701:
steep, rugged slopes to "delightful" lakes, and finally reached an altitude of 8,000 feet in order to "survey Mt. Bryce and its approaches . . . with strong field glasses." On August 21, they begin their climb at 4:40 in the morning, roped together before tackling the snow wall, and continued thus throughout the day." One 70 feet high cliff "threatened defeat," but "Christian immediately led the way: Hold after hold gave way as tried them one by one, and fragments rattled down the gully and leapt from rock to rock in ever growing bounds till, lost to sight and sound, they dashed to final rest upon the glacier 6,000 feet below . . . Fortunately
Kaufmann is a magnificent rock-climber, and it was a treat to watch the skill and science he displayed in his advance slowly and cautiously towards his goal." Kaufmann, "sometimes with arms and legs outstretched, like great starfish," overcame one difficulty after another "with cat-like tread, face inwards towards the slope." After reaching the 11,750-foot summit, eleven hours later, at 3:40 pm, they spent little time at the top. But they soon realize that the 70 feet of cliff encountered earlier could not be descended before dark. Rather than freezing without shelter in arctic winds during a night, Kaufmann decided to descend the mountain in darkness. Outram, still roped to his guide, went first, and Kaufmann, in the upper, less secure position, moved cautiously down the rocky cliff.
879:(1846-1931) also attempted to climb the mountain by a more difficult route. Christian and Benham were successful, but Hans and Fay had to abandon the climb due to snowy conditions. To honor his accomplishments, Fay, a respected mountaineer, had been promised that Heejee Peak (#1) would be named in his honor by the Geographic Board of Canada, and he wanted to be the first to climb the mountain, which was to bear his name. Fay was angered that he had been beaten to the top and suspected that the Kaufmann brothers had played a trick on him. Fay was emphatic that he had been misled: âI should have probably made the first ascent of the new Mt. Fay which I missed by Hans Kaufmann's leading me, against my protest, up Consolation Valley, while Christian led Miss Benham around by the familiar âHourglass Couloirâ to its virgin summit.â He accused the Kaufmanns of conspiracy and demanded that the CPR dismiss them. In the end, Hans Kaufmann's contract was not renewed, and, at the end of the 1904 season, he ended guiding in Canada. Christian continued working for the CPR until the end of the 1906 season.
960:
seven weeks (from June 20 to August 10, 1909) in the Valais, ascending 9 peaks, including Monte Rosa, Lyskamm, and
Aigille du GrĂ©pon. Allen, grandson of Harriet Beecher Stowe, was âone of the foremost authorities on the use of anestheticsâ and worked in Cuba with General Leonard Wood on the causes and prevention of yellow fever. J. Duke Smith, a fellow Alpine enthusiast from Boston, often join Allen and Kaufmann (e.g., Matterhorn, Rothorn, and the âHigh-level Route from Chamonix to Zermatt"). He comments that âwhatever I have learned about the mountains I owe to Christian.â The Sanders familyâHarry, Jack, Cathi, and Helenâfrom London made rigorous climbs with Kaufmann in 1908 and 1909. On June 26, 1908, Ethel Reddan (Hampstead, London), a member of the Ladies Alpine Club, climbed the Wetterhorn as well as the Little and Big Schreckhorn with Kaufmann.
531:, Outram says that âbig climbing commenced on July 19 and between this date & Aug. 26, 10 first ascents of larger peaks were made, several new passes and a considerable quantity of mountain exploration achieved. On all but two occasions Kaufmann & I climbed alone, as my expected companions were unable at the last moment to make the trip, and he is one of a very small number of Swiss guides with whom such an undertaking could be safely carried through, as the conditions were such that only the highest qualities of skill & experience could have achievedâwith only two on the ropeâ without accident or extreme peril on several of the climbs we made. No praise could be too great for his work on Mt. Bryce, whilst on Mt. Forbes and numerous other occasions he had opportunity to demonstrate his quite first-class ability and did so most thoroughly.â
364:âan accomplished explorer and mountaineerâclimbed seven weeks with Kaufmann, completing a staggering sixteen ascents in the Bernese, Graian, and Pennine alps. Longstaff considered himself very lucky to be able to employ Kaufmann, "a first-rate guide . . . young, very handsome, refined, and of quick intelligence . . . a real artist," who brilliantly tackled peaks that he "had never seen, much less set foot on." By observing Kaufmann, he says he "learned more mountaineering than could have gained by any other means." Ada (1877-1949) and Elizabeth (born 1878) Crossley from Burnley, England, comment that their climbs were "long and difficult , adding that "it is only guides of exceptional ability who would undertake it with two ladies." Daniel P. Rhodes, who later wrote
943:
considering the snow too dangerous at 20,700 feet. A third attempt on
September 30 that began at 2 am and involved crossing the Zemu glacier by moonlight was also abandoned because of deep, soft snow and inclement weather at 20,000 feet. In his various reports to the Alpine Club (London), Kellas says that the Kaufmanns turned back because of heavy snow and storms. Although he later explains that the Swiss guides were unsatisfactory, he never directly says the Kaufmanns suffered from altitude sickness; however, Himalaya summits are predominantly over 20,000 feet, and the Kaufmanns were accustomed to heights of 10,000 to 16,000 feet, so that Swiss guides were not as acclimatized to such heights as the native sherpas.
872:, an English mountaineer and traveler, who had climbed many Alpine peaks in her youth with her father. She employed both Kaufmanns and climbed numerous peaks with them: Mts. Lefroy, Victoria, Whyte, Stephen, Temple, Assiniboine, as well as Pope's Peak, Yamnee Peak, Shappee Peak, and an unknown summit; four were first ascents. One of their most strenuous expeditions took place in late August 1904. Leaving Lake Louise at midnight, Benham and the Kaufmanns crossed Abbott Pass, descended to Lake OâHara, making their way along Cataract Valley to the summit of Mt. Stephen, reaching the top at 7:30 pm, and, finally, descending after dark to the town of Field, arriving at 3:00 am, 27 hours after leaving Lake Louise.
732:. . . There had been some competition and even animosity between the two when Outram made the first ascent of Mount Columbia following Collie's preparatory exploration of the area. The fine Victorian manners of both gentlemen were demonstrated on this first ascent. At one point Collie, rather than increase the risk to his companions of being the fourth on the rope, abandoned the ascent. After Outram successfully climbed the second cliff, he sent Christian and Hans Kaufmann back down to accompany Collie up the difficult section, feeling that Collie, 'more than all the rest, deserved the gratification and honour of being the first to conquer Mount Forbes'."
739:(1861-1940) and his wife Francis (1872â1937) to the summit of Mt. Stephen; both Westons were experienced mountaineers and are credited with introducing mountain climbing in Japan during the late-nineteenth century. Walter commented that Kaufmann's "strength & skill are only equalled by his care & attention. He well deserves the place he has gained at the top of the tree of his profession." Later in the season (September 1902), Kaufmann took George B. Dorr to the top of Mt. Stephan and across Abbott's Pass. Dorr was an active conservationist and noted philanthropist who is credited with the establishment of
439:, while Whymper and G. W. Franklyn, his photographic assistant, travelled in the sleeping car. The relationship between Whymper and the guides continued to go badly. During the journey, in northern Ontario, for example, there was an issue about a lack of sleeping blankets for the guides, which Whymper failed to remedy. Whymper and Klucker exchanged sharp words; and all four guides were sour at Whymper. On June 9, 1901, the mountaineers arrived in Banff at 5:30 am, after a four-day rail trip from Montreal to Banff by steam train; the entire journey from London to Banff had taken 17 days.
368:(1903), remarked that Christian is "untiring, quick, and cautious" and "speaks English unusually well." David Davidson, from August 9 to Sept. 1, 1900, climbed nine peaks in the Oberland (Eiger, Mönch, Schreckhorn, Weisshorn) and in the Valais (Col de Bertol, Grandes Dents ridge, Dent Blanche), remarking that "on the Mönch he had to cut steps in hard and very steep ice for 6 consecutive hours, but he worked most cheerfully and untiringly throughout." Finally, twenty-year-old Reginald Thomas Collins (1880-1918)--who accompanied Herbert Ashley Gaitskell, a surgeon in London at
2378:(1911): "Klein Schreckhorn ĂŒber den Nordgrat. 4. Juli. Mr. J. W. S. Brady mit Christian und Hans Kaufmann verlieĂen das Gleckstein-Hotel um 3 Uhr morgens und folgten der Lauteraarsattel-Route bis zu den Firnfeldern des Ober Grindelwaldgletschers. Dann nach rechts ( Osten ) wendend, erreichten sie den mit 2815 im Siegfr. markierten FuĂ des langen Nordgrates des Gipfels, folgten diesem ĂŒber einige gebrochene Felsen, Schnee und steile feste Felsen zum Gipfel, welcher um 9 Uhr 15 Min. vormittags ( 6 Âœ Stunden, Halte inbegriffen, vom Gleckstein-Hotel aus ) erreicht wurde."
455:
frequently ordered cases of whiskey and beer that his drinking became legendary; in stark contrast to the abstinence that the Swiss guides had agreed to in their CPR contracts, Whymper excesses became the object of criticism. In fact, one of the surviving camp photographs from 1901 shows a row of liquor bottles on top of the shipping box; below the crate is a sign, sarcastically written by one of the guides or outfitters, that reads, "The
Remains of E. Whymper." Such humorous mischief allowed the guides to vent their displeasure at their leader's arrogance.
705:"Drawn out for one long hour of concentrated tension were the successive experiences of helpless groping in the dark depths for something to rest a foot upon, of blind search all over the chilled rocky surface for a knob or tiny crack where the numbed fingers might find another hold, of agonizing doubt as to their stability when found, of eerie thrill and sickening sensation when the long-sought support crumbled beneath the stress and hurtled downward into the blackness of space, whilst the hollow reverberations of its fall reechoed through the silence."
381:
1874:, p. 311). The most likely summit between these two mountains is today's Division Mountain (9,910 ft), named by Charles D. Walcott in 1919. It has a âdouble-headed" summit, which may have been Outram's reason for the selection, to honor Hans and Christian Kaufmann. However, this peak did not become Mt. Kaufmann; instead another double peak, between Mount Sarbach and Epaulette Mountain, was suggested by Outram in 1903, and that name (Kaufmann Peaks, 10,200 ft) was officially recognized in 1920 by the Geographical Names Board of Canada.
2119:, visible from Moraine Lake near Lake Louise, consists of ten summits, named from east to west by Samuel Allen in 1894 after the numbers 1 to 10 in the Stoney Indian language: Heejee (#1, now Mt. Fay), Nom (#2 now Mt. Little), Yamnee (#3, now Mt. Bowlen), Tonsa (#4), Sapta (#5 now Mt. Perren), Shappee (#6 now Mt. Allen), Shagowa (#7 Mt. Tuzo), Shakhnowa (#8 now Mt. Deltaform), Neptuak (#9), and Wenkchemna (#10). Although Charles Fay was not the first to climb Heejee (#1), the mountain was still named in his honor.
353:(now called âElliott's Wangliâ), Elliott jumped from a steep icy slope to some rocks but slipped sliding down the mountain to his death. The guide, Franz Biener from Zermatt, could most certainly have saved Elliott, had they been roped together. While taking a tour of the Grindelwald glacier many years later, Charlesâ son Claude made a grim comment as he approached an icy fissure: âMy uncle is down there.â Julius Marshall Elliott is, in fact, buried in the Grindelwald cemetery.
443:
guides. Whymper âexpected them to always be at his beck and callâattending to his whims and commands and acting like porters and bearers. They, on the other hand, were professional mountaineering guides from the Alps, where porters and apprentice guides carried their heavy loads, set up the camps and did the cooking and clean-up duties. Mountain guides safely guided their clients up and down the mountains. They weren't expected to be beasts of burden, cooks, or pot washers.â
285:
330:
1186:
883:
Edward
Whymperâ prank played on the famous English mountaineer (see above) in 1901. And Edward Feuz, Jr., was convinced about the deception and viewed the two Kaufmann with great disfavor. However, Feuzâ version of the events should be viewed skeptically, since he may have been jealous of the popularity and successes of the Kaufmanns, especially their independence, genial nature, English fluency, and above-average gratuities from clients.
717:
519:
494:. In many ways, he was as demanding as Whymper and was often displeased with his guides. In August, the 36-year-old Outram met the 61-year-old Whymper, and the 31-year-old Kaufmann. Whymper invited Outram to join his well-financed and well-equipped group. The newly formed group made two first ascents: On August 15, 1901, Christian Kaufmann, James Outram, Edward Whymper, Christian Klucker, and Joseph Pollinger climbed
506:(3,123 m (10,246 ft)) with Outram and Pollinger. The day that Kaufmann and Outram climbed four peaks in one day marked the beginning not only of a successful professional partnership but also a strong, respectful friendship. And, although Outram headed south at the end of the season with the Swiss guides Christian HĂ€sler and Christian Bohren to successfully make a first ascent of the "Canadian Matterhorn,"
952:
904:
2204:
return on the opposite side of Yoho peak, by way of the Twin falls. By a curious coincidence, the peak was climbed on the same day by Miss
Henrietta L. Tuzo, a member of the Club, but one who was not visiting the camp. Under the care of the Swiss guide, Christian Kaufmann, she made the ascent by a different route, and the two parties met upon the summit." âReport of the Chief Mountaineer. Report Camp Yoho.â
843:
693:
976:. In July 1911, Christian's brother Hans joined Brady in a climb of the Klein Scheckhorn over the Upper Grindelwald Glacier of the Lauteraarsattel-Route. Brady also recorded that âChristian, my friend and guide, was with me last March in Norway.â Although the weather was not favorable that year, Christian guided Brady to two Norwegian summits: Ruten (4974 ft)in Oppland near Fefor,
467:
1043:
447:
463:(10,495 ft) to take measurements, âKaufmann and Pollinger . . . refused to carry . . . the instruments and packs. This was the beginning of an outright revolt by the four guides, and Kaufmann was nominated to be their chief spokesman and negotiator.â Kaufmann drafted certain conditions that should govern the rest of the 1901 expedition, and Whymper reluctantly signed.
349:(1835-1911), the former Lt. Governor of Bengal, on a relatively easy climb to the Gleckstein hut and back to Grindelwald. But it was Charlesâ brother Julius Marshall Elliott (1841-1869) who had died 29 years earlier, on July 27, 1869, in an accident while climbing the Scheckhorn unroped. Elliott had insisted that the party not be roped together; when the party reached an
78:
2359:(born 1889 in Baltimore, MD) was married to Dorothy Wendell of Boston in 1916, received his medical degree in 1917, served in the transport service during World War I (1918-1919), and practiced medicine at New York Presbyterian Hospital. An avid mountaineer, he had climbed the Gross Lauteraarhorn and Mont Blanc with Christian Kaufmann in August 1911.
767:, the world explorer, climbed with Christian and Hans expressing regret that the weather at Field, B.C., was so poor that it prevented her from any challenging climbs with Christian, who "has done so much pioneering work in this country that it would be difficult to find a better guide." She hoped to meet him again for further climbs in Grindelwald.
25:
1298:, p. 53). Tayleur, a Charterhouse student, and his sister Lilia had befriended Winston Churchill during their August 1894 stay in Grindelwald; a short time later, Tayleur climbed the Monte Rosa with Churchill and their guide, Johannes Andermatten. See Churchill, âWinston to Lady Randolph," p. 514; and Andermatten's
927:, and ascend any mountains of the region which might prove accessible." And he wanted to do scientific work "in connection with variations in the composition of the atmosphere at high altitudes, and alterations in the relative numbers the red and white corpuscles in blood," what he called "mountain lassitude" or
886:
On
September 15, 1904, Henrietta L. Tuzo climbed Mt. Victoria with Kaufmann, saying she hoped âto do further ascents with him another season.â And, indeed, she and Christian Kaufmann climbed Mt. Collie (10,315 ft.) on July 12, 1906, and, on July 21, they were the first to stand on "the summit of
712:
The outfitter Jimmy
Simpson remarked that "'Outram wanted all the glory himself' and claimed that he treated his guide Kaufmann as 'just help.'" But these remarks seem doubtful in light of Outram's repeated praise of his guide. In fact, Outram treats Kaufmann's only fault humorously and forgivingly:
458:
Later in mid-August 1901, Whymper's displeasure turned to violence: "Suddenly
Whymper's right flew out, connecting with Klucker's jaw, and the Swiss hit the dust. In a jiffy it looked as if the whole four of them were going to take a hand in the fray. We yelled at them to stop, and they did." Whymper
423:
Through funding from the CPR, Whymper and his guides stayed in luxury at the Hotel de la Post at
Blackfriars in London. Moreover, the Alpine Club and the European Manager of the CPR showed the guides great hospitality during their stay in London. However, a social rift between Whymper and his guides
1090:
In recognition of his superior mountaineering and many first ascents in Canada, Christian was honored by having several Canadian landmarks officially named in his honor. In 1903, James Outram suggested that a mountain with twin summits in the lower Mistaya valley of Alberta be officially called the
700:
Outram's respect for Kaufmann is vividly expressed in his detailed account of climbing Mt. Bryce. On July 21, in preparation of their climb, the two mountaineers left camp, made their way through forests of fallen trees, chopped-down a big spruce to make "a bridge across the swift torrent," climbed
341:
At the turn-of-the-century, Kaufmann guided Herbert J. Mothersill (1868-1937) four times, including not only trips in the Bernese Oberland (Wetterhorn, Schreckhorn, Jungfrau, Finsteraarhorn, Eiger-Mitteleggi, and Silberhorn in 1895 and 1896) but also to Zermatt (Matterhorn, Breithorn, Weishorn, and
300:
and then to the summit of the Wetterhorn. That year, nineteen-year-old Churchill, his brother Jack, and his tutor J. D. G. Little were on a walking tour of Switzerland; they visited Grindelwald and stayed at the Bear Hotel. Churchill was impressed with his first encounter with the high alps, saying
1095:
in honor of Christian (10,200 ft.) and Hans (10,151 ft.). Professor Herschel C. Parker of Columbia University proposed that a lake west of Chimney Peak in British Columbia be named Kaufmann Lake; they had camped overnight at this lake while ascending Mount Deltaform in 1903. Finally, in
882:
Whether Christian and Hans really did conspire to deny Fay the first ascent of "his" mountain remains unclear due to a lack of primary evidence. Birrell does say that âthe Kaufmann brothers had a reputation for playing practical jokes.â Indeed, Christian may well have had a role in âThe Remains of
1086:
In an age, when mountaineering was âa demonstration of masculinityâ and when men feared that the âweaker sexâ might "prove themselves capable of the same feats," Kaufmann gave women climbers equal social and professional recognition. He welcomed female climbers and thereby advanced their struggle
959:
Many of Kaufmann's clients used his services as a guide on repeated occasions. Freeman Allen (1870-1930), for example, climbed with Kaufmann in the Canadian Rockies (e.g., Mt. Victoria), the Bernese Oberland (e.g., Jungfrau and Mönch in June 1908, with Christian's brother Fritz Kaufmann), and the
316:
On September 21, 1895, Christian Kaufmann (age 24), his brother Peter (age 37), and nineteen-year-old Gordon Tayleur, an Englishman, successfully climbed the Mitteleggi of the Eiger. The event âwas watched by guides, residents, and tourists along the whole Grindelwald valley.â A detailed account
2203:
M. P. Bridgland, Chief Mountaineer of the Canadian Alpine Club, reported: "On July 12th, J. D. Patterson, accompanied by the Swiss guide, Gottfried Feuz, ascended Mt. Collie from a camp pitched the night before at the foot of the Twin falls. The ascent was made by way of the Yoho glacier and the
1293:
Gordon Brooke Tayleur (born 1876, the son of Charles Tayleur, 1864-1903, Market Drayton, Shropshire, England) made several climbs with Kaufmann and his half- brother Peter, including ascents of the Mettenberg (Sept. 17, 1895); the Schreckhorn, Mönch, Jungfrau, Silberhorn, Wetterhorn (July 1895):
1054:
after 1930, the eight final official entries show that he kept his climbing certificate current until his death. Moreover, there are entries in Alpine publications indicating that he was still actively climbing two years before his death. In fact, in July 1937, at age 64, he was snowed-in for 36
526:
Most likely, it was Outram who encouraged Christian Kaufmann to return to Canada a second time in 1902 for more adventurous climbs, and that year proved to be the most productive climbing year in their lives. For eight weeks in July and August 1902, Christian Kaufmann guided James Outram to the
442:
By June 18, 1901, Whymper, G. W. Franklyn, the four guides, the outfitters Bill Peyto and Jack Sinclair headed into the wilderness. Although there were eleven pack-horses, Whymper had not arranged for any porters. This and similar decisions exacerbated the friction between Whymper and his Swiss
459:
reacted with indignation, but, after learning that he might face a trial in the wilderness for assault, Whymper walked over to Klucker and apologized. The guides' further displeasure with Whymper came to a climax in late August, so that the guides went on strike. When asked by Whymper to climb
454:
Although Whymper was an accomplished alpinist, artist, lecturer, and writer, his social snobbery, belittling attitude, and excessive consumption of alcohol continued to spark clashes with the guides as well as the outfitters, Wild Bill Peyto and Jack Sinclair. During his excursions, Whymper so
1082:
Christian Kaufmann belonged to an age of mountaineering when it was still customary to accompany a client to different countries and continents. Kaufmann established an international reputation as a superior mountain guide who deserves not only "a special place amongst the giants of Canadian
728:(1859-1942) were accomplished primarily because of the professionalism of Christian's brother, Hans Kaufmann. Hans also travelled to Canada for eight weeks in July and August 1902 and had been climbing with Collie's group when, in August 1902, the two groups "combined forces . . . to attempt
325:
and crossing the moraine before the steep climb. Tayleur himself remarked on Christian's endurance, especially his âwork step cutting was tremendous, requiring seven hours steady cutting.â Moreover, as they reached the top, they climbed in darkness and came to the final ridge at 11 pm.
942:
On September 8, 1907, the Kaufmanns guided Kellas in an attempt to reach the summit of Simvu (22,800 ft.), but, encountering a snowstorm, they were forced to abandon the climb at 19,000 feet. Two days later they attempted the summit again, but the Kaufmanns again abandoned the ascent,
321:(London): âAll available telescopes and opera-glasses were in requisition, and it is not too much to say that each step taken for nine hours was both seen and noted, so that some even professed to give an exact number.â They left Grindelwald in darkness at 3:30 am, making their way to
919:(1868-1921), a Scottish mountaineer and physiologist who was interested in studying the causes of altitude sickness. Neither Kellas nor the Swiss had been in the Himalayas before, although Kellas was to make seven more trips to the region. The expedition, including the two Kaufmanns, left
1073:
obituary: "Christian Kaufmann, Swiss guide, who was well-known in Canada for his mountain-climbing feats died at the age of 66. He also took part in expeditions in the Himalayas." Funeral services were held on January 15, 1939, and Christian was laid to rest in the Grindelwald cemetery.
755:
with five fellow guides, Edward Feuz, Christian HĂ€sler, Christian Bohren, Friedrich Michel, and his brother Hans Kaufmann. In 1905, he travelled with three of the Feuz guides, Edward, Sr.; Edward, Jr.; and Fritz Michael. Finally, in 1906, he sailed with Edward and Gottfried Feuz on the
482:(1864-1925), an English Vicar and experienced climber, who had come to Canada with his brother to recover from overwork ("a brain collapse"). Outram's sojourn in Canada proved to be far from relaxing; he had begun a strenuous series of ascents guided by Christian HĂ€sler Sr, including
527:
summits of ten of the highest peaks in Canadian Rockies, including Mt. Columbia (3,747 m / 12,293 ft), the second highest peak in the Canadian Rockies. At times they travelled from 30 to 80 miles away from the railway lines to the base of mountains. In his entry in Kaufmann's
232:
From an early age, Christian and his brothers tended goats and cows on the upper pastures, learning about and becoming accustomed to alpine conditions. âFrom the time he left school, he began to help the family finances by carrying rucksacks for travellers over the
1029:
and the Finsteraarhorn summit from the rail station. Kaufmann continued to receive praise as a careful, first-rate guide and a pleasant, entertaining companion, who proved to be "an excellent teacher of beginners." Appropriately enough the last testimony in the
420:, France; and Christian Kaufmann from Grindelwald) to organize a trip to the Canadian Rockies. As Klucker remarked in his memoir, âThe Whymper climbing team for Canada consisted of two solid catholic, married Josephs and two rebellious, single Christians.â
1083:
mountaineering" but also among the greatest of Alpine climbers. He received not only the praise of accomplished mountaineers for this unparalleled knowledge, strength, and endurance but also the respect of novices for his patience and teaching skills.
935:(11,400 ft.) and encountered several other rivers with flood conditions. On August 12, one of the Kaufmanns was "unwell" and stayed at a "rest-house near Naoshera," but he finally returned to Srinagar, while Kellas and the others travelled on to
713:"We looked forward to a good hot supper, when, to our dismay, it was discovered that we were matchless! Christian, probably for the first time in his career, had omitted to bring a single one--a doubly reprehensible oversight for a habitual smoker."
305:, Winston had developed a keen interest in mountaineering, inspired by Edward Whymper's lantern-side lecture at the school. In fact, after his alpine climbs, Winston had expressed a desire to become a mountaineer in a letter to Harrow's headmaster,
2539:"Kaufmann Lake," British Columbia Geographical Names: "Named by Professor H.C. Parker of Columbia University, after his Swiss guide Christian Kaufmann; during their ascent of Mount Deltaform they had camped overnight at this lake." (
963:
On April 20, 1911, thirty-nine-year-old Christian Kaufmann married Emma Christen (born 1881 in Herzogenbuchsee). They later had three children: Johann (1914, died in infancy), Hans Wilhelm (1916-1942), and Christian Alexander.
1024:
in 1912, Kaufmann and other guides began their tours at the 11,332-foot rail terminus. Otto (New York City) and Robert P. Koenig (Cambridge, Mass.), for instance, began their August 1925 tour across the Aletschglacier to the
1294:
Finsteraarhorn (Sept 11, 1895); and two earlier ascents of the Eiger (Aug. 10, 1894; July 27, 1895), calling Christian a âplucky and careful guide . . . who is steady, strong and in every way splendidâ (Chr. Kaufmann,
614:
hrs. Outram and Kaufmann "ascented from high bivouac; "some first-class rock work." On the last 2 peaks, Prof. Collie's party with Hans Kaufmann, joined them. Christian led on Forbes and alternately on Freshfield.
372:, on a climb of the Grosses Schreckhorn (on October 26, 1900)--is typical of Kaufmann's clients when he calls him "a first-class guide." Reginald Collins died in 1918 on a French battlefield during World War I.
1315:(London) 21 September 1895, 7. Issue 34688. McCormick, Chaplain and Canon of York at Trinity College, Dublin, climbed with Christian Kaufmann on August 29, 1896, a year after writing the article for the
972:
As Kaufmann's client "for almost the whole summer" on more than 25 exploits in the Bernese and Pennine Alps, John W. S. Brady from Baltimore filled several pages (October 15, 1911) in Kaufmann's
827:(1867-1931), a physicist at Columbia University, enjoyed not only the challenge of his first ascents but also gave a scientific dimension to his climbs with Kaufmann. He commented in Kaufmann's
1271:
Johannes Andermatten guided Churchill and L. S. Amery to the summit of the Monte Rosa. The Broadwater Collection, Churchill Archives Centre, Churchill College, Cambridge, England: BRDW V 3/2
1066:) in 1930. HĂ€sler recalls that he "met Christen Kaufmann in late autumn of 1938, smiling and as merry as ever, tramping down a dripping hillside at Grindelwald, under a big blue umbrella."
313:, reported that Winston had suffered from mountain sickness and a badly flayed face. These unpleasant experiences probably discouraged Churchill from following a career in mountaineering.
1870:
Outram says that "Kaufmann and I made an expedition to a snowy peak â for which the name of Mt. Kaufmann is suggested â occupying a commanding position between Mt. Lyell and Mt. Forbes" (
1034:(June 18, 1930) by Arthur Burton mentions Kaufmann's "son, the younger Christian, took Mrs. Burton and me to the top of the Jungfrau and then on to the Concordia Hut and the Eggishorn."
309:, who positively encouraged him: âYou have got the figure of a mountaineer, and you ought to make yourself a name.â However, his life-long friend L. S. Amery, with whom he later climbed
1651:
1319:. McCormick, a close friend and supporter of Edward Whymper, had planned to climb the Matterhorn with Whymper, but bad weather prevented his arrival in Zermatt. See also Emil Henry.
875:
The first ascent of Mt. Heejee by Christian Kaufmann and Gertrude Benham was more controversial. They set out on July 20, 1904; however, on the same day, Hans Kaufmann and Professor
923:(5,200 ft.) in the Kashmir Valley on August 3, 1907, heading for "the most stupendous mountain barrier in the world." Kellas said his objective "was to explore the glaciers of
249:.â He often assisted his father, and, after a three-year apprenticeship as a porter, Christian Kaufmann passed rigorous examinations, so that on June 24, 1892, he was certified in
657:(3,507 m / 11,506 ft); "from a high bivouac, ascented in 11 hrs.; the snow conditions were very bad; some extremely awkward rock work;" descended the mountain "in the dark."
384:
Edward Whymper's guides, Canadian Rockies, 1901. From left to right: Christian Kaufmann, Joseph Bossonay, Christian Klucker, and Joseph Pollinger. Alpine Club Library Collection.
301:
that âthe spectacle of the sunrise striking the peaks of the Bernese Oberland is a marvel of light and colour unsurpassed in my experience.â Like many of his classmates at
288:
Grindelwald Guides (back row from left): Christian Kaufmann; Peter Kaufmann; Peter Jaggi; Peter Bernet; Christian Kaufmann; Christian Jossi. Photo: F. Ormiston-Smith.
273:. Gustave Jacot (1864-1939) from Le Locle wrote that Christian and his father (Graben Peter) had guided him in heavy snow (June 20, 1892). On July 26 & 27, 1892,
1202:
Churchill does not identify the third guide: âChristian Burgener ascended the Wetterhorn with me on the 14th . . . as first guide (3 guides).â Christian Burgener.
2356:
209:
Christian (a.k.a. Christen) was born on March 7, 1872, in Grindelwald to Peter Kaufmann (1832-1903) and Margaretha (nĂ©e Baumann, 1839â1903). His father, called
1055:
hours at the Dossen hut with his client Claude Wilson. As HĂ€sler notes in his tribute to Kaufmann, "It was the last walk in the mountains for both of them."
1667:. Victoria, BC: Trafford Publishing, 2007, pp. 246; Patillo describes not only this incident but Whymper's entire 1901 excursions in Canada in great detail.
2103:
342:
Rothorn) and Chamonix (Mont Blanc in 1897); ironically, after many challenging climbs, Mothersill died after being fatally injured in a traffic accident.
292:
Early in his climbing career, on August 14 and 15, 1894, Kaufmann was one of three guides (including Christian Burgener as first guide) who led the young
907:
Sinioichu, Simvo, and Kangchen- junga viewed from the Zemu Glacier near Green Lake where Kellas and Kaufmann camped in 1907. Photo: Vittorio Sella. 1899.
221:. Christian was the eleventh of seventeen children in the family. His brother Friedrich (Fritz) Kaufmann (born 1878), brothers Rudolf (born 1875) and
709:
As Outram observed, after "nearly 17 hours of adventurous companionship," the mountaineers finally unloosened the rope that had bound them together.
846:
Christian Kaufmann next to a cairn, a human-made pile of stones, indicating to others that climbers had reached the mountain's summit (ca. 1905).
2018:
591:(3,337 m / 10,948 ft) with J. N. Collie, H. E. M. Stutfield, G. M. Weed, H. Woolley, and Christian's brother Hans Kaufmann. 8 hrs. ascent.
388:
Both Christian and Hans Kaufmann (separately) travelled to Canada in the spring or early summer of 1901 to promote climbing and tourism for the
198:
724:
Just as many of Outram's triumphs were only possible because of Christian Kaufmann's mountaineering skills, the successes of Outram's rival
1242:
2401:
1590:
Although Joseph Bossonney was actually from Chamonix, France, most of the mountaineering literature refers to the four guides as Swiss.
751:
Kaufmann made four more trips to Canada for the CPR (1903, 1904, 1905, and 1906). In April 1904, he crossed the Atlantic aboard the
277:
also climbed with Kaufmann. Dr. Gottfried Schwarz (1860-1925), an active member of the Swiss Alpine Club (Randen) and rector of the
1333:
2048:
2592:
2587:
931:. After experiencing difficulties crossing the Pir Panjal mountain range and fording the swollen Rembiara River, they crossed
428:
in Liverpool on May 23, 1901 (the ship's maiden voyage): Whymper was a saloon passenger; the guides travelled second class.
226:
160:
1219:: Companion Volume I: Part I, 1874-1896, ed. Randolph S. Churchill. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1967, pp. 514-515.
1096:
Alberta, there is a smaller Kaufmann Lake near Kaufmann Creek, a tributary steam that flows into the Mistaya River near
980:(7,600 ft.) near Bessheim. During that summer, they also climbed five peaks in the Maderanertal in the Canton Uri:
222:
166:
1405:, pp.78-81. Christian Kaufmann was not in Canada in 1899 as has been incorrectly stated elsewhere (see R. W. Sandford.
35:
1097:
522:
Christian Kaufmann on Victoria Glacier near the âDeathtrapâ with Mt. Lefroy (left) and Mt. Victoria (right), ca. 1904.
1472:
839:. . . on all the peaks I had the kind interest and assistance of Christian Kaufmann in my scientific observations."
483:
479:
735:
Christian Kaufmann made additional climbs in 1902 that deserve mention. On May 22, he and Christian HĂ€sler guided
916:
450:
Humorous mischief: Whymper's liquor bottles with a sarcastic sign that reads, "The Remains of E. Whymper" (1901).
2269:
Rudolf Rubi comments that the relationship between the Kaufmanns and Kellas in Sikkim was not optimal (p. 216).
824:
789:
676:
503:
413:
389:
2116:
850:
On June 5, 1904, Christian and Hans Kaufmann guided John Duncan Patterson, later the third president of the
626:, 3,258 m / 10,689 ft) on the Divide Ridge, west of Mt. Lyell: the same evening they made their way by
539:
911:
After six climbing seasons (1901-1906) in Canada, Christian Kaufmann (with his brother Fritz) travelled to
2582:
764:
685:
346:
218:
836:
869:
851:
380:
274:
1480:
510:(3,616 m (11,864 ft)), his relationship with Christian Kaufmann made mountaineering history.
1215:
Churchill, Winston Spencer, âWinston to Lady Randolphâ (August 12, 1894, Hotel du BĂ€r, Grindelwald) .
2577:
2572:
740:
548:
409:
981:
475:
393:
820:(3,320 m / 10,890 ft) with August Eggers, Herschel C. Parker, and his brother, Hans Kaufmann.
811:(3,424 m / 11,234 ft) with August Eggers, Herschel C. Parker, and his brother, Hans Kaufmann.
534:
The list of first ascents Kaufmann and Outram completed in those six weeks in 1902 is remarkable:
1652:âPassenger lists of the Lake Champlain arriving in Quebec, Que. and Montreal, Que. on 1865-1922,â
876:
785:
725:
491:
1718:
Vom Eiger in die Rockies: Berner OberlĂ€nder BergfĂŒhrer im Dienste der Canadian Pacific Railway
1020:
are limited to climbs in the Bernese Oberland, and, with the completion of the railway to the
928:
507:
405:
369:
293:
284:
190:
1440:
1389:
932:
623:
587:
361:
329:
234:
186:
716:
807:
495:
360:
that give insights into his character and the social conditions of the time. In 1899, Dr.
238:
1965:
1016:
At the age of 41, Christian Kaufmann reduced his climbing activities. The entries in his
1600:
951:
543:(3,747 m / 12,293 ft); a 22-hour expedition with "ice & snow work throughout."
1490:
1452:
1444:
1092:
842:
692:
518:
397:
297:
181:(March 7, 1872 – January 12, 1939) was a Swiss mountain guide who climbed in the
2566:
1971:
1262:: Companion Volume I, Part 1, 1874-1896. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Comp, 1967, p. 520.
1026:
1001:
977:
924:
912:
776:
736:
487:
460:
306:
302:
246:
1634:
903:
831:: "On our return from Mt. Hungabee we climbed Mt. Temple from Moraine Lake and made
1117:
1021:
993:
985:
859:
816:
798:
729:
634:(c. 10,500 ft.) and then to Thompson Pass and finally to their Columbia Camp,
596:
499:
466:
436:
2361:
1042:
955:
Christian Kaufmann (middle) and clients enjoy a mountain-side meal during a climb.
802:(3,492 m / 11,457 ft) with Herschel C. Parker and his brother, Hans Kaufmann.
770:
1903 was another very active year for Christian, including several first ascents:
446:
1950:
1525:
1150:. Interlaken. 1892. Courtesy Elisa Wolf-Kaufmann & Heimatmuseum, Grindelwald.
1460:
1448:
997:
653:
432:
269:
were written by members of Swiss watchmaking families after their climbs of the
1998:
502:(3,143 m / 10,312 ft). On August 9, 1901, Kaufmann made a first ascent of
435:
for the night, and left for the Rockies on June 5. The guides travelled in the
1484:
1476:
1468:
1456:
1148:
FĂŒhrerbuch, nach dem Reglement fĂŒr die BergfĂŒhrer und TrĂ€ger vom 24. Juni 1892
936:
892:
855:
832:
401:
310:
270:
250:
2243:
Kellas, Alexander Mitchell. "The Mountains of Northern Sikkim and Garhwal,"
1730:
600:(3,612 m / 11,850 ft) with Collie, Stutfield, Weed, Woolley, and Hans;
564:
498:(3,161 m / 10,371 ft) and, on August 19, 1901, the same group ascended
194:
1778:
1754:
891:; 3,245 m) above Alberta's Moraine Lake . . . . Peak Seven was later named
77:
2078:
1494:
1436:
989:
920:
490:
and first ascents of Mt. Vaux (3,310 m) and Chancellor Peak (3,280 m) in
417:
322:
242:
1475:
direct from the Col du Chardonnet , descending by the ordinary route to
996:(10,265 ft); and, in the South Tyrol, the two highest peaks of the
689:(3,260 m / 10,700 ft); "traversed from end to end; 8œ hrs ascent."
396:, Christian had special company. In Geneva, on May 11, 1901, he had met
2343:
Reddan bequested ÂŁ64,000 to the British Museum upon her death in 1957.
1464:
470:
CPR Mount Stephen House in Field was a home base for many mountaineers.
2517:. Bozen: Edition Raetia, 2011, and book review by Gertrud Pfister in
2101:
Benham, Gertrude. ââThe Canadian Rockies,â New Expeditions in 1904.â
1005:
863:
356:
During this period, there are several detailed entries in Kaufmann's
1258:
Churchill, Randolph S., ed. âReverend J.E.C. Welldon to Winstonâ
1041:
950:
902:
841:
715:
691:
517:
465:
445:
379:
333:
The identification and registration pages of Christian Kaufmann's
328:
283:
1409:. Canmore: Association of Canadian Mountain Guides, 1996, p. 10).
404:. On behalf of the CPR, Whymper had contacted four Swiss guides (
1069:
Kaufmann died on January 12, 1939. His death was announced in a
400:, famous mountaineer, writer, illustrator, and conqueror of the
182:
720:
Christian & Hans Kaufmann with tent in Prospector's Valley.
1206:, p. 68. Copy courtesy Swiss Alpine Museum, Bern, Switzerland.
696:
Christian Kaufmann climbing in the Canadian Rockies (ca. 1903)
18:
1046:
Christian Kaufmann with his dog Prinz in Grindelwald (1930s).
431:
The group arrived in Montreal on June 2, 1901, stayed at the
217:, was a well-established certified mountain guide during the
2258:
Prelude to Everest: Alexander Kellas, Himalayan Mountaineer.
2515:
Frauen im Aufstieg: Auf Spurensuche in der Alpingeschichte
1050:
Although there are no climbing testimonies in Christian's
868:
In 1904, at the Chalet Lake Louise, the brothers also met
854:, to a first ascent of 3,311 m (10,863 ft) high
337:
certifying him as an official mountain guide in June 1892.
1844:(1923). Calgary: Rocky Mountain Books, 2007, p. 288-291.
968:
In Switzerland and Norway with J. W. S. Brady (1911â1912)
478:
in Field, British Columbia, Whymper's group met Reverend
50:
46:
1665:
The Canadian Rockies: Pioneers, Legends, and True Tales
42:
1282:
Days of Fresh Air: Being Reminiscences of Outdoor Life
1038:
Retirement in Grindelwald and final years (1931â1939)
862:, Archdeacon of Alaska and future first ascendant of
2502:
Pushing the Limits: Story of Canadian Mountaineering
1803:
Vom Bergbauerdorf zum Fremdenort. Im Tal Grindelwald
939:, visiting the Kangchenjunga glacier along the way.
253:
as an official mountain guide and given a paginated
1966:
Mountaineering and Exploration in the Japanese Alps
1362:"In Memoriam: Herbert J. Mothersill (1868--1937),"
780:(3,567 m / 11,703 ft), the highest peak of the
153:
145:
140:
124:
105:
97:
89:
84:
2230:"A peak bears her name to mark her alpine skill,"
1650:Library and Archives Canada. Immigration Records.
1058:Kaufmann and his family had lived in Grindelwald,
992:(10,722 ft.), Scheerhorn (10, 810 ft.),
392:(CPR). Whereas Hans guided individual parties in
1954:. Surrey, BC: Rocky Mountain Books, 2000, p. 43.
1930:. Surrey, BC: Rocky Mountain Books, 2009, p. 34.
1349:"New Expeditions in 1897: Monte Rosa District,"
2019:The FĂŒhrerbĂŒcher of Hans and Christian Kaufmann
1321:Triumph and Tragedy: The Life of Edward Whymper
1311:McCormick, Joseph. âAscent of the Mitteleggi,â
1133:HĂ€sler, G.A. âIm Memoriam: Christen Kaufmann,â
424:became clear when they boarded the ocean liner
1118:Tauf-Rodel fĂŒr die Kirchengemeinde Grindelwald
680:(3,401 m / 11,158 ft); "8œ hrs. ascent."
2504:. Calgary: Rocky Mountain Books, 2000, p. 65.
2168:Kauffman, Andrew J. & William L. Putnam.
2013:
2011:
1951:50 Roadside Panoramas in the Canadian Rockies
1493:, ascending and descending the latter by the
1334:In Memoriam: Herbert J. Mothersill, 1868-1937
257:to record the testimonies of future clients.
201:, accomplishing several dozen first-ascents.
45:. Consider transferring direct quotations to
8:
2130:The Mountaineers: Famous Climbers in Canada.
1899:. New York: MacMillan Company, 1905, p. 408.
1422:. London: John Murray, 1950, pp.17 & 25.
70:
1379:. MĂŒnchen: Bergverlag Rother, 1933, p. 271.
1137:(London) 51, no. 258 (May 1939), 1310-1311.
947:In the Bernese and Pennine Alps (1908â1911)
2374:"Neue Bergfahrten in den Schweizeralpen,"
2234:, Saskatoon, Canada (20 July 1929), p. 21.
2219:Inspiring Women: A Celebration of Herstory
1407:At the Top: 100 Years of Guiding in Canada
552:(3,498 m /11,476 ft); 8 hrs. ascent.
76:
69:
2365:26: 195-198 (1912), pp. 83, 176, 348-349.
2256:Mitchell, Ian R. & George W. Rodway.
1857:, pp.116-119, and Outram's report in the
1853:Outram's quotations from Chr. Kaufmann,
899:In the Himalayas with A. M. Kellas (1907)
2260:Edinburgh: Luath Press, 2011, pp. 80-84.
229:(1858-1924) all became mountain guides.
225:(1875-1930) as well as his half-brother
1805:. Vol II. Grindelwald: Sutter, AG, 1986
1431:Here is Longstaff's entry in Kaufmann'
1375:Zsigmondy, Emil & Wilhelm Paulcke.
1109:
1447:, descending by the Agassiz Joch; the
747:Further climbing in Canada (1903â1906)
2217:Youngberg, Gail & Mona Holmlund.
1471:from the Italian hut to Zermatt; the
36:too many or overly lengthy quotations
7:
1928:Jimmy Simpson: Legend of the Rockies
1897:In the Heart of the Canadian Rockies
1884:In the Heart of the Canadian Rockies
1872:In the Heart of the Canadian Rockies
1842:In the Heart of the Canadian Rockies
376:In Canada with Edward Whymper (1901)
2487:"Zum Tode von Christian Kaufmann,"
1605:Historische Lexikon der Schweiz HLS
1232:. London: Butterworth, 1931, p. 49.
1193:, Personalia alphabetisch, D IV.00.
1062:, but moved closer to the village (
1230:My Early Life. A Roving Commission
858:. The following month they guided
514:In Canada with James Outram (1902)
14:
2521:41: 2 (Summer 2014). pp. 363-364.
1435:(Aug. 28, 1899): â traversed the
1353:(London) 1897, issue 138, p. 523.
261:Early climbing career (1892â1901)
205:Family and early life (1872â1892)
2474:"Christian Kaufmann." Obituary.
2049:August Severin Eggers, 1862-1936
1581:(London) (Sept. 26, 1918), p. 1.
1526:The Pleasure Book of Switzerland
1366:(London) 49 (1937), pp. 248-267.
366:The Pleasure Book of Grindelwald
265:The first entries in Kaufmann's
23:
2247:40:3 (Sept. 1912), pp. 241-260.
1969:. London: J. Murray, 1896; and
1243:Edward Whymper's Lecture Slides
915:, in August 1907 to climb with
2491:45: 5 (17 January 1939), p. 2.
2347:(London,) March 2, 1960, p. 12
2172:. Revelstoke, BC: 1986, p.123.
2132:Edmonton: Hurtig, 1979, p. 29.
2005:. National Park Service, 2015.
1972:The Playground of the Far East
1618:Erinnerungen eines BergfĂŒhrers
281:in Schaffhausen, joined them.
1:
2221:. Regina: Coteau Books, 2003.
1622:Adventures of an Alpine guide
1620:. ZĂŒrich: AS Verlag, 2010. /
1122:Staatsarchiv des Kantons Bern
833:determination of the altitude
474:During their stay at the CPR
2357:John William Stansbury Brady
2107:(London) 22 (1905), 333-335.
2023:American Alpine Club Journal
1720:. Bern/New York: Lang, 1987.
1698:. Quoted in Patillo, p. 262.
1529:. New York: Macmillan, 1903.
1228:Churchill, Winston Spencer.
568:(3,087 m / 10,128 ft);
2543:, Vol X, 1902-1904, p 294).
2304:"Freeman Allen." Obituary.
2117:The Valley of the Ten Peaks
2047:Thorington, James Monroe. "
1323:. Leicester: Matador, 2011.
1098:Saskatchewan River Crossing
559:(3,021 m / 9,911 ft).
2609:
1975:. London: J. Murray, 1918.
1624:. London: J. Murray, 1932.
1577:"Killed in Action . . .,"
1249:(London) 1997, pp.209-212.
1284:. London: Jarrolds, 1939.
1280:Amery, Leopold Stennett.
917:Alexander Mitchell Kellas
163:(1858-1924), half-brother
149:Emma Christen (1881-1962)
75:
2519:Journal of Sport History
2245:The Geographical Journal
1523:Rhodes, Daniel Pomeroy.
1455:from Saas to Randa; the
1191:Stadtarchiv Schaffhausen
1087:toward gender equality.
1012:Later climbs (1913â1930)
792:, and Christian HĂ€sler.
416:; Joseph Bossonney from
412:; Joseph Pollinger from
390:Canadian Pacific Railway
135:Grindelwald, Switzerland
119:Grindelwald, Switzerland
43:summarize the quotations
2593:People from Grindelwald
2588:Swiss mountain climbers
2206:Canadian Alpine Journal
2053:American Alpine Journal
1859:Canadian Alpine Journal
1390:Julius Marshall Elliott
2556:10 (1902-1904), p 294.
2083:cdnrockiesdatabases.ca
1783:cdnrockiesdatabases.ca
1759:cdnrockiesdatabases.ca
1735:cdnrockiesdatabases.ca
1489:, 13,166 ft], and the
1377:Die Gefahren der Alpen
1047:
1004:(12,655 ft.) and
956:
908:
847:
784:Ottertail group, with
765:Gertrude Lowthian Bell
721:
707:
697:
523:
471:
451:
385:
347:Charles Alfred Elliott
345:In 1898, Kaufmann led
338:
289:
223:Hans (Johann) Kaufmann
219:Golden Age of Alpinism
167:Hans (Johann) Kaufmann
2513:Runggaldier, Ingrid.
1451:from the Nassihorn ;
1146:Kaufmann, Christian,
1045:
954:
906:
870:Gertrude Emily Benham
852:Alpine Club of Canada
845:
719:
703:
695:
521:
469:
449:
383:
332:
287:
2489:Echo von Grindelwald
2003:Acadia National Park
1260:Winston S. Churchill
1217:Winston S. Churchill
1104:Notes and references
1008:(12, 811 ft.).
984:(10, 459 ft.),
741:Acadia National Park
169:(1874-1930), brother
85:Personal information
16:Swiss mountain guide
2530:See Note 38, above.
2478:(January 24, 1939).
1696:I Would Do It Again
1599:Truffer, Bernard. "
1497:.â (Chr. Kaufmann,
988:(10,919 ft.),
476:Mount Stephen Hotel
394:Banff National Park
72:
2181:Nobs, pp. 163-165.
2170:The Guiding Spirit
2141:Nobs, pp. 161-155.
1779:"Mount des Poilus"
1616:Pollinger, Josef.
1048:
957:
909:
877:Charles Ernest Fay
866:, on Mt. Victoria.
848:
825:Herschel C. Parker
790:Herschel C. Parker
763:On June 29, 1903,
726:John Norman Collie
722:
698:
524:
492:Yoho National Park
472:
452:
386:
339:
290:
275:Jules Calame-Colin
179:Christian Kaufmann
71:Christian Kaufmann
2208:1 (1907), p. 175.
1755:"Chancellor Peak"
1392:," SummitPost.org
1187:Schwarz, Gottlieb
1120:" 12, 1866-1875.
929:altitude sickness
437:Colonial rail car
433:Place Viger Hotel
406:Christian Klucker
294:Winston Churchill
279:Kantonalgymnasium
176:
175:
68:
67:
2600:
2557:
2550:
2544:
2537:
2531:
2528:
2522:
2511:
2505:
2498:
2492:
2485:
2479:
2472:
2466:
2463:
2457:
2454:
2448:
2441:
2435:
2428:
2422:
2415:
2409:
2402:Robert P. Koenig
2398:
2392:
2385:
2379:
2372:
2366:
2354:
2348:
2341:
2335:
2330:Chr. Kaufmann,
2328:
2322:
2315:
2309:
2302:
2296:
2289:
2283:
2276:
2270:
2267:
2261:
2254:
2248:
2241:
2235:
2228:
2222:
2215:
2209:
2201:
2195:
2188:
2182:
2179:
2173:
2166:
2160:
2157:
2151:
2148:
2142:
2139:
2133:
2126:
2120:
2114:
2108:
2099:
2093:
2092:
2090:
2089:
2075:
2069:
2062:
2056:
2045:
2039:
2032:
2026:
2015:
2006:
1995:
1989:
1982:
1976:
1963:Weston, Walter.
1961:
1955:
1946:
1940:
1937:
1931:
1924:
1918:
1915:
1909:
1906:
1900:
1893:
1887:
1881:
1875:
1868:
1862:
1861:(February 1903).
1851:
1845:
1838:
1832:
1825:
1819:
1812:
1806:
1799:
1793:
1792:
1790:
1789:
1775:
1769:
1768:
1766:
1765:
1751:
1745:
1744:
1742:
1741:
1727:
1721:
1714:
1708:
1707:Patillo, p. 266.
1705:
1699:
1692:
1686:
1685:Patillo, p. 256.
1683:
1677:
1674:
1668:
1663:Patillo, Roger.
1661:
1655:
1648:
1642:
1635:S/S Australasian
1631:
1625:
1614:
1608:
1601:Joseph Pollinger
1597:
1591:
1588:
1582:
1575:
1569:
1562:
1556:
1549:
1543:
1536:
1530:
1521:
1515:
1508:
1502:
1473:Aig d'ArgentiĂšre
1441:Little Schiedegg
1429:
1423:
1418:Longstaff, Tom.
1416:
1410:
1399:
1393:
1386:
1380:
1373:
1367:
1360:
1354:
1347:
1341:
1330:
1324:
1309:
1303:
1291:
1285:
1278:
1272:
1269:
1263:
1256:
1250:
1239:
1233:
1226:
1220:
1213:
1207:
1200:
1194:
1183:
1177:
1170:
1164:
1159:Chr. Kaufmann,
1157:
1151:
1144:
1138:
1131:
1125:
1124:. Archiveinheit.
1114:
982:Gross WindgÀllen
895:in her honour.â
670:
669:
665:
662:
647:
646:
642:
639:
624:Fresnoy Mountain
620:Consolation Peak
613:
612:
608:
605:
581:
580:
576:
573:
362:Thomas Longstaff
307:J. E. C. Welldon
187:Canadian Rockies
136:
131:
128:January 12, 1939
120:
115:
113:
80:
73:
63:
60:
54:
27:
26:
19:
2608:
2607:
2603:
2602:
2601:
2599:
2598:
2597:
2563:
2562:
2561:
2560:
2551:
2547:
2538:
2534:
2529:
2525:
2512:
2508:
2499:
2495:
2486:
2482:
2473:
2469:
2464:
2460:
2456:HĂ€sler, p. 131.
2455:
2451:
2443:Chr. Kaufmann,
2442:
2438:
2430:Chr. Kaufmann,
2429:
2425:
2417:Chr. Kaufmann,
2416:
2412:
2399:
2395:
2387:Chr. Kaufmann,
2386:
2382:
2373:
2369:
2355:
2351:
2342:
2338:
2329:
2325:
2317:Chr. Kaufmann,
2316:
2312:
2303:
2299:
2291:Chr. Kaufmann,
2290:
2286:
2278:Chr. Kaufmann,
2277:
2273:
2268:
2264:
2255:
2251:
2242:
2238:
2229:
2225:
2216:
2212:
2202:
2198:
2190:Chr. Kaufmann.
2189:
2185:
2180:
2176:
2167:
2163:
2159:Birrell, p. 86.
2158:
2154:
2149:
2145:
2140:
2136:
2128:Dowling, Phil.
2127:
2123:
2115:
2111:
2100:
2096:
2087:
2085:
2077:
2076:
2072:
2064:Chr. Kaufmann,
2063:
2059:
2046:
2042:
2034:Chr. Kaufmann,
2033:
2029:
2016:
2009:
1996:
1992:
1984:Chr. Kaufmann,
1983:
1979:
1962:
1958:
1948:Birrell, Dave.
1947:
1943:
1939:Outram, p. 412.
1938:
1934:
1925:
1921:
1916:
1912:
1908:Outram, p. 417.
1907:
1903:
1895:Outram, James.
1894:
1890:
1882:
1878:
1869:
1865:
1852:
1848:
1840:Outram, James.
1839:
1835:
1827:Chr. Kaufmann,
1826:
1822:
1814:Chr. Kaufmann,
1813:
1809:
1800:
1796:
1787:
1785:
1777:
1776:
1772:
1763:
1761:
1753:
1752:
1748:
1739:
1737:
1729:
1728:
1724:
1715:
1711:
1706:
1702:
1694:Campbell, Bob,
1693:
1689:
1684:
1680:
1676:Patillo, p. 246
1675:
1671:
1662:
1658:
1649:
1645:
1639:Norway Heritage
1632:
1628:
1615:
1611:
1598:
1594:
1589:
1585:
1576:
1572:
1564:Chr. Kaufmann,
1563:
1559:
1551:Chr. Kaufmann,
1550:
1546:
1538:Chr. Kaufmann,
1537:
1533:
1522:
1518:
1510:Chr. Kaufmann,
1509:
1505:
1430:
1426:
1417:
1413:
1401:Chr. Kaufmann,
1400:
1396:
1387:
1383:
1374:
1370:
1361:
1357:
1348:
1344:
1340:(London), 1937,
1331:
1327:
1310:
1306:
1292:
1288:
1279:
1275:
1270:
1266:
1257:
1253:
1240:
1236:
1227:
1223:
1214:
1210:
1201:
1197:
1184:
1180:
1172:Chr. Kaufmann,
1171:
1167:
1158:
1154:
1145:
1141:
1132:
1128:
1115:
1111:
1106:
1080:
1040:
1014:
970:
949:
933:Pir Panjal Pass
901:
867:
814:Sept. 3, 1903:
805:Sept. 1, 1903:
796:July 21, 1903:
774:July 16, 1903:
749:
667:
663:
660:
658:
644:
640:
637:
635:
610:
606:
603:
601:
578:
574:
571:
569:
516:
508:Mt. Assiniboine
378:
263:
239:Great Scheidegg
207:
172:
134:
133:
129:
118:
117:
111:
109:
98:Main discipline
93:Kanada Kaufmann
64:
58:
55:
49:or excerpts to
40:
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2606:
2604:
2596:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2565:
2564:
2559:
2558:
2545:
2532:
2523:
2506:
2493:
2480:
2476:New York Times
2467:
2465:HĂ€sler, p.132.
2458:
2449:
2436:
2423:
2421:, pp. 170-171.
2410:
2408:(24 Feb 1984).
2406:New York Times
2393:
2391:, pp. 162-164.
2380:
2367:
2362:Alpine Journal
2349:
2336:
2323:
2310:
2308:(May 5, 1930).
2306:New York Times
2297:
2295:, pp. 150-151.
2284:
2271:
2262:
2249:
2236:
2223:
2210:
2196:
2183:
2174:
2161:
2152:
2143:
2134:
2121:
2109:
2104:Alpine Journal
2094:
2070:
2057:
2040:
2027:
2007:
1999:George B. Dorr
1990:
1977:
1956:
1941:
1932:
1919:
1917:Outram, p.426.
1910:
1901:
1888:
1876:
1863:
1846:
1833:
1820:
1807:
1801:Rubi, Rudolf.
1794:
1770:
1746:
1722:
1709:
1700:
1687:
1678:
1669:
1656:
1643:
1626:
1609:
1592:
1583:
1570:
1557:
1544:
1531:
1516:
1503:
1445:Finsteraarhorn
1424:
1420:This My Voyage
1411:
1394:
1381:
1368:
1364:Alpine Journal
1355:
1351:Alpine Journal
1342:
1338:Alpine Journal
1325:
1304:
1286:
1273:
1264:
1251:
1247:Alpine Journal
1241:Berg, Peter. "
1234:
1221:
1208:
1195:
1189:(1860-1925),"
1178:
1165:
1152:
1139:
1135:Alpine Journal
1126:
1108:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1093:Kaufmann Peaks
1079:
1076:
1071:New York Times
1039:
1036:
1013:
1010:
969:
966:
948:
945:
900:
897:
822:
821:
812:
803:
786:Charles E. Fay
782:
781:
753:Lake Champlain
748:
745:
588:Mt. Freshfield
515:
512:
398:Edward Whymper
377:
374:
370:Guy's Hospital
298:Gleckstein hut
262:
259:
227:Peter Kaufmann
206:
203:
174:
173:
171:
170:
164:
161:Peter Kaufmann
157:
155:
151:
150:
147:
143:
142:
138:
137:
132:(aged 66)
126:
122:
121:
107:
103:
102:
101:Mountain Guide
99:
95:
94:
91:
87:
86:
82:
81:
66:
65:
31:
29:
22:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2605:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2583:Alpine guides
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2570:
2568:
2555:
2549:
2546:
2542:
2536:
2533:
2527:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2510:
2507:
2503:
2500:Scott, Chic.
2497:
2494:
2490:
2484:
2481:
2477:
2471:
2468:
2462:
2459:
2453:
2450:
2446:
2440:
2437:
2433:
2427:
2424:
2420:
2414:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2397:
2394:
2390:
2384:
2381:
2377:
2371:
2368:
2364:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2350:
2346:
2340:
2337:
2333:
2327:
2324:
2320:
2314:
2311:
2307:
2301:
2298:
2294:
2288:
2285:
2281:
2275:
2272:
2266:
2263:
2259:
2253:
2250:
2246:
2240:
2237:
2233:
2227:
2224:
2220:
2214:
2211:
2207:
2200:
2197:
2193:
2187:
2184:
2178:
2175:
2171:
2165:
2162:
2156:
2153:
2150:Nobs, p. 163.
2147:
2144:
2138:
2135:
2131:
2125:
2122:
2118:
2113:
2110:
2106:
2105:
2098:
2095:
2084:
2080:
2074:
2071:
2067:
2061:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2044:
2041:
2037:
2031:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2014:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1994:
1991:
1987:
1981:
1978:
1974:
1973:
1968:
1967:
1960:
1957:
1953:
1952:
1945:
1942:
1936:
1933:
1929:
1923:
1920:
1914:
1911:
1905:
1902:
1898:
1892:
1889:
1885:
1880:
1877:
1873:
1867:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1850:
1847:
1843:
1837:
1834:
1830:
1824:
1821:
1817:
1811:
1808:
1804:
1798:
1795:
1784:
1780:
1774:
1771:
1760:
1756:
1750:
1747:
1736:
1732:
1726:
1723:
1719:
1713:
1710:
1704:
1701:
1697:
1691:
1688:
1682:
1679:
1673:
1670:
1666:
1660:
1657:
1653:
1647:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1630:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1613:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1596:
1593:
1587:
1584:
1580:
1574:
1571:
1567:
1561:
1558:
1554:
1548:
1545:
1541:
1535:
1532:
1528:
1527:
1520:
1517:
1513:
1507:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1428:
1425:
1421:
1415:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1398:
1395:
1391:
1385:
1382:
1378:
1372:
1369:
1365:
1359:
1356:
1352:
1346:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1329:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1308:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1290:
1287:
1283:
1277:
1274:
1268:
1265:
1261:
1255:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1238:
1235:
1231:
1225:
1222:
1218:
1212:
1209:
1205:
1199:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1182:
1179:
1175:
1169:
1166:
1162:
1156:
1153:
1149:
1143:
1140:
1136:
1130:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1113:
1110:
1103:
1101:
1099:
1094:
1088:
1084:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1067:
1065:
1061:
1060:auf dem Hubel
1056:
1053:
1044:
1037:
1035:
1033:
1028:
1027:Konkordia Hut
1023:
1019:
1011:
1009:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
990:Claridenstock
987:
983:
979:
978:Nautgardstind
975:
967:
965:
961:
953:
946:
944:
940:
938:
934:
930:
926:
925:Kangchenjunga
922:
918:
914:
913:Sikkim, India
905:
898:
896:
894:
890:
884:
880:
878:
873:
871:
865:
861:
857:
853:
844:
840:
838:
834:
830:
826:
819:
818:
813:
810:
809:
808:Mt. Deltaform
804:
801:
800:
795:
794:
793:
791:
787:
779:
778:
773:
772:
771:
768:
766:
761:
759:
758:Lake Manitoba
754:
746:
744:
742:
738:
737:Walter Weston
733:
731:
727:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
694:
690:
688:
687:
681:
679:
678:
677:Mt. Alexandra
672:
656:
655:
649:
633:
630:s, cliffs to
629:
625:
621:
616:
599:
598:
592:
590:
589:
583:
582:hrs. ascent.
567:
566:
560:
558:
553:
551:
550:
544:
542:
541:
535:
532:
530:
520:
513:
511:
509:
505:
504:The President
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
468:
464:
462:
456:
448:
444:
440:
438:
434:
429:
427:
421:
419:
415:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
382:
375:
373:
371:
367:
363:
359:
354:
352:
348:
343:
336:
331:
327:
324:
320:
314:
312:
308:
304:
303:Harrow School
299:
295:
286:
282:
280:
276:
272:
268:
260:
258:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
230:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
204:
202:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
168:
165:
162:
159:
158:
156:
152:
148:
144:
139:
127:
123:
116:March 7, 1872
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
83:
79:
74:
62:
59:February 2022
52:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
21:
20:
2553:
2548:
2540:
2535:
2526:
2518:
2514:
2509:
2501:
2496:
2488:
2483:
2475:
2470:
2461:
2452:
2444:
2439:
2431:
2426:
2418:
2413:
2405:
2396:
2388:
2383:
2375:
2370:
2360:
2352:
2344:
2339:
2331:
2326:
2318:
2313:
2305:
2300:
2292:
2287:
2279:
2274:
2265:
2257:
2252:
2244:
2239:
2232:Star-Phoenix
2231:
2226:
2218:
2213:
2205:
2199:
2191:
2186:
2177:
2169:
2164:
2155:
2146:
2137:
2129:
2124:
2112:
2102:
2097:
2086:. Retrieved
2082:
2079:"Mount Ball"
2073:
2065:
2060:
2052:
2043:
2035:
2030:
2022:
2002:
1993:
1985:
1980:
1970:
1964:
1959:
1949:
1944:
1935:
1927:
1926:Hart, E. J.
1922:
1913:
1904:
1896:
1891:
1883:
1879:
1871:
1866:
1858:
1854:
1849:
1841:
1836:
1828:
1823:
1815:
1810:
1802:
1797:
1786:. Retrieved
1782:
1773:
1762:. Retrieved
1758:
1749:
1738:. Retrieved
1734:
1731:"Mount Vaux"
1725:
1717:
1716:Nobs, Beat.
1712:
1703:
1695:
1690:
1681:
1672:
1664:
1659:
1646:
1638:
1629:
1621:
1617:
1612:
1604:
1595:
1586:
1578:
1573:
1565:
1560:
1555:, pp. 89-90.
1552:
1547:
1539:
1534:
1524:
1519:
1511:
1506:
1498:
1461:Signal Kuppe
1432:
1427:
1419:
1414:
1406:
1402:
1397:
1384:
1376:
1371:
1363:
1358:
1350:
1345:
1337:
1328:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1307:
1299:
1295:
1289:
1281:
1276:
1267:
1259:
1254:
1246:
1237:
1229:
1224:
1216:
1211:
1203:
1198:
1190:
1181:
1173:
1168:
1163:, pp. 38-39.
1160:
1155:
1147:
1142:
1134:
1129:
1121:
1112:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1070:
1068:
1063:
1059:
1057:
1051:
1049:
1031:
1022:Jungfraujoch
1017:
1015:
994:Gross Ruchen
986:Oberalpstock
973:
971:
962:
958:
941:
910:
888:
887:Peak Seven (
885:
881:
874:
860:Hudson Stuck
849:
828:
823:
815:
806:
799:Mt. Hungabee
797:
783:
775:
769:
762:
757:
752:
750:
734:
730:Mount Forbes
723:
711:
708:
704:
699:
684:
682:
675:
673:
652:
650:
631:
627:
619:
617:
595:
593:
586:
584:
563:
561:
557:Mt. Kaufmann
556:
554:
547:
545:
540:Mt. Columbia
538:
536:
533:
528:
525:
484:Mt. Victoria
480:James Outram
473:
457:
453:
441:
430:
426:Australasian
425:
422:
387:
365:
357:
355:
350:
344:
340:
334:
318:
317:appeared in
315:
291:
278:
266:
264:
254:
231:
214:
211:Graben-Peter
210:
208:
178:
177:
130:(1939-01-12)
56:
41:Please help
33:
2578:1939 deaths
2573:1872 births
2400:"Obituary:
1495:Moine ridge
1449:Schreckhorn
1064:SpÀtenmatte
998:Ortler Alps
777:Mt. Goodsir
632:Turret Peak
549:Mount Lyell
488:Mt. Stephen
461:Mt. Stephen
414:St. Niklaus
215:Grabi-Peter
2567:Categories
2554:Appalachia
2541:Appalachia
2445:FĂŒhrerbuch
2432:FĂŒhrerbuch
2419:FĂŒhrerbuch
2389:FĂŒhrerbuch
2332:FĂŒhrerbuch
2319:FĂŒhrerbuch
2293:FĂŒhrerbuch
2282:, pp. 145.
2280:FĂŒhrerbuch
2192:FĂŒhrerbuch
2088:2023-08-06
2066:FĂŒhrerbuch
2036:FĂŒhrerbuch
1986:FĂŒhrerbuch
1855:FĂŒhrerbuch
1829:FĂŒhrerbuch
1816:FĂŒhrerbuch
1788:2023-08-06
1764:2023-08-06
1740:2023-08-06
1654:item 3921.
1566:FĂŒhrerbuch
1553:FĂŒhrerbuch
1540:FĂŒhrerbuch
1512:FĂŒhrerbuch
1499:FĂŒhrerbuch
1485:Mont Blanc
1477:Montanvert
1469:Matterhorn
1457:Monte Rosa
1433:FĂŒhrerbuch
1403:FĂŒhrerbuch
1300:FĂŒhrerbuch
1296:FĂŒhrerbuch
1204:FĂŒhrerbuch
1174:FĂŒhrerbuch
1161:FĂŒhrerbuch
1052:FĂŒhrerbuch
1032:FĂŒhrerbuch
1018:FĂŒhrerbuch
1002:Königspitz
974:FĂŒhrerbuch
937:Darjeeling
893:Mount Tuzo
856:Mount Ball
837:Hypsometer
829:FĂŒhrerbuch
817:Mt. Biddle
686:Mt. Wilson
618:Aug. 19: "
597:Mt. Forbes
529:FĂŒhrerbuch
500:Mt. Collie
402:Matterhorn
358:FĂŒhrerbuch
335:FĂŒhrerbuch
311:Monte Rosa
271:Wetterhorn
267:FĂŒhrerbuch
255:FĂŒhrerbuch
251:Interlaken
247:MĂ€nnlichen
112:1872-03-07
51:Wikisource
2447:, p. 180.
2434:, p. 175.
2376:Die Alpen
2345:The Times
2334:, p. 153.
2321:, p. 142.
2068:, p. 110.
2038:, p. 106.
1988:, p. 101.
1831:, p. 117.
1818:, p. 116.
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1313:The Times
835:with the
683:Aug. 26:
674:Aug. 23:
654:Mt. Bryce
651:Aug. 21:
594:Aug. 10:
585:Aug. 04:
565:Mons Peak
562:July 31:
555:July 30:
546:July 24:
537:July 19:
496:Mt. Habel
319:The Times
241:, to the
195:Himalayas
154:Relatives
47:Wikiquote
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1176:, p. 38.
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191:Selkirks
90:Nickname
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1481:Grépon
1479:; the
1467:; the
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1078:Legacy
1006:Ortler
864:Denali
235:Little
199:Norway
197:, and
193:, the
189:, the
185:, the
146:Spouse
141:Family
1437:Mönch
1317:Times
671:hrs.
648:hrs.
628:arĂȘte
408:from
351:arĂȘte
2552:See
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237:and
183:Alps
125:Died
106:Born
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