1228:
the invasion of saltwater organisms into previously freshwater environments, and interfere with the natural mixing of lakes. Sodium chloride has also been shown to change the composition of microbial species at relatively low concentrations. It can also hinder the denitrification process, a microbial process essential to nitrate removal and the conservation of water quality, and inhibit the nitrification and respiration of organic matter.
965:
1285:
958:
986:
979:
972:
1207:
65:
56:
684:) is much larger than a chlorine atom (diameter 99 pm). The chlorine atom's hold on the valence shell is weaker because the chloride anion has one more electron than it does. The ion is colorless and diamagnetic. In aqueous solution, it is highly soluble in most cases; however, for some chloride salts, such as
1227:
Increased concentrations of chloride can cause a number of ecological effects in both aquatic and terrestrial environments. It may contribute to the acidification of streams, mobilize radioactive soil metals by ion exchange, affect the mortality and reproduction of aquatic plants and animals, promote
1410:
Chloride is also a useful and reliable chemical indicator of river and groundwater fecal contamination, as chloride is a non-reactive solute and ubiquitous to sewage and potable water. Many water regulating companies around the world utilize chloride to check the contamination levels of the rivers
1218:
of most metals (including stainless steels, aluminum and high-alloyed materials). Chloride-induced corrosion of steel in concrete lead to a local breakdown of the protective oxide form in alkaline concrete, so that a subsequent localized corrosion attack takes place.
1240:
industry is a major consumer of the world's energy budget. This process converts concentrated sodium chloride solutions into chlorine and sodium hydroxide, which are used to make many other materials and chemicals. The process involves two parallel reactions:
1001:
In nature, chloride is found primarily in seawater, which has a chloride ion concentration of 19400 mg/liter. Smaller quantities, though at higher concentrations, occur in certain inland seas and in subterranean
704:
Chloride can be oxidized but not reduced. The first oxidation, as employed in the chlor-alkali process, is conversion to chlorine gas. Chlorine can be further oxidized to other oxides and oxyanions including
1348:
form for removing dampness from rooms. Calcium chloride is also used for maintaining unpaved roads and for fortifying roadbases for new construction. In addition, calcium chloride is widely used as a
1022:. Most chloride salts are soluble in water, thus, chloride-containing minerals are usually only found in abundance in dry climates or deep underground. Some chloride-containing minerals include
1407:. An increase of the chlorides in the mud system may be an indication of drilling into a high-pressure saltwater formation. Its increase can also indicate the poor quality of a target sand.
1642:
3883:
345:
3876:
1933:
1300:) allows the counterion Na to freely flow across, but prevents anions such as hydroxide (OH) and chloride from diffusing across. At the cathode (
2099:
2074:
1629:
1585:
1496:
434:
2181:
3869:
1680:
1521:
320:
2133:
1151:(around −61 mV at 37 °C in a mammalian cell). Characteristic concentrations of chloride in model organisms are: in both
530:), which is a negatively charged chlorine atom, or a non-charged chlorine atom covalently bonded to the rest of the molecule by a
637:
is an organic compound with a covalent C−Cl bond in which the chlorine is not an anion. Other examples of covalent chlorides are
794:
Ionic chloride salts react with other salts to exchange anions. The presence of halide ions like chloride can be detected using
696:, they are only slightly soluble in water. In aqueous solution, chloride is bonded by the protic end of the water molecules.
241:
1978:
504:
297:
1794:
Berend, Kenrick; van
Hulsteijn, Leonard Hendrik; Gans, Rijk O.B. (April 2012). "Chloride: The queen of electrolytes?".
1198:, is reabsorbed by both proximal and distal tubules (majorly by proximal tubule) by both active and passive transport.
1446:
1952:
1624:
Molleman, Areles (2003). "Patch
Clamping: An Introductory Guide to Patch Clamp Electrophysiology". Wiley & Sons.
1210:
The structure of sodium chloride, revealing the tendency of chloride ions (green spheres) to link to several cations.
3539:
2526:
4204:
3820:
3796:
3705:
1190:
chloride levels are mainly regulated by the kidneys through a variety of transporters that are present along the
817:
38:
2496:
2246:
964:
3813:
3712:
3623:
3600:
3562:
2938:
2931:
2544:
1368:
1147:
Chloride is usually (though not always) at a higher extracellular concentration, causing it to have a negative
985:
4199:
3788:
3772:
3757:
3749:
3669:
3616:
3554:
3523:
3093:
3075:
2989:
2982:
2967:
2952:
2924:
2887:
2794:
2709:
2174:
957:
3173:
3803:
3765:
3682:
3662:
3592:
3577:
3547:
3399:
3195:
3166:
3150:
3067:
3005:
2975:
2960:
2945:
2894:
2880:
2839:
2775:
2702:
2687:
2665:
2658:
2643:
2636:
2537:
2484:
2458:
1364:
410:
2054:
4107:
3734:
3727:
3720:
3690:
3654:
3631:
3608:
3570:
3407:
3311:
3304:
3296:
3289:
3238:
3224:
3216:
3202:
3188:
3158:
2997:
2902:
2872:
2821:
2809:
2694:
2680:
2651:
2629:
2518:
2447:
2264:
187:
83:
978:
971:
1602:"Testing for halide ions - Group 0 and testing ions - GCSE Chemistry (Single Science) Revision - WJEC"
3780:
3741:
3697:
3647:
3639:
3531:
3361:
3357:
3349:
3323:
3282:
3260:
3245:
3231:
3209:
3180:
3086:
3060:
3037:
2909:
2847:
2787:
2739:
2672:
2574:
2451:
2424:
2402:
2335:
2316:
2159:
1552:
638:
3585:
3392:
3338:
3267:
3253:
3124:
3101:
3030:
2916:
2832:
2802:
2779:
2759:
2747:
2732:
2607:
2556:
2413:
2372:
2294:
2115:
1195:
1156:
1103:
693:
101:
4194:
3330:
3274:
3113:
3105:
3026:
2862:
2755:
2724:
2602:
2551:
2507:
2488:
2476:
2435:
2327:
2227:
2167:
1400:
1334:
1330:
1179:
1148:
147:
1466:
1174:. A chloride ion is a structural component of some proteins; for example, it is present in the
814:, which detects silver ions once all chloride in the assay has precipitated via this reaction.
3417:
3376:
3369:
2857:
2816:
2717:
2621:
2567:
2391:
2380:
2353:
2283:
2257:
2235:
2206:
2095:
2070:
2035:
2008:
2000:
1915:
1907:
1868:
1850:
1811:
1776:
1727:
1676:
1625:
1581:
1517:
1492:
1345:
1215:
1126:
1122:
826:
689:
648:
609:
397:
3946:
3953:
3384:
3319:
3134:
3117:
3052:
3045:
3018:
2611:
2581:
2395:
2349:
2323:
2305:
2222:
2062:
1990:
1899:
1858:
1842:
1803:
1766:
1758:
1717:
1709:
1372:
1360:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1091:
714:
599:
549:
543:
539:
365:
135:
1601:
306:
111:
4189:
3422:
3139:
3013:
2471:
2275:
1420:
1314:
1007:
838:
799:
685:
627:
595:
583:
219:
1214:
The presence of chlorides, such as in seawater, significantly worsens the conditions for
207:
2141:
1722:
1697:
167:
3895:
2361:
2342:
1886:
Jentsch, Thomas J.; Stein, Valentin; Weinreich, Frank; Zdebik, Anselm A. (2002-04-01).
1863:
1830:
1424:
1404:
1396:
1167:
842:
795:
662:
591:
590:
located in all body fluids responsible for maintaining acid/base balance, transmitting
498:
392:
1953:"Cell Biology by the Numbers: What are the concentrations of different ions in cells?"
1771:
1746:
594:
and regulating liquid flow in and out of cells. Other examples of ionic chlorides are
4183:
3892:
3441:
2767:
2055:"13. The corrosion behaviour of reinforced steel embedded in alkali-activated mortar"
1353:
1187:
811:
623:
1284:
4076:
3971:
1392:
1289:
1237:
1160:
1075:
881:
706:
1887:
3923:
3836:
2442:
2066:
1995:
1846:
1118:
1114:
896:
771:
738:
587:
531:
286:
1903:
1807:
4061:
4054:
3457:
3433:
1380:
1095:
1090:
Chloride has a major physiological significance, which includes regulation of
1051:
1039:
1003:
379:
231:
198:
2004:
1911:
1854:
17:
4072:
4040:
4019:
3994:
3939:
3861:
2027:
1428:
1206:
1094:, electrolyte balance and acid-base homeostasis. Chloride is present in all
757:
681:
2039:
2012:
1919:
1872:
1815:
1780:
1731:
64:
4167:
4139:
4114:
4100:
4047:
4023:
4008:
4001:
3987:
3960:
3903:
3844:
2589:
1258:
1107:
1079:
1015:
891:
886:
722:
526:
476:
31:
1713:
1395:, which involves the energy intensive removal of chloride salts to give
4153:
4125:
4093:
4033:
3980:
3912:
3828:
3469:
3449:
1831:""I don't get no respect": the role of chloride in acute kidney injury"
1376:
1349:
1191:
1175:
1171:
1063:
1031:
481:
273:
1762:
1337:
have varied uses ranging from medical treatments to cement formation.
1296:), chloride (Cl) is oxidized to chlorine. The ion-selective membrane (
4160:
4129:
3932:
1888:"Molecular Structure and Physiological Function of Chloride Channels"
1440:
1023:
1019:
710:
486:
178:
810:
The concentration of chloride in an assay can be determined using a
582:(negatively charged ion) with the charge Cl. Chloride salts such as
497:
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their
261:
4086:
1283:
1205:
1141:
1130:
1099:
579:
158:
134:
124:
520:
refers to a compound or molecule that contains either a chlorine
1137:
1027:
1011:
252:
3865:
2163:
1159:(dependent on medium), in mammalian cells 5–100 mM and in
1035:
761:
521:
467:
55:
561:
63:
54:
2059:
Handbook of Alkali-Activated
Cements, Mortars and Concretes
1403:, the chlorides are a closely monitored constituent of the
798:. A solution containing chloride ions will produce a white
626:
by a single bond to the rest of the molecule. For example,
564:
546:
are chlorides. The pronunciation of the word "chloride" is
1178:
enzyme. For these roles, chloride is one of the essential
1745:
Deane, Norman; Ziff, Morris; Smith, Homer W. (1952).
1473:. USA: National Center for Biotechnology Information.
1166:
The concentration of chloride in the blood is called
555:
1325:, it dissociates into Na and Cl ions. Salts such as
770:
of hydrochloric acid. Chloride can be protonated by
756:
In terms of its acid–base properties, chloride is a
567:
558:
4124:
4071:
4018:
3970:
3922:
3902:
1074:O). It is also found in evaporite minerals such as
552:
240:
1304:), water is reduced to hydroxide and hydrogen gas.
1829:Rein, Joshua L.; Coca, Steven G. (1 March 2019).
1467:"Chloride ion - PubChem Public Chemical Database"
1194:. Most of the chloride, which is filtered by the
1835:American Journal of Physiology. Renal Physiology
1747:"The distribution of total body chloride in man"
285:
1580:(7th ed.). Cengage Learning. p. 109.
1375:, all three of which are reactive chlorinating
586:are often soluble in water. It is an essential
110:
3877:
2175:
2026:Shrimanker, Isha; Bhattarai, Sandeep (2020).
1170:, and this concentration is regulated by the
622:The chloride is also a neutral chlorine atom
8:
2090:Kaushal, S. S. (19 March 2009). "Chloride".
1538:Green, John, and Sadru Damji. "Chapter 3."
821:
3884:
3870:
3862:
2182:
2168:
2160:
1391:A major application involving chloride is
841:of −1, +1, +3, +5, or +7. Several neutral
760:as indicated by the negative value of the
206:
43:
2061:. Woodhead Publishing. pp. 333–372.
1994:
1862:
1770:
1721:
1675:(1st ed.). Oxford : Pergamon Press.
1491:. Houghton Mifflin Company. p. A21.
1117:, playing a key role in maintaining cell
1098:, and is the most abundant extracellular
305:
3806:
1352:, since it is effective in lowering the
849:
709:(ClO, the active ingredient in chlorine
667:
657:
653:
643:
632:
614:
604:
1458:
1102:which accounts for around one third of
350:
325:
2212:
2190:Salts and covalent derivatives of the
1542:. Camberwell, Vic.: IBID, 2001. Print.
1534:
1532:
1516:(3rd ed.), Longman, p. 143,
3512:
1796:European Journal of Internal Medicine
1698:"Chloride ions in health and disease"
332:Key: VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M
186:
166:
7:
2202:
1482:
1480:
1313:An example is table salt, which is
276:
260:
2094:. Academic Press. pp. 23–29.
1155:and budding yeast are 10–200
680:A chloride ion (diameter 167
25:
1751:Journal of Clinical Investigation
1977:Nagami, Glenn T. (1 July 2016).
1514:Longman Pronunciation Dictionary
1344:) is a salt that is marketed in
1288:Basic membrane cell used in the
1136:receptor) and is transported by
1125:in neurons. It can flow through
984:
977:
970:
963:
956:
548:
538:). Many inorganic chlorides are
501:(at 25 °C , 100 kPa).
27:Main anion present in sea water
1979:"Hyperchloremia – Why and how"
1:
2120:hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu
2092:Encyclopedia of Inland Waters
1983:Nefrología (English Edition)
1387:Water quality and processing
1182:(listed by its element name
2122:. Georgia State University.
2067:10.1533/9781782422884.3.333
2053:Criado, M. (January 2015).
1996:10.1016/j.nefro.2016.04.001
1847:10.1152/ajprenal.00130.2018
1487:Zumdahl, Steven S. (2009).
1447:Renal chloride reabsorption
1411:and potable water sources.
818:Chlorided silver electrodes
50:
4221:
3514:
1904:10.1152/physrev.00029.2001
1808:10.1016/j.ejim.2011.11.013
1489:Chemical Principles 6th Ed
36:
29:
2214:
2199:
2034:. StatPearls Publishing.
1951:Milo, Ron; Philips, Rob.
1673:Chemistry of the elements
1671:Greenwood, N. N. (1984).
1379:that have been used in a
1113:Chloride is an essential
853:Chlorine oxidation state
774:, such as sulfuric acid:
495:
459:
403:
358:
341:
316:
94:
82:
77:
49:
39:Chloride (disambiguation)
1934:"Equilibrium potentials"
1576:Zumdahl, Steven (2013).
1369:phosphorus pentachloride
1292:of brine. At the anode (
30:Not to be confused with
1643:"Chloride and Salinity"
1512:Wells, John C. (2008),
1443:(compounds of halogens)
1419:Chloride salts such as
578:The chlorine ion is an
1757:(2). p. 201, Table 1.
1557:chemed.chem.purdue.edu
1365:phosphorus trichloride
1340:Calcium chloride (CaCl
1305:
1211:
822:
68:
59:
2138:www.gopetsamerica.com
1892:Physiological Reviews
1696:Raut, Satish (2024).
1356:when applied to ice.
1287:
1223:Environmental threats
1209:
820:are commonly used in
700:Reactions of chloride
676:Electronic properties
84:Systematic IUPAC name
67:
58:
1427:and as nutrients or
1034:(potassium chloride
997:Occurrence in nature
837:Chlorine can assume
639:carbon tetrachloride
428:153.36 J·K·mol
329:InChI=1S/ClH/h1H/p-1
37:For other uses, see
1957:book.bionumbers.org
1714:10.1042/BSR20240029
1578:Chemical Principles
1471:The PubChem Project
1104:extracellular fluid
694:mercury(I) chloride
387: g·mol
148:Beilstein Reference
46:
1708:(5). BSR20240029.
1702:Bioscience Reports
1652:. 8 September 2011
1401:petroleum industry
1335:potassium chloride
1331:magnesium chloride
1306:
1212:
1149:reversal potential
505:Infobox references
460:Related compounds
69:
60:
44:
4177:
4176:
3859:
3858:
3853:
3852:
2144:on 18 August 2016
2101:978-0-12-370626-3
2076:978-1-78242-276-1
1763:10.1172/JCI102592
1630:978-0-471-48685-5
1587:978-1-285-13370-6
1498:978-0-618-94690-7
1361:covalently-bonded
1309:Examples and uses
1216:pitting corrosion
1127:chloride channels
1123:action potentials
1121:and transmitting
1026:(sodium chloride
992:
991:
827:electrophysiology
690:lead(II) chloride
649:sulfuryl chloride
624:covalently bonded
610:ammonium chloride
544:organic compounds
513:Chemical compound
511:
510:
455:−167 kJ·mol
398:Hydrogen chloride
136:Interactive image
73:
72:
16:(Redirected from
4212:
4205:Dietary minerals
4170:
4163:
4156:
4149:
4142:
4117:
4110:
4103:
4096:
4089:
4064:
4057:
4050:
4043:
4036:
4011:
4004:
3997:
3990:
3983:
3963:
3956:
3949:
3942:
3935:
3915:
3886:
3879:
3872:
3863:
3809:
2203:
2184:
2177:
2170:
2161:
2154:
2153:
2151:
2149:
2140:. Archived from
2130:
2124:
2123:
2112:
2106:
2105:
2087:
2081:
2080:
2050:
2044:
2043:
2023:
2017:
2016:
1998:
1974:
1968:
1967:
1965:
1963:
1948:
1942:
1941:
1930:
1924:
1923:
1883:
1877:
1876:
1866:
1841:(3): F587–F605.
1826:
1820:
1819:
1791:
1785:
1784:
1774:
1742:
1736:
1735:
1725:
1693:
1687:
1686:
1668:
1662:
1661:
1659:
1657:
1647:
1639:
1633:
1622:
1616:
1615:
1613:
1612:
1598:
1592:
1591:
1573:
1567:
1566:
1564:
1563:
1549:
1543:
1536:
1527:
1526:
1509:
1503:
1502:
1484:
1475:
1474:
1463:
1373:thionyl chloride
1327:calcium chloride
1319:chemical formula
1275:
1273:
1272:
1256:
1255:
1254:
1092:osmotic pressure
988:
981:
974:
967:
960:
948:
947:
946:
935:
934:
933:
922:
921:
920:
850:
845:are also known.
839:oxidation states
825:
752:
751:
750:
736:
735:
734:
715:chlorine dioxide
671:
660:
646:
636:
618:
607:
600:calcium chloride
574:
573:
570:
569:
566:
563:
560:
557:
554:
537:
529:
451:
424:
404:Thermochemistry
386:
373:
366:Chemical formula
309:
289:
278:
264:
244:
220:Gmelin Reference
210:
190:
170:
138:
114:
51:
47:
21:
4220:
4219:
4215:
4214:
4213:
4211:
4210:
4209:
4180:
4179:
4178:
4173:
4166:
4159:
4152:
4145:
4138:
4120:
4113:
4106:
4099:
4092:
4085:
4067:
4060:
4053:
4046:
4039:
4032:
4014:
4007:
4000:
3993:
3986:
3979:
3966:
3959:
3952:
3945:
3938:
3931:
3918:
3911:
3898:
3893:Monatomic anion
3890:
3860:
3855:
3854:
3848:
3840:
3832:
3824:
3819:
3817:
3808:
3804:
3802:
3800:
3792:
3784:
3776:
3771:
3769:
3761:
3753:
3745:
3740:
3738:
3733:
3731:
3726:
3724:
3716:
3711:
3709:
3701:
3696:
3694:
3686:
3673:
3668:
3666:
3658:
3653:
3651:
3643:
3635:
3627:
3622:
3620:
3612:
3604:
3596:
3591:
3589:
3581:
3576:
3574:
3566:
3558:
3553:
3551:
3543:
3535:
3527:
3473:
3465:
3461:
3453:
3445:
3437:
3426:
3403:
3398:
3396:
3388:
3380:
3375:
3373:
3365:
3360:
3353:
3348:
3346:
3342:
3334:
3329:
3327:
3322:
3315:
3310:
3308:
3300:
3295:
3293:
3288:
3286:
3278:
3273:
3271:
3266:
3264:
3259:
3257:
3249:
3244:
3242:
3237:
3235:
3230:
3228:
3220:
3215:
3213:
3208:
3206:
3201:
3199:
3194:
3192:
3184:
3179:
3177:
3172:
3170:
3162:
3154:
3143:
3128:
3123:
3121:
3116:
3109:
3104:
3097:
3092:
3090:
3085:
3083:
3079:
3071:
3066:
3064:
3056:
3051:
3049:
3041:
3036:
3034:
3029:
3022:
3009:
3001:
2993:
2988:
2986:
2981:
2979:
2971:
2966:
2964:
2956:
2951:
2949:
2944:
2942:
2937:
2935:
2930:
2928:
2920:
2915:
2913:
2908:
2906:
2898:
2893:
2891:
2886:
2884:
2876:
2866:
2843:
2838:
2836:
2831:
2829:
2825:
2815:
2813:
2808:
2806:
2798:
2793:
2791:
2783:
2778:
2771:
2763:
2758:
2751:
2743:
2738:
2736:
2728:
2723:
2721:
2713:
2708:
2706:
2698:
2693:
2691:
2686:
2684:
2676:
2671:
2669:
2664:
2662:
2657:
2655:
2647:
2642:
2640:
2635:
2633:
2625:
2615:
2610:
2593:
2585:
2580:
2578:
2573:
2571:
2566:
2564:
2560:
2550:
2548:
2543:
2541:
2536:
2534:
2530:
2522:
2517:
2515:
2511:
2506:
2504:
2500:
2492:
2487:
2480:
2462:
2457:
2455:
2450:
2441:
2439:
2434:
2432:
2428:
2423:
2421:
2417:
2412:
2410:
2406:
2401:
2399:
2394:
2390:
2388:
2384:
2379:
2376:
2371:
2369:
2365:
2357:
2352:
2348:
2346:
2341:
2339:
2331:
2326:
2322:
2320:
2315:
2313:
2309:
2304:
2302:
2298:
2293:
2291:
2287:
2279:
2274:
2272:
2268:
2263:
2261:
2256:
2254:
2250:
2245:
2243:
2239:
2231:
2195:
2188:
2158:
2157:
2147:
2145:
2132:
2131:
2127:
2114:
2113:
2109:
2102:
2089:
2088:
2084:
2077:
2052:
2051:
2047:
2025:
2024:
2020:
1976:
1975:
1971:
1961:
1959:
1950:
1949:
1945:
1932:
1931:
1927:
1885:
1884:
1880:
1828:
1827:
1823:
1793:
1792:
1788:
1744:
1743:
1739:
1695:
1694:
1690:
1683:
1670:
1669:
1665:
1655:
1653:
1645:
1641:
1640:
1636:
1623:
1619:
1610:
1608:
1600:
1599:
1595:
1588:
1575:
1574:
1570:
1561:
1559:
1553:"Size of Atoms"
1551:
1550:
1546:
1537:
1530:
1524:
1511:
1510:
1506:
1499:
1486:
1485:
1478:
1465:
1464:
1460:
1455:
1437:
1421:sodium chloride
1417:
1389:
1343:
1315:sodium chloride
1311:
1279:
1271:
1268:
1267:
1266:
1264:
1253:
1250:
1249:
1248:
1246:
1234:
1225:
1204:
1180:dietary mineral
1134:
1129:(including the
1088:
1086:Role in biology
1073:
1069:
1061:
1057:
1049:
1045:
1008:Great Salt Lake
999:
945:
942:
941:
940:
938:
932:
929:
928:
927:
925:
919:
916:
915:
914:
912:
843:chlorine oxides
835:
833:Other oxyanions
800:silver chloride
789:
785:
781:
768:
749:
746:
745:
744:
742:
733:
730:
729:
728:
726:
720:
702:
686:silver chloride
678:
669:
665:
659:
655:
651:
645:
641:
634:
630:
628:methyl chloride
616:
612:
606:
602:
596:sodium chloride
584:sodium chloride
551:
547:
535:
525:
514:
507:
502:
491:
470:
452:
449:
443:
439:
436:
435:Std enthalpy of
425:
422:
415:
412:
384:
371:
368:
354:
349:
348:
337:
334:
333:
330:
324:
323:
312:
292:
279:
267:
247:
234:
222:
213:
193:
173:
150:
141:
128:
117:
104:
90:
89:
45:Chloride anion
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4218:
4216:
4208:
4207:
4202:
4200:Leaving groups
4197:
4192:
4182:
4181:
4175:
4174:
4172:
4171:
4164:
4157:
4150:
4143:
4135:
4133:
4122:
4121:
4119:
4118:
4111:
4104:
4097:
4090:
4082:
4080:
4069:
4068:
4066:
4065:
4058:
4051:
4044:
4037:
4029:
4027:
4016:
4015:
4013:
4012:
4005:
3998:
3991:
3984:
3976:
3974:
3968:
3967:
3965:
3964:
3957:
3950:
3943:
3936:
3928:
3926:
3920:
3919:
3917:
3916:
3908:
3906:
3900:
3899:
3891:
3889:
3888:
3881:
3874:
3866:
3857:
3856:
3851:
3850:
3846:
3842:
3838:
3834:
3830:
3826:
3822:
3815:
3811:
3798:
3794:
3790:
3786:
3782:
3778:
3774:
3767:
3763:
3759:
3755:
3751:
3747:
3743:
3736:
3729:
3722:
3718:
3714:
3707:
3703:
3699:
3692:
3688:
3684:
3680:
3676:
3675:
3671:
3664:
3660:
3656:
3649:
3645:
3641:
3637:
3633:
3629:
3625:
3618:
3614:
3610:
3606:
3602:
3598:
3594:
3587:
3583:
3579:
3572:
3568:
3564:
3560:
3556:
3549:
3545:
3541:
3537:
3533:
3529:
3525:
3521:
3517:
3516:
3513:
3510:
3509:
3506:
3503:
3500:
3497:
3494:
3491:
3488:
3485:
3482:
3479:
3476:
3471:
3467:
3463:
3459:
3455:
3451:
3447:
3443:
3439:
3435:
3431:
3428:
3424:
3420:
3414:
3413:
3410:
3405:
3401:
3394:
3390:
3386:
3382:
3378:
3371:
3367:
3363:
3355:
3351:
3344:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3325:
3317:
3313:
3306:
3302:
3298:
3291:
3284:
3280:
3276:
3269:
3262:
3255:
3251:
3247:
3240:
3233:
3226:
3222:
3218:
3211:
3204:
3197:
3190:
3186:
3182:
3175:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3148:
3145:
3141:
3137:
3131:
3130:
3126:
3119:
3111:
3107:
3099:
3095:
3088:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3047:
3043:
3039:
3032:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3011:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2984:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2947:
2940:
2933:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2911:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2889:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2868:
2864:
2860:
2854:
2853:
2850:
2845:
2841:
2834:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2811:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2773:
2769:
2765:
2761:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2689:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2667:
2660:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2638:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2617:
2613:
2605:
2599:
2598:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2576:
2569:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2546:
2539:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2513:
2509:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2468:
2467:
2464:
2460:
2453:
2445:
2437:
2430:
2426:
2419:
2415:
2408:
2404:
2397:
2386:
2382:
2374:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2344:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2318:
2311:
2307:
2300:
2296:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2270:
2266:
2259:
2252:
2248:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2219:
2218:
2215:
2213:
2211:
2209:
2201:
2200:
2197:
2196:
2189:
2187:
2186:
2179:
2172:
2164:
2156:
2155:
2125:
2116:"Common Salts"
2107:
2100:
2082:
2075:
2045:
2028:"Electrolytes"
2018:
1989:(4): 347–353.
1969:
1943:
1925:
1898:(2): 503–568.
1878:
1821:
1802:(3): 203–211.
1786:
1737:
1688:
1681:
1663:
1634:
1617:
1593:
1586:
1568:
1544:
1528:
1522:
1504:
1497:
1476:
1457:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1450:
1449:
1444:
1436:
1433:
1416:
1413:
1388:
1385:
1363:chlorides are
1341:
1310:
1307:
1282:
1281:
1277:
1276:+ 2 e → H
1269:
1261:
1251:
1233:
1230:
1224:
1221:
1203:
1200:
1168:serum chloride
1144:transporters.
1132:
1087:
1084:
1071:
1067:
1059:
1055:
1047:
1043:
1006:, such as the
998:
995:
994:
993:
990:
989:
982:
975:
968:
961:
954:
950:
949:
943:
936:
930:
923:
917:
910:
907:
904:
900:
899:
894:
889:
884:
879:
874:
870:
869:
866:
863:
860:
857:
854:
834:
831:
808:
807:
806:Cl + Ag → AgCl
796:silver nitrate
792:
791:
787:
783:
779:
766:
747:
731:
718:
701:
698:
677:
674:
663:monochloramine
592:nerve impulses
512:
509:
508:
503:
499:standard state
496:
493:
492:
490:
489:
484:
479:
473:
471:
465:
462:
461:
457:
456:
453:
447:
441:
433:
430:
429:
426:
420:
409:
406:
405:
401:
400:
395:
393:Conjugate acid
389:
388:
382:
376:
375:
369:
364:
361:
360:
356:
355:
353:
352:
344:
343:
342:
339:
338:
336:
335:
331:
328:
327:
319:
318:
317:
314:
313:
311:
310:
302:
300:
294:
293:
291:
290:
282:
280:
272:
269:
268:
266:
265:
257:
255:
249:
248:
246:
245:
237:
235:
230:
227:
226:
223:
218:
215:
214:
212:
211:
203:
201:
195:
194:
192:
191:
183:
181:
175:
174:
172:
171:
163:
161:
155:
154:
151:
146:
143:
142:
140:
139:
131:
129:
122:
119:
118:
116:
115:
107:
105:
100:
97:
96:
92:
91:
87:
86:
80:
79:
75:
74:
71:
70:
61:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4217:
4206:
4203:
4201:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4187:
4185:
4169:
4165:
4162:
4158:
4155:
4151:
4148:
4144:
4141:
4137:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4127:
4123:
4116:
4112:
4109:
4105:
4102:
4098:
4095:
4091:
4088:
4084:
4083:
4081:
4078:
4077:Chalcogenides
4074:
4070:
4063:
4059:
4056:
4052:
4049:
4045:
4042:
4038:
4035:
4031:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4021:
4017:
4010:
4006:
4003:
3999:
3996:
3992:
3989:
3985:
3982:
3978:
3977:
3975:
3973:
3969:
3962:
3958:
3955:
3951:
3948:
3944:
3941:
3937:
3934:
3930:
3929:
3927:
3925:
3921:
3914:
3910:
3909:
3907:
3905:
3901:
3897:
3894:
3887:
3882:
3880:
3875:
3873:
3868:
3867:
3864:
3849:
3843:
3841:
3835:
3833:
3827:
3825:
3818:
3812:
3810:
3801:
3795:
3793:
3787:
3785:
3779:
3777:
3770:
3764:
3762:
3756:
3754:
3748:
3746:
3739:
3732:
3725:
3719:
3717:
3710:
3704:
3702:
3695:
3689:
3687:
3681:
3678:
3677:
3674:
3667:
3661:
3659:
3652:
3646:
3644:
3638:
3636:
3630:
3628:
3621:
3615:
3613:
3607:
3605:
3599:
3597:
3590:
3584:
3582:
3575:
3569:
3567:
3561:
3559:
3552:
3546:
3544:
3538:
3536:
3530:
3528:
3522:
3519:
3518:
3511:
3507:
3504:
3501:
3498:
3495:
3492:
3489:
3486:
3483:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3468:
3466:
3456:
3454:
3448:
3446:
3440:
3438:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3415:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3397:
3391:
3389:
3383:
3381:
3374:
3368:
3366:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3347:
3337:
3335:
3328:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3309:
3303:
3301:
3294:
3287:
3281:
3279:
3272:
3265:
3258:
3252:
3250:
3243:
3236:
3229:
3223:
3221:
3214:
3207:
3200:
3193:
3187:
3185:
3178:
3171:
3165:
3163:
3157:
3155:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3132:
3129:
3122:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3091:
3084:
3074:
3072:
3065:
3059:
3057:
3050:
3044:
3042:
3035:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3004:
3002:
2996:
2994:
2987:
2980:
2974:
2972:
2965:
2959:
2957:
2950:
2943:
2936:
2929:
2923:
2921:
2914:
2907:
2901:
2899:
2892:
2885:
2879:
2877:
2871:
2869:
2867:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2855:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2837:
2830:
2820:
2818:
2814:
2807:
2801:
2799:
2792:
2786:
2784:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2766:
2764:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2746:
2744:
2737:
2731:
2729:
2722:
2716:
2714:
2707:
2701:
2699:
2692:
2685:
2679:
2677:
2670:
2663:
2656:
2650:
2648:
2641:
2634:
2628:
2626:
2620:
2618:
2616:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2600:
2596:
2594:
2588:
2586:
2579:
2572:
2565:
2555:
2553:
2549:
2542:
2535:
2525:
2523:
2516:
2505:
2495:
2493:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2469:
2465:
2463:
2456:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2440:
2433:
2422:
2411:
2400:
2393:
2389:
2378:
2370:
2360:
2358:
2351:
2347:
2340:
2334:
2332:
2325:
2321:
2314:
2303:
2292:
2282:
2280:
2273:
2262:
2255:
2244:
2234:
2232:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2220:
2216:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2204:
2198:
2193:
2185:
2180:
2178:
2173:
2171:
2166:
2165:
2162:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2129:
2126:
2121:
2117:
2111:
2108:
2103:
2097:
2093:
2086:
2083:
2078:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2049:
2046:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2022:
2019:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1973:
1970:
1958:
1954:
1947:
1944:
1939:
1938:www.d.umn.edu
1935:
1929:
1926:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1882:
1879:
1874:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1825:
1822:
1817:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1790:
1787:
1782:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1741:
1738:
1733:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1692:
1689:
1684:
1682:9780750628327
1678:
1674:
1667:
1664:
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1523:9781405881180
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1426:
1425:preserve food
1422:
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1406:
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1398:
1397:potable water
1394:
1386:
1384:
1382:
1378:
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1357:
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1354:melting point
1351:
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1208:
1201:
1199:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1164:
1163:100 mM.
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1145:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1128:
1124:
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1116:
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832:
830:
828:
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819:
815:
813:
812:chloridometer
805:
804:
803:
802:precipitate:
801:
797:
777:
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98:
93:
85:
81:
76:
66:
62:
57:
53:
52:
48:
40:
33:
19:
18:Chloride ions
4146:
2191:
2146:. Retrieved
2142:the original
2137:
2128:
2119:
2110:
2091:
2085:
2058:
2048:
2031:
2021:
1986:
1982:
1972:
1960:. Retrieved
1956:
1946:
1937:
1928:
1895:
1891:
1881:
1838:
1834:
1824:
1799:
1795:
1789:
1754:
1750:
1740:
1705:
1701:
1691:
1672:
1666:
1654:. Retrieved
1650:colombia.edu
1649:
1637:
1620:
1609:. Retrieved
1606:BBC Bitesize
1605:
1596:
1577:
1571:
1560:. Retrieved
1556:
1547:
1539:
1513:
1507:
1488:
1470:
1461:
1423:are used to
1418:
1409:
1393:desalination
1390:
1359:Examples of
1358:
1339:
1312:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1290:electrolysis
1245:2 Cl →
1238:chlor-alkali
1235:
1226:
1213:
1183:
1165:
1161:blood plasma
1152:
1146:
1112:
1089:
1076:chlorapatite
1000:
882:hypochlorite
876:
836:
816:
809:
793:
772:strong acids
763:
755:
707:hypochlorite
703:
679:
621:
577:
517:
515:
444:
417:
95:Identifiers
2134:"Chlorides"
1280:+ 2 OH
1119:homeostasis
1115:electrolyte
1096:body fluids
1004:brine wells
897:perchlorate
739:perchlorate
588:electrolyte
532:single bond
359:Properties
188:ChEMBL19429
168:CHEBI:17996
4184:Categories
2032:StatPearls
1611:2022-03-03
1562:2022-03-03
1453:References
1429:condiments
1405:mud system
1381:laboratory
1232:Production
1196:glomerulus
1052:carnallite
1040:bischofite
953:Structure
380:Molar mass
307:Q32ZN48698
232:IUPHAR/BPS
199:ChemSpider
123:3D model (
112:16887-00-6
102:CAS Number
4195:Chlorides
4024:Pnictides
3896:compounds
2005:2013-2514
1912:0031-9333
1855:1931-857X
1656:8 January
1540:Chemistry
1399:. In the
1321:NaCl. In
1317:with the
1257:+ 2
1202:Corrosion
1066:(KCl∙MgSO
1054:(KCl∙MgCl
758:weak base
516:The term
437:formation
411:Std molar
4126:Group 17
4073:Group 16
4020:Group 15
3972:Group 14
3924:Group 13
2192:chloride
2148:14 April
2040:31082167
2013:27267918
1962:24 March
1920:11917096
1873:30539650
1816:22385875
1781:14907900
1732:38573803
1723:11065649
1435:See also
1377:reagents
1184:chlorine
1108:tonicity
1080:sodalite
1062:O), and
1016:Dead Sea
1014:and the
903:Formula
892:chlorate
887:chlorite
877:chloride
778:NaCl + H
723:chlorate
542:. Many
518:chloride
477:Fluoride
153:3587171
88:Chloride
32:chlorine
4130:Halides
3904:Group 1
3515:
1864:6459301
1350:de-icer
1263:2
1192:nephron
1176:amylase
1172:kidneys
1153:E. coli
1064:kainite
1032:sylvite
823:ex vivo
786:→ NaHSO
737:), and
613:[NH
482:Bromide
413:entropy
374:
274:PubChem
4190:Anions
2098:
2073:
2038:
2011:
2003:
1918:
1910:
1871:
1861:
1853:
1814:
1779:
1772:436401
1769:
1730:
1720:
1679:
1628:
1584:
1520:
1495:
1441:Halide
1371:, and
1346:pellet
1024:halite
1020:Israel
711:bleach
692:, and
598:NaCl,
487:Iodide
468:anions
466:Other
346:SMILES
262:C00698
225:14910
179:ChEMBL
78:Names
1646:(PDF)
1323:water
1188:Serum
1142:NKCC2
1100:anion
1042:(MgCl
873:Name
790:+ HCl
580:anion
540:salts
385:35.45
321:InChI
159:ChEBI
125:JSmol
3845:NoCl
3837:MdCl
3829:FmCl
3821:EsCl
3814:EsCl
3805:CfCl
3797:CfCl
3789:BkCl
3781:CmCl
3773:AmCl
3766:AmCl
3758:PuCl
3750:NpCl
3713:PaCl
3706:PaCl
3698:ThCl
3691:ThCl
3683:AcCl
3670:YbCl
3663:YbCl
3655:TmCl
3648:TmCl
3640:ErCl
3632:HoCl
3624:DyCl
3617:DyCl
3609:TbCl
3601:GdCl
3593:EuCl
3586:EuCl
3578:SmCl
3571:SmCl
3563:PmCl
3555:NdCl
3548:NdCl
3540:PrCl
3532:CeCl
3524:LaCl
3450:DbCl
3442:RfCl
3434:LrCl
3423:RaCl
3418:FrCl
3408:AtCl
3400:PoCl
3393:PoCl
3385:BiCl
3377:PbCl
3370:PbCl
3362:TlCl
3358:TlCl
3350:HgCl
3331:AuCl
3324:(Au)
3320:AuCl
3312:PtCl
3305:PtCl
3297:IrCl
3290:IrCl
3283:IrCl
3275:OsCl
3268:OsCl
3261:OsCl
3254:OsCl
3246:ReCl
3239:ReCl
3232:ReCl
3225:ReCl
3181:TaCl
3174:TaCl
3167:TaCl
3159:HfCl
3151:LuCl
3140:BaCl
3135:CsCl
3125:XeCl
3118:XeCl
3114:XeCl
3094:TeCl
3087:TeCl
3068:SbCl
3061:SbCl
3053:SnCl
3046:SnCl
3038:InCl
3031:InCl
3027:InCl
3019:CdCl
3014:AgCl
3006:PdCl
2998:RhCl
2990:RuCl
2983:RuCl
2976:RuCl
2968:TcCl
2961:TcCl
2953:MoCl
2946:MoCl
2939:MoCl
2932:MoCl
2925:MoCl
2917:NbCl
2910:NbCl
2903:NbCl
2895:ZrCl
2888:ZrCl
2881:ZrCl
2863:SrCl
2858:RbCl
2848:BrCl
2840:SeCl
2833:SeCl
2810:AsCl
2803:AsCl
2795:GeCl
2788:GeCl
2780:GaCl
2776:GaCl
2768:ZnCl
2760:CuCl
2756:CuCl
2748:NiCl
2740:CoCl
2733:CoCl
2725:FeCl
2718:FeCl
2710:MnCl
2703:MnCl
2695:CrCl
2688:CrCl
2681:CrCl
2644:TiCl
2637:TiCl
2630:TiCl
2622:ScCl
2612:CaCl
2608:CaCl
2519:SiCl
2489:AlCl
2485:AlCl
2477:MgCl
2472:NaCl
2228:BeCl
2223:LiCl
2150:2018
2096:ISBN
2071:ISBN
2036:PMID
2009:PMID
2001:ISSN
1964:2017
1916:PMID
1908:ISSN
1869:PMID
1851:ISSN
1812:PMID
1777:PMID
1728:PMID
1677:ISBN
1658:2023
1626:ISBN
1582:ISBN
1518:ISBN
1493:ISBN
1415:Food
1236:The
1140:and
1138:KCC2
1131:GABA
1078:and
1050:O),
1028:NaCl
1012:Utah
909:ClO
717:(ClO
661:and
608:and
603:CaCl
298:UNII
253:KEGG
242:2339
3742:UCl
3735:UCl
3728:UCl
3721:UCl
3679:**
3508:Og
3505:Ts
3502:Lv
3499:Mc
3496:Fl
3493:Nh
3490:Cn
3487:Rg
3484:Ds
3481:Mt
3478:Hs
3470:BhO
3458:SgO
3430:**
3412:Rn
3217:WCl
3210:WCl
3203:WCl
3196:WCl
3189:WCl
3106:ICl
3102:ICl
2873:YCl
2852:Kr
2817:+As
2673:VCl
2666:VCl
2659:VCl
2652:VCl
2603:KCl
2597:Ar
2582:+SO
2575:SCl
2568:SCl
2545:PCl
2538:PCl
2466:Ne
2459:ClF
2452:ClF
2448:ClF
2436:ClO
2396:ClO
2392:ClO
2354:+NO
2343:ClN
2336:NCl
2328:+CO
2317:CCl
2276:+BO
2258:BCl
2217:He
2207:HCl
2194:ion
2063:doi
1991:doi
1900:doi
1859:PMC
1843:doi
1839:316
1804:doi
1767:PMC
1759:doi
1718:PMC
1710:doi
1186:).
1106:'s
1070:∙3H
1058:∙6H
1046:∙6H
1038:),
1036:KCl
1030:),
1018:in
1010:in
939:ClO
926:ClO
913:ClO
906:Cl
868:+7
865:+5
862:+3
859:+1
856:−1
753:).
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727:ClO
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713:),
642:CCl
617:]Cl
562:ɔːr
536:−Cl
522:ion
448:298
421:298
287:312
277:CID
208:306
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4168:At
4154:Br
4147:Cl
4115:Po
4108:Te
4101:Se
4062:Bi
4055:Sb
4048:As
4009:Pb
4002:Sn
3995:Ge
3988:Si
3961:Tl
3954:In
3947:Ga
3940:Al
3520:*
3474:Cl
3462:Cl
3343:Cl
3339:Hg
3147:*
3080:Cl
3076:Te
2826:Cl
2822:Se
2590:Cl
2561:Cl
2552:+P
2531:Cl
2512:Cl
2508:Si
2503:12
2501:Cl
2497:Si
2443:+O
2425:Cl
2414:Cl
2403:Cl
2381:Cl
2373:Cl
2362:Cl
2350:+N
2324:+C
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2299:Cl
2288:Cl
2269:Cl
2253:12
2251:Cl
2249:12
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2136:.
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