677:, the Italians tried to distract the Ethiopians with potential loot by sending their pack mules out of their camp. The plan failed, and the Ethiopians followed the mules back to the Italian camp, killing the wounded and looting the supplies there. With most of their officers dead, the remaining Italian troops gathered on a hill and raised their hands to indicate their surrender. The Ethiopians did not understand the gesture and killed the unarmed soldiers. The rest of the Italians then rushed down the hill to their tanks and attempted to board lorries to escape. Shifferaw was killed, but his father—who had accompanied him to the battle—told the hesitant Ethiopian troops that he was alive and had given an order to pursue the Italians. At the base of the hill the Ethiopians overturned the Italians' lorries and set them ablaze. They also overturned and destroyed three tanks and captured another three intact. One of the tank crews was killed when the Ethiopians boarded their vehicle, another crew was shot as they attempted to escape over a river, and the third crew was spared when they exited their tank shouting "Cristos". The Italian Eritrean colonial troops hid behind vehicles and trees while the Ethiopians attempted to hunt them down.
670:, Major Criniti, requested air support from the Italian forces in Axum and bolstered his garrison by deploying a squadron of light tanks. One tank was dispatched to scout the area below the pass. Shifferaw ordered his men to hold their fire, but they were eager to shoot and ignored their commander's instruction. When the tank returned fire with its dual machine guns, most of Shifferaw's men broke and fled. One Ethiopian soldier boarded the tank and began banging on the turret and demanding that the occupants open it. As the driver of the tank reversed, the gunners opened the turret and the soldier decapitated them with his sword. Watching from the pass, the Italians were alarmed by what they had seen and decided to attempt a break-out through the Ethiopian lines with their nine remaining tanks. When the Italians advanced 2,000 of Shifferaw's men began to retreat. He accosted them, saying, "Are you women? Can't you see that I'm here?" and then rallied them with his horn. In the ensuing clash Criniti was wounded and two Italian officers were killed before the rest retreated back to the pass.
655:. The river valley divided Italian-held western Tigray from the Begemder, another river which flowed through a deep gorge. As a ruse, Imru dispatched a column in the opposite direction—northwest—during the daytime. The Italians observed its direction and attacked it with aircraft, while Imru and Birru took the rest of their men northeast during the nighttime. Just before dawn on 15 December the Ethiopian force crossed the Tekezé at two fords. Imru's 2,000-strong advance guard went across without facing any opposition. Nine miles upstream Birru's advance guard, led by
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Ethiopians that
Italian tanks had been stranded and abandoned and that Italian native troops were mutinying. Later, a report was issued that Ethiopian warriors had captured eighteen tanks, thirty-three field guns, 175 machine guns, and 2,605 rifles. In addition, this report indicated that the Ethiopians had wiped out an entire legion of the
686:
tanks attempted to maneuver around it but slipped off the road and became stuck. The
Ethiopians set two other tanks on fire captured two more Italians. The rest of the column retreated. On 16 December the Ethiopians advanced until they were only 12 miles from Axum and took up position along a ridge.
685:
paramilitary column of trucks and ten tanks was dispatched from Axum to conduct a counter-attack. The
Ethiopians ambushed the column two or three miles outside of Enda Selassie, blocking its path by rolling boulders across the road. They killed the driver of the lead tank, immobilising it. Two other
689:
Ethiopian morale was high after the battle, which had proven that they could fight the
Italians effectively. The Ethiopians claimed to have killed 500 Italian and Eritrean troops, and captured 50 machine guns, much to the pleasure of Imru, since his army possessed none. The capture of Enda Selassie
734:
The news from the "northern front" was generally bad for Italy. However, foreign correspondents in Addis Ababa publicly took up knitting to mock their lack of access to the front. There was no way for them to verify reports that 4,700 Italians had been captured. The correspondents were told by the
819:
In early
January 1936, the Ethiopian forces on the "northern front" were in the hills everywhere overlooking the Italian positions and launching attacks against them on a regular basis. Mussolini was impatient for an Italian offensive to get under way and for the Ethiopians to be swept from the
680:
At 16:00 Imru's force arrived at the battle, and together the
Ethiopians captured another two Italian tanks and killed their crews. The combined Ethiopian force then closely pursued the Eritrean troops five miles up the road to Enda Selassie. After clearing the town they paused to rest. Since
769:
On 18 December, millions of
Italians participated in what was known as the "Harvest of Gold". To raise money for the war and as a pledge of faith to the Fascist regime, they handed over their wedding rings. In exchange for bands made of gold, they were given rings made of steel, with even
447:. This proved to be the limit of how far the Italian invaders would progress under the command of De Bono. Increasing pressure from the rest of the world on Mussolini caused him to need quick victories, and he was not prepared to hear of obstacles or delays from De Bono.
791:. The Italians delivered the poison gas by special artillery canisters and with bombers of the Italian Air Force. While the poorly equipped Ethiopians experienced some success against modern weaponry, they did not understand the "terrible rain that burned and killed".
761:
The
Christmas Offensive was a time that informed circles in Italy termed the "Black Period" of the war. Badoglio's inability to get the Italians back on the offensive immediately caused Mussolini to fly into a rage, and he threatened to replace Badoglio with General
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In addition to being granted permission to use poison gas, Badoglio received additional ground forces; elements of the
Italian III and IV Corps arrived in Eritrea during early 1936. What followed was a series of battles starting with the
827:
Desta Damtew did little in 1935 and his invasion of
Italian Somaliland did not get under way until early January 1936. By then his army had been reduced to approximately 15,000 men, less than one-quarter of its size when first raised in
663:, despite orders from Birru not to move past the ford. Shortly after dawn they encountered an Italian horseback patrol. The Ethiopians quickly opened fire and when the patrol retreated they charged, until Shifferaw ordered them to halt.
803:. He claimed that Italy's use of poison gas was yet another addition to the long list of international agreements contravened by Italy. In response, the Italians denied that poison gas was being used and, instead, decried the use of "
782:
The Ethiopian offensive was ultimately stopped due to the Italian forces' superior modern weapons, such as machine guns and heavy artillery. More importantly, on 26 December, Badoglio asked for and was given permission to use
494:
The "Christmas Offensive" had as its objectives the splitting of the Italian forces in the north with the Ethiopian center, crushing the Italian left with the Ethiopian right, and invading Eritrea with the Ethiopian left.
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and Imru's force was joined by Ayalew and his forces. Selassie, who was in Dessie at the time, sent a message via aircraft, ordering Ayalew to halt his attacks along the Setit and to advance with Imru's forces on the
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486:. From there, he decided to test this new Italian commander with an offensive of his own. Haile Selassie's test was launched on the 15 December and became known as the Ethiopian "Christmas Offensive".
844:. On 20 January, the beginning of the inconclusive First Battle of Tembien marked the end of the Ethiopian "Christmas Offensive" and also marked a shift of the offensive back to the Italians.
659:
Shifferaw, crossed at Mai Timchet and eliminated a small Italian stone fort before proceeding up the Gondar-Adowa mule track towards the Dembeguina Pass, which was garrisoned by the Italian
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Imru advanced from Gojjam, his forces were bombed for the first time. Badly shaken by the bombing, about half his army abandoned him to return to Gojjam. Imru then entered the territory of
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field. In response to his frequent exhortations, Badoglio cabled Mussolini: "It has always been my rule to be meticulous in preparation so that I may be swift in action."
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also gave the Ethiopians a commanding position over the Tekezé fords, and after the battle the remainder of Imru's and Birru's armies hurried across the river.
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The news for the Italians from the "southern front" was no better. By the end of the year, it was general knowledge at every marketplace that
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invaded Abyssinia. De Bono's advance continued methodically, deliberately, and, to the consternation of Italian dictator
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Seyoum. Amba Aradam was a steep sided, flat topped mountain directly in the way of an Italian advance on Addis Ababa.
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Seyoum to split the Italian army in two and isolate the Italian I Army Corps and the Italian III Army Corps in
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Italian-held Axum was only 30 miles away, they eventually resumed their advance. At the same time, an Italian
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Imru's advance on the left, the other Ethiopian armies had made progress during the offensive as well.
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The four commanders had approximately 190,000 men facing approximately 125,000 Italians and Eritreans.
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with about 30,000 men. On the 5 December, Abbi Addi had fallen to the Italians and, on 22 December,
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Mulugeta would then descend from Amba Aradam and crush both corps. According to this plan, after
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UN offensive into North Korea § The Home by Christmas offensive (24–25 November)
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on the northern front because of the slow, cautious nature of De Bono's advance.
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and that the Italians had lost at least 3,000 men. Rome denied these figures.
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Iron Hulls, Iron Hearts: Mussolini's elite armoured divisions in North Africa
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832:. Ultimately, Desta Damtew's offensive became known as the disastrous
1242:. Stanford, California: Hoover Institute Press, Stanford University.
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Nicolle, David, "The Italian Invasion of Abyssinia 1935-1936", p. 8.
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List of Italian military equipment in the Second Italo-Ethiopian War
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On 30 December, Haile Selassie formally filed a complaint with the
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with approximately 80,000 men to take positions on and around
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was advancing directly towards the Italian positions at
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On the 16 November, De Bono was promoted to the rank of
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The Civilising Mission: The Italo-Ethiopian War 1935–6
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List of Second Italo-Ethiopian War weapons of Ethiopia
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Fortunately for the Italians on the "southern front",
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Test Case: Italy, Ethiopia, and the League of Nations
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Ethiopian Order of Battle Second Italo-Abyssinian War
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Italian Order of Battle Second Italo-Abyssinian War
706:Kassa advanced to Abbi Addi and joined up with
28:
1479:Military operations involving chemical weapons
48:Troop movements during the Christmas Offensive
290:
8:
629:Imru retook Adwa, he was to invade Eritrea.
544:with approximately 40,000 men advanced from
521:with approximately 40,000 men advanced from
1316:The Italian Invasion of Abyssinia 1935-1936
726:and from Amba Tzellene to the Warieu Pass.
458:); however, in December he was replaced by
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1459:Battles of the Second Italo-Ethiopian War
940:Equivalent to Commander of the Vanguard.
609:The ambitious Ethiopian plan called for
16:Battle of the Second Italo-Ethiopian War
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435:On the 3 October 1935, Italian General
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1318:. Westminster, MD: Osprey, 48 pages.
559:, the Minister of War, advanced from
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710:Seyoum in the center. On the right,
1414:. February 10, 1936. Archived from
1390:. January 20, 1936. Archived from
1366:. December 2, 1935. Archived from
60:15 December 1935 – 20 January 1936
19:For the Korean War offensive, see
14:
807:" bullets and the mis-use of the
757:Black period of the war for Italy
1299:. New York: Olive Branch Press.
737:2nd CC.NN. Division "28 Ottobre"
482:moved his field headquarters to
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1484:Italian war crimes in Ethiopia
1280:. New York: Ballantine Books.
749:was massing an army to invade
1:
774:participating in the pledge.
1489:History of the Tigray Region
859:Army of the Ethiopian Empire
730:Generally bad news for Italy
931:Equivalent to Central Army.
637:On the 4 December 1935, as
582:was on the Ethiopian left,
1505:
533:Seyoum. In a push towards
410:Second Italo-Ethiopian War
309:Second Italo-Ethiopian War
36:Second Italo-Ethiopian War
18:
1295:Mockler, Anthony (2003).
1278:The Rape of Ethiopia 1936
633:Battle at Dembeguina Pass
473:On the 30 November 1935,
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1337:. Marlborough: Crowood.
1238:Baer, George W. (1976).
1384:"First White Prisoners"
1333:Walker, Ian W. (2003).
1314:Nicolle, David (1997).
842:First Battle of Tembien
785:chemical warfare agents
427:which started the war.
1276:Barker, A. J. (1971).
1257:Barker, A. J. (1968).
918:Roughly equivalent to
901:Usually translated as
834:Battle of Genale Doria
668:Gruppo Bande Altopiani
661:Gruppo Bande Altopiani
552:Seyoum in the center.
408:took place during the
266:33 field guns captured
141:Commanders and leaders
666:The commander of the
512:Seyoum took it back.
504:held the area around
255:Casualties and losses
1464:December 1935 events
1418:on December 15, 2008
1394:on November 13, 2005
1370:on December 22, 2011
1297:Haile Selassie's War
1160:, February 10, 1936.
456:Maresciallo d'Italia
1469:January 1936 events
1261:. London: Cassell.
1148:, December 2, 1935.
811:by the Ethiopians.
598:in the center, and
519:Imru Haile Selassie
420:to an ever-slowing
406:Christmas Offensive
269:At least 500 killed
29:Christmas Offensive
1063:, pp. 78, 80.
879:Royal Italian Army
751:Italian Somaliland
1474:Conflicts in 1936
1454:Conflicts in 1935
1325:978-1-85532-692-7
1306:978-1-56656-473-1
1287:978-0-345-02462-6
1268:978-0-304-93201-6
1104:, pp. 79–80.
1075:, pp. 78–79.
801:League of Nations
714:Mulugeta and the
602:Mulugeta and the
542:Kassa Haile Darge
412:. The Ethiopian
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264:18 tanks captured
262:6 tanks destroyed
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81:Ethiopian victory
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1444:1935 in Ethiopia
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607:
605:
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597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
578:Imru and his
577:
572:
570:
566:
562:
558:
555:
551:
547:
543:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
517:
513:
511:
507:
503:
500:
499:
489:
487:
485:
481:
478:
477:
476:Nəgusä Nägäst
469:The offensive
468:
466:
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461:
457:
453:
448:
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321:
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311:
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295:
293:
288:
286:
281:
280:
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268:
260:3,000+ killed
259:
258:
253:
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45:
40:
37:
32:
27:
22:
1430:
1422:September 8,
1420:. Retrieved
1416:the original
1411:
1396:. Retrieved
1392:the original
1387:
1374:September 8,
1372:. Retrieved
1368:the original
1363:
1360:"Needlework"
1334:
1315:
1296:
1277:
1258:
1239:
1221:
1216:
1204:
1192:
1165:
1157:
1153:
1143:
1139:
1117:Mockler 2003
1102:Mockler 2003
1097:
1090:Mockler 2003
1073:Mockler 2003
1068:
1061:Mockler 2003
1056:
1049:Mockler 2003
1032:Mockler 2003
1027:
1001:
989:
977:
969:
936:
927:
914:
897:
838:
824:
822:
818:
798:
781:
768:
760:
747:Desta Damtew
743:
741:
733:
716:Mahel Sefari
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
697:
688:
679:
672:
667:
665:
660:
656:
653:Tekezé River
648:Ayalew Birru
643:
638:
636:
626:
622:
614:
610:
608:
604:Mahel Sefari
603:
599:
591:
583:
575:
573:
568:
553:
549:
538:
530:
515:
514:
509:
497:
493:
474:
472:
455:
449:
434:
405:
403:
363:Lake Ashenge
338:Ganale Doria
327:
208:
194:
180:
166:
95:
90:Belligerents
34:Part of the
1408:"The Front"
1209:Barker 1971
1197:Barker 1971
1185:Barker 1971
1170:Barker 1971
1132:Barker 1971
1020:Barker 1971
994:Barker 1971
982:Barker 1968
789:mustard gas
673:Completely
565:Amba Aradam
548:to support
535:Warieu Pass
393:Addis Ababa
368:2nd Tembien
343:1st Tembien
1438:Categories
1398:January 3,
1232:References
683:Blackshirt
613:Kassa and
527:Mai Timket
490:Objectives
431:Background
1222:Test Case
972:, p. 176.
970:Test Case
947:Citations
890:Footnotes
815:Aftermath
809:Red Cross
772:the Queen
675:encircled
657:Fitaurari
644:Fitawrari
506:Abbi Addi
425:offensive
414:offensive
358:Mai LahlĂ
328:Christmas
224:III Corps
69:Northern
848:See also
787:such as
242:Strength
211:Mulugeta
134:Ethiopia
71:Ethiopia
65:Location
1224:, p.181
907:Emperor
805:dum dum
525:toward
460:Marshal
422:Italian
383:Maychew
353:Enderta
323:De Bono
250:190,000
247:125,000
222:I Corps
1341:
1322:
1303:
1284:
1265:
1246:
1220:Baer,
968:Baer,
720:Makale
619:Makale
561:Dessie
546:Gondar
523:Gojjam
484:Dessie
445:Makale
388:Ogaden
378:Gondar
348:Uarieu
183:Seyoum
131:
103:
78:Result
885:Notes
373:Shire
169:Kassa
106:Italy
1424:2009
1412:Time
1400:2010
1388:Time
1376:2009
1364:Time
1339:ISBN
1320:ISBN
1301:ISBN
1282:ISBN
1263:ISBN
1244:ISBN
1158:Time
1145:Time
920:Duke
724:Axum
590:and
404:The
333:Dolo
197:Imru
57:Date
905:or
825:Ras
744:Ras
712:Ras
708:Ras
704:Ras
700:Ras
639:Ras
627:Ras
623:Ras
615:Ras
611:Ras
600:Ras
592:Ras
584:Ras
576:Ras
569:Ras
554:Ras
550:Ras
539:Ras
531:Ras
516:Ras
510:Ras
498:Ras
209:Ras
195:Ras
181:Ras
167:Ras
1440::
1410:.
1386:.
1362:.
1177:^
1124:^
1109:^
1080:^
1039:^
1010:^
955:^
836:.
766:.
753:.
621:.
537:,
1426:.
1402:.
1378:.
1347:.
1328:.
1309:.
1290:.
1271:.
1252:.
922:.
909:.
454:(
298:e
291:t
284:v
23:.
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