476:) treatments can include intense monitoring with a dual channel 24-hour pH probe for diagnosis of the severity of GERD. Other monitors such as nasopharyngoscopy can reveal glottis changes associated with the refluxes that occur. Acid suppressive medications can be taken, which include histamine 2 (H2) blockers, proton pump inhibitors (PPI) and prokinetic agents. This medication tends to show results within two weeks; however six to eight weeks is ideal for conclusive results. Patients can remain on treatment for up to six months.
438:
In severe cases where the cause is not clear, patients should use empirical therapy, which is a combination of antihistamine and decongestants. Results typically show within two weeks of therapy, but it can take up to several months for results to show. Absence of the standard clinical procedure that tests for rhinorrhea and excess sputum production should not preclude an empirical trial with antihistamine and decongestants, as they are not effective in treating upper airway cough syndrome.
41:
theory about the cause of chronic cough, independent of associated condition, is that it is caused by a hypersensitivity in the cough sensory nerves, called cough hypersensitivity syndrome. There are a number of treatments available, depending on the associated disease but the clinical management of the patients remains a challenge. Risk factors include exposure to cigarette smoke, and exposure to
1929:
Seemungal, Terence; Obaseki, Daniel; Juvekar, Sanjay; Paraguas, Stefanni Nonna; Tan, Wan C.; Franssen, Frits M. E.; Mejza, Filip; Mannino, David; Janson, Christer; Cherkaski, Hamid Hacene; Anand, Mahesh
Padukudru; Hafizi, Hasan; Buist, Sonia; Koul, Parvaiz A.; El Sony, Asma; Breyer, Marie-Kathrin; Burghuber, Otto C.; Wouters, Emiel F. M.; Amaral, Andre F. S. (1 February 2024).
437:
Upper airway cough syndrome treatments include avoiding environmental irritants (chemicals) and offending antigens. This may involve treating the sinus with antibiotics to stop nasal drip. Individuals should avoid decongestants found in off-the-shelf pharmacies, to allow rhinitis medicaments to work.
115:
Postnasal drip, when excess mucus is produced in the sinus of the nose and drips back towards the throat, causes a cough reflex, also known as upper airway cough syndrome. Postnasal drip coughing can be caused by the direct irritation of the postnasal drip or by inflammation of cough receptors in the
40:
or could be idiopathic
Generally, a cough, for example after an upper respiratory tract infection, lasts around one to two weeks; however, chronic cough can persist for an extended period of time, often several years. People with chronic cough often experience more than one cause present. The current
1089:
Gibson, Peter; Wang, Gang; McGarvey, Lorcan; Vertigan, Anne E.; Altman, Kenneth W.; Birring, Surinder S.; Adams, Todd M.; Altman, Kenneth W.; Barker, Alan F.; Birring, Surinder S.; Blackhall, Fiona; Bolser, Donald C.; Boulet, Louis-Philippe; Braman, Sidney S.; Brightling, Christopher (January 2016).
532:
A cough that is four weeks or longer in duration is considered chronic for children. Most common causes for children include asthma, respiratory tract infections and GERD. An estimation of between one and 21% of children suffer from chronic cough. Causes typically diagnosed include viral bronchitis,
385:
Scope tests are used if the above tests are not able to diagnose the chronic cough. A special test may be used that involves a thin, flexible tube which contains a light and camera. This is inserted within the patient through the respiratory tract. A bronchoscope is used for seeing the lungs and air
23:
is defined as a cough lasting more than 8 weeks in adults and more than 4 weeks in children (some studies suggest that a chronic cough must persist upwards of three months). The prevalence of chronic cough is about 10% although the prevalence may differ depending on definition and geographic area.
533:
post-infectious cough, cough-variant asthma, upper airway cough syndrome, psychogenic cough and GERD. Due to some diagnostic methods being invasive, typically children are not suitable for such diagnosis under the age of 15. However, the bare minimum tests include chest radiography and spirometry.
427:
is present; this can be a sign of an infection. A chronic wet cough is a cough where excess mucus is present; depending on the colour of the phlegm, bacterial infections may be present. A stress cough is when the airways of the throat are blocked to the point that it causes a reflexive spasm. A
410:
A prolonged cough such as one that falls under the chronic cough syndrome can become a medical emergency. Concerning symptoms are a high fever, coughing of blood, chest pain, difficulty of breathing, appetite loss, excess mucus being coughed, fatigue, night sweats, and unexplained weight loss.
1928:
Abozid, Hazim; Patel, Jaymini; Burney, Peter; Hartl, Sylvia; Breyer-Kohansal, Robab; Mortimer, Kevin; Nafees, Asaad A.; Al
Ghobain, Mohammed; Welte, Tobias; Harrabi, Imed; Denguezli, Meriam; Loh, Li Cher; Rashid, Abdul; Gislason, Thorarinn; Barbara, Cristina; Cardoso, Joao; Rodrigues, Fatima;
401:
Typical evaluation of chronic cough begins with diagnosing the person's lifestyle choices, such as smoking, environmental exposure or medication. From this doctors can opt to use chest radiography if the patient does not smoke, takes any angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, or still has a
98:
can be problematic for individuals who have chronic cough. Due to the consistent coughing, this can interfere with an individual's daily life. This interference can thus cause additional problems such as affecting a person's ability to ensure a consistent sleep, daytime fatigue, difficulty
503:
The prevalence of chronic cough in many communities in Europe and the U.S. is 9–33% of the population. Chronic cough is three times more common in those who smoke compared to people who never smoke. The most important risk factors for chronic cough are tobacco smoking and working in a
352:
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is identified with two mechanisms, which are the distal esophageal acid stimulating the esophageal-treachebronchial cough reflex due to the vagus nerve, and the microbial esophageal contents of the pharynx and tracheobronchial causing a cough
62:, irritation, tickle or lump in the throat, is also common. Other symptoms includes frequent throat clearing and sore throat, hoarseness, wheezing or shortness of breath. If the chronic cough is associated with rhinosinusitis or reflux, symptoms may also include a runny or
990:
Morice, Alyn H.; Millqvist, Eva; Belvisi, Maria G.; Bieksiene, Kristina; Birring, Surinder S.; Chung, Kian Fan; Negro, Roberto W. Dal; Dicpinigaitis, Peter; Kantar, Ahmad; McGarvey, Lorcan P.; Pacheco, Adalberto; Sakalauskas, Raimundas; Smith, Jaclyn A. (2014-11-01).
57:
Common symptoms present in chronic cough is allotussia, a cough triggered by innocuous stimuli such as perfumes or talking and hypertussia, an increased sensitivity to known tussive triggers like smoke or fumes. Laryngeal
150:
or other infections in the upper respiratory tract often include coughing that can persist even after the infection has subsided. Chronic cough is commonly mistaken as a symptom of the infection known as
901:
Song, Woo-Jung; Chang, Yoon-Seok; Faruqi, Shoaib; Kim, Ju-Young; Kang, Min-Gyu; Kim, Sujeong; Jo, Eun-Jung; Kim, Min-Hye; Plevkova, Jana; Park, Heung-Woo; Cho, Sang-Heon; Morice, Alyn H. (2015-05-01).
366:
are used to check for lung cancer, pneumonia and other lung diseases that are contributing to the chronic cough. X-rays of the sinus also can provide evidence of an infection in the area.
1438:
Herregods TV, Pauwels A, Tack J, Smout AJ, Bredenoord AJ (December 2017). "Reflux-cough syndrome: Assessment of temporal association between reflux episodes and cough bursts".
2111:
1931:"Prevalence of chronic cough, its risk factors and population attributable risk in the Burden of Obstructive Lung Disease (BOLD) study: a multinational cross-sectional study"
1146:"Chronic upper airway cough syndrome secondary to rhinosinus diseases (previously referred to as postnasal drip syndrome): ACCP evidence-based clinical practice guidelines"
949:
423:
is present, individuals may further identify the cause of the chronic cough. These coughing types include the following. A dry cough is a persistent cough where no
1390:
Truba O, Dąbrowska M, Grabczak E, Arcimowicz M, Rybka A, Rybka M, Krenke R (2017-09-01). "Upper airway disorders in patients with upper airway cough syndrome".
245:
Developing a chronic cough can occur from different lifestyle choices. These include smoking cigarettes that the individual smokes themselves or breathes from
249:. Long-term exposure to smoke can irritate airways and lead to chronic cough and in severe cases lung damage. Other risk factors include exposure to
176:. Most carriers of chronic bronchitis have a history of smoking. Chronic bronchitis is on a spectrum of smoking-related lung disease also known as
345:
is a main way to produce the chronic cough. This is due to the airflow being obstructed when coughing, causing a shortness of breath, wheezing,
296:
of the brain; this stimulus is then interpreted. The efferent impulses are then triggered by the medulla, causing the signal to travel down the
455:-based cough medications are contraindicated for children under 12 years old due to the risk of respiratory suppression and the potential for
128:(GERD), a common condition where the backflow of stomach acid between the throat and the stomach causes irritation, can lead to chronic cough.
177:
162:, which is commonly prescribed to individuals with high blood pressure and cardiac failure, are known to have a side effect of chronic cough.
25:
1817:
Teoh L, Hurwitz M, Acworth JP, van
Asperen P, Chang AB (April 2011). "Treatment of obstructive sleep apnoea for chronic cough in children".
1492:
Nsouli T, Diliberto N, Nsouli A, Davis C, Cofsky K, Bellanti J (2016). "P162 The allergist, chronic cough and upper airway cough syndrome".
335:
is the most common cause of chronic coughing. It is diagnosed when the secretion of excess mucus from the nose or sinus drains into the
487:
There is insufficient evidence to determine if the following approaches are beneficial for treating chronic cough: Treating childhood
1848:
Donnelly D, Everard MM, Chang AB (July 2006). "Indoor air modification interventions for prolonged non-specific cough in children".
483:
that includes an evidence-based algorithm (flow chart) for treating children who have chronic cough may improve clinical outcomes.
292:
which respond to chemical stimuli such as hormones in the body. To start the reflex, the afferent impulses are transmitted to the
473:
462:
125:
37:
268:
is a mechanism of the body that is essential to the normal physiological function of clearing the throat, which involves a
191:
smoke, are a common factor that can lead to chronic cough. These irritants typically contribute towards chronic bronchitis.
122:
that affects the upper respiratory tract. Other causes such as cold air or breathing in chemicals can also induce coughing.
159:
1185:
Zhang, Mengru; Morice, Alyn H. (2023-08-29). "Unravelling vagal hypersensitivity in chronic cough: A distinct disease".
332:
99:
concentrating at work or school, headache, and dizziness. Other more severe but rare complications include fainting,
2058:
Flynn MG (August 1994). "Respiratory symptoms, bronchial responsiveness, and atopy in Fijian and Indian children".
1980:"Use of Management Pathways or Algorithms in Children With Chronic Cough: CHEST Guideline and Expert Panel Report"
281:
363:
285:
211:
83:
488:
219:
1292:
Morice AH, Fontana GA, Sovijarvi AR, Pistolesi M, Chung KF, Widdicombe J, et al. (September 2004).
561:
Chung, Kian Fan; Pavord, Ian D (April 2008). "Prevalence, pathogenesis, and causes of chronic cough".
428:
whooping cough is when a ‘whooping’ sound is present; this is a normally an indication of infection.
195:
100:
662:
Morice AH, Fontana GA, Belvisi MG, Birring SS, Chung KF, Dicpinigaitis PV, et al. (June 2007).
346:
313:
305:
372:
are used to check the condition of the patient's lungs and to check sinus cavities for infections.
2009:
1463:
834:
693:
586:
517:
254:
29:
441:
Treating children who have a non-specific chronic cough with asthma medications such as inhaled
111:
Possible causes, alone or in conjunction, that produce the chronic cough include the following.
505:
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2001:
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883:
826:
791:
742:
685:
644:
578:
513:
293:
520:
concentrations in air, related to increase cough and sore throat in children. An increase in
2067:
1991:
1978:
Chang AB, Oppenheimer JJ, Weinberger MM, Rubin BK, Weir K, Grant CC, Irwin RS (April 2017).
1958:
1942:
1900:
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1822:
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1744:
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634:
626:
570:
521:
480:
277:
903:"The global epidemiology of chronic cough in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis"
466:
456:
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246:
207:
67:
1403:
1963:
1930:
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1905:
1880:
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1724:
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1675:
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1626:
1602:
1577:
1553:
1528:
1216:
Dicpinigaitis, Peter V.; Kantar, Ahmad; Enilari, Oladunni; Paravati, Francesco (2018).
1124:
1066:
1039:
878:
853:
786:
761:
737:
712:
639:
614:
309:
301:
199:
152:
75:
33:
574:
2105:
838:
613:
Chung KF, McGarvey L, Song WJ, Chang AB, Lai K, Canning BJ, et al. (June 2022).
250:
240:
203:
32:
but in non-smokers with a normal chest x-ray chronic cough are often associated with
2013:
1467:
697:
1896:
1857:
1826:
1785:
1740:
1691:
1642:
1593:
1038:
Perotin JM, Launois C, Dewolf M, Dumazet A, Dury S, Lebargy F, et al. (2018).
760:
Krüger K, Holzinger F, Trauth J, Koch M, Heintze C, Gehrke-Beck S (February 2022).
590:
317:
236:
147:
95:
79:
46:
1162:
1145:
375:
Lung
Function Test, a simple test in which the patient inhales and exhales into a
2096:
2071:
1946:
1310:
1293:
965:
852:
Song WJ, Chang YS, Faruqi S, Kang MK, Kim JY, Kang MG, et al. (March 2016).
24:
Chronic cough is a common symptom in several different respiratory diseases like
1996:
1979:
1233:
992:
902:
223:
215:
143:
63:
59:
1505:
1356:
1339:
993:"Expert opinion on the cough hypersensitivity syndrome in respiratory medicine"
854:"Defining Chronic Cough: A Systematic Review of the Epidemiological Literature"
822:
777:
728:
630:
379:, is normally used to diagnose asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
1676:"Leukotriene receptor antagonist for prolonged non-specific cough in children"
1544:
1008:
918:
869:
680:
663:
446:
391:
376:
289:
165:
131:
1954:
1513:
1411:
1241:
1218:"Prevalence of Arnold Nerve Reflex in Adults and Children With Chronic Cough"
1202:
1115:
1016:
973:
926:
469:
are not recommended for treating children with persistent non-specific cough.
1529:"Inhaled beta2-agonists for treating non-specific chronic cough in children"
1217:
188:
181:
135:
71:
42:
2044:
2028:
2005:
1914:
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1834:
1803:
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1459:
1365:
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830:
795:
746:
689:
648:
582:
2079:
1107:
1056:
492:
369:
265:
169:
116:
upper airway. Postnasal drip cases contribute 34% of chronic cough cases.
1091:
509:
452:
336:
1451:
512:
smoke in a home environment is also a risk factor for children due to
382:
With lab tests, a sample of the patient's mucus is tested for bacteria
1527:
Tomerak AA, Vyas H, Lakenpaul M, McGlashan JJ, McKean M (July 2005).
1194:
387:
342:
297:
269:
173:
119:
1578:"Inhaled corticosteroids for non-specific chronic cough in children"
608:
606:
604:
602:
600:
449:) or inhaled corticosteroids does not improve the clinical symptoms.
257:
have a chance of developing chronic cough from long-term exposure.
253:. Individuals who work in factories or laboratories that deal with
424:
420:
273:
524:
has also shown a rising association with chronic cough syndrome.
1040:"Managing patients with chronic cough: challenges and solutions"
397:
Children are typically diagnosed with chest X-rays or spirometry
78:. Most patients with chronic cough have hypersensitivity of the
2029:"Chronic/recurrent cough in rural children in Ludhiana, Punjab"
1881:"Inhaled cromones for prolonged non-specific cough in children"
272:
of the afferent sensory limb, central processing centre of the
1772:
McCallum GB, Bailey EJ, Morris PS, Chang AB (September 2014).
1725:"Methylxanthines for prolonged non-specific cough in children"
491:, modifying the indoor air quality, or treatment with inhaled
139:
1674:
Chang AB, Winter D, Acworth JP (April 2006). Chang AB (ed.).
1576:
Tomerak AA, McGlashan JJ, Vyas HH, McKean MC (October 2005).
184:
can co-exist with COPD. It accounts for 5% of chronic cough.
276:, and the efferent limb. With the body components involved,
1625:
Gardiner SJ, Chang AB, Marchant JM, Petsky HL (July 2016).
811:
The
Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. In Practice
390:
of the linings of the airway may be taken. Additionally, a
66:, a feeling of liquid running down the back of the throat (
2060:
American
Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine
950:"The burden and impact of chronic cough in severe disease"
304:. This then triggers a cascade of events that involve the
516:
inhalation. Other causes of chronic cough include higher
1627:"Codeine versus placebo for chronic cough in children"
479:
Moderate levels of evidence suggest that the use of a
320:, which together create the reflex known as coughing.
74:
or sour taste in a person's mouth, and in rare cases
339:
or the back of the throat, causing an induced cough.
180:(COPD). Other lung diseases on the spectrum such as
168:, an inflammation in the major airways such as the
94:Long-term coughing and constant irritation of the
1879:Chang A, Marchant JM, McKean M, Morris P (2004).
1774:"Clinical pathways for chronic cough in children"
954:Current Opinion in Supportive and Palliative Care
402:persistent cough after the period of medication.
103:, and broken ribs, caused by excessive coughing.
1294:"The diagnosis and management of chronic cough"
809:Gibson PG (2019-07-31). "Management of Cough".
2097:https://www.thelancet.com/series/chronic-cough
1723:Chang AB, Halstead RA, Petsky HL (July 2005).
1287:
1285:
1283:
1281:
1279:
394:can be used to examine the upper airway tract.
1277:
1275:
1273:
1271:
1269:
1267:
1265:
1263:
1261:
1259:
328:There are three main types of chronic cough.
8:
2027:Singh D, Arora V, Sobti PC (January 2002).
1885:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1850:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1819:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1778:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1729:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1680:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1631:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1582:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1533:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1333:
1331:
1329:
664:"ERS guidelines on the assessment of cough"
2112:Syndromes affecting the respiratory system
1494:Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology
1139:
1137:
1135:
711:Shim JS, Song WJ, Morice AH (March 2020).
615:"Cough hypersensitivity and chronic cough"
1995:
1962:
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1601:
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1421:
1385:
1383:
1381:
1379:
1377:
1375:
1355:
1344:The Kaohsiung Journal of Medical Sciences
1340:"Advances in upper airway cough syndrome"
1309:
1161:
1123:
1065:
1055:
1044:Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management
877:
858:Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Research
785:
736:
679:
638:
172:tubules, causes the coughing of coloured
1487:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1479:
1477:
1092:"Treatment of Unexplained Chronic Cough"
542:
280:are also used. These receptors include
948:Emilsson, Össur Ingi (December 2022).
556:
554:
552:
550:
548:
546:
985:
983:
284:which respond to mechanical stimuli,
220:non-asthmatic eosinophilic bronchitis
178:chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
7:
1404:10.1183/1393003.congress-2017.PA4043
1338:Yu L, Xu X, Lv H, Qiu Z (May 2015).
1440:Neurogastroenterology and Motility
766:Deutsches Ärzteblatt International
194:Other notable rare causes include
14:
472:Gastroesophageal reflux disease (
1298:The European Respiratory Journal
668:The European Respiratory Journal
619:Nature Reviews. Disease Primers
463:Leukotriene receptor antagonist
126:Gastroesophageal reflux disease
38:gastroesophageal reflux disease
1897:10.1002/14651858.CD004436.pub2
1858:10.1002/14651858.CD005075.pub2
1827:10.1002/14651858.CD008182.pub2
1786:10.1002/14651858.CD006595.pub3
1741:10.1002/14651858.CD005310.pub2
1692:10.1002/14651858.CD005602.pub2
1643:10.1002/14651858.CD011914.pub2
1594:10.1002/14651858.CD004231.pub2
1:
1163:10.1378/chest.129.1_suppl.63s
575:10.1016/s0140-6736(08)60595-4
160:angiotensin-converting enzyme
158:Blood pressure drugs such as
2072:10.1164/ajrccm.150.2.8049824
1947:10.1016/j.eclinm.2024.102423
1392:European Respiratory Journal
1311:10.1183/09031936.04.00027804
997:European Respiratory Journal
966:10.1097/SPC.0000000000000623
907:European Respiratory Journal
419:By diagnosing which type of
187:Chemical irritants, such as
1997:10.1016/j.chest.2016.12.025
1234:10.1016/j.chest.2017.11.019
1144:Pratter MR (January 2006).
333:Upper airway cough syndrome
2128:
1506:10.1016/j.anai.2016.09.173
1357:10.1016/j.kjms.2015.01.005
823:10.1016/j.jaip.2019.03.050
778:10.3238/arztebl.m2021.0396
729:10.33549/physiolres.934406
631:10.1038/s41572-022-00370-w
282:rapidly adapting receptors
234:
1545:10.1002/14651858.CD005373
1187:The Journal of Physiology
1009:10.1183/09031936.00218613
919:10.1183/09031936.00218714
870:10.4168/aair.2016.8.2.146
681:10.1183/09031936.00101006
286:slowly adapting receptors
489:obstructive sleep apnoea
212:laryngopharyngeal reflux
465:-based medications and
19:In clinical guidelines
717:Physiological Research
34:asthma, rhinosinusitis
1108:10.1378/chest.15-1496
235:Further information:
84:Arnold's nerve reflex
1398:(suppl 61): PA4043.
1156:(1 Suppl): 63S–71S.
1057:10.2147/TCRM.S136036
723:(Suppl 1): S81–S92.
713:"Drug-Induced Cough"
247:second-hand exposure
101:urinary incontinence
569:(9621): 1364–1374.
406:Concerning findings
306:intercostal muscles
518:particulate matter
166:Chronic bronchitis
53:Signs and symptoms
30:pulmonary fibrosis
16:Long-term coughing
2033:Indian Pediatrics
1935:eClinicalMedicine
1452:10.1111/nmo.13129
514:second-hand smoke
278:sensory receptors
2119:
2084:
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2018:
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1999:
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1080:
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1035:
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1003:(5): 1132–1148.
987:
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939:
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913:(5): 1479–1481.
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817:(6): 1724–1729.
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683:
674:(6): 1256–1276.
659:
653:
652:
642:
610:
595:
594:
558:
522:nitrogen dioxide
481:clinical pathway
386:passages, and a
2127:
2126:
2122:
2121:
2120:
2118:
2117:
2116:
2102:
2101:
2093:
2091:Further reading
2088:
2087:
2057:
2056:
2052:
2026:
2025:
2021:
1977:
1976:
1972:
1927:
1926:
1922:
1891:(2): CD004436.
1878:
1877:
1873:
1852:(3): CD005075.
1847:
1846:
1842:
1821:(4): CD008182.
1816:
1815:
1811:
1780:(9): CD006595.
1771:
1770:
1766:
1735:(3): CD005310.
1722:
1721:
1717:
1686:(2): CD005602.
1673:
1672:
1668:
1637:(7): CD011914.
1624:
1623:
1619:
1588:(4): CD004231.
1575:
1574:
1570:
1539:(3): CD005373.
1526:
1525:
1521:
1491:
1490:
1475:
1437:
1436:
1419:
1389:
1388:
1373:
1337:
1336:
1327:
1291:
1290:
1257:
1215:
1214:
1210:
1184:
1183:
1179:
1143:
1142:
1133:
1088:
1087:
1083:
1037:
1036:
1032:
989:
988:
981:
947:
946:
942:
900:
899:
895:
851:
850:
846:
808:
807:
803:
762:"Chronic Cough"
759:
758:
754:
710:
709:
705:
661:
660:
656:
612:
611:
598:
560:
559:
544:
539:
530:
501:
467:methylxanthines
457:opioid toxicity
434:
417:
408:
360:
326:
263:
243:
233:
208:cystic fibrosis
109:
92:
55:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2125:
2123:
2115:
2114:
2104:
2103:
2100:
2099:
2092:
2089:
2086:
2085:
2066:(2): 415–420.
2050:
2019:
1990:(4): 875–883.
1970:
1920:
1871:
1840:
1809:
1764:
1715:
1666:
1617:
1568:
1519:
1473:
1446:(12): e13129.
1417:
1371:
1350:(5): 223–228.
1325:
1304:(3): 481–492.
1255:
1228:(3): 675–679.
1208:
1177:
1131:
1081:
1030:
979:
940:
893:
864:(2): 146–155.
844:
801:
752:
703:
654:
596:
541:
540:
538:
535:
529:
526:
508:. Exposure to
500:
497:
485:
484:
477:
470:
460:
450:
443:beta2-agonists
439:
433:
430:
416:
413:
407:
404:
399:
398:
395:
383:
380:
373:
367:
359:
356:
355:
354:
350:
340:
325:
322:
310:abdominal wall
302:bronchial tree
262:
259:
232:
229:
228:
227:
200:bronchiectasis
192:
185:
163:
156:
153:whooping cough
129:
123:
117:
108:
105:
91:
88:
82:, such as the
76:coughing blood
68:postnasal drip
54:
51:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2124:
2113:
2110:
2109:
2107:
2098:
2095:
2094:
2090:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2054:
2051:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2023:
2020:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1974:
1971:
1965:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1924:
1921:
1916:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1875:
1872:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1844:
1841:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1813:
1810:
1805:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1768:
1765:
1760:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1719:
1716:
1711:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1670:
1667:
1662:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1621:
1618:
1613:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1572:
1569:
1564:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1523:
1520:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1488:
1486:
1484:
1482:
1480:
1478:
1474:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1434:
1432:
1430:
1428:
1426:
1424:
1422:
1418:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1386:
1384:
1382:
1380:
1378:
1376:
1372:
1367:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1334:
1332:
1330:
1326:
1321:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1288:
1286:
1284:
1282:
1280:
1278:
1276:
1274:
1272:
1270:
1268:
1266:
1264:
1262:
1260:
1256:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1212:
1209:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1181:
1178:
1173:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1140:
1138:
1136:
1132:
1126:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1085:
1082:
1077:
1073:
1068:
1063:
1058:
1053:
1050:: 1041–1051.
1049:
1045:
1041:
1034:
1031:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
986:
984:
980:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
944:
941:
936:
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
897:
894:
889:
885:
880:
875:
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
848:
845:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
816:
812:
805:
802:
797:
793:
788:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
756:
753:
748:
744:
739:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
707:
704:
699:
695:
691:
687:
682:
677:
673:
669:
665:
658:
655:
650:
646:
641:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
609:
607:
605:
603:
601:
597:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
557:
555:
553:
551:
549:
547:
543:
536:
534:
527:
525:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
498:
496:
494:
490:
482:
478:
475:
471:
468:
464:
461:
458:
454:
451:
448:
444:
440:
436:
435:
431:
429:
426:
422:
414:
412:
405:
403:
396:
393:
389:
384:
381:
378:
374:
371:
368:
365:
362:
361:
357:
351:
349:and coughing.
348:
344:
341:
338:
334:
331:
330:
329:
323:
321:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
260:
258:
256:
252:
248:
242:
241:Air pollution
238:
230:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
204:bronchiolitis
201:
197:
193:
190:
186:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
164:
161:
157:
154:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
130:
127:
124:
121:
118:
114:
113:
112:
106:
104:
102:
97:
90:Complications
89:
87:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
52:
50:
48:
45:, especially
44:
39:
35:
31:
27:
22:
21:chronic cough
2063:
2059:
2053:
2039:(1): 23–29.
2036:
2032:
2022:
1987:
1983:
1973:
1938:
1934:
1923:
1888:
1884:
1874:
1849:
1843:
1818:
1812:
1777:
1767:
1732:
1728:
1718:
1683:
1679:
1669:
1634:
1630:
1620:
1585:
1581:
1571:
1536:
1532:
1522:
1497:
1493:
1443:
1439:
1395:
1391:
1347:
1343:
1301:
1297:
1225:
1221:
1211:
1186:
1180:
1153:
1149:
1102:(1): 27–44.
1099:
1095:
1084:
1047:
1043:
1033:
1000:
996:
957:
953:
943:
910:
906:
896:
861:
857:
847:
814:
810:
804:
772:(5): 59–65.
769:
765:
755:
720:
716:
706:
671:
667:
657:
622:
618:
566:
562:
531:
502:
499:Epidemiology
486:
418:
409:
400:
327:
318:pelvic floor
264:
251:polluted air
244:
237:Particulates
231:Risk factors
148:tuberculosis
110:
96:upper airway
93:
80:cough reflex
60:paraesthesia
56:
47:particulates
20:
18:
290:nociceptors
224:sarcoidosis
216:lung cancer
144:common cold
64:stuffy nose
1941:: 102423.
1500:(5): S70.
960:(4): 183.
537:References
447:salbutamol
392:rhinoscope
377:spirometer
196:aspiration
132:Infections
1955:2589-5370
1514:1081-1206
1412:0903-1936
1242:1931-3543
1203:0022-3751
1116:0012-3692
1017:0903-1936
974:1751-4258
927:0903-1936
839:195830273
625:(1): 45.
506:dusty job
493:chromones
432:Treatment
324:Diagnosis
314:diaphragm
261:Mechanism
255:chemicals
189:cigarette
182:emphysema
170:bronchial
136:pneumonia
72:heartburn
43:pollution
2106:Category
2045:11805350
2014:10306352
2006:28104362
1964:10807979
1915:15106252
1866:16856075
1835:21491406
1804:25242448
1795:10640710
1759:16034969
1710:16625643
1661:27405706
1612:16235355
1563:16034971
1468:23985242
1460:28612466
1366:25910556
1320:15358710
1250:29197546
1172:16428694
1076:29922064
1025:25142479
935:25657027
888:26739408
831:31279460
796:34918623
747:32228014
698:17331460
690:17540788
649:35773287
583:18424325
528:Children
370:CT scans
266:Coughing
134:such as
2080:8049824
1906:9036945
1750:6823234
1701:8896275
1652:6457872
1603:9040101
1554:8885309
1125:5831652
1067:5995432
879:4713878
787:9059861
738:8604055
640:9244241
591:7810980
510:tobacco
453:Codeine
445:(e.g.,
358:Imaging
353:reflex.
347:dyspnea
337:pharynx
294:medulla
2078:
2043:
2012:
2004:
1961:
1953:
1913:
1903:
1864:
1833:
1802:
1792:
1757:
1747:
1708:
1698:
1659:
1649:
1610:
1600:
1561:
1551:
1512:
1466:
1458:
1410:
1364:
1318:
1248:
1240:
1201:
1170:
1122:
1114:
1074:
1064:
1023:
1015:
972:
933:
925:
886:
876:
837:
829:
794:
784:
745:
735:
696:
688:
647:
637:
589:
581:
563:Lancet
388:biopsy
364:X-rays
343:Asthma
298:larynx
288:, and
270:reflex
174:sputum
120:Asthma
107:Causes
36:, and
2010:S2CID
1984:Chest
1464:S2CID
1222:Chest
1150:Chest
1096:Chest
835:S2CID
694:S2CID
587:S2CID
425:mucus
421:cough
415:Types
274:brain
2076:PMID
2041:PMID
2002:PMID
1951:ISSN
1911:PMID
1889:2004
1862:PMID
1831:PMID
1800:PMID
1755:PMID
1733:2005
1706:PMID
1684:2006
1657:PMID
1635:2016
1608:PMID
1586:2005
1559:PMID
1537:2005
1510:ISSN
1456:PMID
1408:ISSN
1362:PMID
1316:PMID
1246:PMID
1238:ISSN
1199:ISSN
1168:PMID
1112:ISSN
1072:PMID
1021:PMID
1013:ISSN
970:ISSN
931:PMID
923:ISSN
884:PMID
827:PMID
792:PMID
743:PMID
686:PMID
645:PMID
579:PMID
474:GERD
316:and
300:and
239:and
26:COPD
2068:doi
2064:150
1992:doi
1988:151
1959:PMC
1943:doi
1901:PMC
1893:doi
1854:doi
1823:doi
1790:PMC
1782:doi
1745:PMC
1737:doi
1696:PMC
1688:doi
1647:PMC
1639:doi
1598:PMC
1590:doi
1549:PMC
1541:doi
1502:doi
1498:117
1448:doi
1400:doi
1352:doi
1306:doi
1230:doi
1226:153
1191:doi
1158:doi
1154:129
1120:PMC
1104:doi
1100:149
1062:PMC
1052:doi
1005:doi
962:doi
915:doi
874:PMC
866:doi
819:doi
782:PMC
774:doi
770:119
733:PMC
725:doi
676:doi
635:PMC
627:doi
571:doi
567:371
140:flu
70:),
28:or
2108::
2074:.
2062:.
2037:39
2035:.
2031:.
2008:.
2000:.
1986:.
1982:.
1957:.
1949:.
1939:68
1937:.
1933:.
1909:.
1899:.
1887:.
1883:.
1860:.
1829:.
1798:.
1788:.
1776:.
1753:.
1743:.
1731:.
1727:.
1704:.
1694:.
1682:.
1678:.
1655:.
1645:.
1633:.
1629:.
1606:.
1596:.
1584:.
1580:.
1557:.
1547:.
1535:.
1531:.
1508:.
1496:.
1476:^
1462:.
1454:.
1444:29
1442:.
1420:^
1406:.
1396:50
1394:.
1374:^
1360:.
1348:31
1346:.
1342:.
1328:^
1314:.
1302:24
1300:.
1296:.
1258:^
1244:.
1236:.
1224:.
1220:.
1197:.
1189:.
1166:.
1152:.
1148:.
1134:^
1118:.
1110:.
1098:.
1094:.
1070:.
1060:.
1048:14
1046:.
1042:.
1019:.
1011:.
1001:44
999:.
995:.
982:^
968:.
958:16
956:.
952:.
929:.
921:.
911:45
909:.
905:.
882:.
872:.
860:.
856:.
833:.
825:.
813:.
790:.
780:.
768:.
764:.
741:.
731:.
721:69
719:.
715:.
692:.
684:.
672:29
670:.
666:.
643:.
633:.
621:.
617:.
599:^
585:.
577:.
565:.
545:^
495:.
312:,
308:,
222:,
218:,
214:,
210:,
206:,
202:,
198:,
146:,
142:,
138:,
86:.
49:.
2082:.
2070::
2047:.
2016:.
1994::
1967:.
1945::
1917:.
1895::
1868:.
1856::
1837:.
1825::
1806:.
1784::
1761:.
1739::
1712:.
1690::
1663:.
1641::
1614:.
1592::
1565:.
1543::
1516:.
1504::
1470:.
1450::
1414:.
1402::
1368:.
1354::
1322:.
1308::
1252:.
1232::
1205:.
1193::
1174:.
1160::
1128:.
1106::
1078:.
1054::
1027:.
1007::
976:.
964::
937:.
917::
890:.
868::
862:8
841:.
821::
815:7
798:.
776::
749:.
727::
700:.
678::
651:.
629::
623:8
593:.
573::
459:.
226:.
155:.
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