50:
389:
307:
528:). But this meaning is only present in the eastern dialects of Arabic; it does not exist in Maghreb dialects, and this is the weakness of this thesis. Also, the majority of those who tried to search for the etymology of the word used foreign-language dictionaries, rather it was supposed to search for the relevant language first. This is mainly due to the fact that the proponents of this hypothesis were not Shilha speakers.
87:
105:
403:
The
Ishelhien communities in the southwestern mountains of Morocco cooperated with each other in terms of providing reciprocal grazing rights as seasons changed, as well as during periods of war. These alliances were re-affirmed by annual festive gatherings, where one Shilha community would invite
342:
in 698 AD. Although the
Umayyads nominally controlled Morocco over the following years, their rule was tenuous due to Berber resistance. Shortly in 739 AD, Umayyad Arabs were defeated by the Berbers at the battle of Nobles and Bagdoura. Morocco remained under the rule of Berber kingdoms such as
830:
375:
The French and
Spanish colonial empires partitioned Morocco in 1904, and the southern part of the territory was declared a French protectorate in 1912. Arabization remained an official state policy under both the colonial and succeeding post-independence governments. With the spread of the
1387:
355:
that ruled in Fez. It lasted until 970 AD, as various petty states vied for control over the ensuing centuries. After 1053, Morocco was ruled by a succession of Muslim dynasties founded by Berber tribes. Among these were the
531:
There are a lot of attempts to explain this name based on the language of
Tachelhit. The most logical one of them is by the writer Mohammed Akdim, who emphasized in one of his contributions, that the name
1315:
simply means "a speaker of Shilha". It is not known whether children of Shilha speakers in the migrant communities who have not acquired an active knowledge of the language still identify themselves as
500:"...and among the Numidians and Getulians of the western part of Afri-ca, they speak Berber with marked local features, and there they call this language Xilha and Tamazegt , which are very old names."
400:
Valley. Traditionally, they are farmers who also keep herds. Some are semi-nomadic, growing crops during the season when water is available, and moving with their herds during the dry season.
576:
in other languages, which is not crippling. As for going to its interpretation and explanation in the Arabic language, this is the height of linguistic prejudice in the right of the
Amazigh.
1320:. There is also an ethnic (racial) dimension to the term: white native speakers of Shilha generally refer to black native speakers (the modern descendants of liberated slaves) with the term
49:
1442:
564:
means "settled and settled residents or settled residents". He also added that there is no meaning and no use in resorting to searching for the significance of the word
493:...y entre los Numidas, y Getulos dela parte occidental de Affrica se habla Berberisco cerrado, y alli llaman esta lengua, Xilha, y Tamazegt, q̃ son nõbres muy antiguos.
388:
620:
1435:
1219:
1192:
1153:
1120:
1063:
1036:
1009:
982:
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873:
790:
763:
306:
2221:
1292:
918:
2231:
1699:
1428:
1576:
1501:
1328:"market" (where slaves were bought and sold). The literature offers no information on the self-designation of black speakers.
1090:
1619:
1489:
298:. The Shilha people are a part of Morocco's Berber-speaking community, and the southernmost residing Berber population.
831:"Rapport du Comité consultatif pour la promotion des langues régionales et de la pluralité linguistique interne (2013)"
2226:
2129:
480:
2171:
889:
726:
590:
675:
1633:
1494:
665:
655:
330:
rule in 33 CE, before eventually being reunited under Berber sovereignty. During the 7th century, the
Islamic
322:
in commercial entrepots and colonies along the northwestern littoral. They established the ancient kingdom of
1484:
1451:
2216:
1604:
1472:
437:
As of 2014, there were around 4.7 million Shilha speakers, constituting 14.1% of the
Moroccan population.
189:
2122:
1993:
1666:
1477:
427:
2076:
1961:
1899:
1909:
1692:
1586:
440:
Tashelhit differs considerably from some other Berber languages, such as those spoken by the Tuareg.
2056:
380:
in
Algeria to Berber territory during the 1980s, the Berbers sought to reaffirm their Berber roots.
368:(1213–1524). In 1668, a sharifan family from the east assumed control and established the incumbent
2066:
1459:
1764:
2188:
2156:
1554:
865:
The
Nomadic Alternative: Modes and Models of Interaction in the African-Asian Deserts and Steppes
615:
605:
595:
509:
505:
1894:
1789:
1727:
351:... etc. In 789 AD, with the approval of the locals, a former Umayyad courtier established the
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2134:
1614:
1569:
1559:
1215:
1188:
1149:
1145:
1116:
1086:
1059:
1053:
1032:
1005:
978:
951:
914:
908:
869:
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780:
759:
753:
600:
536:, in fact, is the original name given by the original inhabitants of Morocco, Masmouda in the
357:
331:
2016:
1966:
1944:
1924:
1904:
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1080:
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1874:
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1643:
1628:
1609:
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479:
is still unknown. The first appearance of this name in a western printed source is found in
423:
369:
335:
163:
1889:
1055:
Encyclopedia of
Stateless Nations: Ethnic and National Groups around the World, 2nd Edition
2151:
2146:
2061:
1838:
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1648:
1638:
1599:
670:
660:
585:
419:
413:
365:
361:
352:
267:
180:
125:
69:
1274:
El Mountassir (2017:167), Justinard (1914:2), Destaing (1920:166), Galand (1988, 1.14).
1106:
700:
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635:
2210:
2096:
2051:
2021:
1757:
1138:
680:
377:
295:
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327:
894:
1415:
1209:
1182:
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999:
972:
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2141:
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1343:
Dicho del acento o de la pronunciación: Que presenta rasgos locales muy marcados
695:
685:
625:
348:
137:
1988:
1884:
1794:
1774:
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1537:
732:
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549:
537:
344:
323:
271:
216:
212:
2183:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1784:
910:
Dictionary of Languages: The definitive reference to more than 400 languages
541:
315:
1420:
1388:
Maghrebvoices - Why do the Berbers of Morocco refuse to call them "Shluh"?
1168:
2117:
2071:
2031:
2026:
1998:
1939:
1919:
1826:
1801:
1769:
1747:
1284:
1236:
806:
462:);. This name is morphologically a feminine noun, derived from masculine
455:
339:
287:
55:
1235:
Haut commissariat au Plan, Moroccan Kingdom, Haut commissariat au Plan.
2101:
2036:
1976:
1971:
1954:
1949:
1929:
1831:
1732:
1722:
1708:
1547:
1527:
1401:
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630:
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means "to settle down, reside and live", which indicates that the name
279:
263:
224:
208:
150:
92:
77:
17:
1983:
1934:
1914:
1843:
1742:
1594:
319:
110:
1265:, Middle East Journal, Vol. 11, No. 3 (Summer, 1957), pages 324-327
1082:
Applying Ibn Khaldūn: The Recovery of a Lost Tradition in Sociology
2091:
1779:
1542:
1517:
1025:
Marian Aguiar (2010). Anthony Appiah and Henry Louis Gates (ed.).
971:
Marian Aguiar (2010). Anthony Appiah and Henry Louis Gates (ed.).
545:
387:
305:
1752:
397:
275:
220:
73:
1681:
1424:
282:
origin, which also includes other ethnic subgroups such as the
508:
among Shilha speakers. Some people and sources say that it is
947:
Ethnic Groups of Africa and the Middle East: An Encyclopedia
396:
The Ishelhien mainly live in Morocco's Atlas Mountains and
1677:
255:
serves as an appellation for Berbers generally, although
1285:"Dictionnaire Général de la Langue Amazighe Informatisé"
755:
Peoples on the Move: Introducing the Nomads of the World
1402:
Febrayer.com - Shluh, Tashelhit, Masmouda and Masamida"
571:
565:
559:
553:
463:
449:
259:
is the proper Berber self-name for Berbers as a whole.
1211:
Phonologies of Asia and Africa: Including the Caucasus
174:
1380:
1378:
1208:
MG Kossmann; HJ Stroomer (1997). Alan S Kaye (ed.).
1112:
The Peoples of Africa: An Ethnohistorical Dictionary
1001:
The Peoples of Africa: An Ethnohistorical Dictionary
523:
517:
194:
2110:
2009:
1852:
1715:
1659:
1585:
1510:
1458:
448:Shilha speakers usually refer to their language as
430:family. Their language is sometimes referred to as
143:
131:
119:
101:
83:
63:
38:
1137:
782:Shrines in Africa: History, Politics, and Society
235:The Shilha people traditionally call themselves
939:
937:
1693:
1436:
1346:
1341:
1031:. Oxford University Press. pp. 106–107.
491:
360:(1053–1147) who spread Islam in Morocco, the
338:strongholds in the Northwest Africa, seizing
8:
785:. University of Calgary Press. p. 201.
33:
1360:Stumme (1899:3); see also Dozy, R. (1881),
1144:. University of Pittsburgh Press. pp.
243:in French. The Ishelhien are also known as
1700:
1686:
1678:
1443:
1429:
1421:
857:
855:
853:
851:
48:
32:
1324:, a pejorative term derived from Arabic
1136:George Peter Murdock (15 October 1965).
977:. Oxford University Press. p. 175.
487:(1573, part I, book I, chapter XXXIII):
1184:The Arabic Influence on Northern Berber
1140:Culture and Society: Twenty-Four Essays
744:
422:, a Berber language. It belongs to the
404:nearby and distant Shilha communities.
1243:(in French). Haut commissariat du Plan
913:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 614.
758:. William Carey Library. p. 231.
621:Abu Muhammad Abd al-Wahid ibn Abi Hafs
314:In antiquity, Berbers traded with the
868:. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 11–12.
266:'s southern Atlantic coast, the High
7:
64:Regions with significant populations
1362:Supplément aux dictionnaires arabes
552:On themselves. In Shilha, the verb
184:
1293:Royal Institute of Amazigh Culture
1187:. BRILL Academic. pp. 19–20.
211:subgroup primarily inhabiting the
25:
1348:Diccionario de la lengua española
1237:"Recensement général de la Maroc"
1214:. Eisenbrauns. pp. 461–462.
262:The Shilha people live mainly in
223:, and Soussi coastal regions of
103:
85:
512:in origin, as the nominal stem
310:A traditional Shilha dowry item
1058:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 378–379.
779:Dawson, Allan Charles (2009).
485:Descripcion general de Affrica
239:. This endonym is rendered as
1:
516:goes back to the Arabic noun
1261:Joseph R. Applegate (1957),
950:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 53–54.
862:Wolfgang Weissleder (1978).
572:
566:
560:
554:
464:
450:
175:
998:James Stuart Olson (1996).
752:Phillips, David J. (2001).
524:
518:
195:
2248:
1416:Maroc - Carte linguistique
1364:, Leyde: Brill, p. I:781,
1115:. Greenwood. p. 523.
1079:Syed Farid Alatas (2005).
591:Mohammed al-Mokhtar Soussi
468:"male speaker of Shilha".
411:
167:
2222:Berber peoples and tribes
1351:, Real Academia Española.
1342:
1181:Maarten Kossmann (2013).
1085:. Routledge. p. 82.
1052:James B. Minahan (2016).
1004:. Greenwood. p. 91.
676:Mohamed Bensaid Ait Idder
251:. Among Arabic speakers,
148:
136:
124:
68:
47:
2232:Ethnic groups in Morocco
1634:Standard Moroccan Berber
1263:Berber Studies I: Shilha
580:People of Shilha descent
471:The origin of the names
1452:Demographics of Morocco
1311:In most of its usages,
890:Encyclopædia Britannica
727:Encyclopædia Britannica
540:and the possessions of
334:invaded the Berber and
1605:Modern Standard Arabic
1347:
1028:Encyclopedia of Africa
974:Encyclopedia of Africa
944:John A. Shoup (2011).
907:Dalby, Andrew (2015).
502:
497:
492:
393:
311:
1743:Koidamousii/Ucutumani
811:rgphentableaux.hcp.ma
666:Mohammed Khaïr-Eddine
656:Youssef Aït Bennasser
504:Now it is used as an
498:
489:
391:
364:(1147–1275), and the
309:
144:Related ethnic groups
418:The Ishelhien speak
278:Valley. They are of
1171:, Ethnologue (2007)
835:www.culture.gouv.fr
326:, which fell under
274:mountains, and the
97:2,000,000–3,500,000
35:
2227:Berbers in Morocco
2189:Kabyle nationalism
1372:"voleur, brigand".
1107:James Stuart Olson
616:Abu Zakariya Yahya
606:Abdallah ibn Yasin
596:Saadeddine Othmani
394:
312:
54:Berber woman from
2204:
2203:
2077:Sanhajas de Srayr
1675:
1674:
1660:Foreign nationals
1221:978-1-57506-019-4
1194:978-90-04-25309-4
1155:978-0-8229-7406-2
1122:978-0-313-27918-8
1065:978-1-61069-954-9
1038:978-0-19-533770-9
1011:978-0-313-27918-8
984:978-0-19-533770-9
957:978-1-59884-362-0
875:978-3-11-081023-3
792:978-1-55238-246-2
765:978-0-87808-352-7
731:, 2008, webpage:
522:"bandit" (plural
358:Almoravid dynasty
332:Umayyad Caliphate
193:
173:
156:
155:
16:(Redirected from
2239:
2147:Arabized Berbers
1702:
1695:
1688:
1679:
1610:Hassaniya Arabic
1533:Arabised Berbers
1445:
1438:
1431:
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1404:
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691:Hicham El Majhad
651:Yunis Abdelhamid
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521:
495:
467:
461:
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198:
188:
186:
178:
172:romanized:
171:
169:
164:Berber languages
109:
107:
106:
91:
89:
88:
58:, South-Morocco.
52:
36:
21:
2247:
2246:
2242:
2241:
2240:
2238:
2237:
2236:
2207:
2206:
2205:
2200:
2152:Berber diaspora
2106:
2005:
1848:
1839:Quinquegentiani
1711:
1706:
1676:
1671:
1655:
1600:Moroccan Arabic
1581:
1506:
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1412:
1407:
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719:Further reading
709:
671:Hassan Kachloul
661:Mbark Boussoufa
586:Aziz Akhannouch
582:
459:
456:Tifinagh script
446:
416:
414:Shilha language
410:
392:A Shilha family
386:
370:Alawite dynasty
366:Marinid dynasty
362:Almohad dynasty
353:Idrisid dynasty
304:
268:Atlas Mountains
233:
104:
102:
86:
84:
70:Atlas Mountains
59:
43:
41:
31:
28:
27:Berber subgroup
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2111:Related topics
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724:"Ishelhiyen",
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2177:United States
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37:
34:Shilha people
19:
2142:Arab-Berbers
2123:Latin script
2081:
1620:Pre-Hilalian
1523:Arab-Berbers
1485:Christianity
1398:
1394:
1384:
1369:
1365:
1361:
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1312:
1307:
1296:. Retrieved
1289:tal.ircam.ma
1288:
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924:. Retrieved
909:
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834:
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814:. Retrieved
810:
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533:
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513:
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484:
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417:
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313:
261:
256:
252:
248:
244:
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236:
234:
204:
200:
159:
157:
30:Ethnic group
2172:Netherlands
2047:Berber Jews
1490:Catholicism
837:(in French)
807:"RGPH 2014"
696:Saadia Himi
686:Walid Azaro
626:Faycal Fajr
432:Sous-Berber
316:Phoenicians
221:Sous valley
138:Sunni Islam
74:Sous Valley
2211:Categories
1989:Banu Ifran
1885:Barghawata
1795:Mauretania
1775:Marmaridae
1738:Garamantes
1570:Portuguese
1538:Afro-Arabs
1298:2020-12-28
1092:1317594002
926:2 November
841:2022-05-31
816:2022-05-31
740:References
713:High Atlas
611:Ibn Tumart
550:Anti-Atlas
538:High Atlas
345:Barghawata
324:Mauretania
272:Anti Atlas
241:les Chleuh
217:High Atlas
213:Anti-Atlas
2184:Berberism
2062:Mozabites
1895:Fendelawa
1822:Masaesyli
1812:Nasamones
1807:Musulamii
1790:Makanitae
1785:Bakouatae
1728:Banioubae
1649:Tachelhit
1587:Languages
1565:Spaniards
1460:Religions
1368:, plural
1247:16 August
1169:Tachelhit
542:Marrakesh
420:Tashelhit
336:Byzantine
257:Imazighen
237:ishelhien
205:Ishelhien
190:romanized
176:išelḥiyen
120:Languages
2130:Religion
2072:Riffians
2057:Matmatas
2032:Ghomaras
2027:Chenouas
1999:Maghrawa
1920:Guanches
1853:Medieval
1827:Massylii
1802:Meshwesh
1770:Machlyes
1748:Leuathae
1615:Hilalian
1560:Italians
1555:European
1109:(1996).
707:See also
548:and the
510:exonymic
477:Taclḥiyt
408:Language
340:Carthage
231:Overview
207:, are a
132:Religion
56:Tafraout
2157:Belgium
2102:Zayanes
2097:Tuaregs
2067:Nafusis
2052:Kabyles
2037:Hawwara
2022:Chaouis
2017:Brabers
1977:Lamtuna
1972:Sanhaja
1967:Nafzawa
1962:Matmata
1955:Hintata
1950:Masmuda
1945:Madyuna
1930:Hawwara
1925:Haskura
1910:Ghiatta
1905:Gazoula
1900:Ghumara
1880:Bahlula
1870:Awregha
1860:Adjissa
1832:Numidia
1817:Numidae
1733:Gaetuli
1723:Bavares
1716:Ancient
1709:Berbers
1644:Zenatic
1548:Haratin
1528:Berbers
1502:Judaism
1338:Cerrado
1322:asuqqiy
631:Oudaden
506:endonym
460:ⵜⴰⵛⵍⵃⵉⵜ
451:Taclḥit
384:Society
302:History
264:Morocco
225:Morocco
201:Schleuh
196:aš-šlūḥ
192::
168:ⵉⵛⵍⵃⵉⵢⵏ
151:Berbers
115:500,000
93:Morocco
78:Morocco
40:ⵉⵛⵍⵃⵉⵢⵏ
2167:France
2162:Canada
2118:Script
2092:Teknas
2082:Shilha
2042:Jerbis
2010:Modern
1994:Jarawa
1984:Zanata
1940:Luwata
1935:Kutama
1915:Godala
1875:Azdeja
1865:Awerba
1844:Psylli
1667:Malays
1629:Berber
1595:Arabic
1370:shulūḥ
1318:Aclḥiy
1313:Aclḥiy
1218:
1191:
1152:
1148:–344.
1119:
1089:
1062:
1035:
1008:
981:
954:
917:
893:2008,
872:
789:
762:
729:online
481:Mármol
473:Aclḥiy
465:Aclḥiy
454:, (in
444:Naming
424:Berber
349:Midrar
296:Shawia
294:, and
292:Kabyle
284:Tuareg
280:Berber
270:, the
253:Chleuh
249:Schlöh
209:Berber
199:), or
185:الشلوح
181:Arabic
149:other
126:Shilha
111:France
108:
90:
42:الشلوح
18:Chleuh
2135:Islam
2087:Siwis
1890:Fazaz
1780:Mauri
1765:Macae
1758:Libya
1639:Atlas
1543:Gnawa
1518:Arabs
1473:Sunni
1468:Islam
1366:shilḥ
895:Shluh
573:shluh
567:shalh
561:Shluh
555:Ishlh
546:Souss
534:Shluh
525:šulūḥ
328:Roman
245:Shluh
2194:flag
1753:Libu
1577:Jews
1478:Shia
1399:(ar)
1385:(ar)
1249:2016
1216:ISBN
1189:ISBN
1150:ISBN
1117:ISBN
1087:ISBN
1060:ISBN
1033:ISBN
1006:ISBN
979:ISBN
952:ISBN
928:2016
915:ISBN
870:ISBN
787:ISBN
760:ISBN
570:and
519:šilḥ
475:and
398:Sous
347:and
318:and
276:Sous
247:and
158:The
1326:suq
1241:HCP
1146:343
514:šlḥ
483:'s
288:Rif
203:or
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1377:^
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1125:.
1095:.
1068:.
1041:.
1014:.
987:.
960:.
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878:.
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819:.
795:.
768:.
735:.
162:(
20:)
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