670:, who had been rendered brain dead in an accident on 2 December 1967, while crossing a street in Cape Town. On examination at Groote Schuur hospital, Darvall had two serious fractures in her skull, with no electrical activity in her brain detected, and no sign of pain when ice water was poured into her ear. Coert Venter and Bertie Bosman requested permission from Darvall's father for Denise's heart to be used in the transplant attempt. The afternoon before his first transplant, Barnard dozed at his home while listening to music. When he awoke, he decided to modify Shumway and Lower's technique. Instead of cutting straight across the back of the atrial chambers of the donor heart, he would avoid damage to the septum and instead cut two small holes for the venae cavae and pulmonary veins. Prior to the transplant, rather than wait for Darvall's heart to stop beating, at his brother Marius Barnard's urging, Christiaan had injected potassium into her heart to paralyse it and render her technically dead by the whole-body standard. Twenty years later, Marius Barnard recounted, "Chris stood there for a few moments, watching, then stood back and said, 'It works.'"
465:, congenital, life-threatening obstructions in the intestines. He followed a medical hunch that this was caused by inadequate blood flow to the fetus. After nine months and forty-three attempts, Barnard was able to reproduce this condition in a fetus puppy by tying off some of the blood supply to a puppy's intestines and then placing the animal back in the womb, after which it was born some two weeks later, with the condition of intestinal atresia. He was also able to cure the condition by removing the piece of intestine with inadequate blood supply. The mistake of previous surgeons had been attempting to reconnect ends of intestine which themselves still had inadequate blood supply. To be successful, it was typically necessary to remove between 15 and 20 centimeters of intestine (6 to 8 inches). Jannie Louw used this innovation in a clinical setting, and Barnard's method saved the lives of ten babies in Cape Town. This technique was also adapted by surgeons in Britain and the US. In addition, Barnard analyzed 259 cases of
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831:. The couple had two children: Deirdre (born 1950) and Andre (1951–1984). International fame took a toll on his family, and in 1969, Barnard and his wife divorced. In 1970, he married heiress Barbara Zoellner when she was 19, the same age as his son, and they had two children: Frederick (born 1972) and Christiaan Jr. (born 1974). He divorced Zoellner in 1982. Barnard married for a third time in 1988 to Karin Setzkorn, a young model. They also had two children, Armin (born 1989) and Lara (born 1997). This last marriage also ended in divorce in 2000.
490:. Gott had begun to develop a technique of running blood backwards through the veins of the heart so Lillehei could more easily operate on the aortic valve (McRae writes, "It was the type of inspired thinking that entranced Barnard"). In March 1956, Gott asked Barnard to help him run the heart-lung machine for an operation. Shortly thereafter, Wangensteen agreed to let Barnard switch to Lillehei's service. It was during this time that Barnard became acquainted with fellow future heart transplantation surgeon
494:. Barnard also became friendly with Gil Campbell, who had demonstrated that a dog's lung could be used to oxygenate blood during open-heart surgery. (The year before Barnard arrived, Lillehei and Campbell had used this procedure for twenty minutes during surgery on a 13-year-old boy with ventricular septal defect, and the boy had made a full recovery.) Barnard and Campbell met regularly for early breakfast. In 1958, Barnard received a Master of Science in Surgery for a thesis titled "The
458:. In 1951, he returned to Cape Town where he worked at the City Hospital as a Senior Resident Medical Officer, and in the Department of Medicine at Groote Schuur as a registrar. He completed his master's degree, receiving Master of Medicine in 1953 from the University of Cape Town. In the same year he obtained a doctorate in medicine (MD) from the same university for a dissertation titled "The treatment of tuberculous meningitis".
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517:(later he credited Demikhov's accomplishment saying that "if there is a father of heart and lung transplantation then Demikhov certainly deserves this title.") In 1961 he was appointed Head of the Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery at the teaching hospitals of the University of Cape Town. He rose to associate professor in the Department of Surgery at the University of Cape Town in 1962. Barnard's younger brother
2336:, 27 July 2016. "... HHT involves transplanting the donor heart without removing the recipient heart, effectively forming a 'double heart'. It was widely used in the pre-cyclosporine era when the donor was not strong enough (eg, the recipient had a much larger body) or the recipient had pre-existing pulmonary hypertension. Christiaan Barnard performed the first HHT ('piggy back' transplant) in 1974 ..."
2128:, "Coert Venter .. Bertie Bosman .. withdrew, stressing that he should take as long as he needed to consider their request. They would understand if he declined to give his consent." Edward Darvall took four minutes to reach his decision, mainly thinking about his daughter, including how she tried to help others. He then told the doctors, "If you can't save my daughter, you must try and save this man."
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over time and, although diseased and hypertrophied, is often capable of maintaining circulation to the lungs. Barnard designed the idea of the heterotopic (or "piggy back" transplant) in which the patient's diseased heart is left in place while the donor heart is added, essentially forming a "double heart". Barnard performed the first such heterotopic heart transplant in 1974.
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705:, survived for 19 months. Blaiberg's heart was donated by Clive Haupt, a 24-year-old black man who suffered a stroke, inciting controversy (especially in the African-American press) during the time of South African apartheid. Dirk van Zyl, who received a new heart in 1971, was the longest-lived recipient, surviving over 23 years.
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2869:"The first human heart transplant and further advances in cardiac transplantation at Groote Schuur Hospital and the University of Cape Town – with reference to : the operation. A human cardiac transplant : an interim report of a successful operation performed at Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town"
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was an informally taught surgeon. He started out as a gardener and cleaner. One day he was asked to help out with an experiment on a giraffe. From this modest beginning, Naki became principal lab technician and taught hundreds of surgeons, and assisted with
Barnard's organ transplant program. Barnard
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to begin a two-year scholarship under Chief of
Surgery Wangensteen, who assigned Barnard more work on the intestines, which Barnard accepted even though he wanted to move onto something new. Simply by luck, whenever Barnard needed a break from this work, he could wander across the hall and talk with
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in his hands which ended his surgical career. He had struggled with arthritis since 1956, when it was diagnosed during his postgraduate work in the United States. After retirement, he spent two years as the
Scientist-In-Residence at the Oklahoma Transplantation Institute in the United States and as
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He favoured the total division of the country along racial lines. His words were; "I somehow feel ... but we may have to divide South Africa into two equal divisions". In a follow-up question about where the coloured people would end up in that scenario, he replied that 'I would include them in the
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Barnard was an outspoken opponent of South Africa's laws of apartheid, and was not afraid to criticise his nation's government, although he had to temper his remarks to some extent to travel abroad. Rather than leaving his homeland, he used his fame to campaign for a change in the law. Christiaan's
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From
November 1974 through December 1983, 49 consecutive heterotopic heart transplants on 43 patients were performed at Groote Schuur. The survival rate for patients at one year was over 60%, as compared to less than 40% with standard transplants, and the survival rate at five years was over 36% as
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Barnard and his patient received worldwide publicity. As a 2017 BBC retrospective article describes, "Journalists and film crews flooded into Cape Town's Groote Schuur
Hospital, soon making Barnard and Washkansky household names." Barnard himself was described as "charismatic" and "photogenic." And
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Full recovery of donor heart function often takes place over hours or days, during which time considerable damage can occur. Other deaths to patients can occur from preexisting conditions. For example, in pulmonary hypertension the patient's right ventricle has often adapted to the higher pressure
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Barnard later wrote, "For a dying man it is not a difficult decision because he knows he is at the end. If a lion chases you to the bank of a river filled with crocodiles, you will leap into the water, convinced you have a chance to swim to the other side." The donor heart came from a young woman,
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in the United States had been impressed by the work of Alan Thal, a young South
African doctor working in Minnesota. Wangensteen asked the Groote Schuur Head of Medicine John Brock if he might recommend any similarly talented South Africans, and Brock recommended Barnard. In December 1955, Barnard
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who regained full consciousness and was able to talk easily with his wife, before dying eighteen days later of pneumonia, largely brought on by the anti-rejection drugs that suppressed his immune system. Barnard had told Mr. and Mrs. Washkansky that the operation had an 80% chance of success, an
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Between
December 1967 and November 1974 at Groote Schuur Hospital in Cape Town, South Africa, ten heart transplants were performed, as well as a heart and lung transplant in 1971. Of these ten patients, four lived longer than 18 months, with two of these four becoming long-term survivors. One
418:). The family also experienced the loss of a daughter who was stillborn and who had been the fraternal twin of Barnard's older brother Johannes, who was twelve years older than Christiaan. Barnard matriculated from the Beaufort West High School in 1940, and went to study medicine at the
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Shortly before his visit to Kenya in 1978, the following was written about his views regarding race relations in South Africa; "While he believes in the participation of
Africans in the political process of South Africa, he is opposed to a one-man-one-vote system in South Africa".
2100:, Kristin Shrader-Frechette, Rowman & Littlefield, 1994, page 38. Along a similar line, this author states, "Barnard's failure to tell Washkansky's wife that her husband was dying," although it's not clear whether this was pre- or post-transplant.
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521:, who also studied medicine, eventually became Barnard's right-hand man at the department of Cardiac Surgery. Over time, Barnard became known as a brilliant surgeon with many contributions to the treatment of cardiac diseases, such as the
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at the
Medical College of Virginia, several surgical teams were in a position to prepare for a human heart transplant. Barnard had a patient willing to undergo the procedure, but as with other surgeons, he needed a suitable donor.
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Worldwide, approximately 100 transplants were performed by various doctors during 1968. However, only a third of these patients lived longer than three months. Many medical centers stopped performing transplants. In fact, a US
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said, "Hamilton Naki had better technical skills than I did. He was a better craftsman than me, especially when it came to stitching, and had very good hands in the theatre". A popular myth, propagated principally by a widely
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2224:, Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2011. ".. following Barnard's landmark heart transplantation on December 3, 1967, 107 human heart transplants were performed by 64 surgical teams in 24 countries in 1968. . "
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stated that
Barnard sexually assaulted her when she was 23 years old. According to Kuster, Barnard attempted to grope her under her skirt while she was seated at a business luncheon with US Representative
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His father served as a missionary to mixed-race people. His mother, the former Maria Elisabeth de Swart, instilled in the surviving brothers the belief that they could do anything they set their minds to.
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Barnard, C.N.; Wolpowitz, A.; Losman, J.G. (1 December 1977). "Heterotopic cardiac transplantation with a xenograft for assistance of the left heart in cardiogenic shock after cardiopulmonary bypass".
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2064:, This Day in Jewish History, David B. Green, 3 December 2013. ".. When he was 9, his mother took him and his three siblings to Cape Town, to join their father, who had come ahead of the family .."
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He stated that the National Party members were as upset about Biko's murder as were blacks; "The white community was thoroughly upset, let me tell you. The nationalists themselves were very upset."
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In answering a hypothetical question on how he would solve the race problem were he a "benevolent dictator in South Africa", Barnard stated the following in a long interview at the Weekly Review:
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had performed at Stanford University in California. Barnard had no dogs which had survived longer than ten days, unlike Kantrowitz and Shumway who had had dogs survive for more than a year.
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under pioneer surgeons C. Walton Lillehei and Richard L. Varco. Many future distinguished cardiac surgeons, such as Shumway, Cabrol, and many others, were his contemporaries at Minnesota.
955:) and sold copies worldwide. Some of the proceeds were used to set up the Chris Barnard Fund for research into heart disease and heart transplants in Cape Town. His second autobiography,
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states, "in spite of South Africa's backward place in the community of nations, positive, creative forces seem to thrive there, as proven by the immense feat of Dr. Chris Barnard."
355:, Barnard studied medicine and practised for several years in his native South Africa. As a young doctor experimenting on dogs, Barnard developed a remedy for the infant defect of
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Upon returning to South Africa in 1958, Barnard was appointed head of the Department of Experimental Surgery at Groote Schuur hospital, as well as holding a joint post at the
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by transplanting the heart of a chimpanzee into a desperately ill and dying man. This heart did beat in the patient's chest for approximately 60 to 90 minutes. The patient,
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in 1953, in the United States, Barnard performed the second kidney transplant in South Africa in October 1967, the first having been done in Johannesburg the previous year.
498:– problems in the fabrication and testing of a prosthetic valve". The same year he was awarded a Ph.D. for his dissertation titled "The aetiology of congenital intestinal
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529:. He was promoted to Professor of Surgical Science in the Department of Surgery at the University of Cape Town in 1972. In 1981, Barnard became a founding member of the
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1070:, GlobalViewpoints, Margaret Haerens editor, Detroit, New York, San Francisco, New Haven, Conn., Waterville, Maine, U.S.; London, England, UK: Greenhaven Press, 2013.
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and was adopted by surgeons in Britain and the United States. In 1955, he travelled to the United States and was initially assigned further gastrointestinal work by
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Hardy, James D.; Chavez, Carlos M.; Kurrus, Fred D.; Neely, William A.; Eraslan, Sadan; Turner, M. Don; Fabian, Leonard W.; Labecki, Thaddeus D. (29 June 1964).
651:, was the patient. Barnard was assisted by his brother Marius Barnard, as well as a team of thirty staff members. The operation lasted approximately five hours.
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1909:...Two Stanford surgeons, Norman Shumway and Richard Lower, had started transplanting dog hearts while experimenting with hypothermia during the late 1950s...
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375:. Upon returning to South Africa in 1958, Barnard was appointed head of the Department of Experimental Surgery at the Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town.
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509:. He was promoted to full-time lecturer and Director of Surgical Research at the University of Cape Town. In 1960, he flew to Moscow in order to meet
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Barnard stated to Washkansky and his wife Ann Washkansky that the transplant had an 80% chance of success. This has been criticised by the ethicists
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Transplantation of the heart: An overview of 40 years' clinical and research experience at Groote Schuur Hospital and the University of Cape Town
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2236:"'A Change of Heart': Racial Politics, Scientific Metaphor and Coverage of 1968 Interracial Heart Transplants in the African American Press"
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That "we are still out of the Olympic games" despite the fact that "in the field of sports where we have virtually integrated completely."
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in his hands ended his surgical career. He became interested in anti-aging research, and in 1986 his reputation suffered when he promoted
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Proceedings of the 18th Annual History of Medicine Days Conference 2009: The University of Calgary Faculty of Medicine, Alberta, Canada
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Barnard performed the world's first human-to-human heart transplant operation in the early morning hours of Sunday 3 December 1967.
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which talk about the 23 January 1964, operation in which surgeon James Hardy transplanted a chimp's heart into patient Boyd Rush.
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1085:, BBC, Ayesha Nathoo (Centre for Medical History, University of Exeter), 3 December 2017. The photo caption incorrectly states
394:, dedicated to helping underprivileged children throughout the world. He died in 2001 at the age of 78 after an asthma attack.
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was murdered, he said that "I think that something like $ 50,000 came in from outside to work up feelings at that funeral."
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He had by this time become very interested in anti-aging research, and his reputation suffered in 1986 when he promoted
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A human cardiac transplant: an interim report of a successful operation performed at Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town
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era in South Africa, non-white persons and citizens were not given equal opportunities in the medical professions. At
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Barnard's first marriage was to Aletta Gertruida Louw, a nurse, whom he married in 1948 while practising medicine in
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Barnard had experimentally transplanted forty-eight hearts into dogs, which was about a fifth the number that
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502:". Barnard described the two years he spent in the United States as "the most fascinating time in my life."
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as making claims for chances of success to the patient and family which were "unfounded" and "misleading".
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Barnard retired as Head of the Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery in Cape Town in 1983 after developing
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the operation was initially reported as "successful" even though Washkansky only lived a further 18 days.
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publication states, "Within several years, only Shumway's team at Stanford was attempting transplants."
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Christiaan Barnard – The surgeon who dared: The story of the first human-to-human heart transplant
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2581:"Rep. Annie Kuster tells Concord Monitor famous doctor sexually assaulted her decades ago"
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With the availability of new breakthroughs introduced by several pioneers, also including
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He retired as head of the Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery in Cape Town in 1983 after
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Flesh and Blood: Organ Transplantation and Blood Transfusion in Twentieth-Century America
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with physician James D. Hardy was the first person to receive a heart transplant in 1964.
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soon thereafter. He also spent time as a research advisor to the Clinique la Prairie, in
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assessment which has been criticised as misleading. Barnard's second transplant patient,
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Hilary, Ng'weno (19 May 1978). "I Would Split South Africa Into Two Parts – Equitably".
1222:, Science Museum. Louis was born in Lithuania in 1913 and moved to South Africa in 1922.
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The interview ended with the following summary from he himself; "I often say that, like
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Barnard's second transplant operation was conducted on 2 January 1968, and the patient,
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While "I would abolish Social discrimination", political discrimination would continue.
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in two human patients, utilizing a baboon heart and chimpanzee heart, respectively.
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had performed at Maimonides Medical Center in New York and about a sixth the number
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2611:"Trump comments prompt congresswoman to share assault story | U.S. News | US News"
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operation. On 3 December 1967, Barnard transplanted the heart of accident victim
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Christiaan Barnard, celebrated pioneer of heart transplant surgery, dies aged 78
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Many surgeons gave up cardiac transplantation due to poor results, often due to
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Christiaan Barnard: his first transplants and their impact on concepts of death
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2015:"Film on black surgeon in first heart transplant team rekindles controversy"
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Major Medical Milestones Leading Up to the FirstHuman Heart Transplantation
1795:"James D. Hardy, 84, Dies; Paved Way for Transplants – Obituary; Biography"
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was the first heart transplant recipient, when in actuality he was second.
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1680:"Heart Transplantation in Man: Developmental Studies and Report of a Case"
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410:, Union of South Africa. His father, Adam Barnard, was a minister in the
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2389:. Vol. 14, no. 22. Archived from the original on 11 July 2007.
713:, lived for over thirteen years and another for over twenty-four years.
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Hilary, Ng'weno (5 May 1978). "Dr. Christiaan Barnard Visit to Kenya".
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by the patient's immune system. Barnard persisted until the advent of
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Washkansky survived the operation and lived for 18 days; he died from
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794:
That "the black man will not accept this view" of universal suffrage.
103:
2975:
1960:
Berger, S. (4 June 2009). "Inspiring tale dismissed as 'rubbish'".
1186:"Christiaan Barnard, 78, Surgeon For First Heart Transplant, Dies"
914:
743:
423:
1411:
Every Second Counts: The Race to Transplant the First Human Heart
1155:
Every Second Counts: The Race to Transplant the First Human Heart
923:
Christiaan Barnard died on 2 September 2001, while on holiday in
533:. Among the recognition he received over the years, he was named
450:
in Cape Town, after which he worked as a general practitioner in
3951:
1000:
Good Life Good Death: A Doctor's Case for Euthanasia and Suicide
888:, where the controversial "rejuvenation therapy" was practised.
390:
soon thereafter. During his remaining years, he established the
3593:
2984:
1313:
1311:
970:
Apart from his autobiographies, Barnard wrote books including:
819:, South Africa is a country more sinned against than sinning."
791:
That coloured people have "always been accepted" among whites.
2053:
2051:
2961:
To Transplant and Beyond : First Human Heart Transplant
2567:"Trump comments prompt congresswoman to share assault story"
1928:"Accounts of South African's Career Now Seen as Overstated"
1895:
1893:
1886:. Doylestown, Pennsylvania. 29 November 1987. p. A-18.
1945:
McKay, R. (1 September 2009). "Heart movie skips a beat".
2758:, WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 13 September 2016, pp. 165–187,
2519:] (in Czech). Prague: Lidové noviny. pp. 70–71.
2058:
1967: First Heart Transplant Patient Goes Under the Knife
323:(8 November 1922 – 2 September 2001) was a South African
2088:, South African History Online, updated 11 January 2017.
1711:"A brief history of cross-species organ transplantation"
765:. Barnard later stated that the reason he never won the
959:, was published in 1993, eight years before his death (
919:
Netcare Christiaan Barnard Memorial Hospital, Cape Town
903:(skin cancer) on his face, for which he was treated in
838:
a one-night extramarital affair with Italian film star
2725:"The Foundation – Christiaan Barnard Heart Foundation"
1235:
Calculated Risks: How to Know When Numbers Deceive You
4320:
2976:
Official Heart Transplant Museum – Heart Of Cape Town
1623:"The state of kidney transplantation in South Africa"
721:
compared to less than 20% with standard transplants.
32:"Chris Barnard" redirects here. For other uses, see
4267:
4219:
4203:
4187:
4156:
4130:
4094:
4058:
4051:
4006:
3980:
3932:
3867:
3841:
3813:
3785:
3660:
3627:
1252:, Helga Kuhse, Peter Singer, Wiley-Blackwell, 2012.
1083:
The operation that took medicine into the media age
943:Barnard wrote two autobiographies. His first book,
891:Barnard divided the remainder of his years between
293:
274:
264:
246:
238:
148:
140:
132:
111:
92:
62:
43:
2637:The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery
2383:"'It's the quality of survival that's important'"
1286:, Mrs. Philip Blaiberg, 12 October 1969, page 68.
359:. His technique saved the lives of ten babies in
2971:40th anniversary of first human heart transplant
2468:, 3 September 2001. Retrieved 18 September 2010.
1907:. National Institutes of Health. 12 March 2019.
1780:, McRae, see Ch. 7 "Mississippi Gambling", esp.
1451:Toledo-Pereyra LH (2010). "Christiaan Barnard".
144:First successful human-to-human heart transplant
2966:In Memoriam : Christiaan Neethling Barnard
2441:
2439:
2437:
2435:
2433:
2431:
2429:
2427:
2425:
1280:Philip Blaiberg was dying—this time for certain
871:an acting consultant for various institutions.
486:who ran the lab for open-heart surgery pioneer
327:who performed the world's first human-to-human
4420:Founding members of the World Cultural Council
4385:South African expatriates in the United States
4255:List of organ transplant donors and recipients
2913:Celebrity Surgeon: Christiaan Barnard – A Life
2480:
2478:
2476:
2474:
2193:and, regarding publicity in the Soviet Union,
1237:, Gerd Gigerenzer, Simon & Schuster, 2002.
995:Arthritis Handbook: How to Live With Arthritis
643:, a 54-year-old grocer who was suffering from
631:was present during the Washkansky transplant.
4405:Academic staff of the University of Cape Town
3605:
2996:
1974:October A. Dokkie 'verdraai' Barnard-verhaal.
757:, went into politics, and was elected to the
8:
3854:Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder
1519:, Anne Digby, Oxford University Press, 2012.
1150:
1148:
1146:
1144:
1142:
1921:
1919:
1917:
1684:Journal of the American Medical Association
1140:
1138:
1136:
1134:
1132:
1130:
1128:
1126:
1124:
1122:
4055:
3612:
3598:
3590:
3003:
2989:
2981:
2633:"Christiaan Neethling Barnard (1922–2001)"
2381:Barnard, Christiaan (1–14 November 1997).
1877:
1875:
1873:
1871:
1550:Fricke, T. A.; Konstantinov, I. E. (2013)
51:
40:
2884:
2811:
2648:
2626:
2624:
2259:
1734:
1638:
1513:Dictionary of African Biography, Volume 6
1381:
29:South African cardiac surgeon (1922–2001)
2836:"Autopsy confirms asthma killed Barnard"
2792:Global Cardiology Science & Practice
2698:Cooper, David K. C. (3 September 2001).
1825:University of Mississippi Medical Center
1600:. Oxford University Press. p. 174.
1553:Dawn and Evolution of Cardiac Procedures
1250:A Companion to Bioethics, Second Edition
1184:Altman, Lawrence K. (3 September 2001).
931:showed his death was caused by a severe
580:, died without regaining consciousness.
558:University of Mississippi Medical Center
4327:
2673:"Heart Surgeon Christiaan Barnard Dies"
2541:"Pope Tells Barnard Of 'Heart' Prayers"
1057:
834:Barnard described in his autobiography
2392:
2284:"Dirk van Zyl, 68; Had '71 Transplant"
422:Medical School, where he obtained his
4435:20th-century South African physicians
767:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
635:First human-to-human heart transplant
7:
2569:. Associated Press. 13 October 2016.
2387:Frontline: India's National Magazine
3998:Canadian Society of Transplantation
3993:American Society of Transplantation
2729:Christiaan Barnard Heart Foundation
2155:"Surgery: Progress, Then a Setback"
858:, for whom she worked at the time.
726:rejection of the transplanted heart
2844:. 5 September 2001. Archived from
2754:"Heart and Blood Vessel Surgery",
849:In October 2016, US Congresswoman
25:
4400:South African transplant surgeons
2631:Massad, Malek G. (January 2002).
2587:. 13 October 2016. Archived from
1926:Wines, Michael (27 August 2005).
1905:U.S. National Library of Medicine
1541:, SocietĂ Editrice Internazionale
1112:", Barnard CN, 30 December 1967;
4342:
4330:
3924:United Network for Organ Sharing
3909:National Transplant Organization
2045:, Jill Gottesman, 20 March 1988.
1984:ABRAHAMS, JOHANN (2 June 2009).
1696:10.1001/jama.1964.03060390034008
227:
200:
173:
4375:Deaths from pneumonia in Cyprus
4038:Organ transplantation in Israel
769:was probably because he was a "
545:Following the first successful
223:
196:
169:
4415:University of Minnesota alumni
4410:University of Cape Town alumni
4395:South African cardiac surgeons
4043:Organ transplantation in Japan
4014:Organ transplantation in China
3988:American Society of Nephrology
2867:Brink JG, Hassoulas J (2009).
2700:"Obituary: Christiaan Barnard"
2486:"Christiaan Barnard Biography"
2234:Koretzky, Maya Overby (2016).
1842:McRae, Donald (25 June 2006).
1727:10.1080/08998280.2012.11928783
1640:10.7196/SAMJ.2019.v109i4.13548
1005:South Africa: Sharp Dissection
568:, performed the world's first
335:into the chest of 54-year-old
34:Chris Barnard (disambiguation)
1:
3919:Trillium Gift of Life Network
3899:National Marrow Donor Program
2547:. Pittsburgh. 30 January 1968
2348:South African Medical Journal
2318:South African Medical Journal
2098:Ethics of Scientific Research
1627:South African Medical Journal
1517:Barnard, Christiaan Neethling
897:Christiaan Barnard Foundation
696:National Institutes of Health
627:, maintains incorrectly that
392:Christiaan Barnard Foundation
3957:Halachic Organ Donor Society
3884:Gift of Life Marrow Registry
2756:The First Transplant Surgeon
2086:Christiaan Neethling Barnard
2076:, McRae, 2006, pages 191–96.
2013:Smith, David (31 May 2009).
1782:pages bottom 122 through 127
1465:10.3109/08941939.2010.484321
1213:Louis Washkansky (1913–1967)
882:Food and Drug Administration
685:Additional heart transplants
388:Food and Drug Administration
321:Christiaan Neethling Barnard
67:Christiaan Neethling Barnard
3962:Kidney Foundation of Canada
2025:Refers to documentary film
895:, where he established the
4451:
4019:harvesting from Falun Gong
3967:National Kidney Foundation
3823:Non-heart-beating donation
2764:10.1142/9789814699389_0007
2240:Social History of Medicine
2039:Milestones in Cardiac Care
1594:Lederer, Susan E. (2008).
1010:50 Ways to a Healthy Heart
572:and world's first cardiac
31:
4380:People from Beaufort West
4250:
3849:Graft-versus-host disease
3019:
2399:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
1986:"THE HAMILTON NAKI STORY"
1882:"Memories of the Heart".
1715:Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent)
1374:10.1136/bmj.323.7327.1478
947:, was published in 1969 (
763:Progressive Federal Party
314:
257:
50:
3914:NHS Blood and Transplant
3011:Founding members of the
2334:Postgrad Medical Journal
1844:"A new heart, a new era"
1267:, McRae, pages 176, 190.
748:Barnard in Italy in 1968
619:documentary film called
472:Owen Wangensteen at the
365:Owen Harding Wangensteen
4290:Immunosuppressive drugs
4026:Organ donation in India
3072:André Frédéric Cournand
2650:10.1067/mtc.2002.121042
2545:Pittsburgh Post-Gazette
2511:Barnard, Chris (1994).
2360:10520/AJA20785135_18333
1414:. Penguin. p. 46.
679:immunosuppressive drugs
507:University of Cape Town
474:University of Minnesota
420:University of Cape Town
369:University of Minnesota
286:University of Minnesota
124:University of Minnesota
119:University of Cape Town
87:, Union of South Africa
4310:Frankenstein's monster
4305:Total body irradiation
4031:Gurgaon kidney scandal
3889:Human Tissue Authority
3013:World Cultural Council
2930:Cooper, David (2017).
2786:Cooper, D. K. (2018).
2330:"A tale of two hearts"
2112:, McRae, 2006, p. 188.
1574:World Cultural Council
1528:Bosco, Teresio (1968)
920:
749:
677:, possibly due to the
608:Groote Schuur Hospital
531:World Cultural Council
479:Minneapolis, Minnesota
454:, a rural town in the
448:Groote Schuur Hospital
301:Cardiothoracic surgery
282:Groote Schuur Hospital
4430:20th-century surgeons
4295:Lung allocation score
4232:Jean-Michel Dubernard
3621:Organ transplantation
3328:Marshall W. Nirenberg
3323:William A. Nierenberg
3283:Vernon B. Mountcastle
3092:Jean-François Denisse
3024:Christian B. Anfinsen
2911:Logan, Chris (2003).
2804:10.21542/gcsp.2018.11
2220:, Kate Elzinga, from
1356:Hoffenberg R (2001).
918:
747:
467:tubercular meningitis
412:Dutch Reformed Church
306:Heart transplantation
159:Aletta Gertruida Louw
4102:J. Hartwell Harrison
3859:Transplant rejection
3423:William G. Schneider
3418:Menahem Max Schiffer
3402:Hakim Muhammad Saeed
3376:Chintamani N. R. Rao
3114:Jacques-Émile Dubois
2848:on 27 September 2007
2216:14 July 2016 at the
2161:. 22 December 1967.
2029:about Hamilton Naki.
1821:"Dr. James D. Hardy"
1621:Moosa, M.R. (2019).
1218:4 April 2017 at the
901:Basal-cell carcinoma
868:rheumatoid arthritis
788:white South Africa".
552:On 23 January 1964,
380:rheumatoid arthritis
226: 1988;
199: 1970;
172: 1948;
4211:André van der Merwe
4195:Richard C. Lillehei
3868:Transplant networks
3652:Xenotransplantation
3647:Autotransplantation
3635:Allotransplantation
3356:Comlan A. A. Quenum
3318:Bernhard H. Neumann
3215:Vassos Karageorghis
3152:José Rafael Estrada
3080:Eduardo de Robertis
2735:on 27 November 2018
2677:The Washington Post
2617:on 14 October 2016.
2187:Every Second Counts
2138:Every Second Counts
2122:Every Second Counts
2110:Every Second Counts
2074:Every Second Counts
1884:Daily Intelligencer
1863:Every Second Counts
1778:Every Second Counts
1764:The Daily Telegraph
1497:Every Second Counts
1435:Every Second Counts
1337:Every Second Counts
1318:Every Second Counts
1299:Every Second Counts
1265:Every Second Counts
1027:Bartley P. Griffith
985:In the Night Season
771:white South African
734:xenotransplantation
523:Tetralogy of Fallot
416:tetralogy of Fallot
402:Barnard grew up in
4425:Deaths from asthma
4066:Christiaan Barnard
3662:Organs and tissues
3549:Eugene van Tamelen
3538:Jean L. F. Tricart
3528:Jan Peter Toennies
3514:Peter C. Thonemann
3476:Heikki Suomalainen
3414:Stuart J. Saunders
3392:Stanley K. Runcorn
3388:Abraham J. A. Roux
3366:G. N. Ramachandran
3303:Jayant V. Narlikar
3298:Ilie G. Murgulescu
3288:Robert S. Mulliken
3247:William D. McElroy
3089:Guy Blaudin de Thé
3047:Christiaan Barnard
2934:. Fonthill Media.
2679:. 3 September 2001
2591:on 17 October 2016
2288:The New York Times
2252:10.1093/shm/hkw052
1932:The New York Times
1865:, McRae, page 190.
1801:. 21 February 2003
1709:Cooper DK (2012).
1190:The New York Times
980:Your Healthy Heart
921:
750:
541:Historical context
535:Professor Emeritus
513:, a top expert on
463:intestinal atresia
357:intestinal atresia
45:Christiaan Barnard
4318:
4317:
4300:Machine perfusion
4280:Edmonton protocol
4275:Biomedical tissue
4263:
4262:
4174:Vladimir Demikhov
4076:Adrian Kantrowitz
3828:Organ procurement
3587:
3586:
3564:William J. Whelan
3523:Alexander R. Todd
3518:Phillip V. Tobias
3472:Frederick Stewart
3442:Leonard T. Skeggs
3268:Desmond J. Morris
3235:Georges B. Koelle
3202:Adrian Kantrowitz
3197:Reginald V. Jones
3179:Alfred D. Hershey
3149:Kenneth O. Emergy
3095:Venancio Deulofeu
3085:Cornelis de Jager
2915:. Jonathan Ball.
2448:The Weekly Review
2416:The Weekly Review
2354:(26): 1035–1038.
2043:Los Angeles Times
1690:(13): 1132–1140.
1607:978-0-19-516150-2
1421:978-1-4406-2887-0
1408:(7 August 2007).
1368:(7327): 1478–80.
990:The Best Medicine
851:Ann McLane Kuster
840:Gina Lollobrigida
625:newspaper article
623:and an erroneous
585:Adrian Kantrowitz
547:kidney transplant
527:Ebstein's anomaly
515:organ transplants
511:Vladimir Demikhov
318:
317:
133:Years active
16:(Redirected from
4442:
4390:Afrikaner people
4347:
4346:
4345:
4335:
4334:
4333:
4326:
4122:Michael Woodruff
4056:
3787:Medical grafting
3614:
3607:
3600:
3591:
3574:Rosalyn S. Yalow
3569:Karel F. Wiesner
3554:Ulf S. von Euler
3533:Andrzej Trautman
3458:Leonard Sosnowky
3428:Glenn T. Seaborg
3397:Donald H. Sadler
3352:Jens J. Pindborg
3338:Arthur B. Pardee
3333:George E. Palade
3308:Louis E. F. NĂ©el
3273:Giuseppe Moruzzi
3258:Jerrold Meinwald
3238:Walther Manshard
3207:Nathan O. Kaplan
3184:Gerhard Herzberg
3175:Carl G. Gahmberg
3141:Mohammed El Fasi
3076:William J. Darby
3067:Harold G. Callan
3005:
2998:
2991:
2982:
2945:
2926:
2899:
2898:
2888:
2873:Cardiovasc J Afr
2864:
2858:
2857:
2855:
2853:
2832:
2826:
2825:
2815:
2783:
2777:
2776:
2751:
2745:
2744:
2742:
2740:
2731:. Archived from
2721:
2715:
2714:
2712:
2710:
2695:
2689:
2688:
2686:
2684:
2669:
2663:
2662:
2652:
2628:
2619:
2618:
2613:. Archived from
2607:
2601:
2600:
2598:
2596:
2577:
2571:
2570:
2563:
2557:
2556:
2554:
2552:
2537:
2531:
2530:
2508:
2502:
2501:
2499:
2497:
2488:. Archived from
2482:
2469:
2458:
2452:
2451:
2443:
2420:
2419:
2411:
2405:
2404:
2398:
2390:
2378:
2372:
2371:
2343:
2337:
2327:
2321:
2311:
2300:
2299:
2297:
2295:
2280:
2274:
2273:
2263:
2231:
2225:
2208:
2202:
2184:
2178:
2177:
2175:
2173:
2151:
2145:
2135:
2129:
2119:
2113:
2107:
2101:
2095:
2089:
2083:
2077:
2071:
2065:
2055:
2046:
2036:
2030:
2024:
2010:
2004:
2003:
2002:on 23 July 2011.
2001:
1995:. Archived from
1990:
1981:
1975:
1972:
1966:
1965:
1957:
1951:
1950:
1942:
1936:
1935:
1923:
1912:
1911:
1897:
1888:
1887:
1879:
1866:
1860:
1854:
1853:
1839:
1833:
1832:
1827:. Archived from
1817:
1811:
1810:
1808:
1806:
1791:
1785:
1775:
1769:
1768:
1767:. 20 March 2003.
1755:
1749:
1748:
1738:
1706:
1700:
1699:
1675:
1669:
1668:
1642:
1618:
1612:
1611:
1591:
1585:
1584:
1582:
1580:
1566:
1560:
1548:
1542:
1539:
1526:
1520:
1510:
1504:
1494:
1488:
1487:
1448:
1442:
1432:
1426:
1425:
1402:
1396:
1395:
1385:
1353:
1344:
1334:
1325:
1315:
1306:
1296:
1287:
1277:
1268:
1262:
1253:
1247:
1238:
1232:
1223:
1210:
1201:
1200:
1198:
1196:
1181:
1162:
1152:
1117:
1103:
1094:
1087:Louis Washkansky
1080:
1071:
1065:
907:, South Africa.
641:Louis Washkansky
570:heart transplant
438:Barnard did his
337:Louis Washkansky
329:heart transplant
231:
229:
225:
204:
202:
198:
186:Barbara Zoellner
177:
175:
171:
99:
96:2 September 2001
76:
74:
55:
41:
21:
4450:
4449:
4445:
4444:
4443:
4441:
4440:
4439:
4355:
4354:
4353:
4343:
4341:
4331:
4329:
4321:
4319:
4314:
4259:
4246:
4215:
4199:
4183:
4152:
4126:
4107:John P. Merrill
4090:
4047:
4002:
3981:Joint societies
3976:
3947:Blood Cancer UK
3934:
3928:
3871:
3869:
3863:
3837:
3809:
3805:Vascular bypass
3781:
3656:
3623:
3618:
3588:
3583:
3545:Constantin Vago
3510:Harold Thompson
3485:Charles Tanford
3462:Roger W. Sperry
3454:George D. Snell
3450:George J. Smets
3438:Frederick Seitz
3433:Ernest R. Sears
3348:Jacques Piccard
3228:Seymour S. Kety
3223:Donald W. Kerst
3166:David J. Finney
3156:Hans J. Eysenck
3145:Ernest L. Eliel
3123:Francisco J. Dy
3109:Audouin Dollfus
3104:Richard S. Doll
3052:Colin Blakemore
3015:
3009:
2952:
2942:
2929:
2923:
2910:
2907:
2905:Further reading
2902:
2866:
2865:
2861:
2851:
2849:
2834:
2833:
2829:
2785:
2784:
2780:
2774:
2753:
2752:
2748:
2738:
2736:
2723:
2722:
2718:
2708:
2706:
2697:
2696:
2692:
2682:
2680:
2671:
2670:
2666:
2630:
2629:
2622:
2609:
2608:
2604:
2594:
2592:
2579:
2578:
2574:
2565:
2564:
2560:
2550:
2548:
2539:
2538:
2534:
2527:
2517:The Second Life
2510:
2509:
2505:
2495:
2493:
2484:
2483:
2472:
2466:The Independent
2459:
2455:
2445:
2444:
2423:
2413:
2412:
2408:
2391:
2380:
2379:
2375:
2345:
2344:
2340:
2328:
2324:
2312:
2303:
2293:
2291:
2282:
2281:
2277:
2233:
2232:
2228:
2218:Wayback Machine
2209:
2205:
2185:
2181:
2171:
2169:
2153:
2152:
2148:
2140:, McRae, 2006,
2136:
2132:
2120:
2116:
2108:
2104:
2096:
2092:
2084:
2080:
2072:
2068:
2056:
2049:
2037:
2033:
2012:
2011:
2007:
1999:
1988:
1983:
1982:
1978:
1973:
1969:
1959:
1958:
1954:
1949:. South Africa.
1944:
1943:
1939:
1925:
1924:
1915:
1899:
1898:
1891:
1881:
1880:
1869:
1861:
1857:
1841:
1840:
1836:
1831:on 24 May 2016.
1819:
1818:
1814:
1804:
1802:
1793:
1792:
1788:
1776:
1772:
1757:
1756:
1752:
1708:
1707:
1703:
1677:
1676:
1672:
1620:
1619:
1615:
1608:
1593:
1592:
1588:
1578:
1576:
1568:
1567:
1563:
1549:
1545:
1533:
1531:Uomini come noi
1527:
1523:
1511:
1507:
1495:
1491:
1450:
1449:
1445:
1433:
1429:
1422:
1404:
1403:
1399:
1355:
1354:
1347:
1335:
1328:
1316:
1309:
1297:
1290:
1284:Chicago Tribune
1278:
1271:
1263:
1256:
1248:
1241:
1233:
1226:
1220:Wayback Machine
1211:
1204:
1194:
1192:
1183:
1182:
1165:
1153:
1120:
1104:
1097:
1081:
1074:
1066:
1059:
1055:
1023:
957:The Second Life
941:
913:
864:
836:The Second Life
825:
802:Soweto uprising
742:
711:Dorothy Fischer
703:Philip Blaiberg
687:
681:he was taking.
637:
543:
436:
400:
342:Philip Blaiberg
325:cardiac surgeon
310:
294:Sub-specialties
289:
234:
233:
230: 2000)
221:
217:
214:
206:
203: 1982)
194:
190:
187:
179:
176: 1969)
167:
163:
160:
128:
107:
101:
97:
88:
78:
77:8 November 1922
72:
70:
69:
68:
58:
57:Barnard in 1972
46:
37:
30:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4448:
4446:
4438:
4437:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4397:
4392:
4387:
4382:
4377:
4372:
4367:
4357:
4356:
4352:
4351:
4339:
4316:
4315:
4313:
4312:
4307:
4302:
4297:
4292:
4287:
4282:
4277:
4271:
4269:
4268:Related topics
4265:
4264:
4261:
4260:
4258:
4257:
4251:
4248:
4247:
4245:
4244:
4239:
4234:
4229:
4223:
4221:
4217:
4216:
4214:
4213:
4207:
4205:
4201:
4200:
4198:
4197:
4191:
4189:
4185:
4184:
4182:
4181:
4179:James D. Hardy
4176:
4171:
4169:Joel D. Cooper
4166:
4160:
4158:
4154:
4153:
4151:
4150:
4145:
4143:James D. Hardy
4140:
4134:
4132:
4128:
4127:
4125:
4124:
4119:
4117:Elizabeth Ward
4114:
4109:
4104:
4098:
4096:
4092:
4091:
4089:
4088:
4086:Norman Shumway
4083:
4078:
4073:
4071:James D. Hardy
4068:
4062:
4060:
4053:
4049:
4048:
4046:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4034:
4033:
4023:
4022:
4021:
4010:
4008:
4004:
4003:
4001:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3984:
3982:
3978:
3977:
3975:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3938:
3936:
3930:
3929:
3927:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3896:
3891:
3886:
3881:
3879:Eurotransplant
3875:
3873:
3870:and government
3865:
3864:
3862:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3845:
3843:
3839:
3838:
3836:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3819:
3817:
3815:Organ donation
3811:
3810:
3808:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3791:
3789:
3783:
3782:
3780:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3748:
3747:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3666:
3664:
3658:
3657:
3655:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3643:
3642:
3631:
3629:
3625:
3624:
3619:
3617:
3616:
3609:
3602:
3594:
3585:
3584:
3582:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3543:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3495:John M. Tedder
3492:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3459:
3456:
3451:
3448:
3443:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3412:
3407:
3406:Nobufusa Saito
3404:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3386:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3371:Gunnar Randers
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3350:
3345:
3343:David Phillips
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3293:Walter H. Munk
3290:
3285:
3280:
3278:Nevill F. Mott
3275:
3270:
3265:
3263:Harry Melville
3260:
3255:
3254:John McMichael
3252:
3251:Henry McIlwain
3249:
3244:
3239:
3236:
3233:
3232:Prem N. Kirpal
3230:
3225:
3220:
3217:
3212:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3191:
3189:David H. Hubel
3186:
3181:
3176:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3161:Don W. Fawcett
3158:
3153:
3150:
3147:
3142:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3127:John C. Eccles
3124:
3121:
3119:Gerald Durrell
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3099:Frank J. Dixon
3096:
3093:
3090:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3062:Norman Borlaug
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3038:M. Balasegaram
3036:
3034:James Baddiley
3031:
3026:
3020:
3017:
3016:
3010:
3008:
3007:
3000:
2993:
2985:
2979:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2951:
2950:External links
2948:
2947:
2946:
2940:
2927:
2922:978-1868421633
2921:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2900:
2859:
2827:
2778:
2772:
2746:
2716:
2690:
2664:
2620:
2602:
2572:
2558:
2532:
2525:
2503:
2492:on 23 May 2009
2470:
2453:
2421:
2406:
2373:
2338:
2322:
2301:
2275:
2246:(2): 408–428.
2226:
2203:
2179:
2146:
2130:
2114:
2102:
2090:
2078:
2066:
2047:
2031:
2005:
1993:sabcnews.co.za
1976:
1967:
1952:
1937:
1913:
1889:
1867:
1855:
1834:
1812:
1786:
1770:
1750:
1701:
1670:
1633:(4): 235–240.
1613:
1606:
1586:
1561:
1543:
1521:
1505:
1489:
1443:
1427:
1420:
1397:
1345:
1326:
1307:
1288:
1269:
1254:
1239:
1224:
1202:
1163:
1118:
1116:(48): 1271–74.
1095:
1072:
1068:Organ Donation
1056:
1054:
1051:
1050:
1049:
1047:Geoffrey Tovey
1044:
1039:
1037:Pierre Grondin
1034:
1029:
1022:
1019:
1018:
1017:
1012:
1007:
1002:
997:
992:
987:
982:
977:
940:
937:
912:
909:
863:
860:
856:Pete McCloskey
824:
821:
813:
812:
809:
800:Regarding the
798:
795:
792:
789:
785:
755:Marius Barnard
741:
738:
686:
683:
668:Denise Darvall
647:and incurable
636:
633:
589:Norman Shumway
574:xenotransplant
542:
539:
492:Norman Shumway
435:
432:
399:
396:
333:Denise Darvall
316:
315:
312:
311:
309:
308:
303:
297:
295:
291:
290:
288:
287:
284:
278:
276:
272:
271:
266:
262:
261:
259:Medical career
255:
254:
251:Marius Barnard
248:
244:
243:
240:
236:
235:
219:
215:
213:Karin Setzkorn
212:
211:
210:
209:
192:
188:
185:
184:
183:
182:
165:
161:
158:
157:
156:
155:
152:
150:
146:
145:
142:
141:Known for
138:
137:
134:
130:
129:
127:
126:
121:
115:
113:
109:
108:
102:
100:(aged 78)
94:
90:
89:
79:
66:
64:
60:
59:
56:
48:
47:
44:
28:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4447:
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4413:
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4408:
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4401:
4398:
4396:
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4388:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4366:
4363:
4362:
4360:
4350:
4340:
4338:
4328:
4324:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4272:
4270:
4266:
4256:
4253:
4252:
4249:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4237:Donna Mansell
4235:
4233:
4230:
4228:
4227:Alexis Carrel
4225:
4224:
4222:
4218:
4212:
4209:
4208:
4206:
4202:
4196:
4193:
4192:
4190:
4186:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4161:
4159:
4155:
4149:
4148:Thomas Starzl
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4135:
4133:
4129:
4123:
4120:
4118:
4115:
4113:
4112:Joseph Murray
4110:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4099:
4097:
4093:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4081:Richard Lower
4079:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4063:
4061:
4057:
4054:
4050:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4032:
4029:
4028:
4027:
4024:
4020:
4017:
4016:
4015:
4012:
4011:
4009:
4005:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3985:
3983:
3979:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3942:Anthony Nolan
3940:
3939:
3937:
3935:organizations
3931:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3876:
3874:
3866:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3846:
3844:
3842:Complications
3840:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3820:
3818:
3816:
3812:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3800:Skin grafting
3798:
3796:
3795:Bone grafting
3793:
3792:
3790:
3788:
3784:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3746:
3743:
3742:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3667:
3665:
3663:
3659:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3641:
3638:
3637:
3636:
3633:
3632:
3630:
3626:
3622:
3615:
3610:
3608:
3603:
3601:
3596:
3595:
3592:
3580:
3579:John Z. Young
3577:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3500:Edward Teller
3498:
3496:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3467:Lyman Spitzer
3465:
3463:
3460:
3457:
3455:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3446:Stefan Ĺšlopek
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3413:
3411:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3313:Yuval Ne'eman
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3242:Georges Mathé
3240:
3237:
3234:
3231:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:Peter E. Kent
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:Leo A. Kaprio
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:Osmo H. Järvi
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3137:Manfred Eigen
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3094:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3042:Frank Barnaby
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3021:
3018:
3014:
3006:
3001:
2999:
2994:
2992:
2987:
2986:
2983:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2953:
2949:
2943:
2941:9781781556399
2937:
2933:
2928:
2924:
2918:
2914:
2909:
2908:
2904:
2896:
2892:
2887:
2882:
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2860:
2847:
2843:
2842:
2837:
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2828:
2823:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2782:
2779:
2775:
2773:9789814699365
2769:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2750:
2747:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2720:
2717:
2705:
2701:
2694:
2691:
2678:
2674:
2668:
2665:
2660:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2627:
2625:
2621:
2616:
2612:
2606:
2603:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2576:
2573:
2568:
2562:
2559:
2546:
2542:
2536:
2533:
2528:
2526:80-7106-096-8
2522:
2518:
2514:
2507:
2504:
2491:
2487:
2481:
2479:
2477:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2457:
2454:
2449:
2442:
2440:
2438:
2436:
2434:
2432:
2430:
2428:
2426:
2422:
2417:
2410:
2407:
2402:
2396:
2388:
2384:
2377:
2374:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2342:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2326:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2310:
2308:
2306:
2302:
2290:. 7 July 1994
2289:
2285:
2279:
2276:
2271:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2230:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2212:
2207:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2189:, McRae, see
2188:
2183:
2180:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2150:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2134:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2118:
2115:
2111:
2106:
2103:
2099:
2094:
2091:
2087:
2082:
2079:
2075:
2070:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2054:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2035:
2032:
2028:
2022:
2021:
2016:
2009:
2006:
1998:
1994:
1987:
1980:
1977:
1971:
1968:
1963:
1956:
1953:
1948:
1941:
1938:
1933:
1929:
1922:
1920:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1896:
1894:
1890:
1885:
1878:
1876:
1874:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1859:
1856:
1851:
1850:
1845:
1838:
1835:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1816:
1813:
1800:
1796:
1790:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1774:
1771:
1766:
1765:
1760:
1759:"James Hardy"
1754:
1751:
1746:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1728:
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646:
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612:Hamilton Naki
609:
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596:Richard Lower
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488:Walt Lillehei
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475:
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456:Cape Province
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408:Cape Province
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4164:Fikri Alican
4138:Fikri Alican
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3505:Howard Temin
3381:Rex Richards
3361:Hermann Rahn
3171:Val L. Fitch
3132:Paul Ehrlich
3057:Aage N. Bohr
3046:
3029:Werner Arber
2931:
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2876:
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2862:
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2846:the original
2839:
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2749:
2737:. Retrieved
2733:the original
2728:
2719:
2707:. Retrieved
2704:The Guardian
2703:
2693:
2681:. Retrieved
2676:
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2615:the original
2605:
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2589:the original
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2490:the original
2465:
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2195:pages 208–09
2186:
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2027:Hidden Heart
2026:
2020:The Guardian
2018:
2008:
1997:the original
1992:
1979:
1970:
1964:. Abu Dhabi.
1962:The National
1961:
1955:
1946:
1940:
1931:
1908:
1904:
1883:
1862:
1858:
1849:The Guardian
1847:
1837:
1829:the original
1824:
1815:
1803:. Retrieved
1798:
1789:
1777:
1773:
1762:
1761:. Obituary.
1753:
1721:(1): 49–57.
1718:
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1577:. Retrieved
1564:
1551:
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1456:
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1298:
1283:
1264:
1193:. Retrieved
1189:
1159:Donald McRae
1154:
1113:
1105:
1015:Body Machine
1014:
1009:
1004:
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875:
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844:Pope Paul VI
835:
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775:
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730:cyclosporine
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656:Peter Singer
653:
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621:Hidden Heart
620:
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496:aortic valve
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275:Institutions
258:
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4370:2001 deaths
4365:1922 births
4242:Bruce Reitz
3894:LifeSharers
3872:departments
3833:Organ trade
3675:Bone marrow
3490:Henry Taube
3410:Abdus Salam
2879:(1): 31–5.
2841:Cyprus Mail
2739:26 November
1799:NYTimes.com
1534: [
1303:pages 48–49
1106:S Afr Med J
886:Switzerland
759:legislature
740:Public life
660:Helga Kuhse
617:discredited
602:During the
566:Mississippi
554:James Hardy
4359:Categories
3745:islet cell
3715:Heart–lung
3559:Alan Walsh
3480:Pol Swings
3385:Jean Rösch
2709:2 December
2643:(1): 1–2.
2595:13 October
2513:DruhĂ˝ dech
1947:Times Live
1805:24 January
1579:8 November
1570:"About Us"
1195:30 January
1053:References
965:0947461388
953:0245599525
862:Retirement
806:Steve Biko
484:Vince Gott
440:internship
398:Early life
265:Profession
73:1922-11-08
4349:Biography
4007:Countries
3720:Intestine
3542:Ioan Ursu
2798:(2): 11.
2551:8 October
2395:cite news
2197:in which
2167:0040-781X
2124:, McRae,
1665:132459822
1649:2078-5135
1499:, McRae,
1437:, McRae,
1339:, McRae,
1320:, McRae,
1301:, McRae,
1091:Boyd Rush
975:The Donor
817:King Lear
761:from the
753:brother,
709:patient,
675:pneumonia
604:Apartheid
578:Boyd Rush
537:in 1984.
444:residency
426:in 1945.
361:Cape Town
253:(brother)
247:Relatives
136:1950–2001
112:Education
4337:Medicine
4285:Eye bank
4188:Pancreas
3972:ORGANIZE
3933:Advocacy
3740:Pancreas
2895:19287813
2852:15 March
2822:30083541
2683:16 March
2659:11782747
2450:: 16–17.
2294:28 March
2270:29713117
2214:Archived
2191:page 207
2142:page 187
2126:page 189
1745:22275786
1657:31084688
1558:Springer
1481:44625805
1473:20497008
1392:11751363
1216:Archived
1021:See also
945:One Life
935:attack.
645:diabetes
347:Born in
239:Children
106:, Cyprus
4323:Portals
3685:Corneal
2886:4200566
2813:6062759
2496:10 June
2261:5914447
2062:Haaretz
1736:3246856
1501:page 54
1439:page 49
1383:1121917
1341:page 53
1322:page 51
929:autopsy
893:Austria
562:Jackson
556:at the
500:atresia
446:at the
367:at the
269:Surgeon
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925:Paphos
877:Glycel
519:Marius
434:Career
424:MB ChB
384:Glycel
104:Paphos
4220:Other
4204:Penis
4131:Liver
4059:Heart
3752:Penis
3730:Liver
3710:Heart
3680:Brain
3628:Types
2515:[
2418:: 13.
2172:1 May
2000:(PDF)
1989:(PDF)
1661:S2CID
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1477:S2CID
939:Books
911:Death
905:Parow
829:Ceres
452:Ceres
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3952:DKMS
3757:Skin
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3670:Bone
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2936:ISBN
2917:ISBN
2891:PMID
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2796:2018
2768:ISBN
2741:2018
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2401:link
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2163:ISSN
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