263:
31:
3063:
1546:
130:
3137:
3101:
3125:
513:
3113:
3074:
356:(too low to be considered coronal features). These cool-temperature loops show an intense variability: they appear and disappear in some UV lines in a time less than an hour, or they rapidly expand in 10–20 minutes. Foukal studied these cool loops in detail from the observations taken with the EUV spectrometer on
103:. Information about the chromosphere is primarily obtained by analysis of its emitted electromagnetic radiation. The chromosphere is also visible in the light emitted by ionized calcium, Ca II, in the violet part of the solar spectrum at a wavelength of 393.4 nanometers (the
936:
Karoff, Christoffer; Knudsen, Mads
Faurschou; De Cat, Peter; Bonanno, Alfio; Fogtmann-Schulz, Alexandra; Fu, Jianning; Frasca, Antonio; Inceoglu, Fadil; Olsen, Jesper; Zhang, Yong; Hou, Yonghui; Wang, Yuefei; Shi, Jianrong; Zhang, Wei (March 24, 2016).
76:, the chromosphere is roughly 3,000 to 5,000 kilometers (1,900 to 3,100 miles) in height, or slightly more than 1% of the Sun's radius at maximum thickness. It possesses a homogeneous layer at the boundary with the photosphere. Hair-like jets of
318:, corresponding to a characteristic periodic time of three minutes. Oscillations of the radial component of the plasma velocity are typical of the high chromosphere. The photospheric granulation pattern usually has no oscillations above
196:, where its reddish colour is revealed. The colour hues are anywhere between pink and red. Without special equipment, the chromosphere cannot normally be seen due to the overwhelming brightness of the photosphere.
298:
The most commonly identified feature in the solar chromosphere are spicules. Spicules rise to the top of the chromosphere and then sink back down again over the course of about 10 minutes.
266:
High-resolution observations of the solar chromosphere show hair-like spicules, here shown in a false colored image made in borderline ultraviolet radiation of calcium K-line.
1001:
580:
Kontar, E. P.; Hannah, I. G.; Mackinnon, A. L. (2008), "Chromospheric magnetic field and density structure measurements using hard X-rays in a flaring coronal loop",
807:
Carlsson, M.; Judge, P.; Wilhelm, K. (1997). "SUMER Observations
Confirm the Dynamic Nature of the Quiet Solar Outer Atmosphere: The Internetwork Chromosphere".
2914:
1024:
457:
Jess, D.B; Morton, RJ; Verth, G; Fedun, V; Grant, S.T.D; Gigiozis, I. (July 2015). "Multiwavelength
Studies of MHD Waves in the Solar Chromosphere".
141:
The density of the Sun's chromosphere decreases exponentially with distance from the center of the Sun by a factor of roughly 10 million, from about
114:
other than the Sun. On large stars, chromospheres sometimes make up a significant proportion of the entire star. For example, the chromosphere of
2946:
783:
712:
676:
1076:
84:, rise from this homogeneous region and through the chromosphere, extending up to 10,000 km (6,200 mi) into the corona above.
2921:
2240:
307:
262:
1370:
1056:
134:
2633:
2547:
995:
555:
2926:
2563:
1582:
530:
2973:
2840:
1526:
432:
3091:
284:
A plage is a particularly bright region within stellar chromospheres, which are often associated with magnetic activity.
2956:
2907:
2882:
2175:
1531:
2260:
30:
2897:
2877:
635:
2961:
2892:
2862:
1329:
2968:
2845:
2822:
2404:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1507:
700:
2111:
1985:
1620:
330:
period) were detected in the solar atmosphere (at temperatures typical of the transition region and corona) by
88:
2638:
2307:
2887:
2437:
2347:
2289:
2215:
1786:
1712:
1202:
372:
Images taken in typical chromospheric lines show the presence of brighter cells, usually referred to as the
170:
58:
1662:
248:
is in the red part of the spectrum, which causes the chromosphere to have a characteristic reddish colour.
3048:
3028:
2800:
2795:
2588:
2537:
2342:
2332:
2005:
1803:
1771:
1645:
1501:
1344:
1237:
1021:
1008:) gives "Wright J. T., Marcy G. W., Butler R. P., Vogt S. S., 2004, ApJS, 152, 261" as a ref for s-index.
2902:
2872:
2867:
2857:
2785:
2573:
1739:
1397:
1217:
1049:
655:
2020:
348:
Plasma loops can be seen at the border of the solar disk in the chromosphere. They are different from
3043:
2941:
2931:
2780:
2748:
2542:
2337:
2322:
1635:
1481:
1451:
1269:
1086:
950:
910:
873:
826:
744:
664:
599:
476:
1882:
3141:
2643:
2503:
2486:
2157:
2059:
1301:
189:
3129:
3038:
2999:
2951:
2936:
2850:
2790:
2713:
2623:
2593:
2583:
2527:
2449:
2140:
1776:
1575:
1387:
1119:
842:
816:
615:
589:
492:
466:
401:
50:
2989:
2474:
2414:
2387:
2367:
2167:
1951:
1939:
1766:
1746:
1700:
1682:
1650:
1521:
1436:
1242:
978:
789:
779:
708:
672:
192:
at sea level. This makes the chromosphere normally invisible and it can be seen only during a
3105:
2817:
2770:
2720:
2708:
2686:
2681:
2608:
2568:
2515:
2297:
2220:
2195:
2089:
2010:
1734:
1695:
1227:
1136:
1042:
968:
958:
918:
881:
834:
752:
607:
603:
484:
349:
157:
at the outer boundary. The temperature initially decreases from the inner boundary at about
77:
73:
3004:
2807:
2676:
2520:
2491:
2432:
2427:
2302:
2030:
1995:
1929:
1875:
1870:
1815:
1625:
1461:
1441:
1416:
1311:
1256:
1232:
1109:
1028:
1005:
704:
257:
115:
901:
Foukal, P.V. (1976). "The pressure and energy balance of the cool corona over sunspots".
954:
914:
877:
830:
748:
668:
480:
310:, periodic oscillations in the solar chromosphere have been found with a frequency from
3066:
2832:
2671:
2498:
2469:
2444:
2377:
2066:
1934:
1820:
1722:
1612:
1602:
1431:
1411:
1406:
1194:
1099:
973:
938:
178:
104:
62:
17:
3151:
3018:
2812:
2775:
2743:
2618:
2327:
2150:
2121:
2099:
1717:
1690:
1667:
1568:
1476:
1471:
1446:
1375:
1365:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1179:
1156:
1141:
846:
517:
419:
A spectroscopic measure of chromospheric activity on other stars is the Mount Wilson
413:
381:
293:
225:
204:
193:
100:
81:
496:
3157:
3117:
3078:
2753:
2703:
2698:
2598:
2481:
2422:
2382:
2317:
2200:
2145:
2126:
2106:
2084:
2076:
1919:
1912:
1751:
1672:
1655:
1549:
1456:
1426:
1421:
1382:
1212:
1207:
1184:
1146:
619:
509:
437:
343:
241:
174:
129:
611:
534:
693:
121:
has been found to be about 2.5 times larger in thickness than the star's radius.
2994:
2693:
2666:
2658:
2648:
2628:
2603:
2532:
2454:
2210:
2185:
2180:
2094:
2054:
2015:
1980:
1963:
1958:
1630:
1392:
1339:
1334:
1321:
1306:
1291:
1264:
1174:
1128:
405:
397:
279:
185:
54:
2578:
2275:
2248:
2225:
2205:
2190:
2042:
1946:
1924:
1902:
1897:
1761:
1466:
1296:
1104:
1094:
775:
New eyes on the sun : a guide to satellite images and amateur observation
488:
409:
385:
217:
793:
2765:
2613:
2397:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2312:
2265:
2255:
2049:
2025:
2000:
1907:
1858:
1791:
1781:
1756:
1729:
1705:
1640:
1349:
1222:
757:
732:
982:
939:"Observational evidence for enhanced magnetic activity of superflare stars"
360:
in 1976. When the plasma temperature of these loops becomes coronal (above
773:
2758:
2459:
2133:
1892:
1865:
1491:
821:
639:
352:
because they are concentric arches with maximum temperature of the order
229:
200:
963:
653:
Avrett, E. H. (2003), "The Solar
Temperature Minimum and Chromosphere",
3033:
2508:
2270:
2037:
1990:
1973:
1968:
1887:
1151:
208:
118:
92:
3023:
3011:
2230:
2116:
357:
3112:
3073:
922:
886:
861:
838:
471:
364:), these features appear more stable and evolve over longer times.
184:
The density of the chromosphere is 10 times that of the underlying
594:
396:
Chromospheres are present on almost all luminous stars other than
331:
261:
128:
29:
1022:
Animated explanation of the
Chromosphere (and Transition Region)
516:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
2392:
2372:
1591:
1486:
306:
Since the first observations with the instrument SUMER on board
111:
1564:
1038:
556:"Supergiant Atmosphere of Antares Revealed by Radio Telescopes"
2738:
1065:
66:
997:
A small survey of the magnetic fields of planet-hosting stars
400:. They are most prominent and magnetically active on lower-
270:
Many different phenomena can be observed in chromospheres.
133:
The red color of the chromosphere could be seen during the
1034:
1560:
862:"High-Frequency Waves Detected in the Solar Atmosphere"
87:
The chromosphere has a characteristic red color due to
731:
de Grijs, Richard; Kamath, Devika (15 November 2021).
3089:
384:
commonly observed on the photosphere due to the heat
2982:
2831:
2729:
2657:
2556:
2413:
2288:
2166:
2075:
1802:
1681:
1611:
1514:
1500:
1358:
1320:
1255:
1193:
1165:
1127:
1118:
1085:
207:. In particular, one of its strongest lines is the
692:
636:"SP-402 A New Sun: The Solar Results From Skylab"
376:, while the surrounding darker regions are named
41:spectral line, the chromosphere appears deep red.
149:at the chromosphere's inner boundary to under
1576:
1050:
691:Freedman, R. A.; Kaufmann III, W. J. (2008).
179:Stellar corona § Coronal heating problem
49:("sphere of color") is the second layer of a
8:
726:
724:
1808:
1583:
1569:
1561:
1124:
1057:
1043:
1035:
972:
962:
885:
820:
756:
593:
470:
110:Chromospheres have also been observed on
69:'s chromosphere, but not exclusively.
3096:
449:
630:
628:
408:of F and later spectral types, and on
7:
560:National Radio Astronomy Observatory
165:, but then increasing to upwards of
733:"Stellar Chromospheric Variability"
322:; however, higher frequency waves (
25:
65:. The term usually refers to the
3135:
3123:
3111:
3099:
3072:
3062:
3061:
1545:
1544:
511:
135:solar eclipse of August 11, 1999
169:at the outer boundary with the
161:to a minimum of approximately
1:
2974:Timeline of stellar astronomy
1527:List of heliophysics missions
433:Orders of magnitude (density)
1532:Category:Missions to the Sun
1031:(University of South Wales).
232:makes a transition from the
224:; this line is emitted by a
27:Layer of a star's atmosphere
2634:Hertzsprung–Russell diagram
612:10.1051/0004-6361:200810719
3174:
2548:Kelvin–Helmholtz mechanism
582:Astronomy and Astrophysics
341:
291:
277:
255:
3057:
1811:
1598:
1540:
1508:G-type main-sequence star
1072:
903:The Astrophysical Journal
866:The Astrophysical Journal
809:The Astrophysical Journal
489:10.1007/s11214-015-0141-3
188:and 10 times that of the
89:electromagnetic emissions
2927:With multiple exoplanets
1371:In mythology and culture
860:De Forest, C.E. (2004).
772:Wilkinson, John (2012).
1713:Asymptotic giant branch
758:10.3390/universe7110440
604:2008A&A...489L..57K
380:. They look similar to
59:solar transition region
3049:Tidal disruption event
2538:Circumstellar envelope
1772:Luminous blue variable
1238:Supra-arcade downflows
267:
138:
42:
18:Chromospheric activity
2574:Effective temperature
1218:Coronal mass ejection
943:Nature Communications
701:W. H. Freeman and Co.
656:ASP Conference Series
459:Space Science Reviews
265:
256:Further information:
132:
34:When observed in the
33:
3044:Planet-hosting stars
2922:With resolved images
2893:Historical brightest
2823:Photometric-standard
2749:Solar radio emission
2543:Eddington luminosity
2323:Triple-alpha process
2261:Thorne–Żytkow object
1636:Young stellar object
1482:Standard solar model
1452:Solar radio emission
1270:List of solar cycles
778:. Berlin: Springer.
53:, located above the
2868:Highest temperature
2639:Color–color diagram
2504:Protoplanetary disk
2308:Proton–proton chain
1986:Chemically peculiar
1302:Magnetic switchback
964:10.1038/ncomms11058
955:2016NatCo...711058K
915:1976ApJ...210..575F
878:2004ApJ...617L..89D
831:1997ApJ...486L..63C
749:2021Univ....7..440D
669:2003ASPC..286..419A
481:2015SSRv..190..103J
402:main sequence stars
199:The chromosphere's
125:Physical properties
2873:Lowest temperature
2624:Photometric system
2594:Absolute magnitude
2528:Circumstellar dust
2141:Stellar black hole
1777:Stellar population
1663:Herbig–Haro object
1492:Sunlight radiation
1087:Internal structure
1027:2015-11-16 at the
1004:2016-12-22 at the
531:"The Chromosphere"
268:
244:. A wavelength of
190:Earth's atmosphere
139:
43:
3087:
3086:
2990:Substellar object
2969:Planetary nebulae
2388:Luminous red nova
2298:Deuterium burning
2284:
2283:
1767:Instability strip
1747:Wolf-Rayet nebula
1701:Horizontal branch
1646:Pre-main-sequence
1558:
1557:
1522:Solar observatory
1437:Solar observation
1335:Termination shock
1251:
1250:
1203:Transition region
785:978-3-642-22839-1
714:978-0-7167-8584-2
699:. New York, USA:
678:978-1-58381-129-0
350:solar prominences
51:star's atmosphere
16:(Redirected from
3165:
3140:
3139:
3138:
3128:
3127:
3126:
3116:
3115:
3104:
3103:
3102:
3095:
3079:Stars portal
3077:
3076:
3065:
3064:
2721:Planetary system
2644:Strömgren sphere
2516:Asteroseismology
2237:Black hole star
1809:
1735:Planetary nebula
1696:Red-giant branch
1585:
1578:
1571:
1562:
1548:
1547:
1137:Supergranulation
1125:
1059:
1052:
1045:
1036:
1009:
993:
987:
986:
976:
966:
933:
927:
926:
898:
892:
891:
889:
857:
851:
850:
824:
822:astro-ph/9706226
804:
798:
797:
769:
763:
762:
760:
728:
719:
718:
698:
688:
682:
681:
650:
644:
643:
638:. Archived from
632:
623:
622:
597:
577:
571:
570:
568:
566:
552:
546:
545:
543:
542:
533:. Archived from
527:
521:
515:
514:
507:
501:
500:
474:
465:(1–4): 103–161.
454:
363:
355:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
247:
223:
203:is dominated by
171:transition layer
168:
164:
160:
156:
154:
148:
146:
74:Sun's atmosphere
21:
3173:
3172:
3168:
3167:
3166:
3164:
3163:
3162:
3148:
3147:
3146:
3136:
3134:
3124:
3122:
3110:
3100:
3098:
3090:
3088:
3083:
3071:
3053:
2978:
2947:Milky Way novae
2883:Smallest volume
2827:
2808:Radial velocity
2731:
2725:
2677:Common envelope
2653:
2552:
2521:Helioseismology
2492:Bipolar outflow
2433:Microturbulence
2428:Convection zone
2409:
2303:Lithium burning
2290:Nucleosynthesis
2280:
2162:
2071:
1798:
1677:
1626:Molecular cloud
1607:
1594:
1589:
1559:
1554:
1536:
1510:
1496:
1462:Solar telescope
1442:Solar phenomena
1417:Solar astronomy
1354:
1316:
1312:Helioseismology
1247:
1233:Helmet streamer
1189:
1161:
1114:
1110:Convection zone
1081:
1068:
1063:
1029:Wayback Machine
1018:
1013:
1012:
1006:Wayback Machine
994:
990:
935:
934:
930:
900:
899:
895:
859:
858:
854:
806:
805:
801:
786:
771:
770:
766:
730:
729:
722:
715:
690:
689:
685:
679:
652:
651:
647:
634:
633:
626:
579:
578:
574:
564:
562:
554:
553:
549:
540:
538:
529:
528:
524:
512:
508:
504:
456:
455:
451:
446:
429:
394:
370:
361:
353:
346:
340:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
304:
296:
290:
282:
276:
260:
258:Solar phenomena
254:
245:
221:
214:
166:
162:
158:
152:
150:
144:
142:
127:
116:supergiant star
98:
40:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3171:
3169:
3161:
3160:
3150:
3149:
3145:
3144:
3132:
3120:
3108:
3085:
3084:
3082:
3081:
3069:
3058:
3055:
3054:
3052:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3015:
3014:
3009:
3008:
3007:
3002:
2986:
2984:
2980:
2979:
2977:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2965:
2964:
2959:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2918:
2917:
2912:
2911:
2910:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2878:Largest volume
2875:
2870:
2865:
2855:
2854:
2853:
2848:
2837:
2835:
2829:
2828:
2826:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2804:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2762:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2735:
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2727:
2726:
2724:
2723:
2718:
2717:
2716:
2711:
2706:
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2691:
2690:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2663:
2661:
2655:
2654:
2652:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2589:Magnetic field
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2560:
2558:
2554:
2553:
2551:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2524:
2523:
2513:
2512:
2511:
2506:
2499:Accretion disk
2496:
2495:
2494:
2489:
2479:
2478:
2477:
2475:Alfvén surface
2472:
2470:Stellar corona
2467:
2462:
2457:
2447:
2445:Radiation zone
2442:
2441:
2440:
2435:
2425:
2419:
2417:
2411:
2410:
2408:
2407:
2402:
2401:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2294:
2292:
2286:
2285:
2282:
2281:
2279:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2252:
2251:
2246:
2243:
2235:
2234:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2183:
2178:
2172:
2170:
2164:
2163:
2161:
2160:
2155:
2154:
2153:
2143:
2138:
2137:
2136:
2131:
2130:
2129:
2124:
2114:
2104:
2103:
2102:
2092:
2087:
2081:
2079:
2073:
2072:
2070:
2069:
2067:Blue straggler
2064:
2063:
2062:
2052:
2047:
2046:
2045:
2035:
2034:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1983:
1978:
1977:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1956:
1955:
1954:
1944:
1943:
1942:
1937:
1932:
1922:
1917:
1916:
1915:
1910:
1905:
1895:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1879:
1878:
1873:
1863:
1862:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1825:Main sequence
1823:
1818:
1812:
1806:
1804:Classification
1800:
1799:
1797:
1796:
1795:
1794:
1789:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1743:
1742:
1740:Protoplanetary
1732:
1727:
1726:
1725:
1720:
1710:
1709:
1708:
1698:
1693:
1687:
1685:
1679:
1678:
1676:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1659:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1617:
1615:
1609:
1608:
1606:
1605:
1599:
1596:
1595:
1590:
1588:
1587:
1580:
1573:
1565:
1556:
1555:
1553:
1552:
1541:
1538:
1537:
1535:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1518:
1516:
1512:
1511:
1506:
1504:
1502:Spectral class
1498:
1497:
1495:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1432:Solar neutrino
1429:
1424:
1419:
1414:
1412:Solar activity
1409:
1407:Sun in fiction
1404:
1403:
1402:
1401:
1400:
1385:
1380:
1379:
1378:
1373:
1362:
1360:
1356:
1355:
1353:
1352:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1332:
1326:
1324:
1318:
1317:
1315:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1273:
1272:
1261:
1259:
1253:
1252:
1249:
1248:
1246:
1245:
1243:Alfvén surface
1240:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1199:
1197:
1191:
1190:
1188:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1171:
1169:
1163:
1162:
1160:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1133:
1131:
1122:
1116:
1115:
1113:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1100:Radiation zone
1097:
1091:
1089:
1083:
1082:
1080:
1079:
1073:
1070:
1069:
1064:
1062:
1061:
1054:
1047:
1039:
1033:
1032:
1017:
1016:External links
1014:
1011:
1010:
988:
928:
923:10.1086/154862
893:
887:10.1086/427181
852:
839:10.1086/310836
799:
784:
764:
720:
713:
683:
677:
645:
642:on 2004-11-18.
624:
572:
547:
522:
502:
448:
447:
445:
442:
441:
440:
435:
428:
425:
414:subgiant stars
393:
392:On other stars
390:
369:
366:
339:
336:
303:
300:
292:Main article:
289:
286:
278:Main article:
275:
272:
253:
250:
212:
205:emission lines
126:
123:
105:Calcium K-line
96:
57:and below the
38:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3170:
3159:
3156:
3155:
3153:
3143:
3133:
3131:
3121:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3107:
3097:
3093:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3068:
3060:
3059:
3056:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3039:Intergalactic
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3019:Galactic year
3017:
3013:
3010:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2997:
2996:
2993:
2992:
2991:
2988:
2987:
2985:
2981:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2954:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2916:
2913:
2909:
2906:
2905:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2898:Most luminous
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2860:
2859:
2856:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2843:
2842:
2839:
2838:
2836:
2834:
2830:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2813:Proper motion
2811:
2809:
2806:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2788:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2776:Constellation
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2744:Solar eclipse
2742:
2741:
2740:
2737:
2736:
2734:
2730:Earth-centric
2728:
2722:
2719:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2701:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2669:
2668:
2665:
2664:
2662:
2660:
2656:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2561:
2559:
2555:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2522:
2519:
2518:
2517:
2514:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2501:
2500:
2497:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2484:
2483:
2480:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2452:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2430:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2420:
2418:
2416:
2412:
2406:
2403:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2375:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2328:Alpha process
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2295:
2293:
2291:
2287:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2250:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2238:
2236:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2188:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2173:
2171:
2169:
2165:
2159:
2156:
2152:
2149:
2148:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2135:
2132:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2119:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2109:
2108:
2105:
2101:
2100:Helium planet
2098:
2097:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2090:Parker's star
2088:
2086:
2083:
2082:
2080:
2078:
2074:
2068:
2065:
2061:
2058:
2057:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2044:
2041:
2040:
2039:
2036:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2021:Lambda Boötis
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1988:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1961:
1960:
1957:
1953:
1950:
1949:
1948:
1945:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1927:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1914:
1911:
1909:
1906:
1904:
1901:
1900:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1886:
1884:
1881:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1868:
1867:
1864:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1826:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1813:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1801:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1787:Superluminous
1785:
1784:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1741:
1738:
1737:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1715:
1714:
1711:
1707:
1704:
1703:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1691:Main sequence
1689:
1688:
1686:
1684:
1680:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1668:Hayashi track
1666:
1664:
1661:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1638:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1618:
1616:
1614:
1610:
1604:
1601:
1600:
1597:
1593:
1586:
1581:
1579:
1574:
1572:
1567:
1566:
1563:
1551:
1543:
1542:
1539:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1520:
1519:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1503:
1499:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1477:Space weather
1475:
1473:
1472:Space climate
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1447:Solar physics
1445:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1399:
1396:
1395:
1394:
1391:
1390:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1377:
1376:Lunar eclipse
1374:
1372:
1369:
1368:
1367:
1364:
1363:
1361:
1357:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1330:Current sheet
1328:
1327:
1325:
1323:
1319:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1287:Solar minimum
1285:
1283:
1282:Solar maximum
1280:
1278:
1277:Active region
1275:
1271:
1268:
1267:
1266:
1263:
1262:
1260:
1258:
1254:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1200:
1198:
1196:
1192:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1172:
1170:
1168:
1164:
1158:
1157:Ellerman bomb
1155:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1134:
1132:
1130:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1117:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1092:
1090:
1088:
1084:
1078:
1075:
1074:
1071:
1067:
1060:
1055:
1053:
1048:
1046:
1041:
1040:
1037:
1030:
1026:
1023:
1020:
1019:
1015:
1007:
1003:
999:
998:
992:
989:
984:
980:
975:
970:
965:
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
940:
932:
929:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
897:
894:
888:
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
856:
853:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
823:
818:
814:
810:
803:
800:
795:
791:
787:
781:
777:
776:
768:
765:
759:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
727:
725:
721:
716:
710:
706:
702:
697:
696:
687:
684:
680:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
657:
649:
646:
641:
637:
631:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
596:
591:
587:
583:
576:
573:
561:
557:
551:
548:
537:on 2014-04-04
536:
532:
526:
523:
519:
518:public domain
510:
506:
503:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
473:
468:
464:
460:
453:
450:
443:
439:
436:
434:
431:
430:
426:
424:
422:
417:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
391:
389:
387:
383:
379:
375:
367:
365:
359:
351:
345:
337:
335:
333:
309:
301:
299:
295:
294:Solar spicule
287:
285:
281:
273:
271:
264:
259:
251:
249:
246:656.3 nm
243:
239:
235:
231:
228:whenever its
227:
226:hydrogen atom
222:656.3 nm
219:
215:
211:
206:
202:
197:
195:
194:total eclipse
191:
187:
182:
180:
176:
172:
167:35,000 K
136:
131:
124:
122:
120:
117:
113:
108:
106:
102:
101:spectral line
99:
95:
90:
85:
83:
79:
75:
70:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
37:
32:
19:
3142:Solar System
2942:White dwarfs
2932:Brown dwarfs
2915:Most distant
2863:Most massive
2841:Proper names
2801:Photographic
2754:Solar System
2732:observations
2659:Star systems
2482:Stellar wind
2465:Chromosphere
2464:
2438:Oscillations
2318:Helium flash
2168:Hypothetical
2146:X-ray binary
2085:Compact star
1920:Bright giant
1673:Henyey track
1651:Herbig Ae/Be
1457:Solar System
1427:Solar energy
1422:Solar dynamo
1383:Heliophysics
1213:Coronal loop
1208:Coronal hole
1185:Moreton wave
1167:Chromosphere
1166:
996:
991:
949:(1): 11058.
946:
942:
931:
906:
902:
896:
869:
865:
855:
812:
808:
802:
774:
767:
740:
736:
694:
686:
660:
654:
648:
640:the original
585:
581:
575:
563:. Retrieved
559:
550:
539:. Retrieved
535:the original
525:
505:
462:
458:
452:
438:Moreton wave
420:
418:
406:brown dwarfs
398:white dwarfs
395:
378:internetwork
377:
373:
371:
347:
344:Coronal loop
324:100 mHz
305:
302:Oscillations
297:
283:
269:
242:energy level
237:
233:
209:
198:
183:
155:10 kg/m
147:10 kg/m
140:
109:
93:
86:
71:
47:chromosphere
46:
44:
35:
3130:Outer space
2995:Brown dwarf
2771:Circumpolar
2649:Kraft break
2629:Color index
2604:Metallicity
2564:Designation
2533:Cosmic dust
2455:Photosphere
2221:Dark-energy
2196:Electroweak
2181:Black dwarf
2112:Radio-quiet
2095:White dwarf
1981:White dwarf
1631:Bok globule
1515:Exploration
1393:Solar deity
1340:Heliosheath
1322:Heliosphere
1292:Wolf number
1265:Solar cycle
1129:Photosphere
743:(11): 440.
565:9 September
354:0.1 MK
320:20 mHz
316:10 mHz
280:Solar plage
186:photosphere
163:3800 K
159:6000 K
55:photosphere
2957:Candidates
2952:Supernovae
2937:Red dwarfs
2796:Extinction
2584:Kinematics
2579:Luminosity
2557:Properties
2450:Atmosphere
2348:Si burning
2338:Ne burning
2276:White hole
2249:Quasi-star
2176:Blue dwarf
2031:Technetium
1947:Hypergiant
1925:Supergiant
1467:Solar time
1388:In culture
1345:Heliopause
1297:Solar wind
1228:Prominence
1120:Atmosphere
1105:Tachocline
872:(1): L89.
815:(1): L63.
588:(3): L57,
541:2014-04-28
472:1503.01769
444:References
386:convection
342:See also:
312:3 mHz
236:=3 to the
218:wavelength
3106:Astronomy
2888:Brightest
2786:Magnitude
2766:Pole star
2687:Symbiotic
2682:Eclipsing
2614:Starlight
2415:Structure
2405:Supernova
2398:Micronova
2393:Recurrent
2378:Symbiotic
2363:p-process
2358:r-process
2353:s-process
2343:O burning
2333:C burning
2313:CNO cycle
2256:Gravastar
1792:Hypernova
1782:Supernova
1757:Dredge-up
1730:Blue loop
1723:super-AGB
1706:Red clump
1683:Evolution
1641:Protostar
1621:Accretion
1613:Formation
1350:Bow shock
1257:Variation
1223:Nanoflare
847:119101577
794:773089685
595:0808.3334
362:1 MK
328:10 s
252:Phenomena
80:, called
3152:Category
3067:Category
2962:Remnants
2858:Extremes
2818:Parallax
2791:Apparent
2781:Asterism
2759:Sunlight
2709:Globular
2694:Multiple
2619:Variable
2609:Rotation
2569:Dynamics
2460:Starspot
2134:Magnetar
2077:Remnants
1893:Subgiant
1866:Subdwarf
1718:post-AGB
1550:Category
1025:Archived
1002:Archived
983:27009381
737:Universe
703:p.
695:Universe
497:55909887
427:See also
382:granules
288:Spicules
230:electron
201:spectrum
82:spicules
3092:Portals
3034:Gravity
2983:Related
2903:Nearest
2851:Chinese
2699:Cluster
2672:Contact
2509:Proplyd
2383:Remnant
2271:Blitzar
2245:Hawking
2201:Strange
2151:Burster
2107:Neutron
2060:Extreme
2011:He-weak
1656:T Tauri
1366:Eclipse
1359:Related
1180:Spicule
1152:Sunspot
1147:Faculae
1142:Granule
1066:The Sun
974:4820840
951:Bibcode
911:Bibcode
909:: 575.
874:Bibcode
827:Bibcode
745:Bibcode
665:Bibcode
663:: 419,
620:1651161
600:Bibcode
477:Bibcode
421:S-index
374:network
368:Network
326:, or a
173:of the
119:Antares
91:in the
72:In the
3024:Galaxy
3012:Planet
3000:Desert
2908:bright
2846:Arabic
2667:Binary
2487:Bubble
2211:Planck
2186:Exotic
2122:Binary
2117:Pulsar
2055:Helium
2016:Barium
1959:Carbon
1952:Yellow
1940:Yellow
1913:Yellow
1752:PG1159
1195:Corona
981:
971:
845:
792:
782:
711:
675:
618:
495:
358:Skylab
175:corona
78:plasma
63:corona
3118:Stars
3029:Guest
2833:Lists
2714:Super
2368:Fusor
2241:Black
2226:Quark
2206:Preon
2191:Boson
2127:X-ray
2043:Shell
1996:Ap/Bp
1898:Giant
1816:Early
1762:OH/IR
1592:Stars
1307:Flare
1175:Plage
843:S2CID
817:arXiv
616:S2CID
590:arXiv
493:S2CID
467:arXiv
410:giant
404:, on
338:Loops
332:TRACE
274:Plage
216:at a
177:(see
112:stars
2704:Open
2599:Mass
2423:Core
2373:Nova
2266:Iron
2216:Dark
2026:Lead
2006:HgMn
2001:CEMP
1930:Blue
1903:Blue
1821:Late
1603:List
1487:Star
1398:List
1095:Core
1077:List
979:PMID
790:OCLC
780:ISBN
709:ISBN
673:ISBN
567:2022
412:and
308:SOHO
61:and
3158:Sun
3005:Sub
2739:Sun
2158:SGR
1935:Red
1908:Red
969:PMC
959:doi
919:doi
907:210
882:doi
870:617
835:doi
813:486
753:doi
705:762
661:286
608:doi
586:489
485:doi
463:190
314:to
240:=2
220:of
181:).
151:1.6
107:).
67:Sun
3154::
2038:Be
1991:Am
1974:CH
1969:CN
1888:OB
1883:WR
977:.
967:.
957:.
945:.
941:.
917:.
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880:.
868:.
864:.
841:.
833:.
825:.
811:.
788:.
751:.
739:.
735:.
723:^
707:.
671:,
659:,
627:^
614:,
606:,
598:,
584:,
558:.
491:.
483:.
475:.
461:.
423:.
416:.
388:.
334:.
45:A
3094::
2231:Q
2050:B
1964:S
1876:B
1871:O
1859:M
1854:K
1849:G
1844:F
1839:A
1834:B
1829:O
1584:e
1577:t
1570:v
1058:e
1051:t
1044:v
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961::
953::
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921::
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884::
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849:.
837::
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819::
796:.
761:.
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741:7
717:.
667::
610::
602::
592::
569:.
544:.
520:.
499:.
487::
479::
469::
238:n
234:n
213:α
210:H
153:Ă—
145:Ă—
143:2
137:.
97:α
94:H
39:α
36:H
20:)
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