1178:. However, chloral hydrate products, licensed for short-term management of severe insomnia, are available in the United Kingdom. Chloral hydrate was voluntarily removed from the market by all manufacturers in the United States in 2012. Prior to that, chloral hydrate may have been sold as a "legacy" or "grandfathered" drug;" that is, a drug that existed prior to the time certain FDA regulations took effect and therefore, some pharmaceutical companies have argued, has never required FDA approval. New drugs did not have to be approved for safety until Congress passed the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (the "FD&C Act") in 1938. Further, a new drug did not have to be proven effective until 1962, when Congress amended the Act. Manufacturers contend that such "legacy drugs", by virtue of the fact that they have been prescribed for decades, have gained a history of safety and efficacy.
474:
323:
42:
99:
1734:. However, chloral hydrate was quite polar but nonetheless a potent hypnotic. Overton was unable to explain this mystery. Thus, chloral hydrate remained one of the major and persistent exceptions to this breakthrough discovery in pharmacology. This anomaly was eventually resolved in 1948, when Claude Bernard's experiment was repeated. While chloral hydrate was converted to a different metabolite than chloroform, it was found that it was converted into the more
897:
1583:, a pharmaceutical developed during the 1950s that was marketed as both a sedative and a hypnotic under the trade name Placidyl. In 1999, Abbott, the sole manufacturer of the drug in the United States at the time, decided to discontinue the product. After Abbott ceased production, the drug remained available for about a year. Despite the fact that it could have been manufactured generically, no other company in the United States chose to do so.
892:
1277:
33:
3922:
1858:
She put out her hand and measured the soothing drops into a glass; but as she did so, she knew they would be powerless against the supernatural lucidity of her brain. She had long since raised the dose to its highest limit, but to-night she felt she must increase it. She knew she took a slight risk
1689:
family, chloral hydrate began to disappear from use among those with means. It remained common in asylums and hospitals until the Second World War as it was quite cheap. Chloral hydrate had some other important advantages that kept it in use for five decades despite the existence of more advanced
1753:
began experiments on animals, followed by humans. While a state of general anesthesia could be achieved, the technique never caught on because its administration was more complex and less safe than the oral administration of chloral hydrate, and less safe for intravenous use than later general
1694:. It was the safest available sedative until the middle of the twentieth century, and thus was particularly favored for children. It also left patients much more refreshed after a deep sleep than more recently invented sedatives. Its frequency of use made it an early and regular feature in
2568:
1389:
for 4-hour exposure of 440 mg/m. Long-term use of chloral hydrate is associated with a rapid development of tolerance to its effects and possible addiction as well as adverse effects including rashes, gastric discomfort and severe kidney, heart, and liver failure.
1877:(1853–1910) used the drug for a period after 1893 to relieve what may have been a mix of depression and unspecified illnesses. He was reported by his doctor to have been taking one bottle per day during July 1894 although this was reduced after this time.
1421:
concentrations of chloral hydrate and/or trichloroethanol, its major active metabolite, may be measured to confirm a diagnosis of poisoning in hospitalized patients or to aid in the forensic investigation of fatalities. Accidental
1778:(better known by their original brand names Nembutal and Seconal, respectively) were synthesized. Chloral hydrate was still prescribed, although its predominance as a sedative and a hypnotic was largely eclipsed by barbiturates.
1742:. This metabolite fit much better with the Meyer–Overton correlation than chloral had. Prior to this, it had not been demonstrated that general anesthetics could undergo chemical changes to exert their action in the body.
905:
872:
1969:(1933–2015) abused chloral hydrate in 1965 as a depressed insomniac. He found himself taking fifteen times the usual dose of chloral hydrate every night before he eventually ran out, causing violent withdrawal symptoms.
1949:(1844–1900) regularly used chloral hydrate in the years leading up to his nervous breakdown, according to Lou Salome and other associates. Whether the drug contributed to his insanity is a point of controversy.
1963:
overdose in 1862. He had a mental breakdown in 1872. He lived out the last ten years of his life addicted to chloral and alcohol, in part to mask the pain of botched surgery to an enlarged testicle in 1877.
1128:
in
Germany in the 1870s. Over time it was replaced by safer and more effective alternatives but it remained in usage in the United States until at least the 1970s. It sometimes finds usage as a laboratory
5571:
1346:
Because of its status as a regulated substance, chloral hydrate can be difficult to obtain. This has led to chloral hydrate being replaced by alternative reagents in microscopy procedures.
1997:, is largely a fictionalised account of an episode Waugh himself experienced as a result of excessive use of chloral in combination with bromide and alcohol. Waugh's friend and biographer
967:
1677:
and the homes of those socially refined enough to avoid asylums. Upper- and middle-class women, well-represented in the latter category, were particularly susceptible to chloral hydrate
9394:
1781:
Chloral hydrate is soluble in both water and ethanol, readily forming concentrated solutions. A solution of chloral hydrate in ethanol called "knockout drops" was used to prepare a
8204:
717:
9362:
9128:
8172:
3954:
2828:
1523:, which is responsible for secondary physiological and psychological effects. The metabolite of chloral hydrate exerts its pharmacological properties via enhancing the
5726:
5564:
2433:
1174:
and is on the FDA list of unapproved drugs that are still prescribed by clinicians. Usage of the drug as a sedative or hypnotic may carry some risk given the lack of
3864:
9384:
3508:
3407:
4976:
2590:
o' Nolan, Daniel; Perry, Miranda L.; Zaworotko, Michael J. (2016). "Chloral
Hydrate Polymorphs and Cocrystal Revisited: Solving Two Pharmaceutical Cold Cases".
1340:
836:
5580:
1840:! I should be careful not to let it grow into a habit. No I shall take none to-night! I have thought of Lucy, and I shall not dishonor her by mixing the two.
523:
9351:
5557:
1715:
in the body but also the first to measure the concentration of a particular pharmaceutical in the blood. The results were inconclusive. In 1899 and 1901
2005:'s demise under the effects of excessive use of chloral in his 1928 biography of the artist "is a fairly exact description of how life ended in 1966".
8197:
1197:
but is not considered acceptable for anesthesia or euthanasia of small animals due to adverse effects. It is also still used as a sedative prior to
7920:
2963:
2908:"Rising incidence of hospital-reported drug-facilitated sexual assault in a large urban community in Canada. Retrospective population-based study"
1991:(1903–1966), insomniac for much of his adult life, for which "in later life ... he became so deleteriously dependent on chloral". Waugh's novel,
3734:
1283:
Moreover, chloral hydrate is used as a reagent for the deprotection of acetals, dithioacetals and tetrahydropyranyl ethers in organic solvents.
3894:
2541:"Chloral Hydrate as a Water Carrier for the Efficient Deprotection of Acetals, Dithioacetals, and Tetrahydropyranyl Ethers in Organic Solvents"
1724:
3947:
3904:
3668:
3637:
3552:
2668:"Pyrrole Alkaloids with Potential Cancer Chemopreventive Activity Isolated from a Goji Berry-Contaminated Commercial Sample of African Mango"
2197:
2137:
8827:
1430:
has been used successfully to accelerate clearance of the drug in poisoning victims. It is listed as having a "conditional risk" of causing
8190:
3712:
2397:
3486:
3600:
3052:
3009:
8815:
2290:
9444:
9429:
9399:
3429:
3184:
3088:
2845:
9344:
8168:
7599:
4681:
3787:
3762:
3594:
3219:
2486:
1240:
Chloral hydrate is a starting point for the synthesis of other organic compounds. It is the starting material for the production of
488:
3752:
3150:
Das
Chloralhydrat : ein neues Hypnoticum und Anaestheticum und dessen Anwendung in der Medicin; eine Arzneimittel-Untersuchung
2447:
Gauillard, J.; Cheref, S.; Vacherontrystram, M. N.; J. C., Martin (May–June 2002). "Chloral hydrate: a hypnotic best forgotten?".
3940:
1287:
1889:(1869–1951) was given chloral hydrate as a boy for sleep problems by a physician named Lizart. Gide states in his autobiography
2753:
1155:
821:
3033:"Ueber die Verbindungen, welche durch die Einwirkung des Chlors auf Alkohol, Aether, ölbildendes Gas und Essiggeist entstehen"
2826:
Jira, Reinhard; Kopp, Erwin; McKusick, Blaine C.; Röderer, Gerhard; Bosch, Axel; Fleischmann, Gerald. "Chloroacetaldehydes".
1658:, manufactured and marketed by the German pharmaceutical industry. Historically, chloral hydrate was utilized primarily as a
9067:
2801:
2058:
per litre (μg/L) but concentrations are normally found to be below 10 μg/L. Levels are generally found to be higher in
3857:
9114:
8823:
8811:
8674:
8669:
7119:
3530:
2216:
Kales, Anthony (1 September 1970). "Hypnotic Drugs and Their
Effectiveness: All-night EEG Studies of Insomniac Subjects".
1993:
1666:
began to promote its use to calm anxiety, especially when it caused insomnia. Chloral hydrate had certain advantages over
955:
1074:
9337:
9143:
8164:
6852:
959:
941:
421:
7820:
6770:
1339:
and clearing (macerating) properties of small specimens (especially advantageous if specimens require observation with
7888:
6999:
5452:
5102:
1382:
Chloral hydrate was routinely administered in gram quantities. Prolonged exposure to its vapors is unhealthy, with an
452:
1820:
I cannot but think of Lucy, and how different things might have been. If I don't sleep at once, chloral, the modern
896:
8985:
7009:
5207:
5021:
3926:
1998:
1976:
674:
3371:
8819:
7024:
7019:
7014:
4858:
1592:
1163:
857:
330:
6882:
1642:; subsequently, because of its easy synthesis, its use became widespread. Through experimentation, physiologist
1185:
and as a sedative before minor medical or dental treatment. It was largely displaced in the mid-20th century by
9419:
7581:
7577:
6750:
5184:
4998:
1225:
208:
1703:
Chloral hydrate was also a significant object of study in various early pharmacological experiments. In 1875,
983:
8989:
3323:"Contradicting a Unitary Theory of General Anesthetic Action: a History of Three Compounds from 1901 to 2001"
979:
8293:
8267:
8224:
6897:
6887:
1859:
in doing so; she remembered the chemist's warning. If sleep came at all, it might be a sleep without waking.
1374:. Whether tissue or spores react to this reagent is vital for the correct identification of some mushrooms.
738:
5430:
3035:[On compounds that arise by the reaction of chlorine with alcohol, oil-forming gas , and acetone].
1901:(1842–1910), psychologist and philosopher, used the drug for insomnia and sedation due to chronic neurosis.
318:
9434:
8993:
8899:
8783:
8709:
8586:
8422:
8262:
5766:
5317:
5256:
5070:
4030:
2002:
1952:
1739:
1659:
1540:
1489:
1198:
1138:
789:
41:
8773:
6872:
6857:
1208:
In therapeutic doses for insomnia, chloral hydrate is effective within 20 to 60 minutes. In humans it is
260:
9273:
9203:
9160:
8807:
8778:
8728:
8634:
8230:
8111:
7789:
6842:
6837:
6832:
5238:
5052:
2955:
1750:
1746:
1171:
919:
891:
884:
661:
8664:
8659:
6877:
6519:
8798:
1854:, Lily Bart, the novel's heroine, becomes addicted to chloral hydrate and overdoses on the substance:
1711:. This was not only the first attempt to determine whether different drugs were converted to the same
9301:
9001:
8546:
8512:
7906:
7893:
6983:
6867:
6394:
5387:
4905:
3738:
2090:
1891:
1595:
1217:
798:
111:
8479:
8074:
4764:
2777:"A Problem in the Determination of Trihalomethane by Headspace-Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry"
1985:(1820–1893), an Irish physicist, died of an accidental overdose of chloral administered by his wife.
8981:
8763:
8500:
8385:
8019:
7902:
7029:
6955:
6044:
5886:
5594:
4873:
4868:
4435:
3992:
2619:"An Improved Clearing and Mounting Solution to Replace Chloral Hydrate in Microscopic Applications"
2075:
1946:
1782:
1603:
1548:
1431:
1355:
951:
469:
174:
98:
8965:
8961:
8957:
8949:
2906:
McGregor, M. J.; Ericksen, J.; Ronald, L. A.; Janssen, P. A.; Van Vliet, A.; Schulzer, M. (2004).
9439:
9414:
9409:
9389:
9258:
9253:
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9149:
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8216:
7996:
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6219:
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4015:
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3121:
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2268:
2047:
1850:
1607:
1544:
1532:
1402:
1383:
1194:
220:
9208:
3629:
3623:
2408:
9311:
9193:
9085:
8719:
8572:
8389:
8345:
8123:
6945:
5602:
4425:
3480:
9424:
9404:
9178:
9077:
8758:
8748:
8638:
8556:
8440:
8144:
8139:
7910:
7853:
7830:
7825:
7794:
7562:
7375:
7134:
7109:
7104:
7099:
7089:
6940:
6229:
6006:
6001:
4697:
4655:
4488:
4415:
4163:
4158:
3900:
3783:
3758:
3664:
3633:
3590:
3584:
3548:
3524:
3399:
3391:
3352:
3303:
3295:
3260:
3225:
3215:
3190:
3180:
3129:
3094:
3084:
3032:
2937:
2888:
2841:
2697:
2648:
2517:
2456:
2427:
2378:
2370:
2329:
2260:
2233:
2193:
2133:
1972:
1926:
1916:
1806:
1696:
1619:
1485:
1221:
1028:
698:
9316:
8833:
8451:
7300:
6760:
2989:
9019:
8848:
8416:
8412:
8241:
8213:
7815:
7481:
6968:
6745:
6715:
6647:
6554:
6224:
6104:
5996:
5708:
5698:
4838:
4448:
3383:
3342:
3334:
3287:
3252:
3044:
3001:
2927:
2919:
2878:
2833:
2791:
2687:
2679:
2638:
2630:
2599:
2552:
2540:
2360:
2321:
2286:
2251:
Meadows, Michelle (January–February 2007). "The FDA Takes Action
Against Unapproved Drugs".
2225:
2166:
2125:
2095:
1956:
1880:
1793:
1716:
1670:
for this application, as it worked quickly without injection and had a consistent strength.
1576:
1520:
1367:
1359:
1336:
1213:
1130:
1094:
754:
629:
546:
9173:
3660:
3654:
3433:
1707:
tried to determine if chloral hydrate exerted its action through a metabolic conversion to
1598:
and requires a physician's prescription. Its properties have sometimes led to its use as a
971:
430:
8909:
8753:
8724:
8456:
8446:
8408:
8107:
7972:
7956:
7944:
7898:
7849:
7664:
7634:
7448:
7181:
7034:
5836:
5831:
5693:
5626:
5471:
5423:
5337:
5159:
5124:
4923:
4801:
4714:
4692:
4574:
4083:
2666:
Li, J.; Pan, L.; Naman, C. B.; Deng, Y.; Chai, H.; Keller, W. J.; Kinghorn, A. D. (2014).
2475:
1930:
1663:
1639:
1635:
1622:
in 1832 at the
University of Giessen. Liebig discovered the molecule when a chlorination (
1552:
1304:
963:
763:
349:
280:
2229:
2026:
2022:
1955:(1828–1882) became addicted to chloral, with whisky chasers, after the death of his wife
184:
3148:
2120:
Vardanyan, R.S.; Hruby, V.J. (2006). "Soporific Agents (Hypnotics and
Sedative Drugs)".
1933:, became addicted in the years after her husband's death and was committed to an asylum.
1034:
473:
322:
240:
9296:
9198:
8868:
8788:
8622:
8397:
8355:
8119:
7948:
7857:
7724:
7719:
7143:
6031:
5936:
5811:
5776:
5771:
5657:
5622:
5243:
5171:
5057:
4968:
4918:
4862:
4833:
4822:
4806:
4702:
4183:
4128:
4025:
4010:
3980:
3347:
3322:
3112:
Butler, Thomas C. (1970). "The
Introduction of Chloral Hydrate into Medical Practice".
2932:
2907:
2692:
2667:
2643:
2618:
2347:
Baxter, Mark G.; Murphy, Kathy L.; Taylor, Polly M.; Wolfensohn, Sarah E. (July 2009).
2129:
1936:
1720:
1704:
1674:
1643:
1599:
1528:
1229:
1190:
1175:
1167:
1068:
3338:
9378:
9027:
8937:
8884:
8853:
8606:
8526:
8485:
8436:
8393:
8365:
8115:
8078:
7952:
7878:
7873:
7863:
7799:
7739:
7669:
7514:
7471:
6677:
6642:
6617:
6429:
6289:
6269:
6264:
6254:
6249:
6149:
6039:
5981:
5976:
5961:
5941:
5931:
5911:
5901:
5891:
5856:
5826:
5816:
5761:
5685:
5632:
5617:
5549:
5496:
5486:
5476:
5445:
5365:
5230:
5189:
5044:
5003:
4938:
4843:
4796:
4791:
4769:
4729:
4607:
4592:
4344:
4339:
4329:
4246:
4231:
4226:
4221:
4123:
4113:
4108:
4098:
4078:
4020:
3565:
3209:
3174:
3155:
Chloral
Hydrate: A new hypnotic and anaesthetic and its use in medicine; A drug study
2985:
2080:
2059:
2008:
1940:
1898:
1886:
1870:
1845:
1771:
1767:
1580:
1556:
1524:
1423:
1268:
1264:
1245:
1159:
1055:
618:
608:
311:
2745:
2564:
2272:
2153:
Gawron, O.; Draus, F. (1958). "Kinetic
Evidence for Reaction of Chloralate Ion with
995:
9061:
9005:
8997:
8953:
8921:
8531:
8508:
7987:
7729:
7679:
7649:
7594:
7552:
7547:
7542:
7532:
7527:
7456:
7114:
7079:
7074:
7044:
6993:
6920:
6612:
6602:
6374:
6369:
6359:
6354:
6284:
6109:
6099:
5991:
5951:
5916:
5896:
5881:
5866:
5801:
5796:
5781:
5751:
5746:
5731:
5677:
5667:
5538:
5440:
5435:
5345:
5248:
5199:
5134:
5062:
5013:
4958:
4953:
4759:
4676:
4645:
4640:
4635:
4625:
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4468:
4400:
4314:
4256:
4241:
4143:
4103:
4093:
4073:
4068:
4058:
4048:
3971:
2063:
2054:
are present. It has been detected in drinking water at concentrations of up to 100
2043:
1988:
1982:
1966:
1920:
1775:
1623:
1536:
1427:
1410:
1276:
1090:
947:
728:
723:
8257:
3456:
2837:
2776:
2556:
2365:
2349:"Chloral Hydrate Is Not Acceptable for Anesthesia or Euthanasia of Small Animals"
2348:
394:
9306:
9223:
9089:
9031:
9023:
8913:
8768:
8689:
8679:
8626:
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8432:
8303:
8134:
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8034:
8014:
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7749:
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7504:
7499:
7489:
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7461:
7428:
7350:
7191:
7158:
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6775:
6692:
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6662:
6632:
6597:
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4744:
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4587:
4516:
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4458:
4334:
4271:
4266:
4211:
4196:
4168:
4133:
4118:
4053:
4040:
4005:
2512:
2476:"NTP Technical Report on the Toxicity and Metabolism Studies of Chloral Hydrate"
2051:
1802:
1789:
1691:
1686:
1655:
1426:
of young children undergoing simple dental or surgical procedures has occurred.
1414:
1186:
1016:
747:
650:
3387:
3291:
3256:
2325:
1216:
and trichloroethanol glucuronide by erythrocytes and plasma esterases and into
1201:
procedures, as it is one of the few available sedatives that does not suppress
987:
9263:
9238:
9218:
9213:
9188:
9093:
9081:
9053:
8971:
8945:
8941:
8927:
8917:
8888:
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8872:
8843:
8838:
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8732:
8714:
8699:
8618:
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8598:
8580:
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8516:
8504:
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8427:
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8054:
8049:
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7744:
7709:
7654:
7644:
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6444:
6424:
6419:
6409:
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6344:
6334:
6319:
6279:
6274:
6244:
6199:
6194:
6174:
6164:
6144:
6139:
6129:
6089:
6084:
6079:
6074:
6069:
6059:
6054:
6049:
6021:
5876:
5791:
5786:
5672:
5662:
5637:
5518:
5491:
5481:
5402:
5382:
5355:
5290:
5266:
5261:
5144:
5139:
5129:
5119:
5080:
5075:
4986:
4928:
4913:
4724:
4630:
4526:
4506:
4473:
4463:
4453:
4443:
4410:
4392:
4377:
4324:
4319:
4281:
4276:
4251:
4236:
4206:
4201:
4191:
4173:
3572:. Translated by Bussey, Dorothy. New York: Vintage International. p. 105.
2775:
Takahashi, Yasuo; Onodera, Sukeo; Morita, Masatoshi; Terao, Yoshiyasu (2003).
2085:
2039:
1908:
1810:
1735:
1731:
1712:
1708:
1497:
1493:
1398:
1328:
1209:
775:
704:
640:
567:
271:
32:
3932:
3395:
3299:
3264:
3229:
3194:
3048:
3005:
2374:
1606:," originally referred specifically to adding chloral hydrate to a person's (
933:
9291:
9248:
9233:
9228:
9099:
9043:
9039:
8932:
8863:
8803:
8743:
8738:
8704:
8614:
8610:
8551:
8541:
8520:
8466:
8370:
8337:
8092:
8044:
8039:
8024:
7982:
7977:
7935:
7930:
7925:
7883:
7779:
7764:
7704:
7689:
7674:
7494:
7405:
7360:
7325:
7315:
7285:
7280:
7265:
7239:
7201:
7196:
7173:
7168:
7153:
7059:
7054:
6935:
6813:
6803:
6795:
6730:
6707:
6687:
6682:
6652:
6637:
6607:
6589:
6579:
6574:
6569:
6564:
6544:
6529:
6524:
6514:
6509:
6504:
6474:
6449:
6399:
6384:
6379:
6364:
6349:
6329:
6324:
6314:
6304:
6299:
6294:
6214:
6209:
6184:
6114:
6094:
6064:
5986:
5921:
5851:
5841:
5806:
5703:
5607:
5528:
5322:
5212:
5179:
5114:
5026:
4991:
4943:
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4531:
4521:
4511:
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4382:
4372:
4364:
4349:
4306:
4296:
4291:
4261:
4216:
4153:
4088:
3098:
2603:
2312:
Tariq, Syed H.; Pulisetty, Shailaja (2008). "Pharmacotherapy for Insomnia".
2189:
2055:
1904:
1678:
1651:
1320:
1308:
1249:
1244:, which is produced by the distillation of a mixture of chloral hydrate and
1059:
810:
441:
3403:
3356:
3307:
2941:
2892:
2734:(8th ed.). Foster City, CA: Biomedical Publications. pp. 259–261.
2701:
2652:
2460:
2382:
2333:
2264:
3921:
3243:
Cuadrado, Fernando F.; Alston, Theodore A. (October 2016). "Book Review".
3133:
2237:
9286:
9072:
9057:
9047:
9035:
8904:
8894:
8880:
8694:
8560:
8536:
8495:
8360:
8149:
8082:
8059:
8008:
8004:
8000:
7940:
7914:
7774:
7734:
7714:
7694:
7684:
7624:
7619:
7433:
7395:
7345:
7310:
7275:
7270:
7254:
7249:
7229:
7224:
7219:
7206:
7094:
6902:
6779:
6765:
6740:
6735:
6725:
6697:
6484:
6479:
6459:
6439:
6434:
6234:
6189:
6169:
6134:
6124:
6011:
5966:
5956:
5861:
5756:
5736:
5652:
5512:
5503:
5397:
5149:
4878:
4848:
4774:
4709:
4564:
4541:
4536:
4501:
4354:
4286:
4148:
4063:
3967:
3963:
2634:
2012:
1960:
1912:
1874:
1821:
1763:
1762:
Chloral hydrate was used as one of the earliest synthetic drugs to treat
1682:
1667:
1647:
1631:
1564:
1443:
1332:
1202:
1182:
1125:
1121:
1108:
1098:
291:
83:
63:
3125:
3081:
A History of Psychiatry: From the era of the asylum to the age of Prozac
2170:
300:
9183:
9015:
8684:
8630:
8568:
8471:
8375:
8321:
8313:
8298:
8277:
8272:
8096:
8086:
7845:
7784:
7759:
7754:
7629:
7609:
7589:
7410:
7400:
7385:
7370:
7355:
7340:
7335:
7320:
7305:
7186:
6925:
6785:
6239:
5946:
5647:
5457:
5194:
5008:
4883:
4779:
4686:
4405:
4138:
3278:
Alston, Theodore A. (July 2016). "Noteworthy Chemistry of Chloroform".
2923:
2883:
2862:
2016:
1797:
1627:
1560:
1515:
1447:
1260:
1241:
1134:
1051:
654:
646:
598:
381:
331:
2683:
929:
9011:
8329:
8285:
8029:
7992:
7614:
7567:
7438:
7420:
7380:
7064:
6862:
5508:
4660:
4556:
2796:
1394:
1371:
1256:
1112:
1104:
785:
251:
73:
53:
1895:
that "all my later weaknesses of will or memory I attribute to him."
1067:
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their
3858:"Summary statement - 12.20 Chloral hydrate (trichloroacetaldehyde)"
3586:
Gone from the Promised Land: Jonestown in American Cultural History
3211:
Before Prozac: The troubled history of mood disorders in psychiatry
1303:
Chloral hydrate is also an ingredient used for Hoyer's solution, a
369:
8644:
7390:
5533:
4853:
1813:
1728:
1418:
1363:
925:
781:
405:
231:
207:
197:
2617:
Villani, Thomas S.; Koroch, Adolfina R.; Simon, James E. (2013).
2396:
Mohammed M.S. Jan, MBChB, FRCP (C); Marilou F. Aquino, EEG Tech.
1654:. It was the first of a long line of sedatives, most notably the
9104:
8976:
8649:
6823:
4000:
2398:"The use of chloral hydrate in pediatric electroencephalography"
1406:
1324:
1316:
1312:
991:
588:
360:
8186:
5553:
3936:
1638:
in 1861, but described in detail and published only in 1869 by
851:
8590:
1224:
making this drug difficult to use. Higher doses can depress
975:
457:
40:
31:
1307:
for microscopic observation of diverse plant types such as
1232:. Tolerance to the drug develops after a few days of use.
1939:(1926–1962) died from an overdose of chloral hydrate and
1181:
Chloral hydrate was used for the short-term treatment of
3372:"A History of Intravenous Anesthesia in War (1656–1988)"
2011:(1923–1953) died from a combination of chloral hydrate,
1193:. It was also formerly used in veterinary medicine as a
843:
830:
816:
Bile, feces, urine (various metabolites not unchanged)
9115:
5373:
2992:[On the degradation of alcohol by chlorine].
1618:
Chloral hydrate was first synthesized by the chemist
9272:
9159:
9142:
9113:
8240:
8223:
7808:
7576:
7513:
7480:
7447:
7419:
7133:
6954:
6911:
6822:
6794:
6706:
6588:
6030:
5717:
5593:
5411:
5364:
5336:
5303:
5283:
5229:
5170:
5158:
5101:
5043:
4967:
4904:
4892:
4821:
4669:
4606:
4573:
4555:
4487:
4434:
4391:
4363:
4305:
4182:
4039:
3991:
3979:
2863:"Sleep circuitry and the hypnotic mechanism of GABA
1267:to give a condensation product which cyclicizes in
1745:Chloral hydrate was the first hypnotic to be used
623:98 °C (208 °F; 371 K) (decomposes)
8132:Unsorted benzodiazepine site positive modulators:
3432:. Drug Enforcement Administration. Archived from
2025:(1877-1909), a prominent lesbian poet during the
1286:The compound can be crystallized in a variety of
1259:. In this synthesis, chloral hydrate reacts with
3846:. West Virginia Division of Culture and History.
3509:"HM King Chulalongkorn's 1897 Journey to Europe"
3168:
3166:
3164:
1979:" with chloral hydrate as the "major component".
393:
3074:
3072:
3070:
2990:"Ueber die Zersetzung des Alkohols durch Chlor"
2732:Disposition of Toxic Drugs and Chemicals in Man
1723:respectively made the major discovery that the
1662:. In 1869, German physician and pharmacologist
1137:(trichloroacetaldehyde) by the addition of one
183:
3370:Roberts, Matthew; Jagdish, S. (January 2016).
2829:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
2719:(3rd ed.). New York: Oxford. p. 238.
2211:
2209:
2029:, abused chloral hydrate for much of her life.
1555:symptoms. The chemical can potentiate various
1527:complex and therefore is similar in action to
1354:Chloral hydrate is an ingredient used to make
1335:. An advantage of this medium includes a high
9395:GABAA receptor positive allosteric modulators
9274:
9161:
8198:
5565:
4977:Serotonin antagonists and reuptake inhibitors
3948:
1575:Chloral hydrate is structurally and somewhat
1341:differential interference contrast microscopy
1154:Chloral hydrate has not been approved by the
8:
3511:. Archived from the original on 1 March 2021
2432:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1770:under the brand name Luminal. In the 1930s,
1362:that is used to identify certain species of
5581:
5366:
2485:. National Toxicology Program. p. 10.
2157:-Nitrophenyl Acetate in Aqueous Solution".
1591:In the United States, chloral hydrate is a
1393:Acute overdosage is often characterized by
9156:
8237:
8205:
8191:
8183:
5572:
5558:
5550:
5167:
4901:
3988:
3955:
3941:
3933:
3735:"Smith died from accidental drug overdose"
3176:The Worst of Evils: The fight against pain
2715:Gelder, M.; Mayou, R.; Geddes, J. (2005).
2672:Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
1907:in 1978 involved the communal drinking of
472:
321:
279:
20:
3757:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1999.
3346:
2931:
2882:
2795:
2691:
2642:
2539:Chandrasekhar, S.; Shrinidhi, A. (2014).
2364:
1727:of a drug was strongly correlated to its
497:InChI=1S/C2H3Cl3O2/c3-2(4,5)1(6)7/h1,6-7H
429:
9363:Ionotropic glutamate receptor modulators
8242:
3543:Brando, Marlon; Lindsey, Robert (1994).
2159:Journal of the American Chemical Society
1929:(1818–1882), wife of American president
1831:
1827:
1610:) drink without the person's knowledge.
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1116:
1101:
558:
554:
507:InChI=1/C2H3Cl3O2/c3-2(4,5)1(6)7/h1,6-7H
3589:. Transaction Publishers. p. 282.
2112:
2050:of water when organic residues such as
1673:The compound achieved wide use in both
1646:clarified that the chloral hydrate was
528:
493:
468:
299:
3522:
2425:
312:
9385:Acetaldehyde dehydrogenase inhibitors
9120:Tooltip N-Methyl-D-aspartate receptor
3896:Crossroads: A Southern Culture Annual
3829:
3817:
3715:from the original on 5 September 2015
2756:from the original on 16 November 2018
2571:from the original on 20 February 2022
2186:CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics
2001:observed that Waugh's description of
1766:. In 1912, Bayer introduced the drug
1220:in 4 to 5 days. It has a very narrow
613:57 °C (135 °F; 330 K)
500:Key: RNFNDJAIBTYOQL-UHFFFAOYSA-N
259:
239:
7:
8812:4-hydroxyquinoline-3-carboxylic acid
8670:4-Phenyl-4-formyl-N-methylpiperidine
8173:GABA metabolism/transport modulators
3870:from the original on 21 October 2013
3625:Marilyn: The Passion and the Paradox
2511:Marvel, C. S.; Hiers, G. S. (1941).
2492:from the original on 23 October 2011
2230:10.1001/archpsyc.1970.01750030034006
727:
8635:trichloroethane (methyl chloroform)
7790:Trichloroethane (methyl chloroform)
3782:. Sinclair-Stevenson. p. 140.
3410:from the original on 29 August 2021
3114:Bulletin of the History of Medicine
2289:. Electronic Medicines Compendium.
1488:takes place and chloral hydrate is
510:Key: RNFNDJAIBTYOQL-UHFFFAOYAY
384:
368:
16:Chemical sedative and hypnotic drug
9239:Pesampator (BIIB-104, PF-04958242)
6853:11-Methoxy-12-hydroxydehydrokavain
3603:from the original on 12 March 2020
2966:from the original on 23 March 2021
2871:Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine
2807:from the original on 22 March 2021
2746:"CredibleMeds :: Quicksearch"
1905:The Jonestown mass murder-suicides
1749:as a general anesthetic. In 1871,
1255:Notably, it is used to synthesize
1133:and precursor. It is derived from
14:
7600:Acetylglycinamide chloral hydrate
4682:Acetylglycinamide chloral hydrate
3489:from the original on 18 July 2018
3455:Stoker, Bram (28 February 1897).
2912:Canadian Journal of Public Health
2293:from the original on 7 March 2018
1442:Chloral hydrate is produced from
1327:). Other ingredients may include
128:Trichloroacetaldehyde monohydrate
3920:
3703:Sacks, Oliver (27 August 2012).
3659:. Cooper Square Press. pp.
3055:from the original on 28 May 2020
3012:from the original on 27 May 2020
2483:Toxicity Report Series Number 59
2130:10.1016/B978-044452166-8/50004-2
1801:, one of its characters, Doctor
1401:, slow and irregular breathing,
1275:
895:
890:
97:
8020:Menthyl isovalerate (validolum)
3461:. New York Grosset & Dunlap
1513:Chloral hydrate is metabolized
1298:
1071:(at 25 °C , 100 kPa).
6969:Allopregnanolone (brexanolone)
3497:– via www.gutenberg.org.
3327:Bulletin of Anesthesia History
3321:Krasowski, Matthew D. (2003).
2623:Applications in Plant Sciences
2218:Archives of General Psychiatry
1754:anesthetics were found to be.
1681:. After the 1904 invention of
116:2,2,2-Trichloroethane-1,1-diol
1:
9338:Receptor/signaling modulators
9279:Tooltip Glycine transporter 2
9189:Bitopertin (RG1678/RO4917838)
9166:Tooltip Glycine transporter 1
8165:Receptor/signaling modulators
6721:Ampelopsin (dihydromyricetin)
3863:. World Health Organization.
3807:. Penguin Books. p. 124.
3656:Marilyn Monroe: The Biography
3469:– via Internet Archive.
3376:Journal of Anesthesia History
3339:10.1016/s1522-8649(03)50031-2
3280:Journal of Anesthesia History
3245:Journal of Anesthesia History
2861:Lu, J.; Greco, M. A. (2006).
2838:10.1002/14356007.a06_527.pub2
2314:Clinics in Geriatric Medicine
2287:"EMC Search: chloral hydrate"
1994:The Ordeal of Gilbert Pinfold
1271:to give the target compound:
839:(Other controlled substances)
9356:receptor positive modulators
7915:ergoloid (dihydroergotoxine)
7000:anabolic-androgenic steroids
5782:Butabarbital/Secbutabarbital
5587:receptor positive modulators
3570:If It Die...An Autobiography
2557:10.1080/00397911.2013.876652
2366:10.1097/aln.0b013e3181a8617e
2122:Synthesis of Essential Drugs
1883:(1920–1966), American actor.
1634:properties were observed by
1626:) reaction was performed on
1366:. The other ingredients are
6555:Triflunordazepam (Ro5-2904)
5208:Tetracyclic antidepressants
5022:Tetracyclic antidepressants
3899:. Mercer University Press.
3844:Hank's Lost Charleston Show
3803:Sykes, Christopher (1977).
3214:. Oxford University Press.
2592:Crystal Growth & Design
1805:, recorded his use and his
1005:or concentration (LD, LC):
27:
9461:
8394:chlorobutanol (chloretone)
6883:5,6,7,8-Tetrahydroyangonin
3754:A Dictionary of scientists
3547:. New York: Random House.
3388:10.1016/j.janh.2015.10.007
3292:10.1016/j.janh.2016.04.008
3257:10.1016/j.janh.2016.01.004
2527:, vol. 1, p. 327
2326:10.1016/j.cger.2007.08.009
1977:combined drug intoxication
1725:general anaesthetic action
9445:IARC Group 2A carcinogens
9430:Trichloromethyl compounds
9400:Glycine receptor agonists
9329:
8509:pregnenolone (eltanolone)
8486:Glutamic acid (glutamate)
8158:
7075:Pregnanolone (eltanolone)
5618:Chlorobutanol (cloretone)
5185:Tricyclic antidepressants
4999:Tricyclic antidepressants
3805:Evelyn Waugh: A Biography
3780:Evelyn Waugh: A Biography
3778:Hastings, Selina (1994).
3545:Songs my mother taught me
3529:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
3179:. Yale University Press.
3173:Dormandy, Thomas (2006).
3147:Liebreich, Oskar (1869).
2784:Journal of Health Science
2184:Lide, D. R., ed. (2005).
1120:. It was first used as a
1065:
1040:
1001:
871:
866:
753:
710:
691:
593:Aromatic, slightly acrid
539:
519:
484:
167:
122:
110:
105:
96:
26:
9345:GABA receptor modulators
8247:Tooltip Glycine receptor
8169:GABA receptor modulators
8079:sulfonmethane (sulfonal)
4770:Sulfonmethane (sulfonal)
3208:Shorter, Edward (2009).
3079:Shorter, Edward (1998).
3049:10.1002/jlac.18320010203
3006:10.1002/jlac.18320010109
2545:Synthetic Communications
1484:In basic conditions the
942:Precautionary statements
8990:3β-androsterone sulfate
8986:3α-androsterone sulfate
5257:Atypical antipsychotics
5071:Atypical antipsychotics
3628:. Bloomsbury. pp.
2960:The New York Daily News
2832:. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH.
2604:10.1021/acs.cgd.6b00032
1539:. It can be moderately
1397:, vomiting, confusion,
1349:
1299:Hoyer's mounting medium
9234:ORG-25935 (SCH-900435)
8423:Alkylbenzene sulfonate
8055:Retigabine (ezogabine)
7331:Lirequinil (Ro41-3696)
6898:7,8-Dihydromethysticin
6888:5,6-Dehydromethysticin
5767:Benzylbutylbarbiturate
5431:Chlorophenylalkyldiols
5239:Typical antipsychotics
5053:Typical antipsychotics
3653:Spoto, Donald (2001).
3583:Hall, John R. (1987).
3157:]. Berlin: Müller.
3031:Justus Liebig (1832).
2956:"Attacked by the Gang"
1953:Dante Gabriel Rossetti
1861:
1842:
1740:2,2,2-trichloroethanol
1660:psychiatric medication
1547:use is known to cause
1248:, which serves as the
45:
36:
9307:Opiranserin (VVZ-149)
8607:diethyl ether (ether)
3684:Cate, Curtis (2005).
3622:Banner, Lois (2012).
3037:Annalen der Pharmacie
2994:Annalen der Pharmacie
2474:Beland, Frederick A.
2253:FDA Consumer Magazine
2038:It is, together with
1975:(1967–2007) died of "
1856:
1844:In the conclusion of
1818:
1450:in acidic solution.
44:
35:
9002:pregnenolone sulfate
8982:Neuroactive steroids
8940:constituents (e.g.,
8900:Cyanotriphenylborate
8861:Negative modulators:
8784:N,N-Dimethylmuscimol
8710:Cyanotriphenylborate
8547:Tetrahydrocannabinol
8513:pregnenolone acetate
8501:Neuroactive steroids
8474:constituents (e.g.,
8383:Positive modulators:
8110:constituents (e.g.,
7894:Deuterated etifoxine
6956:Neuroactive steroids
6926:Apronal (apronalide)
6778:constituents (e.g.,
6395:N-Desalkylflurazepam
5388:Gabapentin enacarbil
4436:Neuroactive steroids
4406:Apronal (apronalide)
3929:at Wikimedia Commons
2635:10.3732/apps.1300016
2091:Disulfiram-like drug
1596:controlled substance
1236:In organic synthesis
1218:trichloroacetic acid
1212:within 7 hours into
1189:and subsequently by
799:Biological half-life
112:Preferred IUPAC name
8994:deoxycorticosterone
8774:N-Methylbicuculline
7903:dihydroergocryptine
7215:Pyrazolopyrimidines
6873:5,6-Dihydroyangonin
6858:7,8-Dihydroyangonin
6045:3-Hydroxyphenazepam
5887:Methylphenobarbital
3893:Olson, Ted (2004).
3686:Friedrich Nietzsche
2962:. 25 October 2008.
2730:Baselt, R. (2008).
2455:(3 Pt 1): 200–204.
2171:10.1021/ja01553a018
2076:Chloral cyanohydrin
1947:Friedrich Nietzsche
1915:, chloral hydrate,
1758:Society and culture
1685:, the first of the
1577:pharmacodynamically
1432:torsades de pointes
1294:Botany and mycology
746:Oral syrup, rectal
630:Solubility in water
575: g·mol
221:Beilstein Reference
23:
9204:Glycyldodecylamide
8808:4-hydroxyquinoline
8779:N-Methylstrychnine
7997:4-O-methylhonokiol
7660:Dichloralphenazone
7558:Methylmethaqualone
7135:Nonbenzodiazepines
6848:Desmethoxyyangonin
6843:11-Hydroxyyangonin
6838:11-Methoxyyangonin
6833:10-Methoxyyangonin
6220:Ethyl carfluzepate
5822:Cyclopentobarbital
5453:Diethylpropanediol
4735:Dichloralphenazone
4651:Methylmethaqualone
4489:Nonbenzodiazepines
4016:Diethylpropanediol
3690:The Overlook Press
2924:10.1007/BF03403990
2884:10.5664/jcsm.26527
2124:. pp. 57–68.
1851:The House of Mirth
1751:Pierre-Cyprien Oré
1533:nonbenzodiazepines
1403:cardiac arrhythmia
1222:therapeutic window
1195:general anesthetic
1172:medical indication
1075:Infobox references
1041:Related compounds
1023:1100 mg/kg (oral)
847:: Unscheduled
46:
37:
21:
9372:
9371:
9325:
9324:
9297:Ethanol (alcohol)
9199:Ethanol (alcohol)
9153:
9138:
9137:
8759:Isonipecotic acid
8665:2-Nitrostrychnine
8660:2-Aminostrychnine
8639:trichloroethylene
8441:sodium thiopental
8398:ethanol (alcohol)
8340:
8332:
8324:
8316:
8288:
8280:
8234:
8180:
8179:
8140:MRK-409 (MK-0343)
7911:dihydroergotamine
7854:potassium bromide
7848:compounds (e.g.,
7795:Trichloroethylene
7563:Nitromethaqualone
7482:Pyrazolopyridines
6984:3α-Androstanediol
6878:7,8-Dihydrokavain
6230:Ethyl loflazepate
6007:Thiotetrabarbital
5623:Ethanol (alcohol)
5547:
5546:
5299:
5298:
5097:
5096:
4817:
4816:
4698:Potassium bromide
4656:Nitromethaqualone
4164:Thiotetrabarbital
4011:Ethanol (alcohol)
3925:Media related to
3906:978-0-86554-866-4
3741:on 31 March 2007.
3688:. Woodstock, NY:
3670:978-0-8154-1183-3
3639:978-1-40883-133-5
3553:978-0-09-943691-1
3430:"Chloral Hydrate"
2684:10.1021/jf500802x
2678:(22): 5054–5060.
2551:(13): 1904–1913.
2525:Collected Volumes
2518:Organic Syntheses
2414:on 18 August 2011
2199:978-0-8493-0484-2
2192:. pp. 3–98.
2188:(85th ed.).
2165:(20): 5392–5394.
2139:978-0-444-52166-8
1999:Christopher Sykes
1973:Anna Nicole Smith
1927:Mary Todd Lincoln
1807:molecular formula
1650:as opposed to an
1620:Justus von Liebig
1604:slipping a mickey
1486:haloform reaction
1083:Chemical compound
1081:
1080:
1047:Related compounds
1029:Safety data sheet
920:Hazard statements
855:
846:
834:
699:Crystal structure
453:CompTox Dashboard
209:Interactive image
153:Novo-Chlorhydrate
92:
91:
9452:
9280:
9276:
9167:
9163:
9157:
9147:
9121:
9117:
9020:dextromethorphan
8910:Dihydropyridines
8849:Thiocolchicoside
8799:Pseudostrychnine
8739:Gaboxadol (THIP)
8733:anandamide (AEA)
8725:Endocannabinoids
8457:Dihydropyridines
8417:trifluoroethanol
8413:trichloroethanol
8338:
8330:
8322:
8314:
8286:
8278:
8248:
8244:
8238:
8228:
8214:Glycine receptor
8207:
8200:
8193:
8184:
7899:Dihydroergolines
7816:3-Hydroxybutanal
7449:Piperidinediones
7182:Imidazopyridines
6716:6-Methylapigenin
6648:Hydroxyphenamate
6520:SH-053-R-CH3-2′F
6225:Ethyl dirazepate
6105:Chlordiazepoxide
5997:Thiobutabarbital
5709:Trifluoroethanol
5699:Trichloroethanol
5689:-Pentanol (2M2B)
5583:
5574:
5567:
5560:
5551:
5472:muscle relaxants
5375:
5372:
5168:
4902:
4839:4-Fluorophenibut
4575:Piperidinediones
4449:Allopregnanolone
4031:Trichloroethanol
3989:
3957:
3950:
3943:
3934:
3924:
3910:
3880:
3879:
3877:
3875:
3869:
3862:
3854:
3848:
3847:
3839:
3833:
3827:
3821:
3815:
3809:
3808:
3800:
3794:
3793:
3775:
3769:
3768:
3749:
3743:
3742:
3737:. Archived from
3731:
3725:
3724:
3722:
3720:
3705:"Altered States"
3700:
3694:
3693:
3681:
3675:
3674:
3650:
3644:
3643:
3619:
3613:
3612:
3610:
3608:
3580:
3574:
3573:
3562:
3556:
3541:
3535:
3534:
3528:
3520:
3518:
3516:
3505:
3499:
3498:
3496:
3494:
3477:
3471:
3470:
3468:
3466:
3452:
3446:
3445:
3443:
3441:
3426:
3420:
3419:
3417:
3415:
3367:
3361:
3360:
3350:
3318:
3312:
3311:
3275:
3269:
3268:
3240:
3234:
3233:
3205:
3199:
3198:
3170:
3159:
3158:
3144:
3138:
3137:
3109:
3103:
3102:
3076:
3065:
3064:
3062:
3060:
3028:
3022:
3021:
3019:
3017:
2982:
2976:
2975:
2973:
2971:
2952:
2946:
2945:
2935:
2903:
2897:
2896:
2886:
2858:
2852:
2851:
2823:
2817:
2816:
2814:
2812:
2806:
2799:
2797:10.1248/jhs.49.1
2781:
2772:
2766:
2765:
2763:
2761:
2750:Crediblemeds.org
2742:
2736:
2735:
2727:
2721:
2720:
2712:
2706:
2705:
2695:
2663:
2657:
2656:
2646:
2614:
2608:
2607:
2598:(4): 2211–2217.
2587:
2581:
2580:
2578:
2576:
2536:
2530:
2528:
2521:
2508:
2502:
2501:
2499:
2497:
2491:
2480:
2471:
2465:
2464:
2444:
2438:
2437:
2431:
2423:
2421:
2419:
2413:
2407:. Archived from
2402:
2393:
2387:
2386:
2368:
2344:
2338:
2337:
2309:
2303:
2302:
2300:
2298:
2283:
2277:
2276:
2248:
2242:
2241:
2213:
2204:
2203:
2181:
2175:
2174:
2150:
2144:
2143:
2117:
2096:Trichloroethanol
1957:Elizabeth Siddal
1881:Montgomery Clift
1839:
1794:epistolary novel
1717:Hans Horst Meyer
1697:The Merck Manual
1521:trichloroethanol
1509:Pharmacodynamics
1480:
1368:potassium iodide
1360:aqueous solution
1356:Melzer's reagent
1350:Melzer's reagent
1337:refractive index
1279:
1214:trichloroethanol
1131:chemical reagent
1119:
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
935:
931:
927:
899:
894:
853:
850:
845:
842:
832:
829:
790:trichloroethanol
755:Pharmacokinetics
731:
645:Very soluble in
583:Colorless solid
574:
561:
547:Chemical formula
531:ClC(Cl)(Cl)C(O)O
477:
476:
461:
459:
433:
397:
386:
372:
350:Gmelin Reference
333:
325:
314:
303:
283:
263:
243:
211:
187:
101:
81:
71:
61:
51:
28:
24:
22:Chloral hydrate
9460:
9459:
9455:
9454:
9453:
9451:
9450:
9449:
9420:Organochlorides
9375:
9374:
9373:
9368:
9355:
9321:
9278:
9268:
9179:ALX-5407 (NFPS)
9165:
9146:
9134:
9119:
9109:
8869:Benzodiazepines
8754:Isobutyric acid
8595:chloral hydrate
8447:Chlormethiazole
8409:tribromoethanol
8405:-butanol (2M2P)
8246:
8227:
8219:
8211:
8181:
8176:
8154:
8112:isovaleric acid
8075:Sulfonylalkanes
7973:Hopantenic acid
7957:tolfenamic acid
7945:flufenamic acid
7907:dihydroergosine
7850:lithium bromide
7809:Others/unsorted
7804:
7665:Dichloromethane
7640:Chloral hydrate
7635:Chloral betaine
7572:
7509:
7476:
7443:
7415:
7144:Cyclopyrrolones
7129:
7035:Etiocholanolone
6950:
6907:
6868:5-Hydroxykavain
6818:
6790:
6702:
6584:
6032:Benzodiazepines
6026:
5837:Ethallobarbital
5832:Enallylpropymal
5713:
5694:Tribromoethanol
5681:-Butanol (2M2P)
5627:alcoholic drink
5589:
5586:
5578:
5548:
5543:
5407:
5370:
5360:
5332:
5295:
5279:
5225:
5172:Antidepressants
5163:
5154:
5125:Dexmedetomidine
5106:
5093:
5039:
4969:Antidepressants
4963:
4924:Diphenhydramine
4897:
4888:
4826:
4813:
4802:Isovaleric acid
4765:Sulfonylalkanes
4720:Chloral hydrate
4715:Chloral betaine
4693:Lithium bromide
4665:
4602:
4569:
4551:
4483:
4430:
4387:
4359:
4301:
4184:Benzodiazepines
4178:
4084:Ethallobarbital
4035:
3984:
3975:
3961:
3927:Chloral hydrate
3917:
3907:
3892:
3884:
3883:
3873:
3871:
3867:
3860:
3856:
3855:
3851:
3841:
3840:
3836:
3828:
3824:
3816:
3812:
3802:
3801:
3797:
3790:
3777:
3776:
3772:
3765:
3751:
3750:
3746:
3733:
3732:
3728:
3718:
3716:
3702:
3701:
3697:
3683:
3682:
3678:
3671:
3652:
3651:
3647:
3640:
3621:
3620:
3616:
3606:
3604:
3597:
3582:
3581:
3577:
3564:
3563:
3559:
3542:
3538:
3521:
3514:
3512:
3507:
3506:
3502:
3492:
3490:
3479:
3478:
3474:
3464:
3462:
3454:
3453:
3449:
3439:
3437:
3428:
3427:
3423:
3413:
3411:
3369:
3368:
3364:
3320:
3319:
3315:
3277:
3276:
3272:
3242:
3241:
3237:
3222:
3207:
3206:
3202:
3187:
3172:
3171:
3162:
3146:
3145:
3141:
3111:
3110:
3106:
3091:
3078:
3077:
3068:
3058:
3056:
3030:
3029:
3025:
3015:
3013:
2984:
2983:
2979:
2969:
2967:
2954:
2953:
2949:
2905:
2904:
2900:
2866:
2860:
2859:
2855:
2848:
2825:
2824:
2820:
2810:
2808:
2804:
2779:
2774:
2773:
2769:
2759:
2757:
2744:
2743:
2739:
2729:
2728:
2724:
2714:
2713:
2709:
2665:
2664:
2660:
2616:
2615:
2611:
2589:
2588:
2584:
2574:
2572:
2538:
2537:
2533:
2523:
2510:
2509:
2505:
2495:
2493:
2489:
2478:
2473:
2472:
2468:
2446:
2445:
2441:
2424:
2417:
2415:
2411:
2400:
2395:
2394:
2390:
2346:
2345:
2341:
2311:
2310:
2306:
2296:
2294:
2285:
2284:
2280:
2250:
2249:
2245:
2215:
2214:
2207:
2200:
2183:
2182:
2178:
2152:
2151:
2147:
2140:
2119:
2118:
2114:
2104:
2072:
2036:
1931:Abraham Lincoln
1866:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1760:
1664:Oscar Liebreich
1640:Oscar Liebreich
1636:Rudolf Buchheim
1616:
1602:. The phrase, "
1589:
1529:benzodiazepines
1511:
1506:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1440:
1387:
1380:
1352:
1305:mounting medium
1301:
1296:
1238:
1191:benzodiazepines
1176:clinical trials
1152:
1147:
1118:
1103:
1097:
1087:Chloral hydrate
1084:
1077:
1072:
1048:
1020:
1014:
944:
922:
908:
887:
862:
813:
801:
778:
766:
764:Bioavailability
743:
740:
720:
701:
683:
635:660 g/(100 ml)
632:
572:
560:
556:
552:
549:
535:
532:
527:
526:
515:
512:
511:
508:
502:
501:
498:
492:
491:
480:
462:
455:
436:
416:
400:
387:
375:
352:
343:
306:
286:
266:
246:
223:
214:
201:
190:
177:
163:
162:
132:Chlorali hydras
118:
117:
88:
87:
79:
77:
69:
67:
59:
57:
49:
17:
12:
11:
5:
9458:
9456:
9448:
9447:
9442:
9437:
9432:
9427:
9422:
9417:
9412:
9407:
9402:
9397:
9392:
9387:
9377:
9376:
9370:
9369:
9367:
9366:
9359:
9353:
9348:
9341:
9334:
9330:
9327:
9326:
9323:
9322:
9320:
9319:
9314:
9309:
9304:
9299:
9294:
9289:
9283:
9281:
9270:
9269:
9267:
9266:
9261:
9256:
9251:
9246:
9241:
9236:
9231:
9226:
9221:
9216:
9211:
9206:
9201:
9196:
9191:
9186:
9181:
9176:
9170:
9168:
9154:
9140:
9139:
9136:
9135:
9133:
9132:
9124:
9122:
9111:
9110:
9108:
9107:
9102:
9097:
9075:
9070:
9065:
9051:
9009:
8979:
8974:
8969:
8935:
8930:
8925:
8907:
8902:
8897:
8892:
8866:
8857:
8856:
8851:
8846:
8841:
8836:
8831:
8801:
8796:
8791:
8789:Nipecotic acid
8786:
8781:
8776:
8771:
8766:
8761:
8756:
8751:
8746:
8741:
8736:
8722:
8717:
8712:
8707:
8702:
8697:
8692:
8687:
8682:
8677:
8672:
8667:
8662:
8653:
8652:
8647:
8642:
8623:methoxyflurane
8584:
8554:
8549:
8544:
8539:
8534:
8529:
8524:
8498:
8493:
8488:
8483:
8480:ginsenoside-Rf
8469:
8464:
8454:
8449:
8444:
8430:
8425:
8420:
8379:
8378:
8373:
8368:
8363:
8358:
8356:Picolinic acid
8353:
8348:
8343:
8335:
8327:
8319:
8311:
8306:
8301:
8296:
8291:
8283:
8275:
8270:
8265:
8260:
8251:
8249:
8235:
8221:
8220:
8212:
8210:
8209:
8202:
8195:
8187:
8178:
8177:
8159:
8156:
8155:
8153:
8152:
8147:
8142:
8137:
8128:
8127:
8120:valerenic acid
8105:
8100:
8090:
8072:
8067:
8062:
8057:
8052:
8047:
8042:
8037:
8032:
8027:
8022:
8017:
8012:
7990:
7985:
7980:
7975:
7970:
7965:
7960:
7949:mefenamic acid
7938:
7933:
7928:
7923:
7918:
7896:
7891:
7886:
7881:
7876:
7871:
7866:
7861:
7858:sodium bromide
7843:
7833:
7828:
7823:
7818:
7812:
7810:
7806:
7805:
7803:
7802:
7797:
7792:
7787:
7782:
7777:
7772:
7767:
7762:
7757:
7752:
7747:
7742:
7737:
7732:
7727:
7725:Methoxypropane
7722:
7720:Methoxyflurane
7717:
7712:
7707:
7702:
7697:
7692:
7687:
7682:
7680:Ethyl chloride
7677:
7672:
7667:
7662:
7657:
7652:
7647:
7642:
7637:
7632:
7627:
7622:
7617:
7612:
7607:
7602:
7597:
7592:
7586:
7584:
7574:
7573:
7571:
7570:
7565:
7560:
7555:
7550:
7545:
7540:
7535:
7530:
7525:
7519:
7517:
7515:Quinazolinones
7511:
7510:
7508:
7507:
7502:
7497:
7492:
7486:
7484:
7478:
7477:
7475:
7474:
7469:
7464:
7459:
7453:
7451:
7445:
7444:
7442:
7441:
7436:
7431:
7425:
7423:
7417:
7416:
7414:
7413:
7408:
7403:
7398:
7393:
7388:
7383:
7378:
7373:
7368:
7363:
7358:
7353:
7348:
7343:
7338:
7333:
7328:
7323:
7318:
7313:
7308:
7303:
7298:
7293:
7288:
7283:
7278:
7273:
7268:
7258:
7257:
7252:
7247:
7242:
7237:
7232:
7227:
7222:
7210:
7209:
7204:
7199:
7194:
7189:
7177:
7176:
7171:
7166:
7161:
7156:
7151:
7139:
7137:
7131:
7130:
7128:
7127:
7122:
7117:
7112:
7107:
7102:
7097:
7092:
7087:
7082:
7077:
7072:
7067:
7062:
7057:
7052:
7047:
7042:
7037:
7032:
7027:
7022:
7017:
7012:
7007:
7002:
6996:
6991:
6986:
6981:
6976:
6971:
6966:
6960:
6958:
6952:
6951:
6949:
6948:
6943:
6938:
6933:
6928:
6923:
6917:
6915:
6909:
6908:
6906:
6905:
6900:
6895:
6890:
6885:
6880:
6875:
6870:
6865:
6860:
6855:
6850:
6845:
6840:
6835:
6829:
6827:
6820:
6819:
6817:
6816:
6811:
6806:
6800:
6798:
6792:
6791:
6789:
6788:
6783:
6773:
6768:
6763:
6758:
6753:
6748:
6743:
6738:
6733:
6728:
6723:
6718:
6712:
6710:
6704:
6703:
6701:
6700:
6695:
6690:
6685:
6680:
6675:
6670:
6665:
6660:
6655:
6650:
6645:
6640:
6635:
6630:
6625:
6620:
6615:
6610:
6605:
6600:
6594:
6592:
6586:
6585:
6583:
6582:
6577:
6572:
6567:
6562:
6557:
6552:
6547:
6542:
6537:
6532:
6527:
6522:
6517:
6512:
6507:
6502:
6497:
6492:
6487:
6482:
6477:
6472:
6467:
6462:
6457:
6452:
6447:
6442:
6437:
6432:
6427:
6422:
6417:
6412:
6407:
6402:
6397:
6392:
6387:
6382:
6377:
6372:
6367:
6362:
6357:
6352:
6347:
6342:
6337:
6332:
6327:
6322:
6317:
6312:
6307:
6302:
6297:
6292:
6287:
6282:
6277:
6272:
6267:
6262:
6257:
6252:
6247:
6242:
6237:
6232:
6227:
6222:
6217:
6212:
6207:
6202:
6197:
6192:
6187:
6182:
6177:
6172:
6167:
6162:
6157:
6152:
6147:
6142:
6137:
6132:
6127:
6122:
6117:
6112:
6107:
6102:
6097:
6092:
6087:
6082:
6077:
6072:
6067:
6062:
6057:
6052:
6047:
6042:
6036:
6034:
6028:
6027:
6025:
6024:
6019:
6014:
6009:
6004:
5999:
5994:
5989:
5984:
5979:
5974:
5969:
5964:
5959:
5954:
5949:
5944:
5939:
5937:Propylbarbital
5934:
5929:
5924:
5919:
5914:
5909:
5904:
5899:
5894:
5889:
5884:
5879:
5874:
5869:
5864:
5859:
5854:
5849:
5844:
5839:
5834:
5829:
5824:
5819:
5814:
5812:Crotylbarbital
5809:
5804:
5799:
5794:
5789:
5784:
5779:
5777:Brophebarbital
5774:
5772:Brallobarbital
5769:
5764:
5759:
5754:
5749:
5744:
5739:
5734:
5729:
5723:
5721:
5715:
5714:
5712:
5711:
5706:
5701:
5696:
5691:
5683:
5675:
5670:
5665:
5660:
5658:Methylpentynol
5655:
5650:
5645:
5640:
5635:
5630:
5620:
5615:
5610:
5605:
5599:
5597:
5591:
5590:
5584:
5579:
5577:
5576:
5569:
5562:
5554:
5545:
5544:
5542:
5541:
5536:
5531:
5526:
5521:
5519:Passion flower
5516:
5506:
5501:
5500:
5499:
5494:
5489:
5484:
5479:
5465:
5460:
5455:
5450:
5449:
5448:
5443:
5438:
5428:
5427:
5426:
5415:
5413:
5409:
5408:
5406:
5405:
5400:
5395:
5390:
5385:
5379:
5377:
5368:
5362:
5361:
5359:
5358:
5353:
5348:
5342:
5340:
5334:
5333:
5331:
5330:
5325:
5320:
5315:
5309:
5307:
5301:
5300:
5297:
5296:
5294:
5293:
5287:
5285:
5281:
5280:
5278:
5277:
5276:
5275:
5269:
5264:
5254:
5253:
5252:
5246:
5244:Chlorpromazine
5235:
5233:
5231:Antipsychotics
5227:
5226:
5224:
5223:
5222:
5221:
5215:
5205:
5204:
5203:
5197:
5192:
5182:
5176:
5174:
5165:
5161:
5156:
5155:
5153:
5152:
5147:
5142:
5137:
5132:
5127:
5122:
5117:
5111:
5109:
5104:
5099:
5098:
5095:
5094:
5092:
5091:
5090:
5089:
5083:
5078:
5068:
5067:
5066:
5060:
5058:Chlorpromazine
5049:
5047:
5045:Antipsychotics
5041:
5040:
5038:
5037:
5036:
5035:
5029:
5019:
5018:
5017:
5011:
5006:
4996:
4995:
4994:
4989:
4984:
4973:
4971:
4965:
4964:
4962:
4961:
4956:
4951:
4946:
4941:
4936:
4931:
4926:
4921:
4919:Cyproheptadine
4916:
4910:
4908:
4906:Antihistamines
4899:
4895:
4890:
4889:
4887:
4886:
4881:
4876:
4871:
4866:
4863:sodium oxybate
4856:
4851:
4846:
4841:
4836:
4834:1,4-Butanediol
4830:
4828:
4824:
4819:
4818:
4815:
4814:
4812:
4811:
4810:
4809:
4807:Valerenic acid
4804:
4799:
4789:
4784:
4783:
4782:
4777:
4772:
4762:
4757:
4752:
4747:
4742:
4737:
4732:
4727:
4722:
4717:
4712:
4707:
4706:
4705:
4703:Sodium bromide
4700:
4695:
4684:
4679:
4673:
4671:
4667:
4666:
4664:
4663:
4658:
4653:
4648:
4643:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4612:
4610:
4608:Quinazolinones
4604:
4603:
4601:
4600:
4595:
4590:
4585:
4579:
4577:
4571:
4570:
4568:
4567:
4561:
4559:
4553:
4552:
4550:
4549:
4544:
4539:
4534:
4529:
4524:
4519:
4514:
4509:
4504:
4499:
4493:
4491:
4485:
4484:
4482:
4481:
4476:
4471:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4451:
4446:
4440:
4438:
4432:
4431:
4429:
4428:
4423:
4418:
4413:
4408:
4403:
4397:
4395:
4389:
4388:
4386:
4385:
4380:
4375:
4369:
4367:
4361:
4360:
4358:
4357:
4352:
4347:
4342:
4337:
4332:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4311:
4309:
4303:
4302:
4300:
4299:
4294:
4289:
4284:
4279:
4274:
4269:
4264:
4259:
4254:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4219:
4214:
4209:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4188:
4186:
4180:
4179:
4177:
4176:
4171:
4166:
4161:
4156:
4151:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4129:Propylbarbital
4126:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4076:
4071:
4066:
4061:
4056:
4051:
4045:
4043:
4037:
4036:
4034:
4033:
4028:
4026:Methylpentynol
4023:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4003:
3997:
3995:
3986:
3982:
3977:
3976:
3962:
3960:
3959:
3952:
3945:
3937:
3931:
3930:
3916:
3915:External links
3913:
3912:
3911:
3905:
3882:
3881:
3849:
3834:
3822:
3810:
3795:
3788:
3770:
3763:
3744:
3726:
3709:The New Yorker
3695:
3692:. p. 453.
3676:
3669:
3645:
3638:
3614:
3595:
3575:
3557:
3536:
3500:
3482:House of Mirth
3472:
3447:
3436:on 11 May 2012
3421:
3362:
3313:
3270:
3251:(4): 153–155.
3235:
3220:
3200:
3186:978-0300113228
3185:
3160:
3139:
3120:(2): 168–172.
3104:
3090:978-0471245315
3089:
3066:
3043:(2): 182–230.
3023:
2986:Liebig, Justus
2977:
2947:
2918:(6): 441–445.
2898:
2877:(2): S19–S26.
2864:
2853:
2847:978-3527306732
2846:
2818:
2767:
2737:
2722:
2707:
2658:
2629:(5): 1300016.
2609:
2582:
2531:
2503:
2466:
2439:
2405:Jcc.kau.edu.sa
2388:
2359:(1): 209–210.
2353:Anesthesiology
2339:
2304:
2278:
2243:
2224:(3): 226–232.
2205:
2198:
2176:
2145:
2138:
2111:
2110:
2103:
2100:
2099:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2071:
2068:
2035:
2032:
2031:
2030:
2020:
2006:
2003:D. G. Rossetti
1986:
1980:
1970:
1964:
1950:
1944:
1937:Marilyn Monroe
1934:
1924:
1911:poisoned with
1902:
1896:
1884:
1878:
1865:
1862:
1848:'s 1905 novel
1835:
1759:
1756:
1721:Ernest Overton
1705:Claude Bernard
1644:Claude Bernard
1615:
1612:
1600:date rape drug
1588:
1585:
1559:and is weakly
1557:anticoagulants
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1482:
1481:
1439:
1436:
1385:
1379:
1376:
1351:
1348:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1281:
1280:
1237:
1234:
1230:blood pressure
1168:European Union
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1082:
1079:
1078:
1073:
1069:standard state
1066:
1063:
1062:
1049:
1046:
1043:
1042:
1038:
1037:
1032:
1025:
1024:
1021:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1006:
999:
998:
968:P305+P351+P338
945:
940:
937:
936:
923:
918:
915:
914:
909:
904:
901:
900:
888:
883:
880:
879:
869:
868:
864:
863:
861:
860:
848:
840:
826:
824:
818:
817:
814:
809:
806:
805:
802:
797:
794:
793:
788:(converted to
779:
774:
771:
770:
769:Well absorbed
767:
762:
759:
758:
751:
750:
744:
741:administration
737:
734:
733:
721:
716:
713:
712:
708:
707:
702:
697:
694:
693:
689:
688:
685:
681:
671:
670:
667:
658:
657:
643:
637:
636:
633:
628:
625:
624:
621:
615:
614:
611:
605:
604:
601:
595:
594:
591:
585:
584:
581:
577:
576:
570:
564:
563:
550:
545:
542:
541:
537:
536:
534:
533:
530:
522:
521:
520:
517:
516:
514:
513:
509:
506:
505:
503:
499:
496:
495:
487:
486:
485:
482:
481:
479:
478:
465:
463:
451:
448:
447:
444:
438:
437:
435:
434:
426:
424:
418:
417:
415:
414:
410:
408:
402:
401:
399:
398:
390:
388:
380:
377:
376:
374:
373:
365:
363:
357:
356:
353:
348:
345:
344:
342:
341:
337:
335:
327:
326:
316:
308:
307:
305:
304:
296:
294:
288:
287:
285:
284:
276:
274:
268:
267:
265:
264:
256:
254:
248:
247:
245:
244:
236:
234:
228:
227:
224:
219:
216:
215:
213:
212:
204:
202:
195:
192:
191:
189:
188:
180:
178:
173:
170:
169:
165:
164:
161:
160:
157:
154:
151:
148:
145:
142:
139:
134:
129:
125:
124:
120:
119:
115:
114:
108:
107:
103:
102:
94:
93:
90:
89:
78:
68:
58:
48:
47:
38:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9457:
9446:
9443:
9441:
9438:
9436:
9435:Geminal diols
9433:
9431:
9428:
9426:
9423:
9421:
9418:
9416:
9413:
9411:
9408:
9406:
9403:
9401:
9398:
9396:
9393:
9391:
9388:
9386:
9383:
9382:
9380:
9365:
9364:
9360:
9358:
9357:
9349:
9347:
9346:
9342:
9340:
9339:
9335:
9332:
9331:
9328:
9318:
9315:
9313:
9310:
9308:
9305:
9303:
9300:
9298:
9295:
9293:
9290:
9288:
9285:
9284:
9282:
9277:
9271:
9265:
9262:
9260:
9257:
9255:
9252:
9250:
9247:
9245:
9242:
9240:
9237:
9235:
9232:
9230:
9227:
9225:
9222:
9220:
9217:
9215:
9212:
9210:
9207:
9205:
9202:
9200:
9197:
9195:
9192:
9190:
9187:
9185:
9182:
9180:
9177:
9175:
9172:
9171:
9169:
9164:
9158:
9155:
9151:
9145:
9141:
9130:
9126:
9125:
9123:
9118:
9112:
9106:
9103:
9101:
9098:
9095:
9091:
9087:
9083:
9079:
9076:
9074:
9071:
9069:
9066:
9063:
9059:
9055:
9052:
9049:
9045:
9041:
9037:
9033:
9029:
9028:levomethadone
9025:
9021:
9017:
9013:
9010:
9007:
9003:
8999:
8995:
8991:
8987:
8983:
8980:
8978:
8975:
8973:
8970:
8967:
8963:
8959:
8955:
8951:
8947:
8943:
8939:
8936:
8934:
8931:
8929:
8926:
8923:
8919:
8915:
8911:
8908:
8906:
8903:
8901:
8898:
8896:
8893:
8890:
8886:
8885:flunitrazepam
8882:
8878:
8874:
8870:
8867:
8865:
8862:
8859:
8858:
8855:
8852:
8850:
8847:
8845:
8842:
8840:
8837:
8835:
8832:
8829:
8825:
8821:
8817:
8813:
8809:
8805:
8802:
8800:
8797:
8795:
8792:
8790:
8787:
8785:
8782:
8780:
8777:
8775:
8772:
8770:
8767:
8765:
8764:Isostrychnine
8762:
8760:
8757:
8755:
8752:
8750:
8747:
8745:
8742:
8740:
8737:
8734:
8730:
8726:
8723:
8721:
8718:
8716:
8713:
8711:
8708:
8706:
8703:
8701:
8698:
8696:
8693:
8691:
8688:
8686:
8683:
8681:
8678:
8676:
8673:
8671:
8668:
8666:
8663:
8661:
8658:
8655:
8654:
8651:
8648:
8646:
8643:
8640:
8636:
8632:
8628:
8624:
8620:
8616:
8612:
8608:
8604:
8600:
8596:
8592:
8588:
8585:
8582:
8578:
8574:
8570:
8566:
8562:
8558:
8555:
8553:
8550:
8548:
8545:
8543:
8540:
8538:
8535:
8533:
8530:
8528:
8527:Nitrous oxide
8525:
8522:
8518:
8514:
8510:
8506:
8502:
8499:
8497:
8494:
8492:
8489:
8487:
8484:
8481:
8477:
8473:
8470:
8468:
8465:
8462:
8458:
8455:
8453:
8450:
8448:
8445:
8442:
8438:
8437:pentobarbital
8434:
8431:
8429:
8426:
8424:
8421:
8418:
8414:
8410:
8406:
8404:
8399:
8395:
8391:
8387:
8384:
8381:
8380:
8377:
8374:
8372:
8369:
8367:
8366:Quisqualamine
8364:
8362:
8359:
8357:
8354:
8352:
8349:
8347:
8344:
8342:
8336:
8334:
8328:
8326:
8320:
8318:
8312:
8310:
8307:
8305:
8302:
8300:
8297:
8295:
8292:
8290:
8284:
8282:
8276:
8274:
8271:
8269:
8266:
8264:
8261:
8259:
8256:
8253:
8252:
8250:
8245:
8239:
8236:
8232:
8226:
8222:
8218:
8215:
8208:
8203:
8201:
8196:
8194:
8189:
8188:
8185:
8175:
8174:
8170:
8166:
8163:
8157:
8151:
8148:
8146:
8143:
8141:
8138:
8136:
8133:
8130:
8129:
8125:
8121:
8117:
8116:isovaleramide
8113:
8109:
8106:
8104:
8101:
8098:
8094:
8091:
8088:
8084:
8080:
8076:
8073:
8071:
8068:
8066:
8063:
8061:
8058:
8056:
8053:
8051:
8048:
8046:
8043:
8041:
8038:
8036:
8033:
8031:
8028:
8026:
8023:
8021:
8018:
8016:
8013:
8010:
8006:
8002:
7998:
7994:
7991:
7989:
7986:
7984:
7981:
7979:
7976:
7974:
7971:
7969:
7966:
7964:
7961:
7958:
7954:
7953:niflumic acid
7950:
7946:
7942:
7939:
7937:
7934:
7932:
7929:
7927:
7924:
7922:
7919:
7916:
7912:
7908:
7904:
7900:
7897:
7895:
7892:
7890:
7887:
7885:
7882:
7880:
7879:Clomethiazole
7877:
7875:
7874:Chlormezanone
7872:
7870:
7867:
7865:
7864:Carbamazepine
7862:
7859:
7855:
7851:
7847:
7844:
7841:
7837:
7834:
7832:
7829:
7827:
7824:
7822:
7819:
7817:
7814:
7813:
7811:
7807:
7801:
7798:
7796:
7793:
7791:
7788:
7786:
7783:
7781:
7778:
7776:
7773:
7771:
7768:
7766:
7763:
7761:
7758:
7756:
7753:
7751:
7748:
7746:
7743:
7741:
7740:Nitrous oxide
7738:
7736:
7733:
7731:
7728:
7726:
7723:
7721:
7718:
7716:
7713:
7711:
7708:
7706:
7703:
7701:
7698:
7696:
7693:
7691:
7688:
7686:
7683:
7681:
7678:
7676:
7673:
7671:
7670:Diethyl ether
7668:
7666:
7663:
7661:
7658:
7656:
7653:
7651:
7648:
7646:
7643:
7641:
7638:
7636:
7633:
7631:
7628:
7626:
7623:
7621:
7618:
7616:
7613:
7611:
7608:
7606:
7603:
7601:
7598:
7596:
7593:
7591:
7588:
7587:
7585:
7583:
7579:
7575:
7569:
7566:
7564:
7561:
7559:
7556:
7554:
7551:
7549:
7546:
7544:
7541:
7539:
7536:
7534:
7531:
7529:
7526:
7524:
7521:
7520:
7518:
7516:
7512:
7506:
7503:
7501:
7498:
7496:
7493:
7491:
7488:
7487:
7485:
7483:
7479:
7473:
7472:Pyrithyldione
7470:
7468:
7465:
7463:
7460:
7458:
7455:
7454:
7452:
7450:
7446:
7440:
7437:
7435:
7432:
7430:
7427:
7426:
7424:
7422:
7418:
7412:
7409:
7407:
7404:
7402:
7399:
7397:
7394:
7392:
7389:
7387:
7384:
7382:
7379:
7377:
7374:
7372:
7369:
7367:
7364:
7362:
7359:
7357:
7354:
7352:
7349:
7347:
7344:
7342:
7339:
7337:
7334:
7332:
7329:
7327:
7324:
7322:
7319:
7317:
7314:
7312:
7309:
7307:
7304:
7302:
7299:
7297:
7294:
7292:
7289:
7287:
7284:
7282:
7279:
7277:
7274:
7272:
7269:
7267:
7263:
7260:
7259:
7256:
7253:
7251:
7248:
7246:
7243:
7241:
7238:
7236:
7233:
7231:
7228:
7226:
7223:
7221:
7217:
7216:
7212:
7211:
7208:
7205:
7203:
7200:
7198:
7195:
7193:
7190:
7188:
7184:
7183:
7179:
7178:
7175:
7172:
7170:
7167:
7165:
7162:
7160:
7157:
7155:
7152:
7150:
7146:
7145:
7141:
7140:
7138:
7136:
7132:
7126:
7123:
7121:
7118:
7116:
7113:
7111:
7108:
7106:
7103:
7101:
7098:
7096:
7093:
7091:
7088:
7086:
7083:
7081:
7078:
7076:
7073:
7071:
7068:
7066:
7063:
7061:
7058:
7056:
7053:
7051:
7048:
7046:
7043:
7041:
7038:
7036:
7033:
7031:
7028:
7026:
7023:
7021:
7018:
7016:
7013:
7011:
7008:
7006:
7003:
7001:
6997:
6995:
6992:
6990:
6987:
6985:
6982:
6980:
6977:
6975:
6972:
6970:
6967:
6965:
6962:
6961:
6959:
6957:
6953:
6947:
6944:
6942:
6939:
6937:
6934:
6932:
6929:
6927:
6924:
6922:
6919:
6918:
6916:
6914:
6910:
6904:
6901:
6899:
6896:
6894:
6891:
6889:
6886:
6884:
6881:
6879:
6876:
6874:
6871:
6869:
6866:
6864:
6861:
6859:
6856:
6854:
6851:
6849:
6846:
6844:
6841:
6839:
6836:
6834:
6831:
6830:
6828:
6825:
6821:
6815:
6812:
6810:
6807:
6805:
6802:
6801:
6799:
6797:
6793:
6787:
6784:
6781:
6777:
6774:
6772:
6769:
6767:
6764:
6762:
6759:
6757:
6754:
6752:
6749:
6747:
6744:
6742:
6739:
6737:
6734:
6732:
6729:
6727:
6724:
6722:
6719:
6717:
6714:
6713:
6711:
6709:
6705:
6699:
6696:
6694:
6691:
6689:
6686:
6684:
6681:
6679:
6678:Phenprobamate
6676:
6674:
6671:
6669:
6666:
6664:
6661:
6659:
6656:
6654:
6651:
6649:
6646:
6644:
6643:Hexapropymate
6641:
6639:
6636:
6634:
6631:
6629:
6626:
6624:
6621:
6619:
6618:Difebarbamate
6616:
6614:
6611:
6609:
6606:
6604:
6601:
6599:
6596:
6595:
6593:
6591:
6587:
6581:
6578:
6576:
6573:
6571:
6568:
6566:
6563:
6561:
6558:
6556:
6553:
6551:
6548:
6546:
6543:
6541:
6538:
6536:
6533:
6531:
6528:
6526:
6523:
6521:
6518:
6516:
6513:
6511:
6508:
6506:
6503:
6501:
6498:
6496:
6493:
6491:
6488:
6486:
6483:
6481:
6478:
6476:
6473:
6471:
6468:
6466:
6463:
6461:
6458:
6456:
6453:
6451:
6448:
6446:
6443:
6441:
6438:
6436:
6433:
6431:
6430:Nortetrazepam
6428:
6426:
6423:
6421:
6418:
6416:
6413:
6411:
6408:
6406:
6403:
6401:
6398:
6396:
6393:
6391:
6388:
6386:
6383:
6381:
6378:
6376:
6373:
6371:
6368:
6366:
6363:
6361:
6358:
6356:
6353:
6351:
6348:
6346:
6343:
6341:
6338:
6336:
6333:
6331:
6328:
6326:
6323:
6321:
6318:
6316:
6313:
6311:
6308:
6306:
6303:
6301:
6298:
6296:
6293:
6291:
6290:Flutoprazepam
6288:
6286:
6283:
6281:
6278:
6276:
6273:
6271:
6270:Flunitrazolam
6268:
6266:
6265:Flunitrazepam
6263:
6261:
6258:
6256:
6255:Flubromazolam
6253:
6251:
6250:Flubromazepam
6248:
6246:
6243:
6241:
6238:
6236:
6233:
6231:
6228:
6226:
6223:
6221:
6218:
6216:
6213:
6211:
6208:
6206:
6203:
6201:
6198:
6196:
6193:
6191:
6188:
6186:
6183:
6181:
6178:
6176:
6173:
6171:
6168:
6166:
6163:
6161:
6158:
6156:
6153:
6151:
6150:Cloniprazepam
6148:
6146:
6143:
6141:
6138:
6136:
6133:
6131:
6128:
6126:
6123:
6121:
6118:
6116:
6113:
6111:
6108:
6106:
6103:
6101:
6098:
6096:
6093:
6091:
6088:
6086:
6083:
6081:
6078:
6076:
6073:
6071:
6068:
6066:
6063:
6061:
6058:
6056:
6053:
6051:
6048:
6046:
6043:
6041:
6040:2-Oxoquazepam
6038:
6037:
6035:
6033:
6029:
6023:
6020:
6018:
6015:
6013:
6010:
6008:
6005:
6003:
6000:
5998:
5995:
5993:
5990:
5988:
5985:
5983:
5982:Thialbarbital
5980:
5978:
5977:Tetrabarbital
5975:
5973:
5970:
5968:
5965:
5963:
5962:Spirobarbital
5960:
5958:
5955:
5953:
5950:
5948:
5945:
5943:
5942:Proxibarbital
5940:
5938:
5935:
5933:
5932:Propallylonal
5930:
5928:
5925:
5923:
5920:
5918:
5915:
5913:
5912:Phenobarbital
5910:
5908:
5905:
5903:
5902:Pentobarbital
5900:
5898:
5895:
5893:
5892:Narcobarbital
5890:
5888:
5885:
5883:
5880:
5878:
5875:
5873:
5870:
5868:
5865:
5863:
5860:
5858:
5857:Heptobarbital
5855:
5853:
5850:
5848:
5845:
5843:
5840:
5838:
5835:
5833:
5830:
5828:
5827:Difebarbamate
5825:
5823:
5820:
5818:
5817:Cyclobarbital
5815:
5813:
5810:
5808:
5805:
5803:
5800:
5798:
5795:
5793:
5790:
5788:
5785:
5783:
5780:
5778:
5775:
5773:
5770:
5768:
5765:
5763:
5762:Benzobarbital
5760:
5758:
5755:
5753:
5750:
5748:
5745:
5743:
5740:
5738:
5735:
5733:
5730:
5728:
5725:
5724:
5722:
5720:
5716:
5710:
5707:
5705:
5702:
5700:
5697:
5695:
5692:
5690:
5688:
5684:
5682:
5680:
5676:
5674:
5671:
5669:
5666:
5664:
5661:
5659:
5656:
5654:
5651:
5649:
5646:
5644:
5641:
5639:
5636:
5634:
5633:Ethchlorvynol
5631:
5628:
5624:
5621:
5619:
5616:
5614:
5611:
5609:
5606:
5604:
5601:
5600:
5598:
5596:
5592:
5588:
5575:
5570:
5568:
5563:
5561:
5556:
5555:
5552:
5540:
5537:
5535:
5532:
5530:
5527:
5525:
5522:
5520:
5517:
5514:
5510:
5507:
5505:
5502:
5498:
5497:Methocarbamol
5495:
5493:
5490:
5488:
5487:Mephenoxalone
5485:
5483:
5480:
5478:
5477:Chlorphenesin
5475:
5474:
5473:
5469:
5466:
5464:
5461:
5459:
5456:
5454:
5451:
5447:
5446:Phenaglycodol
5444:
5442:
5439:
5437:
5434:
5433:
5432:
5429:
5425:
5422:
5421:
5420:
5417:
5416:
5414:
5410:
5404:
5401:
5399:
5396:
5394:
5391:
5389:
5386:
5384:
5381:
5380:
5378:
5376:
5363:
5357:
5354:
5352:
5349:
5347:
5344:
5343:
5341:
5339:
5335:
5329:
5326:
5324:
5321:
5319:
5316:
5314:
5311:
5310:
5308:
5306:
5302:
5292:
5289:
5288:
5286:
5282:
5273:
5270:
5268:
5265:
5263:
5260:
5259:
5258:
5255:
5250:
5247:
5245:
5242:
5241:
5240:
5237:
5236:
5234:
5232:
5228:
5219:
5216:
5214:
5211:
5210:
5209:
5206:
5201:
5198:
5196:
5193:
5191:
5190:Amitriptyline
5188:
5187:
5186:
5183:
5181:
5178:
5177:
5175:
5173:
5169:
5166:
5164:
5157:
5151:
5148:
5146:
5143:
5141:
5138:
5136:
5133:
5131:
5128:
5126:
5123:
5121:
5118:
5116:
5113:
5112:
5110:
5108:
5100:
5087:
5084:
5082:
5079:
5077:
5074:
5073:
5072:
5069:
5064:
5061:
5059:
5056:
5055:
5054:
5051:
5050:
5048:
5046:
5042:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5025:
5024:
5023:
5020:
5015:
5012:
5010:
5007:
5005:
5004:Amitriptyline
5002:
5001:
5000:
4997:
4993:
4990:
4988:
4985:
4983:
4980:
4979:
4978:
4975:
4974:
4972:
4970:
4966:
4960:
4957:
4955:
4952:
4950:
4947:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4939:Methapyrilene
4937:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4912:
4911:
4909:
4907:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4891:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4864:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4844:Aceburic acid
4842:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4831:
4829:
4827:
4820:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4797:Isovaleramide
4795:
4794:
4793:
4792:Sesquiterpene
4790:
4788:
4785:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4767:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4743:
4741:
4738:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4730:Clomethiazole
4728:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4711:
4708:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4674:
4672:
4668:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4613:
4611:
4609:
4605:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4593:Pyrithyldione
4591:
4589:
4586:
4584:
4581:
4580:
4578:
4576:
4572:
4566:
4563:
4562:
4560:
4558:
4554:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4494:
4492:
4490:
4486:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4441:
4439:
4437:
4433:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4419:
4417:
4414:
4412:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4402:
4399:
4398:
4396:
4394:
4390:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4370:
4368:
4366:
4362:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4345:Phenprobamate
4343:
4341:
4340:Methocarbamol
4338:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4330:Hexapropymate
4328:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4312:
4310:
4308:
4304:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4247:Flutoprazepam
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4232:Flunitrazepam
4230:
4228:
4227:Flunitrazolam
4225:
4223:
4222:Flubromazolam
4220:
4218:
4215:
4213:
4210:
4208:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4189:
4187:
4185:
4181:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4124:Phenobarbital
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4114:Pentobarbital
4112:
4110:
4109:Narcobarbital
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4099:Mephobarbital
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4079:Cyclobarbital
4077:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4046:
4044:
4042:
4038:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4021:Ethchlorvynol
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3998:
3996:
3994:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3978:
3973:
3969:
3965:
3958:
3953:
3951:
3946:
3944:
3939:
3938:
3935:
3928:
3923:
3919:
3918:
3914:
3908:
3902:
3898:
3897:
3891:
3890:
3889:
3888:
3866:
3859:
3853:
3850:
3845:
3842:Lilly, John.
3838:
3835:
3832:, p. 298
3831:
3826:
3823:
3820:, p. 296
3819:
3814:
3811:
3806:
3799:
3796:
3791:
3789:1-85619-223-7
3785:
3781:
3774:
3771:
3766:
3764:9780192800862
3760:
3756:
3755:
3748:
3745:
3740:
3736:
3730:
3727:
3714:
3710:
3706:
3699:
3696:
3691:
3687:
3680:
3677:
3672:
3666:
3662:
3658:
3657:
3649:
3646:
3641:
3635:
3631:
3627:
3626:
3618:
3615:
3602:
3598:
3596:9780887388019
3592:
3588:
3587:
3579:
3576:
3571:
3567:
3561:
3558:
3554:
3550:
3546:
3540:
3537:
3532:
3526:
3510:
3504:
3501:
3488:
3485:. June 1995.
3484:
3483:
3476:
3473:
3460:
3459:
3451:
3448:
3435:
3431:
3425:
3422:
3409:
3405:
3401:
3397:
3393:
3389:
3385:
3381:
3377:
3373:
3366:
3363:
3358:
3354:
3349:
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3328:
3324:
3317:
3314:
3309:
3305:
3301:
3297:
3293:
3289:
3285:
3281:
3274:
3271:
3266:
3262:
3258:
3254:
3250:
3246:
3239:
3236:
3231:
3227:
3223:
3221:9780195368741
3217:
3213:
3212:
3204:
3201:
3196:
3192:
3188:
3182:
3178:
3177:
3169:
3167:
3165:
3161:
3156:
3152:
3151:
3143:
3140:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3115:
3108:
3105:
3100:
3096:
3092:
3086:
3082:
3075:
3073:
3071:
3067:
3054:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3027:
3024:
3011:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2981:
2978:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2951:
2948:
2943:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2902:
2899:
2894:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2868:
2857:
2854:
2849:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2830:
2822:
2819:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2778:
2771:
2768:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2741:
2738:
2733:
2726:
2723:
2718:
2711:
2708:
2703:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2662:
2659:
2654:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2613:
2610:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2586:
2583:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2535:
2532:
2526:
2520:
2519:
2514:
2507:
2504:
2488:
2484:
2477:
2470:
2467:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2443:
2440:
2435:
2429:
2410:
2406:
2399:
2392:
2389:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2343:
2340:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2320:(1): 93–105.
2319:
2315:
2308:
2305:
2292:
2288:
2282:
2279:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2247:
2244:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2212:
2210:
2206:
2201:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2180:
2177:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2149:
2146:
2141:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2116:
2113:
2109:
2108:
2101:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2081:Chlorobutanol
2079:
2077:
2074:
2073:
2069:
2067:
2065:
2061:
2060:surface water
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2034:Environmental
2033:
2028:
2024:
2021:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2009:Hank Williams
2007:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1995:
1990:
1987:
1984:
1981:
1978:
1974:
1971:
1968:
1965:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1951:
1948:
1945:
1942:
1941:pentobarbital
1938:
1935:
1932:
1928:
1925:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1903:
1900:
1899:William James
1897:
1894:
1893:
1888:
1885:
1882:
1879:
1876:
1872:
1871:Chulalongkorn
1868:
1867:
1864:Notable users
1863:
1860:
1855:
1853:
1852:
1847:
1846:Edith Wharton
1841:
1823:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1786:
1784:
1779:
1777:
1773:
1772:pentobarbital
1769:
1768:phenobarbital
1765:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1748:
1747:intravenously
1743:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1701:
1699:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1671:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1613:
1611:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1594:
1586:
1584:
1582:
1581:ethchlorvynol
1578:
1573:
1571:
1567:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1525:GABA receptor
1522:
1518:
1517:
1508:
1503:
1501:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1453:
1452:
1451:
1449:
1445:
1437:
1435:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1391:
1388:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1293:
1291:
1289:
1284:
1278:
1274:
1273:
1272:
1270:
1269:sulfuric acid
1266:
1265:hydroxylamine
1262:
1258:
1253:
1251:
1247:
1246:sulfuric acid
1243:
1235:
1233:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1206:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1179:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1160:United States
1157:
1149:
1144:
1142:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1127:
1123:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1076:
1070:
1064:
1061:
1057:
1056:chlorobutanol
1053:
1050:
1045:
1044:
1039:
1036:
1035:External MSDS
1033:
1030:
1027:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1009:
1008:
1004:
1000:
946:
943:
939:
938:
924:
921:
917:
916:
913:
910:
907:
903:
902:
898:
893:
889:
886:
882:
881:
877:
875:
870:
865:
859:
849:
841:
838:
828:
827:
825:
823:
820:
819:
815:
812:
808:
807:
803:
800:
796:
795:
791:
787:
783:
780:
777:
773:
772:
768:
765:
761:
760:
756:
752:
749:
745:
742:
736:
735:
730:
725:
722:
719:
715:
714:
711:Pharmacology
709:
706:
703:
700:
696:
695:
690:
686:
680:
676:
673:
672:
668:
666:
665:
660:
659:
656:
652:
648:
644:
642:
639:
638:
634:
631:
627:
626:
622:
620:
619:Boiling point
617:
616:
612:
610:
609:Melting point
607:
606:
602:
600:
597:
596:
592:
590:
587:
586:
582:
579:
578:
571:
569:
566:
565:
551:
548:
544:
543:
538:
529:
525:
518:
504:
494:
490:
483:
475:
471:
470:DTXSID7020261
467:
466:
464:
454:
450:
449:
445:
443:
440:
439:
432:
428:
427:
425:
423:
420:
419:
412:
411:
409:
407:
404:
403:
396:
392:
391:
389:
383:
379:
378:
371:
367:
366:
364:
362:
359:
358:
354:
351:
347:
346:
339:
338:
336:
334:
329:
328:
324:
320:
317:
315:
313:ECHA InfoCard
310:
309:
302:
298:
297:
295:
293:
290:
289:
282:
278:
277:
275:
273:
270:
269:
262:
258:
257:
255:
253:
250:
249:
242:
238:
237:
235:
233:
230:
229:
225:
222:
218:
217:
210:
206:
205:
203:
199:
194:
193:
186:
182:
181:
179:
176:
172:
171:
166:
158:
155:
152:
149:
146:
143:
140:
138:
135:
133:
130:
127:
126:
121:
113:
109:
104:
100:
95:
85:
75:
65:
55:
43:
39:
34:
30:
29:
25:
19:
9361:
9350:
9343:
9336:
9062:picrotoxinin
9006:progesterone
8998:DHEA sulfate
8966:ginkgolide M
8962:ginkgolide J
8958:ginkgolide C
8954:ginkgolide B
8950:ginkgolide A
8922:nitrendipine
8860:
8657:Antagonists:
8656:
8594:
8532:Penicillin G
8476:ginsenosides
8433:Barbiturates
8402:
8382:
8263:β-ABA (BABA)
8254:
8161:
8160:
8131:
7988:Lavender oil
7730:Nitric oxide
7650:Cryofluorane
7639:
7595:Acetophenone
7553:Methaqualone
7548:Mecloqualone
7543:Mebroqualone
7533:Diproqualone
7528:Cloroqualone
7457:Glutethimide
7261:
7213:
7180:
7142:
7115:Testosterone
7080:Progesterone
7045:Hydroxydione
6994:Androsterone
6921:Acecarbromal
6826:constituents
6613:Cyclarbamate
6603:Carisoprodol
6375:Metaclazepam
6370:Menitrazepam
6360:Meclonazepam
6355:Lormetazepam
6285:Flutemazepam
6110:Ciclotizolam
6100:Carburazepam
5992:Thiobarbital
5952:Secobarbital
5917:Phetharbital
5897:Nealbarbital
5882:Methohexital
5867:Hexobarbital
5802:Butallylonal
5797:Butobarbital
5752:Barbexaclone
5747:Aprobarbital
5732:Allobarbital
5719:Barbiturates
5686:
5678:
5668:Petrichloral
5539:Valnoctamide
5441:Metaglycodol
5436:Fenpentadiol
5346:Daridorexant
5249:Thioridazine
5200:Trimipramine
5135:Medetomidine
5063:Thioridazine
5014:Trimipramine
4959:Propiomazine
4954:Promethazine
4760:Petrichloral
4745:Kavalactones
4719:
4677:Acetophenone
4646:Methaqualone
4641:Mecloqualone
4636:Mebroqualone
4626:Diproqualone
4621:Cloroqualone
4583:Glutethimide
4479:Progesterone
4469:Hydroxydione
4401:Acecarbromal
4315:Carisoprodol
4257:Lormetazepam
4242:Flutemazepam
4144:Secobarbital
4104:Methohexital
4094:Hexobarbital
4074:Butobarbital
4069:Butabarbital
4059:Aprobarbital
4049:Allobarbital
4041:Barbiturates
3895:
3886:
3885:
3872:. Retrieved
3852:
3843:
3837:
3825:
3813:
3804:
3798:
3779:
3773:
3753:
3747:
3739:the original
3729:
3717:. Retrieved
3708:
3698:
3685:
3679:
3655:
3648:
3624:
3617:
3605:. Retrieved
3585:
3578:
3569:
3560:
3544:
3539:
3513:. Retrieved
3503:
3491:. Retrieved
3481:
3475:
3463:. Retrieved
3457:
3450:
3438:. Retrieved
3434:the original
3424:
3412:. Retrieved
3382:(1): 13–21.
3379:
3375:
3365:
3330:
3326:
3316:
3286:(3): 85–88.
3283:
3279:
3273:
3248:
3244:
3238:
3210:
3203:
3175:
3154:
3149:
3142:
3117:
3113:
3107:
3080:
3059:24 September
3057:. Retrieved
3040:
3036:
3026:
3016:24 September
3014:. Retrieved
3000:(1): 31–32.
2997:
2993:
2980:
2968:. Retrieved
2959:
2950:
2915:
2911:
2901:
2874:
2870:
2856:
2827:
2821:
2809:. Retrieved
2787:
2783:
2770:
2758:. Retrieved
2749:
2740:
2731:
2725:
2716:
2710:
2675:
2671:
2661:
2626:
2622:
2612:
2595:
2591:
2585:
2573:. Retrieved
2548:
2544:
2534:
2524:
2516:
2506:
2494:. Retrieved
2482:
2469:
2452:
2448:
2442:
2416:. Retrieved
2409:the original
2404:
2391:
2356:
2352:
2342:
2317:
2313:
2307:
2295:. Retrieved
2281:
2256:
2252:
2246:
2221:
2217:
2185:
2179:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2148:
2121:
2115:
2106:
2105:
2064:ground water
2048:chlorination
2044:side-product
2037:
2027:Belle Époque
2023:Renée Vivien
1992:
1989:Evelyn Waugh
1983:John Tyndall
1967:Oliver Sacks
1921:promethazine
1892:If It Die...
1890:
1857:
1849:
1843:
1819:
1811:phonographic
1796:
1787:
1780:
1776:secobarbital
1761:
1744:
1702:
1695:
1692:barbiturates
1672:
1656:barbiturates
1624:halogenation
1617:
1590:
1587:Legal status
1574:
1569:
1563:
1537:barbiturates
1514:
1512:
1504:Pharmacology
1483:
1441:
1428:Hemodialysis
1392:
1381:
1353:
1345:
1323:(especially
1319:, and small
1302:
1285:
1282:
1254:
1239:
1207:
1205:discharges.
1203:epileptiform
1187:barbiturates
1180:
1153:
1091:geminal diol
1086:
1085:
1002:
911:
873:
822:Legal status
678:
663:
603:1.9081 g/cm
406:RTECS number
261:ChEMBL455917
168:Identifiers
136:
131:
123:Other names
18:
9259:SSR-504,734
9254:SSR-103,800
9244:PF-03463275
9224:Mardepodect
9144:Transporter
9090:tropisetron
9032:levorphanol
9024:dextrorphan
8946:ginkgolides
8914:nicardipine
8769:Laudanosine
8690:Cacotheline
8680:Bicuculline
8627:sevoflurane
8577:tropisetron
8461:nicardipine
8304:Hypotaurine
8070:Stiripentol
8065:Seproxetine
8035:Niacinamide
8015:Loreclezole
7836:Avermectins
7800:Vinyl ether
7770:Sevoflurane
7750:Paraldehyde
7700:Halopropane
7523:Afloqualone
7505:Tracazolate
7500:ICI-190,622
7490:Cartazolate
7467:Piperidione
7462:Methyprylon
7429:Fospropofol
7351:Pipequaline
7159:Pazinaclone
7149:Eszopiclone
7005:Cholesterol
6989:Androstenol
6913:Monoureides
6893:Methysticin
6693:Tetrabamate
6673:Pentabamate
6663:Meprobamate
6633:Febarbamate
6598:Carisbamate
6550:Triflubazam
6540:Tolufazepam
6500:Rilmazafone
6495:Remimazolam
6470:Proflazepam
6455:Pivoxazepam
6415:Nitrazepate
6405:Nimetazepam
6340:Lopirazepam
6310:Haloxazolam
6260:Fludiazepam
6205:Doxefazepam
6180:Delorazepam
6160:Clotiazepam
6155:Clorazepate
6120:Cinolazepam
6017:Vinbarbital
5972:Tetrabamate
5927:Probarbital
5907:Phenallymal
5872:Metharbital
5847:Febarbamate
5742:Amobarbital
5643:Isopropanol
5613:Chloralodol
5524:Scopolamine
5468:Guaifenesin
5463:Fenadiazole
5419:Cannabidiol
5393:Mirogabalin
5351:Lemborexant
5328:Tasimelteon
5313:Agomelatine
5272:Risperidone
5218:Mirtazapine
5107:-Adrenergic
5086:Risperidone
5032:Mirtazapine
4982:Etoperidone
4949:Pheniramine
4934:Hydroxyzine
4755:Paraldehyde
4750:Loreclezole
4616:Afloqualone
4598:Piperidione
4588:Methyprylon
4517:Pazinaclone
4497:Eszopiclone
4459:Alphaxolone
4454:Alphadolone
4393:Monoureides
4335:Meprobamate
4272:Nitemazepam
4267:Nimetazepam
4212:Doxefazepam
4197:Cinolazepam
4169:Vinbarbital
4134:Proxibarbal
4119:Phenallymal
4054:Amobarbital
4006:Chloralodol
3719:2 September
3566:Gide, André
3515:20 February
3465:28 February
3414:20 February
3333:(3): 1–24.
2970:20 February
2811:20 February
2760:15 November
2575:11 December
2418:15 November
2259:(1): 34–5.
2052:humic acids
1943:(Nembutal).
1803:John Seward
1790:Bram Stoker
1783:Mickey Finn
1687:barbiturate
1593:schedule IV
1579:similar to
1399:convulsions
1226:respiration
1210:metabolized
1017:median dose
1003:Lethal dose
906:Signal word
858:Schedule IV
804:8–10 hours
748:suppository
687:9.66, 11.0
651:ethyl ether
580:Appearance
540:Properties
319:100.005.562
241:CHEBI:28142
141:Aquachloral
137:Tradenames:
9379:Categories
9264:Tilapertin
9219:LY-2365109
9214:Iclepertin
9209:GSK1018921
9094:zatosetron
9082:bemesetron
9054:Picrotoxin
8972:Imipramine
8942:bilobalide
8928:Furosemide
8918:nifedipine
8889:flurazepam
8877:clonazepam
8873:bromazepam
8844:Strychnine
8839:Sinomenine
8804:Quinolines
8794:Pitrazepin
8715:Dendrobine
8700:Colchicine
8619:isoflurane
8603:desflurane
8599:chloroform
8581:zatosetron
8565:bemesetron
8517:minaxolone
8505:alfaxolone
8491:Ivermectin
8428:Anandamide
8351:Milacemide
8341:-Threonine
8309:Ivermectin
8217:modulators
8103:Topiramate
8093:Terpenoids
8050:Propanidid
8040:Org 25,435
7968:Flupirtine
7963:Fluoxetine
7869:Chloralose
7840:ivermectin
7745:Norflurane
7710:Isoflurane
7655:Desflurane
7645:Chloroform
7605:Aliflurane
7538:Etaqualone
7366:SB-205,384
7296:CP-615,003
7291:CL-218,872
7245:Panadiplon
7235:Lorediplon
7164:Suproclone
7125:Zuranolone
7085:Renanolone
7070:Posovolone
7050:Minaxolone
7040:Ganaxolone
6979:Alfaxalone
6974:Alfadolone
6964:Acebrochol
6931:Bromisoval
6809:Metomidate
6796:Imidazoles
6756:Hispidulin
6708:Flavonoids
6668:Nisobamate
6658:Mebutamate
6628:Ethinamate
6623:Emylcamate
6590:Carbamates
6560:Tuclazepam
6535:Tetrazepam
6490:Reclazepam
6465:Premazepam
6445:Phenazepam
6425:Nordazepam
6420:Nitrazolam
6410:Nitrazepam
6390:Motrazepam
6345:Loprazolam
6335:Lofendazam
6320:Imidazenil
6280:Flutazolam
6275:Flurazepam
6245:Fletazepam
6200:Dimdazenil
6195:Diclazepam
6175:Cyprazepam
6165:Cloxazolam
6145:Clonazolam
6140:Clonazepam
6130:Climazolam
6090:Brotizolam
6085:Bromazolam
6080:Bromazepam
6075:Bretazenil
6070:Bentazepam
6060:Arfendazam
6055:Alprazolam
6050:Adinazolam
6022:Vinylbital
6002:Thiopental
5877:Methitural
5792:Buthalital
5787:Butalbital
5638:Isobutanol
5492:Metaxalone
5482:Mephenesin
5403:Pregabalin
5383:Gabapentin
5356:Suvorexant
5291:Niaprazine
5267:Quetiapine
5262:Olanzapine
5145:Tizanidine
5140:Romifidine
5130:Lofexidine
5120:Detomidine
5081:Quetiapine
5076:Olanzapine
4987:Nefazodone
4929:Doxylamine
4914:Captodiame
4725:Chloralose
4689:compounds
4631:Etaqualone
4527:Suproclone
4507:Lirequinil
4474:Minaxolone
4464:Eltanolone
4444:Acebrochol
4411:Bromisoval
4378:Metomidate
4365:Imidazoles
4325:Ethinamate
4320:Emylcamate
4307:Carbamates
4282:Nitrazolam
4277:Nitrazepam
4252:Loprazolam
4237:Flurazepam
4207:Clonazolam
4202:Climazolam
4192:Brotizolam
4174:Vinylbital
4159:Thiopental
3830:Olson 2004
3818:Olson 2004
2717:Psychiatry
2102:References
2086:Chloroform
2056:micrograms
2042:, a minor
2040:chloroform
1909:Flavor Aid
1887:André Gide
1736:lipophilic
1732:solubility
1713:metabolite
1709:chloroform
1553:withdrawal
1549:dependency
1498:chloroform
1494:hydrolysis
1490:decomposed
1438:Production
1424:overdosage
1329:gum arabic
1321:arthropods
1309:bryophytes
1288:polymorphs
1141:of water.
1139:equivalent
885:Pictograms
776:Metabolism
705:Monoclinic
692:Structure
641:Solubility
568:Molar mass
431:418M5916WG
272:ChemSpider
196:3D model (
175:CAS Number
144:Chloradorm
9440:Jonestown
9415:Sedatives
9410:Hypnotics
9390:Aldehydes
9312:ORG-25543
9292:Amoxapine
9249:Sarcosine
9229:ORG-24598
9194:CP-802079
9100:Verapamil
9086:LY-278584
9078:Tropeines
9044:pethidine
9040:oripavine
8933:Genistein
8864:Amiloride
8744:Gelsemine
8720:Diaboline
8705:Colubrine
8615:halothane
8611:enflurane
8587:Volatiles
8573:LY-278584
8557:Tropeines
8552:Triclofos
8542:Tamoxifen
8521:ORG-20599
8467:Etomidate
8390:brometone
8371:Sarcosine
8346:MDL-27531
8258:β-Alanine
8255:Agonists:
8162:See also:
8124:valerenol
8045:Phenytoin
8025:Monastrol
7983:Lanthanum
7978:KRM-II-81
7941:Fenamates
7936:Etifoxine
7931:Etazepine
7926:Efavirenz
7884:Darigabat
7780:Teflurane
7765:Roflurane
7760:Propylene
7705:Halothane
7690:Fluroxene
7675:Enflurane
7578:Volatiles
7495:Etazolate
7406:Viqualine
7361:RWJ-51204
7326:L-838,417
7316:Imepitoin
7286:CGS-20625
7281:CGS-13767
7266:Adipiplon
7240:Ocinaplon
7202:Saripidem
7197:Necopidem
7174:Zopiclone
7169:Suriclone
7154:Pagoclone
7060:ORG-21465
7055:ORG-20599
6946:Ectylurea
6936:Carbromal
6814:Propoxate
6804:Etomidate
6731:Baicalein
6688:Styramate
6683:Procymate
6653:Lorbamate
6638:Felbamate
6608:Clocental
6580:Zomebazam
6575:Zolazepam
6570:Zapizolam
6565:Uldazepam
6545:Triazolam
6530:Temazepam
6525:Sulazepam
6515:Ro48-8684
6510:Ro48-6791
6505:Ripazepam
6475:Pyrazolam
6450:Pinazepam
6400:Nifoxipam
6385:Midazolam
6380:Mexazolam
6365:Medazepam
6350:Lorazepam
6330:Ketazolam
6325:Irazepine
6315:Iclazepam
6305:Halazepam
6300:Gidazepam
6295:Fosazepam
6215:Estazolam
6210:Elfazepam
6185:Demoxepam
6115:Cinazepam
6095:Camazepam
6065:Avizafone
5987:Thiamylal
5922:Primidone
5852:Heptabarb
5842:Eterobarb
5807:Carbubarb
5704:Triclofos
5603:Brometone
5529:Trazodone
5470:-related
5323:Ramelteon
5318:Melatonin
5305:Melatonin
5213:Mianserin
5180:Trazodone
5115:Clonidine
5027:Mianserin
4992:Trazodone
4944:Perlapine
4787:Triclofos
4740:Gaboxadol
4547:Zopiclone
4532:Suriclone
4522:Saripidem
4512:Necopidem
4426:Ectylurea
4421:Carbromal
4383:Propoxate
4373:Etomidate
4350:Procymate
4297:Triazolam
4292:Temazepam
4262:Midazolam
4217:Estazolam
4154:Thiamylal
4089:Heptabarb
3968:sedatives
3964:Hypnotics
3607:3 October
3568:(2001) .
3396:2352-4529
3300:2352-4529
3265:2352-4529
3230:299368559
3195:878623979
3083:. Wiley.
2449:Encephale
2375:0003-3022
2190:CRC Press
1788:In 1897,
1738:molecule
1679:addiction
1652:analgesic
1608:alcoholic
1561:mutagenic
1541:addictive
1250:desiccant
1093:with the
1060:Triclofos
984:P337+P313
980:P332+P313
964:P302+P352
960:P301+P310
876:labelling
811:Excretion
739:Routes of
442:UN number
340:206-117-5
332:EC Number
147:Chloratol
9425:Prodrugs
9405:Hydrates
9333:See also
9287:ALX-1393
9150:blockers
9131:instead.
9073:Riluzole
9058:picrotin
9048:thebaine
9036:morphine
8905:Daidzein
8895:Corymine
8881:diazepam
8816:5,7-CIQA
8749:iso-THAZ
8695:Caffeine
8561:atropine
8537:Propofol
8496:Ketamine
8386:Alcohols
8361:Propofol
8325:-Proline
8317:-Alanine
8281:-Alanine
8225:Receptor
8150:TCS-1205
8145:TCS-1105
8135:α-Pinene
8108:Valerian
8083:tetronal
8060:Safranal
8009:obovatol
8005:magnolol
8001:honokiol
7831:Alogabat
7826:AA-29504
7775:Synthane
7735:Nitrogen
7715:Kerosine
7695:Gasoline
7685:Ethylene
7625:Centalun
7620:Butylene
7434:Propofol
7396:U-89843A
7376:TGSC01AA
7346:NS-11394
7311:GBLD-345
7276:CGS-9896
7271:CGS-8216
7255:Zaleplon
7250:Taniplon
7230:Indiplon
7225:Fasiplon
7220:Divaplon
7207:Zolpidem
7110:SAGE-872
7105:SAGE-689
7100:SAGE-516
7095:SAGE-324
7090:SAGE-105
6998:Certain
6941:Capuride
6903:Yangonin
6780:baicalin
6776:Skullcap
6766:Luteolin
6741:Catechin
6736:Baicalin
6726:Apigenin
6698:Tybamate
6485:Quazepam
6480:QH-II-66
6460:Prazepam
6440:Oxazolam
6435:Oxazepam
6235:Etizolam
6190:Diazepam
6170:CP-1414S
6135:Clobazam
6125:Clazolam
6012:Valofane
5967:Talbutal
5957:Sigmodal
5862:Hexethal
5757:Barbital
5737:Alphenal
5727:(-)-DMBB
5673:Propanol
5663:Pentanol
5653:Methanol
5595:Alcohols
5513:morphine
5504:Midaflur
5424:Cannabis
5398:Phenibut
5150:Xylazine
4879:Phenibut
4849:Baclofen
4775:Tetronal
4710:Centalun
4565:Propofol
4542:Zolpidem
4537:Zaleplon
4502:Indiplon
4416:Capuride
4355:Tybamate
4287:Quazepam
4149:Talbutal
4064:Barbital
3993:Alcohols
3874:14 March
3865:Archived
3713:Archived
3601:Archived
3525:cite web
3487:Archived
3408:Archived
3404:26898141
3357:17494361
3308:27480474
3126:44450759
3099:60169541
3053:Archived
3010:Archived
2988:(1832).
2964:Archived
2942:15622794
2893:17557503
2802:Archived
2790:(1): 3.
2754:Archived
2702:24792835
2653:25202549
2569:Archived
2565:94886591
2513:"Isatin"
2496:14 March
2487:Archived
2461:12091779
2428:cite web
2383:19546703
2334:18035234
2291:Archived
2273:37097870
2265:17342837
2070:See also
2062:than in
2013:morphine
1961:laudanum
1913:diazepam
1875:Thailand
1834:O·H
1822:Morpheus
1764:insomnia
1683:barbital
1668:morphine
1648:hypnotic
1632:sedative
1565:in vitro
1496:to form
1475:C−CH(OH)
1444:chlorine
1333:glycerol
1183:insomnia
1170:for any
1162:nor the
1150:Hypnotic
1126:hypnotic
1122:sedative
867:Hazards
837:Class C1
732:)
718:ATC code
413:FM875000
292:DrugBank
226:1698497
185:302-17-0
84:Hydrogen
64:Chlorine
9317:VVZ-368
9184:ASP2535
9080:(e.g.,
9056:(i.e.,
9016:codeine
9014:(e.g.,
9012:Opioids
8984:(e.g.,
8948:(e.g.,
8912:(e.g.,
8871:(e.g.,
8834:RU-5135
8806:(e.g.,
8727:(e.g.,
8685:Brucine
8631:toluene
8593:(e.g.,
8569:cocaine
8559:(e.g.,
8503:(e.g.,
8478:(e.g.,
8472:Ginseng
8459:(e.g.,
8452:D12-116
8435:(e.g.,
8388:(e.g.,
8376:Taurine
8333:-Serine
8299:Glycine
8289:-Serine
8273:Caesium
8231:ligands
8097:borneol
8095:(e.g.,
8087:trional
8077:(e.g.,
7995:(e.g.,
7993:Lignans
7943:(e.g.,
7901:(e.g.,
7846:Bromide
7838:(e.g.,
7821:α-EMTBL
7785:Toluene
7755:Propane
7630:Chloral
7610:Benzene
7590:Acetone
7421:Phenols
7411:Y-23684
7401:U-90042
7386:TPA-023
7371:SX-3228
7356:ROD-188
7341:NS-2710
7336:NS-2664
7321:JM-1232
7306:ELB-139
7301:CTP-354
7187:Alpidem
6786:Wogonin
6761:Linarin
6240:FG-8205
5947:Reposal
5648:Menthol
5608:Butanol
5511:(e.g.,
5509:Opioids
5458:Evoxine
5195:Doxepin
5009:Doxepin
4884:Tolibut
4780:Trional
4687:Bromide
4557:Phenols
4139:Reposal
3887:Sources
3661:580–583
3630:411–412
3458:Dracula
3440:27 June
3348:2701367
3134:4914358
2933:6975915
2693:4047925
2644:4105042
2297:6 March
2238:4318151
2046:of the
2017:whiskey
1959:from a
1917:cyanide
1809:in his
1798:Dracula
1675:asylums
1628:ethanol
1614:History
1570:in vivo
1545:chronic
1516:in vivo
1479:+ 5 HCl
1448:ethanol
1261:aniline
1242:chloral
1166:in the
1158:in the
1135:chloral
1095:formula
1052:Chloral
782:Hepatic
726: (
724:N05CC01
675:Acidity
655:ethanol
647:benzene
599:Density
562:
382:PubChem
355:101369
301:DB01563
159:Somnote
8938:Ginkgo
8828:7-TFQA
8675:αEMBTL
8268:β-AIBA
8030:Niacin
7615:Butane
7568:SL-164
7439:Thymol
7381:TP-003
7262:Others
7065:P1-185
7025:5β-DHP
7020:5α-DHP
7015:3α-DHP
6863:Kavain
6771:Rc-OMe
5412:Others
5338:Orexin
5284:Others
5274:, etc.
5251:, etc.
5220:, etc.
5202:, etc.
5088:, etc.
5065:, etc.
5034:, etc.
5016:, etc.
4670:Others
4661:SL-164
3903:
3786:
3761:
3667:
3636:
3593:
3551:
3493:2 July
3402:
3394:
3355:
3345:
3306:
3298:
3263:
3228:
3218:
3193:
3183:
3132:
3124:
3097:
3087:
2940:
2930:
2891:
2867:drugs"
2844:
2700:
2690:
2651:
2641:
2563:
2459:
2381:
2373:
2332:
2271:
2263:
2236:
2196:
2136:
1919:, and
1630:. Its
1471:O → Cl
1467:OH + H
1411:plasma
1409:. The
1405:, and
1395:nausea
1378:Safety
1372:iodine
1370:, and
1257:isatin
1031:(SDS)
912:Danger
856:
835:
573:165.39
557:CH(OH)
524:SMILES
370:D00265
252:ChEMBL
156:Somnos
150:Noctec
106:Names
82:
80:
74:Oxygen
72:
70:
62:
60:
54:Carbon
52:
50:
9302:NAGly
9275:GlyT2
9174:ACPPB
9162:GlyT1
9116:NMDAR
8854:Tutin
8824:7-TFQ
8820:7-CIQ
8645:Xenon
8591:gases
7889:DEABL
7582:gases
7391:TP-13
7120:THDOC
7010:DHDOC
5534:UMB68
4854:GABOB
3868:(PDF)
3861:(PDF)
3153:[
3122:JSTOR
2805:(PDF)
2780:(PDF)
2561:S2CID
2490:(PDF)
2479:(PDF)
2412:(PDF)
2401:(PDF)
2269:S2CID
2107:Notes
1869:King
1814:diary
1729:lipid
1543:, as
1419:blood
1415:serum
1364:fungi
1358:, an
1325:mites
1317:seeds
1313:ferns
1089:is a
786:renal
669:0.99
489:InChI
446:2811
232:ChEBI
198:JSmol
9352:GABA
9129:here
9127:See
9105:Zinc
9068:PMBA
9060:and
8977:NBQX
8729:2-AG
8650:Zinc
8403:tert
8294:GABA
8243:GlyR
7192:DS-1
6824:Kava
6751:EGCG
5687:tert
5679:tert
5582:GABA
5374:VDCC
5160:5-HT
4823:GABA
4001:2M2B
3981:GABA
3972:N05C
3901:ISBN
3876:2013
3784:ISBN
3759:ISBN
3721:2015
3665:ISBN
3634:ISBN
3609:2017
3591:ISBN
3549:ISBN
3531:link
3517:2022
3495:2018
3467:2018
3442:2018
3416:2022
3400:PMID
3392:ISSN
3353:PMID
3304:PMID
3296:ISSN
3261:ISSN
3226:OCLC
3216:ISBN
3191:OCLC
3181:ISBN
3130:PMID
3095:OCLC
3085:ISBN
3061:2016
3018:2016
2972:2022
2938:PMID
2889:PMID
2842:ISBN
2813:2022
2762:2018
2698:PMID
2649:PMID
2577:2021
2498:2013
2457:PMID
2434:link
2420:2018
2379:PMID
2371:ISSN
2330:PMID
2299:2018
2261:PMID
2234:PMID
2194:ISBN
2134:ISBN
2015:and
1774:and
1719:and
1568:and
1551:and
1535:and
1459:+ CH
1455:4 Cl
1446:and
1407:coma
1331:and
1263:and
1228:and
1145:Uses
1124:and
996:P501
992:P405
988:P362
976:P330
972:P321
956:P280
952:P270
948:P264
934:H319
930:H315
926:H301
784:and
662:log
589:Odor
422:UNII
395:2707
361:KEGG
281:2606
66:, Cl
7921:DS2
7030:DHT
6746:EGC
4874:GVL
4869:GBL
4859:GHB
3384:doi
3343:PMC
3335:doi
3288:doi
3253:doi
3045:doi
3002:doi
2928:PMC
2920:doi
2879:doi
2834:doi
2792:doi
2688:PMC
2680:doi
2639:PMC
2631:doi
2600:doi
2553:doi
2361:doi
2357:111
2322:doi
2226:doi
2167:doi
2126:doi
1873:of
1830:HCl
1792:'s
1519:to
1492:by
1417:or
1343:).
1199:EEG
1164:EMA
1156:FDA
874:GHS
729:WHO
553:CCl
458:EPA
385:CID
86:, H
76:, O
56:, C
9381::
9092:,
9088:,
9084:,
9046:,
9042:,
9038:,
9034:,
9030:,
9026:,
9022:,
9018:,
9004:,
9000:,
8996:,
8992:,
8988:,
8968:))
8964:,
8960:,
8956:,
8952:,
8944:,
8920:,
8916:,
8887:,
8883:,
8879:,
8875:,
8826:,
8822:,
8818:,
8814:,
8810:,
8731:,
8637:,
8633:,
8629:,
8625:,
8621:,
8617:,
8613:,
8609:,
8605:,
8601:,
8597:,
8579:,
8575:,
8571:,
8567:,
8563:,
8519:,
8515:,
8511:,
8507:,
8482:))
8439:,
8415:,
8411:,
8407:,
8400:,
8396:,
8392:,
8171:•
8167:•
8122:,
8118:,
8114:,
8085:,
8081:,
8007:,
8003:,
7999:,
7955:,
7951:,
7947:,
7913:,
7909:,
7905:,
7856:,
7852:,
7264::
7218::
7185::
7147::
5162:2A
3711:.
3707:.
3663:.
3632:.
3599:.
3527:}}
3523:{{
3406:.
3398:.
3390:.
3378:.
3374:.
3351:.
3341:.
3331:21
3329:.
3325:.
3302:.
3294:.
3282:.
3259:.
3247:.
3224:.
3189:.
3163:^
3128:.
3118:44
3116:.
3093:.
3069:^
3051:.
3039:.
3008:.
2996:.
2958:.
2936:.
2926:.
2916:95
2914:.
2910:.
2887:.
2873:.
2869:.
2840:.
2800:.
2788:49
2786:.
2782:.
2752:.
2748:.
2696:.
2686:.
2676:62
2674:.
2670:.
2647:.
2637:.
2625:.
2621:.
2596:16
2594:.
2567:.
2559:.
2549:44
2547:.
2543:.
2522:;
2515:.
2481:.
2453:28
2451:.
2430:}}
2426:{{
2403:.
2377:.
2369:.
2355:.
2351:.
2328:.
2318:24
2316:.
2267:.
2257:41
2255:.
2232:.
2222:23
2220:.
2208:^
2163:80
2161:.
2132:.
2066:.
1824:—
1816::
1785:.
1700:.
1572:.
1531:,
1500:.
1463:CH
1434:.
1413:,
1386:50
1384:LD
1315:,
1311:,
1290:.
1252:.
1115:H)
1107:−C
1099:Cl
1058:,
1054:,
1013:50
1011:LD
994:,
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