kawata, K. (1987). "Oxidation of sulfhydryl groups by monochloramine".
1522:{\displaystyle K={\frac {c_{{\text{RR}}'{\text{NH}}}\cdot c_{\text{HOCl}}}{c_{{\text{RR}}'{\text{NCl}}}}}}
1157:
1063:
153:
247:
3262:
3165:
2781:
1975:
1059:
Some of the unregulated byproducts may possibly pose greater health risks than the regulated chemicals.
599:
559:
1820:
Chloramine electrophilically aminates itself in neutral and alkaline media to start its decomposition:
3197:
3178:
2976:
2964:
2078:
1841:
1732:
1601:
1257:
1221:
1041:
1016:
942:
860:
695:
2048:
3205:
3170:
2921:
1688:
1421:
1316:
1312:
1237:
1108:
659:
328:
79:
3283:
2071:
Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences
3307:
3299:
3213:
3076:
2913:
2450:
2308:
2264:
1880:
in the same manner as hypochlorous acid, but only possesses 0.4% of the biocidal effect of HClO.
1744:
1593:
1149:
1020:
651:
629:
703:
647:
663:
3089:
2569:
2545:
2489:
2442:
2300:
2256:
2168:
2145:
2096:
2006:
2000:
1979:
1537:
1405:
1347:
1269:
1194:
1141:
1087:
926:
1750:
Chloramine can, like hypochlorous acid, donate positively charged chlorine in reactions with
3358:
3137:
3032:
2957:
2829:
2625:
2598:
2481:
2434:
2292:
2248:
2135:
2127:
2116:"Changes in Blood Lead Levels Associated with Use of Chloramines in Water Treatment Systems"
2086:
1967:
1382:
1362:
1067:
962:
395:
727:
707:
289:
173:
89:
3320:
3122:
3020:
1899:
1683:
1028:
679:
643:
1062:
Due to its acidic nature, adding chloramine to the water supply may increase exposure to
2082:
723:
332:
195:
133:
3229:
3221:
2901:
2888:
2866:
2765:
2629:
2140:
2115:
1188:
1153:
1053:
982:
877:
609:
2655:
113:
3384:
3338:
3237:
3100:
3084:
3055:
2744:
2602:
2514:"'Time bomb' lead pipes will be removed. But first water utilities have to find them"
2252:
1565:
1397:
1285:
1213:
1199:
1079:
1008:
970:
958:
436:
184:
2454:
2400:"Chemical Irritation of the Eyes and Lungs | Healthy Swimming | Healthy Water | CDC"
2312:
2268:
743:
3346:
3291:
3245:
3109:
2933:
2909:
2871:
2731:
2544:
Holleman, A. F.; Wiberg, E. "Inorganic
Chemistry" Academic Press: San Diego, 2001.
1889:
1597:
1429:
1293:
1277:
1033:
1012:
996:
988:
966:
934:
855:
655:
2067:"The formation and control of emerging disinfection by-products of health concern"
269:
1928:
1203:
the United States to prepare a complete lead pipe inventory by
October 16, 2024.
667:
3253:
3039:
2988:
2952:
2485:
1909:
1751:
1358:
1289:
1273:
1083:
1066:, especially in areas with older housing; this exposure can result in increased
950:
865:
825:
621:
719:
2861:
2296:
1877:
1873:
1533:
1401:
1217:
1045:
1037:
418:
164:
2650:
2239:
Bougault, Valérie; et al. (2009). "The
Respiratory Health of Swimmers".
2033:
Hammerl, Anton; Klapötke, Thomas M. (2005), "Nitrogen: Inorganic
Chemistry",
1322:
Gaseous chloramine can be obtained from the reaction of gaseous ammonia with
1264:
synthesis. The reaction has to be carried out in a slightly alkaline medium (
617:
3334:
3064:
3007:
2847:
2753:
1261:
1172:
1168:
1103:
735:
300:
2493:
2446:
2304:
2260:
2149:
2100:
2091:
2066:
605:
17:
3342:
3028:
2839:
2723:
2700:
1904:
1712:
1561:
1327:
1323:
1116:
1024:
992:
798:
791:
784:
777:
750:
2214:
1102:). Chloramines, compared to free chlorine, are both less effective as a
3364:
3352:
3328:
2995:
2940:
2883:
2856:
2834:
2824:
2739:
2715:
1233:
1171:, causing damage to the genetic information within a cell resulting in
954:
850:
256:
204:
2438:
1232:
In dilute aqueous solution, chloramine is prepared by the reaction of
613:
2131:
1600:, which in turn disproportionates again at pH values below 3 to form
1176:
1124:
1112:
144:
961:
of −66 °C (−87 °F), but it is usually handled as a dilute
876:
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their
2669:
230:
2816:
2811:
2803:
2773:
2077:(1904). Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society: 4077–95.
1099:
1095:
124:
112:
102:
1319:
which absorbs the water. Chloramine can be extracted with ether.
1268: 8.5–11). The acting chlorinating agent in this reaction is
3370:
1091:
739:
221:
2673:
2285:
International
Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health
1082:, chloramines are formed by the reaction of free chlorine with
2517:
1140:
limit chloramine concentration for public water systems to 4
316:
1265:
1743:
of chlorine, electrophilic substitution of hydrogen, and
1592:
In an acidic medium at pH values of around 4, chloramine
762:
894:
2167:. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Creative Homeowner.
2562:
Ura, Yasukazu; Sakata, Gozyo (2007). "Chloroamines".
1532:
In aqueous solution, chloramine slowly decomposes to
1449:
3319:
3158:
2900:
2796:
2708:
2665:
Chlorine and chloramines in the freshwater aquarium
2646:"Chlorinated drinking water", IARC Monograph (1991)
2189:"Controlling Chloramines in Indoor Swimming Pools"
1540:in a neutral or mildly alkaline (pH ≤ 11) medium:
1521:
2114:Marie Lynn Miranda; et al. (February 2007).
799:
2616:Morris, J. C. (1966). "Future of chlorination".
268:
2466:
2464:
1311:The chloramine solution can be concentrated by
766:
88:
2565:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
2474:Mutation Research/Reviews in Mutation Research
2327:"The smell of chlorine: nostalgic or noxious?"
2002:Amines: Synthesis, Properties and Applications
1163:. Both iodinated disinfection by-products and
2685:
1682:In water, chloramine is pH-neutral. It is an
1050:United States Environmental Protection Agency
8:
2507:
2505:
2503:
1944:
1942:
1256:This reaction is also the first step of the
1167:-nitrosodimethylamine have been shown to be
2005:. Cambridge University Press. p. 172.
1357:Pure chloramine can be prepared by passing
1090:, mainly those biological in origin (e.g.,
2692:
2678:
2670:
1772:Chloramine may also aminate nucleophiles (
1560:However, only a few percent of a 0.1
1052:(EPA) began regulating their levels in US
965:, in which form it is sometimes used as a
331:
194:
172:
26:
2352:"Chloramines: Understanding "Pool Smell""
2139:
2090:
1510:
1501:
1499:
1488:
1474:
1465:
1463:
1456:
1448:
1044:. Such compounds have been identified as
969:. Chloramine is too unstable to have its
288:
1920:
377:
352:
327:
246:
2427:Environmental Science & Technology
2163:Donegan, Fran J.; David Short (2011).
2028:
2026:
2024:
2022:
1400:N−Cl bonds of chloramines are readily
991:for water. It is less aggressive than
441:−66 °C (−87 °F; 207 K)
185:
2037:(2nd ed.), Wiley, pp. 55–58
1272:(HOCl), which has to be generated by
359:Key: QDHHCQZDFGDHMP-UHFFFAOYSA-N
152:
132:
7:
1148:, many utilities are switching from
1017:municipal water distribution systems
2532:"Lead and Copper Rule Improvements"
2331:Rheem Thermal Swimming Pool Heating
2035:Encyclopedia of Inorganic Chemistry
1007:Chloramine is commonly used in low
995:and more stable against light than
259:
229:
2630:10.1002/j.1551-8833.1966.tb01719.x
2568:. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. p. 5.
1023:. This application is increasing.
957:. It is a colorless liquid at its
25:
2120:Environmental Health Perspectives
1315:and by passing the vapor through
2253:10.2165/00007256-200939040-00003
2191:. NSW Government. Archived from
2065:Stuart W. Krasner (2009-10-13).
1731:Reactions of chloramine include
1207:Synthesis and chemical reactions
1138:drinking water quality standards
884:
575:
570:
565:
42:
33:
1308:), which do not react further.
880:(at 25 °C , 100 kPa).
512:Corrosive; nausea and vomiting
423:51.476 g mol
2651:EPA Maximum Contaminant Levels
2512:Allison Kite (July 20, 2022).
2356:chlorine.americanchemistry.com
1428:value) is used to express the
1068:lead levels in the bloodstream
489:Occupational safety and health
1:
2213:Hale, Chris (20 April 2016).
1999:Lawrence, Stephen A. (2004).
1950:"Chloramine T Trihydrate SDS"
3401:Inorganic chlorine compounds
2603:10.1016/0043-1354(87)90007-8
2486:10.1016/j.mrrev.2007.09.001
1003:Drinking water disinfection
814:or concentration (LD, LC):
3427:
2215:"Pool Service Information"
1741:electrophilic substitution
1673:+ 3 HCl + 2 HOCl
1074:Swimming pool disinfection
980:
949:), it is one of the three
2297:10.1007/s00420-006-0100-0
1972:Chemistry of the Elements
1970:; Earnshaw, Alan (1997).
1282:nucleophilic substitution
874:
836:
810:
546:
486:
481:
388:
368:
343:
72:
55:
50:
41:
32:
2618:J. Am. Water Works Assoc
1895:Disinfection by-products
1872:Monochloramine oxidizes
1183:Lead poisoning incidents
1146:disinfection by-products
987:Chloramine is used as a
638:Precautionary statements
356:InChI=1S/ClH2N/c1-2/h2H2
1774:electrophilic amination
1711:Cl + 2 H + 2
1280:, and then reacts in a
2092:10.1098/rsta.2009.0108
1523:
1216:, but less soluble in
1064:lead in drinking water
832:935 mg/kg (rat, oral)
773:
1976:Butterworth-Heinemann
1968:Greenwood, Norman N.
1524:
1440:for monochloramine):
1161:-nitrosodimethylamine
1019:as an alternative to
772:
1696:, in basic solution
1602:nitrogen trichloride
1447:
1258:Olin Raschig process
1222:carbon tetrachloride
1109:respiratory problems
1042:carbon tetrachloride
943:nitrogen trichloride
861:Nitrogen trichloride
755:(fire diamond)
2656:WebBook page for NH
2520:. Midwest Newsroom.
2219:Into The Blue Pools
2083:2009RSPTA.367.4077K
1745:oxidative additions
1422:hydrolysis constant
1317:potassium carbonate
1313:vacuum distillation
1238:sodium hypochlorite
929:with the formula NH
29:
1686:(acidic solution:
1519:
1326:gas (diluted with
1187:In the year 2000,
1175:which may lead to
1088:organic substances
933:Cl. Together with
907:Infobox references
837:Related compounds
774:
518:Inhalation hazards
27:
3378:
3377:
2624:(11): 1475–1482.
2597:(11): 1339–1344.
2439:10.1021/es060353j
2433:(23): 7175–7185.
2174:978-1-58011-533-9
1985:978-0-08-037941-8
1594:disproportionates
1538:ammonium chloride
1517:
1513:
1504:
1491:
1477:
1468:
1420:The quantitative
1406:hypochlorous acid
1270:hypochlorous acid
1195:Trenton, Missouri
1142:parts per million
927:chemical compound
915:Chemical compound
913:
912:
843:Related compounds
600:Hazard statements
508:Ingestion hazards
312:CompTox Dashboard
114:Interactive image
16:(Redirected from
3418:
3406:Nitrogen halides
3396:Inorganic amines
3368:
3356:
3332:
3321:Oxidation states
3150:
3149:
3118:
3117:
3052:
3051:
3016:
3015:
3004:
3003:
2949:
2948:
2694:
2687:
2680:
2671:
2634:
2633:
2613:
2607:
2606:
2586:
2580:
2579:
2559:
2553:
2542:
2536:
2535:
2528:
2522:
2521:
2509:
2498:
2497:
2480:(1–3): 178–242.
2468:
2459:
2458:
2421:
2415:
2414:
2412:
2411:
2396:
2390:
2389:
2387:
2386:
2372:
2366:
2365:
2363:
2362:
2348:
2342:
2341:
2339:
2338:
2323:
2317:
2316:
2279:
2273:
2272:
2236:
2230:
2229:
2227:
2225:
2210:
2204:
2203:
2201:
2200:
2185:
2179:
2178:
2160:
2154:
2153:
2143:
2132:10.1289/ehp.9432
2111:
2105:
2104:
2094:
2062:
2056:
2055:
2053:
2045:
2039:
2038:
2030:
2017:
2016:
1996:
1990:
1989:
1974:(2nd ed.).
1964:
1958:
1957:
1946:
1937:
1936:
1925:
1726:
1725:
1724:
1702:
1695:
1649:
1648:
1647:
1634:+ H ⇌ 2 NCl
1627:
1626:
1625:
1528:
1526:
1525:
1520:
1518:
1516:
1515:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1505:
1502:
1494:
1493:
1492:
1489:
1480:
1479:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1469:
1466:
1457:
1439:
1437:
1416:O ⇌ RR′NH + HOCl
1404:with release of
1363:calcium chloride
1307:
1306:
1305:
1048:and in 1979 the
1027:(referred to in
963:aqueous solution
897:
891:
888:
887:
801:
794:
787:
780:
765:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
579:
574:
569:
412:
410:
409:
396:Chemical formula
336:
335:
320:
318:
292:
272:
261:
250:
233:
206:
198:
187:
176:
156:
136:
116:
92:
46:
37:
30:
21:
3426:
3425:
3421:
3420:
3419:
3417:
3416:
3415:
3411:Water treatment
3381:
3380:
3379:
3374:
3362:
3350:
3326:
3315:
3311:
3303:
3295:
3287:
3278:
3270:
3266:
3257:
3249:
3241:
3233:
3225:
3217:
3209:
3201:
3191:
3182:
3174:
3154:
3148:
3145:
3144:
3143:
3141:
3134:
3130:
3126:
3116:
3113:
3112:
3111:
3104:
3097:
3093:
3080:
3072:
3068:
3059:
3050:
3047:
3046:
3045:
3043:
3036:
3024:
3014:
3011:
3010:
3009:
3002:
2999:
2998:
2997:
2992:
2984:
2980:
2972:
2968:
2961:
2947:
2944:
2943:
2942:
2937:
2929:
2925:
2917:
2896:
2892:
2879:
2875:
2851:
2843:
2820:
2807:
2792:
2786:
2777:
2769:
2761:
2757:
2748:
2735:
2727:
2719:
2704:
2698:
2659:
2642:
2637:
2615:
2614:
2610:
2588:
2587:
2583:
2576:
2561:
2560:
2556:
2543:
2539:
2530:
2529:
2525:
2511:
2510:
2501:
2470:
2469:
2462:
2423:
2422:
2418:
2409:
2407:
2398:
2397:
2393:
2384:
2382:
2374:
2373:
2369:
2360:
2358:
2350:
2349:
2345:
2336:
2334:
2325:
2324:
2320:
2281:
2280:
2276:
2241:Sports Medicine
2238:
2237:
2233:
2223:
2221:
2212:
2211:
2207:
2198:
2196:
2187:
2186:
2182:
2175:
2162:
2161:
2157:
2113:
2112:
2108:
2064:
2063:
2059:
2051:
2047:
2046:
2042:
2032:
2031:
2020:
2013:
1998:
1997:
1993:
1986:
1966:
1965:
1961:
1948:
1947:
1940:
1933:CAMEO Chemicals
1927:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1900:Water treatment
1886:
1868:Cl + 2 HCl
1867:
1863:
1859:
1851:
1847:
1842:chlorohydrazine
1835:
1831:
1827:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1787:
1783:
1765:
1761:
1723:
1720:
1719:
1718:
1716:
1710:
1697:
1687:
1684:oxidizing agent
1680:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1646:
1643:
1642:
1641:
1639:
1637:
1633:
1624:
1621:
1620:
1619:
1617:
1615:
1611:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1568:slowly occurs:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1500:
1495:
1484:
1464:
1459:
1458:
1445:
1444:
1435:
1433:
1415:
1394:
1386:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1351:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1304:
1301:
1300:
1299:
1297:
1251:
1247:
1230:
1209:
1185:
1134:
1076:
1029:water treatment
1011:as a secondary
1005:
985:
979:
977:Water treatment
948:
940:
932:
921:, often called
916:
909:
904:
903:
902: ?)
893:
889:
885:
881:
870:
844:
829:
823:
806:
805:
804:
803:
796:
789:
782:
775:
771:
763:
640:
602:
588:
562:
539:
529:
519:
509:
502:Corrosive acid
499:
473:
455:
408:
405:
404:
403:
401:
398:
384:
381:
376:
375:
364:
361:
360:
357:
351:
350:
339:
321:
314:
295:
275:
262:
236:
216:
179:
159:
139:
119:
106:
95:
82:
68:
67:
28:Monochloramine
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3424:
3422:
3414:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3391:Drinking water
3383:
3382:
3376:
3375:
3325:
3323:
3317:
3316:
3314:
3313:
3309:
3305:
3301:
3297:
3293:
3289:
3285:
3281:
3276:
3272:
3268:
3264:
3260:
3255:
3251:
3247:
3243:
3239:
3235:
3231:
3227:
3223:
3219:
3215:
3211:
3207:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3189:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3172:
3168:
3162:
3160:
3156:
3155:
3153:
3152:
3146:
3139:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3114:
3107:
3102:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3057:
3048:
3041:
3034:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3012:
3000:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2966:
2959:
2955:
2945:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2906:
2904:
2898:
2897:
2895:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2809:
2805:
2800:
2798:
2794:
2793:
2791:
2790:
2784:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2746:
2742:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2712:
2710:
2706:
2705:
2699:
2697:
2696:
2689:
2682:
2674:
2668:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2653:
2648:
2641:
2640:External links
2638:
2636:
2635:
2608:
2581:
2575:978-3527306732
2574:
2554:
2537:
2523:
2499:
2460:
2416:
2391:
2367:
2343:
2318:
2274:
2247:(4): 295–312.
2231:
2205:
2180:
2173:
2165:Pools and Spas
2155:
2106:
2057:
2040:
2018:
2011:
1991:
1984:
1959:
1938:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1913:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1885:
1882:
1870:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1849:
1845:
1838:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1818:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1790:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1767:
1766:
1763:
1762:Cl → NuCl + NH
1759:
1729:
1728:
1721:
1708:
1679:
1676:
1675:
1674:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1658:
1651:
1650:
1644:
1635:
1631:
1628:
1622:
1613:
1609:
1590:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1576:Cl + 3 OH → NH
1573:
1566:hydroxide ions
1558:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1530:
1529:
1508:
1498:
1487:
1483:
1472:
1462:
1455:
1452:
1418:
1417:
1413:
1393:
1390:
1389:
1388:
1384:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1355:
1354:
1349:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1302:
1254:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1229:
1226:
1208:
1205:
1189:Washington, DC
1184:
1181:
1154:chloramination
1133:
1130:
1080:swimming pools
1075:
1072:
1054:drinking water
1009:concentrations
1004:
1001:
983:Chloramination
978:
975:
946:
938:
930:
919:Monochloramine
914:
911:
910:
905:
883:
882:
878:standard state
875:
872:
871:
869:
868:
863:
858:
853:
847:
845:
842:
839:
838:
834:
833:
830:
821:
819:
816:
815:
808:
807:
797:
790:
783:
776:
761:
760:
759:
758:
756:
747:
746:
692:P305+P351+P338
684:P303+P361+P353
676:P301+P330+P331
641:
636:
633:
632:
603:
598:
595:
594:
589:
584:
581:
580:
563:
558:
555:
554:
544:
543:
540:
537:
534:
533:
530:
527:
524:
523:
520:
517:
514:
513:
510:
507:
504:
503:
500:
497:
494:
493:
484:
483:
479:
478:
475:
471:
461:
460:
457:
453:
443:
442:
439:
433:
432:
431:Colorless gas
429:
425:
424:
421:
415:
414:
406:
399:
394:
391:
390:
386:
385:
383:
382:
379:
371:
370:
369:
366:
365:
363:
362:
358:
355:
354:
346:
345:
344:
341:
340:
338:
337:
324:
322:
310:
307:
306:
303:
297:
296:
294:
293:
285:
283:
277:
276:
274:
273:
265:
263:
255:
252:
251:
244:
238:
237:
235:
234:
226:
224:
218:
217:
215:
214:
210:
208:
200:
199:
189:
181:
180:
178:
177:
169:
167:
161:
160:
158:
157:
149:
147:
141:
140:
138:
137:
129:
127:
121:
120:
118:
117:
109:
107:
100:
97:
96:
94:
93:
85:
83:
78:
75:
74:
70:
69:
66:
65:
62:
58:
57:
53:
52:
48:
47:
39:
38:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3423:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3388:
3386:
3372:
3367:
3366:
3360:
3355:
3354:
3348:
3344:
3340:
3336:
3331:
3330:
3324:
3322:
3318:
3312:
3306:
3304:
3298:
3296:
3290:
3288:
3282:
3280:
3273:
3271:
3261:
3259:
3252:
3250:
3244:
3242:
3236:
3234:
3228:
3226:
3220:
3218:
3212:
3210:
3204:
3202:
3196:
3193:
3192:
3185:
3183:
3177:
3175:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3163:
3161:
3157:
3151:
3135:
3121:
3119:
3108:
3106:
3098:
3088:
3086:
3082:
3075:
3073:
3063:
3061:
3053:
3037:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3019:
3017:
3005:
2993:
2987:
2985:
2975:
2973:
2962:
2956:
2954:
2950:
2938:
2932:
2930:
2920:
2918:
2911:
2908:
2907:
2905:
2903:
2899:
2893:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2846:
2844:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2802:
2801:
2799:
2795:
2788:
2787:
2780:
2778:
2772:
2770:
2764:
2762:
2752:
2750:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2730:
2728:
2722:
2720:
2714:
2713:
2711:
2707:
2702:
2695:
2690:
2688:
2683:
2681:
2676:
2675:
2672:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2643:
2639:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2612:
2609:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2585:
2582:
2577:
2571:
2567:
2566:
2558:
2555:
2551:
2550:0-12-352651-5
2547:
2541:
2538:
2534:. 4 May 2022.
2533:
2527:
2524:
2519:
2515:
2508:
2506:
2504:
2500:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2467:
2465:
2461:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2420:
2417:
2405:
2401:
2395:
2392:
2381:
2377:
2371:
2368:
2357:
2353:
2347:
2344:
2332:
2328:
2322:
2319:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2278:
2275:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2235:
2232:
2220:
2216:
2209:
2206:
2195:on 2011-04-03
2194:
2190:
2184:
2181:
2176:
2170:
2166:
2159:
2156:
2151:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2110:
2107:
2102:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2061:
2058:
2050:
2044:
2041:
2036:
2029:
2027:
2025:
2023:
2019:
2014:
2012:9780521782845
2008:
2004:
2003:
1995:
1992:
1987:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1963:
1960:
1955:
1951:
1945:
1943:
1939:
1934:
1930:
1924:
1921:
1915:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1887:
1883:
1881:
1879:
1875:
1855:
1854:
1853:
1843:
1823:
1822:
1821:
1795:
1794:
1793:
1779:
1778:
1777:
1775:
1770:
1757:
1756:
1755:
1753:
1748:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1714:
1706:
1705:
1704:
1700:
1693:
1691:
1685:
1677:
1656:
1655:
1654:
1629:
1612:Cl + H ⇌ NHCl
1607:
1606:
1605:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1571:
1570:
1569:
1567:
1563:
1543:
1542:
1541:
1539:
1535:
1506:
1496:
1485:
1481:
1470:
1460:
1453:
1450:
1443:
1442:
1441:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1411:
1410:
1409:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1392:Decomposition
1391:
1387:
1368:
1367:
1366:
1364:
1360:
1353:
1333:
1332:
1331:
1329:
1325:
1320:
1318:
1314:
1309:
1295:
1294:ammonium ions
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1243:
1242:
1241:
1239:
1235:
1227:
1225:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1200:Virginia Tech
1196:
1192:
1190:
1182:
1180:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1160:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1120:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1073:
1071:
1069:
1065:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1034:chlorocarbons
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1002:
1000:
998:
997:hypochlorites
994:
990:
984:
976:
974:
972:
971:boiling point
968:
964:
960:
959:melting point
956:
952:
944:
936:
928:
924:
920:
908:
901:
896:
879:
873:
867:
864:
862:
859:
857:
854:
852:
849:
848:
846:
841:
840:
835:
831:
827:
818:
817:
813:
809:
802:
795:
788:
781:
757:
754:
753:
749:
748:
642:
639:
635:
634:
604:
601:
597:
596:
593:
590:
587:
583:
582:
578:
573:
568:
564:
561:
557:
556:
552:
550:
545:
541:
536:
535:
531:
526:
525:
521:
516:
515:
511:
506:
505:
501:
496:
495:
491:
490:
485:
480:
476:
470:
466:
463:
462:
458:
452:
448:
445:
444:
440:
438:
437:Melting point
435:
434:
430:
427:
426:
422:
420:
417:
416:
400:
397:
393:
392:
387:
378:
374:
367:
353:
349:
342:
334:
330:
329:DTXSID8023842
326:
325:
323:
313:
309:
308:
304:
302:
299:
298:
291:
287:
286:
284:
282:
279:
278:
271:
267:
266:
264:
258:
254:
253:
249:
245:
243:
240:
239:
232:
228:
227:
225:
223:
220:
219:
212:
211:
209:
207:
202:
201:
197:
193:
190:
188:
186:ECHA InfoCard
183:
182:
175:
171:
170:
168:
166:
163:
162:
155:
154:ChEMBL1162370
151:
150:
148:
146:
143:
142:
135:
131:
130:
128:
126:
123:
122:
115:
111:
110:
108:
104:
99:
98:
91:
87:
86:
84:
81:
77:
76:
71:
63:
60:
59:
54:
49:
45:
40:
36:
31:
19:
3369:(a strongly
3363:
3351:
3327:
3274:
3187:
2782:
2621:
2617:
2611:
2594:
2590:
2584:
2563:
2557:
2540:
2526:
2477:
2473:
2430:
2426:
2419:
2408:. Retrieved
2406:. 2019-05-15
2403:
2394:
2383:. Retrieved
2379:
2370:
2359:. Retrieved
2355:
2346:
2335:. Retrieved
2333:. 2016-08-22
2330:
2321:
2291:(1): 32–39.
2288:
2284:
2277:
2244:
2240:
2234:
2222:. Retrieved
2218:
2208:
2197:. Retrieved
2193:the original
2183:
2164:
2158:
2126:(2): 221–5.
2123:
2119:
2109:
2074:
2070:
2060:
2043:
2034:
2001:
1994:
1971:
1962:
1953:
1932:
1929:"CHLORAMINE"
1923:
1890:Disinfection
1871:
1839:
1819:
1791:
1771:
1768:
1752:nucleophiles
1749:
1737:nucleophilic
1730:
1698:
1689:
1681:
1652:
1598:dichloramine
1591:
1584:+ 3 Cl + 3 H
1559:
1531:
1430:bactericidal
1425:
1419:
1395:
1356:
1321:
1310:
1288:against the
1278:hypochlorite
1255:
1248:+ NaOCl → NH
1231:
1210:
1193:
1186:
1164:
1158:
1150:chlorination
1135:
1121:
1111:, including
1084:amine groups
1077:
1061:
1058:
1021:chlorination
1013:disinfectant
1006:
989:disinfectant
986:
967:disinfectant
935:dichloramine
922:
918:
917:
856:Dichloramine
811:
751:
591:
548:
538:Skin hazards
498:Main hazards
487:
468:
450:
73:Identifiers
56:Other names
2404:www.cdc.gov
1910:Chloramines
1874:sulfhydryls
1701:° = +0.81 V
1630:3 NHCl
1377:→ 2 NH
1359:fluoroamine
1290:amino group
1274:protonation
1086:present in
1046:carcinogens
951:chloramines
866:Fluoroamine
826:median dose
812:Lethal dose
586:Signal word
542:Irritation
532:Irritation
528:Eye hazards
492:(OHS/OSH):
428:Appearance
389:Properties
192:100.031.095
134:CHEBI:82415
3385:Categories
2410:2020-11-22
2385:2020-11-22
2361:2020-11-22
2337:2020-11-22
2199:2013-02-15
1916:References
1878:disulfides
1812:+ NaCl + H
1804:+ NaOH → N
1556:Cl + 2 HCl
1534:dinitrogen
1412:RR′NCl + H
1402:hydrolyzed
1228:Production
1218:chloroform
1038:chloroform
981:See also:
973:measured.
923:chloramine
560:Pictograms
522:Corrosive
419:Molar mass
290:KW8K411A1P
248:chloramine
165:ChemSpider
101:3D model (
90:10599-90-3
80:CAS Number
64:Chloramide
61:Chloramine
18:Chloramine
2591:Water Res
2049:"Govinfo"
1856:3 NH
1824:2 NH
1784:Cl → NuNH
1694:= +1.48 V
1678:Reactions
1608:2 NH
1544:3 NH
1482:⋅
1369:2 NH
1334:2 NH
1262:hydrazine
1252:Cl + NaOH
1173:mutations
1169:genotoxic
1125:showering
1104:sanitizer
925:, is the
732:P403+P233
716:P337+P313
712:P332+P313
688:P304+P340
680:P302+P352
551:labelling
301:UN number
213:234-217-9
205:EC Number
3136: /
3099: /
3083: /
3054: /
3038: /
3031: /
3006: /
2994: /
2963: /
2951: /
2939: /
2912: /
2812:>C=NR
2709:Hydrides
2701:Nitrogen
2494:17980649
2455:41960634
2447:17180964
2313:21688495
2305:16586082
2269:26017985
2261:19317518
2224:22 April
2150:17384768
2101:19736234
1905:Pathogen
1884:See also
1836:Cl + HCl
1596:to form
1507:′
1471:′
1398:covalent
1373:F + CaCl
1361:through
1328:nitrogen
1324:chlorine
1286:hydroxyl
1117:swimmers
1115:, among
1036:such as
1025:Chlorine
993:chlorine
752:NFPA 704
482:Hazards
465:Basicity
3159:Halides
2797:Organic
2703:species
2141:1817676
2079:Bibcode
1935:. NOAA.
1800:Cl + NH
1780:Nu + NH
1758:Nu + NH
1733:radical
1284:of the
1234:ammonia
1136:US EPA
955:ammonia
900:what is
898: (
851:Ammonia
447:Acidity
413:
257:PubChem
3373:oxide)
3371:acidic
2902:Oxides
2572:
2548:
2492:
2453:
2445:
2380:Bustle
2311:
2303:
2267:
2259:
2171:
2148:
2138:
2099:
2009:
1982:
1954:Fisher
1860:Cl → N
1828:Cl → N
1754:(Nu):
1739:, and
1548:Cl → N
1330:gas):
1177:cancer
1132:Safety
1113:asthma
941:) and
895:verify
892:
592:Danger
373:SMILES
231:C19359
145:ChEMBL
51:Names
3341:, 0,
3033:(HON)
2817:-CONR
2451:S2CID
2309:S2CID
2265:S2CID
2052:(PDF)
1669:O → N
1665:+ 2 H
1661:+ NCl
1381:Cl +
1346:Cl +
1236:with
1214:ether
1100:urine
1096:sweat
937:(NHCl
348:InChI
305:3093
270:25423
174:23735
125:ChEBI
103:JSmol
3300:NHBr
3292:NHCl
3085:ONOO
2914:(NO)
2867:HNCS
2862:HNCO
2857:HOCN
2840:(CN)
2570:ISBN
2546:ISBN
2490:PMID
2443:PMID
2301:PMID
2257:PMID
2226:2016
2169:ISBN
2146:PMID
2097:PMID
2007:ISBN
1980:ISBN
1876:and
1864:+ NH
1840:The
1788:+ Cl
1727:+ Cl
1657:NHCl
1572:3 NH
1552:+ NH
1536:and
1490:HOCl
1396:The
1342:⇌ NH
1338:+ Cl
1260:for
1220:and
1212:and
1098:and
1092:urea
1040:and
945:(NCl
800:ACID
744:P501
740:P405
736:P404
728:P390
724:P363
720:P362
708:P321
704:P314
700:P312
696:P310
672:P280
668:P273
664:P271
660:P270
656:P264
652:P261
648:P260
644:P234
630:H412
626:H372
622:H335
618:H319
614:H315
610:H314
606:H290
281:UNII
242:MeSH
222:KEGG
3361:,
3308:NHI
3284:NHF
3238:BrN
3230:ClN
3206:NBr
3198:NCl
3194:(?)
3105:NOO
3069:NNO
3029:HNO
2989:HNO
2965:(NO
2934:HNO
2889:-NO
2884:-NO
2852:NCN
2830:HCN
2825:-CN
2789:(?)
2626:doi
2599:doi
2518:NPR
2482:doi
2478:636
2435:doi
2293:doi
2249:doi
2136:PMC
2128:doi
2124:115
2087:doi
2075:367
1776:):
1703:):
1580:+ N
1512:NCl
1434:2.8
1383:CaF
1276:of
1152:to
1094:in
1078:In
1015:in
953:of
549:GHS
477:15
459:14
380:NCl
317:EPA
260:CID
3387::
3365:+5
3359:+4
3357:,
3353:+3
3349:,
3347:+2
3345:,
3343:+1
3339:−1
3337:,
3335:−2
3333:,
3329:−3
3279:Cl
3275:NH
3254:NH
3246:IN
3222:FN
3214:NI
3188:NF
3179:NF
3171:NF
3166:NF
3110:NO
3094:NO
3090:HO
3081:NO
3077:HO
3021:NO
3008:NO
2996:NO
2958:NO
2953:NO
2941:NO
2910:NO
2872:CH
2835:CN
2804:NR
2783:NH
2766:HN
2749:OH
2745:NH
2732:NH
2724:NH
2716:NH
2660:Cl
2622:58
2620:.
2595:21
2593:.
2516:.
2502:^
2488:.
2476:.
2463:^
2449:.
2441:.
2431:40
2429:.
2402:.
2378:.
2354:.
2329:.
2307:.
2299:.
2289:80
2287:.
2263:.
2255:.
2245:39
2243:.
2217:.
2144:.
2134:.
2122:.
2118:.
2095:.
2085:.
2073:.
2069:.
2021:^
1978:.
1952:.
1941:^
1931:.
1844:(N
1796:NH
1747:.
1735:,
1717:NH
1715:→
1707:NH
1640:NH
1638:+
1618:NH
1616:+
1604::
1503:RR
1476:NH
1467:RR
1438:10
1408::
1365::
1352:Cl
1348:NH
1298:NH
1266:pH
1244:NH
1240::
1224:.
1179:.
1056:.
999:.
822:50
820:LD
742:,
738:,
734:,
730:,
726:,
722:,
718:,
714:,
710:,
706:,
702:,
698:,
694:,
690:,
686:,
682:,
678:,
674:,
670:,
666:,
662:,
658:,
654:,
650:,
646:,
628:,
624:,
620:,
616:,
612:,
608:,
553::
474:)
467:(p
456:)
449:(p
411:Cl
402:NH
3310:2
3302:2
3294:2
3286:2
3277:2
3269:2
3267:F
3265:2
3263:N
3258:F
3256:2
3248:3
3240:3
3232:3
3224:3
3216:3
3208:3
3200:3
3190:5
3181:3
3173:2
3147:3
3142:O
3140:2
3138:N
3133:4
3131:O
3129:2
3127:N
3125:4
3123:H
3115:4
3103:2
3101:O
3096:2
3092:2
3079:2
3071:2
3067:2
3065:H
3060:O
3058:2
3056:N
3049:2
3044:O
3042:2
3040:N
3035:2
3023:3
3013:2
3001:3
2991:3
2983:5
2981:O
2979:2
2977:N
2971:2
2969:)
2967:2
2960:2
2946:2
2936:2
2928:3
2926:O
2924:2
2922:N
2916:2
2891:2
2878:2
2876:N
2874:2
2850:2
2848:H
2842:2
2819:2
2806:3
2785:5
2776:3
2774:N
2768:3
2760:4
2758:H
2756:2
2754:N
2747:2
2740:N
2734:2
2726:4
2718:3
2693:e
2686:t
2679:v
2658:2
2632:.
2628::
2605:.
2601::
2578:.
2552:.
2496:.
2484::
2457:.
2437::
2413:.
2388:.
2364:.
2340:.
2315:.
2295::
2271:.
2251::
2228:.
2202:.
2177:.
2152:.
2130::
2103:.
2089::
2081::
2054:.
2015:.
1988:.
1956:.
1866:4
1862:2
1858:2
1850:3
1848:H
1846:2
1834:3
1832:H
1830:2
1826:2
1816:O
1814:2
1810:4
1808:H
1806:2
1802:3
1798:2
1786:2
1782:2
1764:3
1760:3
1722:4
1713:e
1709:2
1699:E
1692:°
1690:E
1671:2
1667:2
1663:3
1659:2
1645:4
1636:3
1632:2
1623:4
1614:2
1610:2
1588:O
1586:2
1582:2
1578:3
1574:2
1562:M
1554:4
1550:2
1546:2
1497:c
1486:c
1461:c
1454:=
1451:K
1436:×
1426:K
1424:(
1414:2
1385:2
1379:2
1375:2
1371:2
1350:4
1344:2
1340:2
1336:3
1303:4
1296:(
1250:2
1246:3
1165:N
1159:N
947:3
939:2
931:2
890:N
828:)
824:(
793:1
786:1
779:3
472:b
469:K
454:a
451:K
407:2
319:)
315:(
105:)
20:)
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