1129:"Try the common sense test: When you think of a rape in a college dormitory, do you think about interstate commerce? As the Fourth Circuit noted in Brzonkala, the relationship between sexual violence and interstate commerce is rather attenuated.... Do you want Congress to enjoy unrestricted regulatory power over you? (Do you want your divorce in federal court? Do you want Congress making local zoning decisions for your town?) The Supreme Court in Lopez rightly held that the Commerce Clause is not a grant of general police power.... This standard does not unduly limit congressional power, including the power to prohibit discrimination. It does not invalidate the Civil Rights Act of 1964: Segregation in hotels and restaurants, on transportation systems, and in the workplace involved commercial activities with clear and substantial effects upon interstate commerce."
380:, freshman student, Christy Brzonkala, alleged that she was assaulted and raped repeatedly by students Antonio Morrison and James Crawford. Brzonkala initially stated that she visited Morrison and Crawford in their dormitory and they assaulted her, but later claimed that she was assaulted in her dormitory, and had never met the students until that day. During the school-conducted hearing on her complaint, Morrison admitted having sexual contact with her, but claimed that it was consensual. College proceedings failed to punish Crawford who produced an alibi witness, but initially punished Morrison with a suspension (which was later struck down by the administration). A state
600:
agreed with the government that there was a "voluminous congressional record" supporting the "assertion that there is pervasive bias in various state justice systems against victims of gender-motivated violence." The Court also agreed with the government that "state-sponsored gender discrimination violates equal protection unless it serves important governmental objectives...." However, according to the majority, even if there is unconstitutional state action, Congress is justified in targeting only state actors, rather than private parties.
42:
550:"insufficient investigation and prosecution of gender-motivated crime, inappropriate focus on the behavior and credibility of the victims of that crime, and unacceptably lenient punishments for those who are actually convicted of gender-motivated violence." That bias, the government argued, deprived women of the equal protection of the laws, and the private civil remedy of VAWA was meant to redress "both the States' bias and deter future instances of gender discrimination in the state courts."
5260:
504:, the Court stated, "Were the Federal Government to take over the regulation of entire areas of traditional State concern, areas having nothing to do with the regulation of commercial activities, the boundaries between the spheres of federal and State authority would blur." The majority further stated that "it is difficult to perceive any limitation on federal power, even in areas such as criminal law enforcement or education where States historically have been sovereign."
688:
and
Ginsburg, argued that it was primarily the responsibility of Congress, not the courts, to put limits on Congress's power under the Commerce Clause. Joined by Justice Stevens, Justice Breyer contended that Congress had been sensitive to concerns of federalism in enacting VAWA, and he expressed doubts about the majority's pronouncements on the Fourteenth Amendment. According to the four dissenting justices, the
1204:
1081:
687:
Justice Souter, joined by
Justices Stevens, Ginsburg, and Breyer, argued that enacting VAWA was well within Congress's power under the Commerce Clause and stated that the majority revived an old and discredited interpretation of the Commerce Clause. Justice Breyer, joined by Justices Stevens, Souter,
599:
stated that "assuming that there has been gender-based disparate treatment by state authorities in this case, it would not be enough to save § 13981's civil remedy, which is directed not at a State or state actor but at individuals who have committed criminal acts motivated by gender bias." The Court
341:
held that the
Commerce Clause gave Congress only the power to regulate activities that were directly economic in nature, even if there were indirect economic consequences. Rehnquist also held that the Equal Protection Clause did not authorize the law because the clause applies only to acts by states,
557:
limit the manner in which
Congress may remedy discrimination, and they require a civil remedy to be directed at a state or a state actor, not a private party. The Court stated that such precedents prohibit only action by state governments, not private conduct. In other words, the unequal enforcement
645:
did not allow
Congress to exceed the Court's interpretation of the Fourteenth Amendment. Although it had been widely believed that Section Five of the Fourteenth Amendment was a "one-way ratchet" and a minimum standard, the Court's interpretation of the Equal Protection Clause, that interpretation
755:
agreed with the courts that
Congress had overstepped its bounds by invoking the Commerce Clause: "The price of upholding VAWA's civil rights remedy is an unconstitutional grant of unlimited power to Congress, power that will not always be used wisely or with regard to individual rights. We need to
478:
The majority concluded that acts of violence that were meant to be remedied by VAWA had only an "attenuated," not a substantial, effect on interstate commerce. The government, however, argued that "a mountain of evidence" indicated that such acts in the aggregate had a substantial effect. For that
524:
must be considered in the light of our dual system of government and may not be extended so as to embrace effects upon interstate commerce so indirect and remote that to embrace them, in view of our complex society, would effectually obliterate the distinction between what is national and what is
470:
court stated that
Congress may regulate the use of the channels of interstate commerce, the "instrumentalities" (such as vehicles) used in interstate commerce, and activities that substantially affect interstate commerce. Because VAWA's civil remedy concededly did not regulate the first or second
772:
said that the attorneys general of 36 states had endorsed the VAWA, and he argued that the endorsement "exposes one of the more bizarre aspects of the
Supreme Court's recent activism on behalf of state sovereignty: From the states' point of view, this campaign is often pointless and sometimes
549:
The U.S. government argued that VAWA appropriately enforced the Equal
Protection Clause's ban on governmental gender discrimination. Specially, the government argued that pervasive gender stereotypes and assumptions permeated state justice systems and that such forms of state bias led to
659:, 384 U.S. 641 (1966), in which the Court had called that Section Five of the Fourteenth Amendment "a positive grant of legislative power authorizing Congress to exercise its discretion in determining the need for and nature of legislation to secure Fourteenth Amendment guarantees." In
767:
for relying on "implicitly patriarchal" legal reasoning. She argued that the decision reflected an attitude, pervasive in the
American judicial system, of violence against women being a "domestic" issue and therefore less serious than "male issues." Professor
619:
struck down: "There were state laws on the books bespeaking equality of treatment, but in the administration of these laws there was discrimination against newly freed slaves." To the majority, that quote indicated that the law deemed unconstitutional in the
5229:
169:
Congress did not regulate an activity that substantially affected interstate commerce. The Commerce Clause thus did not permit the enactment of the Act. The Fourteenth Amendment was not applicable since no state was responsible for causing the alleged
336:
The case arose from a challenge to a provision of the Violence Against Women Act that provided victims of gender-motivated violence the right to sue their attackers in federal court. In a majority opinion joined by four other justices, Chief Justice
696:"are not rips in the fabric of the Framers' Constitution, inviting judicial repairs," and amendments affecting states' rights like the Seventeenth Amendment "did not convert the judiciary into an alternate shield against the commerce power."
641:(1997), the majority stated, Congress was required to adhere to the Court's interpretation of the Fourteenth Amendment, including the Court's interpretation of the state-action doctrine. The "congruence and proportionality" requirement of
4238:
3501:
2024:
2056:
3477:
593:, the Court ruled that the Clause did not apply to a prison lynching since the Fourteenth Amendment did not apply to private actors, only state actors. In that case, a sheriff, a state actor, had tried to prevent the lynching.
485:(1942), which held that Congress could regulate an individual act that lacked a substantial effect on interstate commerce if, when aggregated, such acts had the required relation to interstate commerce. Once again, relying on
1486:
3674:
516:
4078:
1019:'Power' and the Forced Reconsideration of Constitutional Decisions", 53 U. Chi. L. Rev. 819 (1986); William Cohen, "Congressional Power to Interpret Due Process and Equal Protection", 27 Stan L. Rev. 603 (1975).
5871:
4030:
2780:
5866:
388:
5219:
4246:
3541:
3411:
4390:
4358:
603:
The government's argument was that VAWA had been enacted in response to "gender-based disparate treatment by state authorities." In contrast there was "no indication of such state action" in the
4038:
496:
The Court explained that the need to distinguish between economic activities that directly and those that indirectly affect interstate commerce was caused by "the concern that we expressed in
5234:
719:
2195:
773:
counterproductive." Shane stated the 36 attorneys general had called the Violence Against Women Act "a particularly appropriate remedy for the harm caused by gender-motivated violence."
5856:
5224:
5214:
4046:
3642:
5199:
2475:
1757:
1068:, May 19, 2000: "Although the case started as a classic 'he said, she said,' by the time it reached the Supreme Court, U.S. v. Morrison was all about federalism, not sexual politics."
693:
5486:
5194:
4467:
3799:
3509:
2710:
689:
422:
316:
4118:
1824:
3762:
3602:
1928:
1219:
792:
392:
97:
5249:
5876:
5419:
4342:
3928:
3469:
2764:
2678:
2403:
2299:
2088:
1117:
802:
4254:
3965:
5816:
3974:
3824:
1984:
611:
held that the Fourteenth Amendment did not allow Congress to target private parties to remedy the unequal enforcement of state laws. To support that interpretation of the
5512:
5552:
5299:
4963:
4634:
4278:
4214:
3517:
4650:
4492:
4446:
3525:
2072:
1632:
5497:
4014:
458:, the Court had stressed "enumerated powers" that limit federal power to maintain "a distinction between what is truly national and what is truly local." Therefore,
5861:
4414:
4190:
3746:
3440:
3155:
3070:
2219:
1131:
1095:
508:
5685:
4422:
4126:
3912:
3832:
3357:
3216:
3078:
5038:
4793:
4671:
4598:
4591:
4318:
3840:
3682:
2508:
2347:
1665:
1572:
1519:
1450:
1446:
1397:
1393:
1344:
1340:
1326:
4907:
3349:
534:
The Court also held that Congress lacked the power to enact VAWA under the Fourteenth Amendment. It relied on the "state action" doctrine, which originated in
4476:
675:
had involved federal legislation "directed at New York officials," instead of private parties. The Court also noted that unlike the VAWA, the legislation in
5482:
373:
for a federal civil remedy to victims of gender-based violence even if no criminal charges had been filed against the alleged perpetrator of that violence.
3944:
3754:
3626:
3594:
3285:
2660:
2267:
462:
limited the scope of the Commerce Clause to exclude activity that was not directly economic in nature, even if there were indirect economic consequences.
2379:
1061:
5891:
5637:
5334:
5289:
5239:
4262:
2211:
2064:
5537:
3666:
3389:
2032:
1701:
500:
that Congress might use the Commerce Clause to completely obliterate the Constitution's distinction between national and local authority." Referring to
5607:
5204:
4022:
3920:
3163:
3147:
3139:
797:
558:
of state laws caused by inaction is, by that interpretation, beyond the scope of the federal government's enforcement of the Equal Protection Clause.
5507:
5532:
5284:
4334:
4054:
3808:
3200:
3046:
3038:
1960:
5886:
5274:
5154:
4350:
3341:
2966:
2096:
2016:
1709:
5502:
3730:
2251:
650:
to prevent what the Court described as "a considerable congressional intrusion into the States' traditional prerogatives and general authority."
577:, the Court had held that the Equal Protection Clause applied only to acts done by states, not to acts done by private individuals. Because the
5527:
4302:
3952:
3381:
2259:
1840:
5107:
4867:
4438:
4406:
4206:
4198:
3990:
3770:
3738:
3618:
3573:
3493:
2283:
2179:
1808:
751:: "The court got it right. If Congress could federalize rape and assault, it's hard to think of anything it couldn't." The lawyer and writer
493:
did not apply because economic effects of crimes against women were indirect and so they could not be addressed through the Commerce Clause.
3086:
5339:
5209:
3872:
3786:
3485:
3419:
3208:
3062:
3054:
2427:
2139:
1968:
1920:
1314:
553:
The Court responded that even if there had been gender-based disparate treatment by state authorities in that case, precedents such as the
5522:
5821:
5329:
4484:
4430:
3706:
3533:
3240:
3183:
2615:
1944:
5478:
5474:
5369:
5359:
4294:
3778:
3658:
3549:
2387:
2371:
1976:
1936:
1888:
1478:
1417:
1364:
1323:
787:
586:
366:
304:
46:
4947:
384:
did not find sufficient evidence to charge either man with a crime. Brzonkala then filed suit under the Violence Against Women Act.
5577:
5389:
4270:
4142:
3982:
3333:
3317:
3171:
2323:
2275:
2163:
2040:
713:
451:
5399:
5244:
5115:
4310:
4222:
3998:
3848:
1912:
1896:
1872:
111:
3422; 68 U.S.L.W. 4351; 82 Fair Empl. Prac. Cas. (Daily Journal DAR 5061; 2000 Colo. J. C.A.R. 2583; 13 Fla. L. Weekly Fed. S 287
5790:
5394:
4728:
3856:
3714:
3448:
1864:
1832:
1539:
413:(VAWA) of 1994 that gave victims of gender-motivated violence the right to sue their attackers in federal court. Chief Justice
2702:
5294:
4939:
2905:
2483:
1848:
1717:
2315:
436:
The majority opinion was that VAWA exceeded congressional power under the Commerce Clause and the Equal Protection Clause.
5730:
5660:
5612:
5547:
5542:
5517:
5379:
4931:
4843:
3431:
3224:
3130:
2603:
2080:
1592:
1135:
5806:
5409:
5344:
5017:
3690:
2694:
2331:
1880:
120:
5147:
4517:
4286:
3610:
3094:
2235:
2008:
1640:
1171:
1158:
Catharine A. MacKinnon, "Disputing Male Sovereignty: On United States v. Morrison", 114 Harv. L. Rev. 135 (2000–2001)
1208:
5680:
5627:
5622:
4915:
4570:
4062:
2451:
2000:
1904:
1816:
1661:
1182:(2000-05-21). Also see Mauro, Tony. "States' Rights Triumph in Supreme Court Kimel Decision, Oral VAWA Argument",
875:"VIRGINIA TECH SAYS WOMAN CHANGED STORY SCHOOL ASKS FOR DISMISSAL OF HER CIVIL SUIT AGAINST IT, MORRISON, CRAWFORD"
823:"VIRGINIA TECH SAYS WOMAN CHANGED STORY SCHOOL ASKS FOR DISMISSAL OF HER CIVIL SUIT AGAINST IT, MORRISON, CRAWFORD"
410:
362:
635:
was valid, the VAWA remained unconstitutionally aimed not at state actors but at private criminal conduct. Under
5449:
5059:
5051:
4562:
3904:
3309:
3256:
2411:
2307:
2243:
1693:
1028:
Justice Souter’s dissent, which was joined by Justice Stevens, Justice Ginsburg, and Justice Breyer, May 15, 2000
4923:
874:
822:
5736:
5582:
5309:
5304:
5279:
4851:
4744:
4696:
4454:
4086:
3880:
3650:
3232:
3192:
3110:
1584:
1307:
1286:
Yes, Virginia (Tech), Our Government Is One Of Limited Powers: United States v. Morrison, 120 S.Ct. 1740 (2000)
637:
578:
955:
142:
4955:
546:(1883), and provides that the prohibitions of the Fourteenth Amendment do not constrain private individuals.
5670:
4546:
4158:
3936:
3864:
3277:
3248:
1791:
1749:
1725:
1677:
1547:
1515:
563:
536:
320:
1266:
999:
977:
848:
157:
5881:
5785:
5763:
5140:
5091:
4883:
4374:
4174:
4094:
3373:
3293:
3118:
2958:
2740:
2443:
2419:
573:(1883), both of which were decided 15 years after the Fourteenth Amendment's ratification in 1868. In the
446:
358:
325:
201:
1239:
78:
5259:
5067:
4530:
3585:
3325:
3268:
2974:
2925:
2800:
2640:
2632:
2578:
2540:
2355:
2187:
1952:
1856:
1223:
908:
89:
74:
4875:
2363:
5132:
5592:
5492:
5439:
5429:
5178:
5099:
4996:
4538:
4398:
4134:
4110:
4070:
3030:
2897:
2748:
1741:
1531:
655:
561:
The majority reaffirmed the state action doctrine and specifically reaffirmed the results reached in
5314:
5083:
4816:
4760:
4736:
4006:
3014:
2998:
2982:
2833:
2732:
2339:
2203:
1409:
1300:
1248:
760:
743:
507:
Justice Thomas's concurring opinion also expressed the concern that "Congress appropriating State
229:
723:, was one of a series of Rehnquist Court decisions from 1999 through 2001 holding that Congress's
5780:
5675:
5632:
4806:
4720:
4712:
4642:
4230:
3698:
3301:
3102:
3006:
2990:
2873:
2865:
2772:
2756:
2522:
2291:
1733:
1613:
1568:
569:
542:
481:
300:
466:
was the first significant limitation on the Commerce Clause powers of Congress in 53 years. The
349:
argued that the majority revived an old and discredited interpretation of the Commerce Clause.
65:
United States v. Antonio J. Morrison et al. and Christy Brzonkala v. Antonio J. Morrison et al.
5009:
4859:
4618:
4554:
4102:
3896:
3816:
3565:
2934:
2913:
2809:
2686:
2587:
2467:
2227:
2048:
1800:
1372:
1111:
1047:
724:
414:
338:
193:
185:
5753:
5747:
5654:
5562:
4835:
4704:
4610:
4326:
4182:
4150:
3634:
2942:
2825:
2648:
2565:
2171:
2131:
2115:
1685:
1625:
1462:
391:
held that Congress lacked authority to enact 42 U.S.C. § 13981. A three-judge panel of the
5775:
5665:
5572:
5075:
4789:
4366:
4166:
3722:
2950:
2881:
2857:
2817:
2670:
2395:
2147:
2123:
1992:
1778:
1494:
1425:
1175:
782:
418:
330:
312:
225:
213:
1292:
444:
With regard to the Commerce Clause, the majority said that the result was controlled by
5718:
4971:
4899:
4752:
4688:
4382:
3365:
2849:
2841:
2788:
2595:
2435:
1470:
1257:
769:
624:
was meant to combat the same kind of disparate treatment against which VAWA was aimed.
237:
205:
1230:
1038:
5850:
5811:
5768:
5758:
5617:
5602:
5567:
5424:
5163:
4891:
4626:
3888:
3401:
3022:
2889:
2722:
2624:
1356:
752:
581:
applied to racial discrimination in private establishments, the Court decided in the
377:
5557:
5469:
5414:
5384:
4768:
3557:
370:
346:
217:
1285:
417:, writing for the majority, held that Congress lacked authority, under either the
92:
17:
5741:
2532:
912:
308:
5319:
3460:
2155:
1203:
732:
381:
108:
4239:
Florida Prepaid Postsecondary Education Expense Board v. College Savings Bank
3502:
College Savings Bank v. Florida Prepaid Postsecondary Education Expense Board
900:
615:, the Court quoted one of the Congressmen who had supported the law that the
5464:
5459:
5454:
5354:
5349:
104:
3478:
San Francisco Arts & Athletics, Inc. v. United States Olympic Committee
2025:
Oregon Waste Systems, Inc. v. Department of Environmental Quality of Oregon
1186:(2000-01-12); Greenhouse, Linda. "Justices Cool to Law Protecting Women",
1168:
933:
679:"was directed only to the State where the evil found by Congress existed."
5724:
1487:
Arizona State Legislature v. Arizona Independent Redistricting Commission
1003:
981:
959:
627:
The majority continued that even if the government's distinction between
288:
U.S. Const. Art. I, § 8, cl. 3; U.S. Const. Amend. XIV; 42 U.S.C. § 13981
146:
139:
2057:
United Haulers Ass'n v. Oneida-Herkimer Solid Waste Management Authority
5697:
5404:
1275:
653:
The belief that section five was a "one-way ratchet" had been based on
397:
307:
were unconstitutional because they exceeded the powers granted to the
4079:
Walker Process Equipment, Inc. v. Food Machinery & Chemical Corp.
3675:
Quality King Distributors Inc., v. L'anza Research International Inc.
934:
Court to Congress: You can't regulate everything by Stuart Taylor Jr.
731:
was also seen by the press as one of the Rehnquist Court's series of
2380:
Hodel v. Virginia Surface Mining & Reclamation Association, Inc.
1126:(2000-02-14). Retrieved 2007-02-13. Kaminer's article also stated:
4031:
Great Atlantic & Pacific Tea Co. v. Supermarket Equipment Corp.
2781:
Consolidated Safety-Valve Co. v. Crosby Steam Gauge & Valve Co.
389:
United States District Court for the Western District of Virginia
5712:
5707:
5702:
5374:
5364:
5324:
333:
cases that limited Congress's powers under the Commerce Clause.
154:
5136:
5036:
4994:
4787:
4669:
4589:
4515:
4247:
J. E. M. Ag Supply, Inc. v. Pioneer Hi-Bred International, Inc.
2563:
2506:
1776:
1659:
1611:
1566:
1513:
1444:
1391:
1338:
1296:
735:
decisions, mainly because of the Court's previous decisions in
520:(1937), stated that the scope of the interstate commerce power
471:
categories, the Court analyzed its validity under the third in
395:
reversed the decision 2–1. The Fourth Circuit reheard the case
41:
3542:
Lexmark International, Inc. v. Static Control Components, Inc.
3412:
Motion Picture Patents Co. v. Universal Film Manufacturing Co.
4039:
Graver Tank & Manufacturing Co. v. Linde Air Products Co.
756:
combat sexual violence without making a federal case of it."
4391:
Association for Molecular Pathology v. Myriad Genetics, Inc.
4359:
Mayo Collaborative Services v. Prometheus Laboratories, Inc.
2196:
Houston East & West Texas Railway Co. v. United States
5872:
United States Fourteenth Amendment, section five case law
489:, the majority replied that the aggregation principle of
5867:
United States Supreme Court cases of the Rehnquist Court
4047:
Aro Manufacturing Co. v. Convertible Top Replacement Co.
3643:
Feist Publications, Inc., v. Rural Telephone Service Co.
428:
However, the Act's program funding remained unaffected.
409:
The Court's 5–4 decision invalidated the section of the
5084:
Northeast Bancorp v. Federal Reserve Board of Governors
2476:
National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius
1825:
Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railway Co. v. Illinois
1758:
National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius
1045:", Lewis & Clark L. Rev. (Winter 2005) (discussing
3510:
Cooper Industries, Inc. v. Leatherman Tool Group, Inc.
2711:
General Talking Pictures Corp. v. Western Electric Co.
401:
and reversed the panel, upholding the district court.
278:
Breyer, joined by Stevens; Souter, Ginsburg (Part I-A)
254:
Rehnquist, joined by O'Connor, Scalia, Kennedy, Thomas
3763:
Fourth Estate Public Benefit Corp. v. Wall-Street.com
3603:
Sony Corp. of America v. Universal City Studios, Inc.
2679:
Hollister v. Benedict & Burnham Manufacturing Co.
1929:
Hunt v. Washington State Apple Advertising Commission
793:
List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 529
525:
local and create a completely centralized government.
4343:
Stanford University v. Roche Molecular Systems, Inc.
3929:
Fortnightly Corp. v. United Artists Television, Inc.
3470:
Inwood Laboratories, Inc. v. Ives Laboratories, Inc.
2765:
City of Elizabeth v. American Nicholson Pavement Co.
2404:
Garcia v. San Antonio Metropolitan Transit Authority
2089:
Tennessee Wine and Spirits Retailers Assn. v. Thomas
995:
Brzonkala v. Va. Polytechnic Inst. & State Univ.
973:
Brzonkala v. Va. Polytechnic Inst. & State Univ.
951:
Brzonkala v. Va. Polytechnic Inst. & State Univ.
803:
Lists of United States Supreme Court cases by volume
585:, it exceeded congressional enforcement power under
136:
Brzonkala v. Va. Polytechnic Inst. & State Univ.
5799:
5646:
5591:
5438:
5267:
5187:
5165:
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
4827:
4804:
4465:
4255:
Festo Corp. v. Shoketsu Kinzoku Kogyo Kabushiki Co.
4119:
Anderson's-Black Rock, Inc. v. Pavement Salvage Co.
3963:
3797:
3584:
3459:
3430:
3400:
3267:
3182:
3129:
2924:
2799:
2721:
2659:
2614:
2577:
2520:
2107:
1790:
1043:
Dead? Assessing a Supreme Court Drug (Law) Overdose
282:
274:
266:
258:
250:
245:
174:
163:
131:
126:
116:
84:
70:
60:
53:
34:
5220:Carilion School of Medicine and Research Institute
3975:Continental Paper Bag Co. v. Eastern Paper Bag Co.
3825:Order of St. Benedict of New Jersey v. Steinhauser
1985:South-Central Timber Development, Inc. v. Wunnicke
5300:Virginia Tech Institute for Policy and Governance
4635:Immigration and Naturalization Service v. St. Cyr
4279:Illinois Tool Works Inc. v. Independent Ink, Inc.
4215:Warner-Jenkinson Co. v. Hilton Davis Chemical Co.
4015:Sinclair & Carroll Co. v. Interchemical Corp.
3518:TrafFix Devices, Inc. v. Marketing Displays, Inc.
2300:United States v. South-Eastern Underwriters Ass'n
727:do not permit various federal civil rights laws.
4651:Department of Homeland Security v. Thuraissigiam
4493:Patent and Trademark Office v. Booking.com B. V.
4447:TC Heartland LLC v. Kraft Foods Group Brands LLC
3526:Dastar Corp. v. Twentieth Century Fox Film Corp.
3071:United Dictionary Co. v. G. & C. Merriam Co.
2073:Comptroller of the Treasury of Maryland v. Wynne
1977:White v. Mass. Council of Construction Employers
1633:Immigration and Naturalization Service v. Chadha
1116:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
1098:. Archived from the original on November 1, 2005
5857:United States Constitution Article One case law
5230:School of Biomedical Engineering & Sciences
4948:Energy Reserves Group v. Kansas P. & L. Co.
4415:Akamai Techs., Inc. v. Limelight Networks, Inc.
4191:Bonito Boats, Inc. v. Thunder Craft Boats, Inc.
3747:American Broadcasting Cos., Inc. v. Aereo, Inc.
2220:A.L.A. Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States
522:
5686:The Educational Media Company at Virginia Tech
4964:Keystone Bituminous Coal Ass'n v. DeBenedictis
4423:Teva Pharmaceuticals USA, Inc. v. Sandoz, Inc.
4127:Zenith Radio Corp. v. Hazeltine Research, Inc.
3913:Miller Music Corp. v. Charles N. Daniels, Inc.
3833:International News Service v. Associated Press
3358:F. W. Woolworth Co. v. Contemporary Arts, Inc.
3350:Fred Fisher Music Co. v. M. Witmark & Sons
3217:White-Smith Music Publishing Co. v. Apollo Co.
3079:White-Smith Music Publishing Co. v. Apollo Co.
5148:
4477:G. & C. Merriam Co. v. Syndicate Pub. Co.
4319:Quanta Computer, Inc. v. LG Electronics, Inc.
3841:L. A. Westermann Co. v. Dispatch Printing Co.
3683:Feltner v. Columbia Pictures Television, Inc.
2348:Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States
1308:
345:In his dissenting opinion, Associate Justice
8:
5235:College of Natural Resources and Environment
3441:Fashion Originators' Guild of America v. FTC
3286:DeJonge and Co. v. Breuker & Kessler Co.
3156:Fashion Originators' Guild of America v. FTC
1289:, 24 Harv. J.L. & Pub. Pol'y 895 (2001).
5877:Violence against women in the United States
5817:List of Virginia Tech head football coaches
4908:Home Building & Loan Ass'n v. Blaisdell
3945:Teleprompter Corp. v. Columbia Broadcasting
3755:Star Athletica, LLC v. Varsity Brands, Inc.
3627:Community for Creative Non-Violence v. Reid
3595:Zacchini v. Scripps-Howard Broadcasting Co.
3390:Williams & Wilkins Co. v. United States
2268:McGoldrick v. Berwind-White Coal Mining Co.
2033:C&A Carbone, Inc. v. Town of Clarkstown
270:Souter, joined by Stevens, Ginsburg, Breyer
5290:Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute
5225:School of Public and International Affairs
5215:College of Liberal Arts and Human Sciences
5155:
5141:
5133:
5033:
4991:
4801:
4784:
4666:
4586:
4512:
4263:Merck KGaA v. Integra Lifesciences I, Ltd.
2574:
2560:
2517:
2503:
2212:Board of Trade of City of Chicago v. Olsen
2065:Department of Revenue of Kentucky v. Davis
1787:
1773:
1656:
1608:
1563:
1510:
1441:
1388:
1335:
1315:
1301:
1293:
31:
5608:Washington-Alexandria Architecture Center
5200:College of Architecture and Urban Studies
4023:Funk Bros. Seed Co. v. Kalo Inoculant Co.
3921:Pub. Affairs Associates, Inc. v. Rickover
3201:McLoughlin v. Raphael Tuck & Sons Co.
3164:United States v. Paramount Pictures, Inc.
3148:Interstate Circuit, Inc. v. United States
3140:Straus v. American Publishers Association
3047:McLoughlin v. Raphael Tuck & Sons Co.
798:List of United States Supreme Court cases
511:under the guise of regulating commerce."
5195:College of Agriculture and Life Sciences
4335:Global-Tech Appliances, Inc. v. SEB S.A.
4055:Compco Corp. v. Day-Brite Lighting, Inc.
3809:American Lithographic Co. v. Werkmeister
3731:Kirtsaeng v. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
3039:Bleistein v. Donaldson Lithographing Co.
2252:NLRB v. Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp.
1961:Kassel v. Consolidated Freightways Corp.
1702:Pollock v. Farmers' Loan & Trust Co.
607:. According to the Court, however, the
517:NLRB v. Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp.
5275:Virginia Tech Corporate Research Center
4940:Allied Structural Steel Co. v. Spannaus
4351:Microsoft Corp. v. i4i Ltd. Partnership
3667:Lotus Dev. Corp. v. Borland Int'l, Inc.
3382:Sears, Roebuck & Co. v. Stiffel Co.
3342:Sheldon v. Metro-Goldwyn Pictures Corp.
2967:Burrow-Giles Lithographic Co. v. Sarony
2097:National Pork Producers Council v. Ross
2017:Chemical Waste Management, Inc. v. Hunt
1841:George W. Bush & Sons Co. v. Malloy
1710:Brushaber v. Union Pacific Railroad Co.
1169:In Whose Best Interests? Not the States
849:"Christy Brzonkala v. Antonio Morrison"
813:
393:Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit
5862:United States Commerce Clause case law
4303:KSR International Co. v. Teleflex Inc.
4199:Eli Lilly & Co. v. Medtronic, Inc.
3953:Twentieth Century Music Corp. v. Aiken
3619:Harper & Row v. Nation Enterprises
2260:United States v. Carolene Products Co.
1109:
1084:, (2000-05-16). Retrieved 2007-02-13.
5603:Virginia Tech National Capital Region
5108:Polar Tankers, Inc. v. City of Valdez
4868:Charles River Bridge v. Warren Bridge
4439:Apple Inc. v. Samsung Electronics Co.
4407:Alice Corp. v. CLS Bank International
4207:Markman v. Westview Instruments, Inc.
3991:United States v. General Electric Co.
3771:Rimini Street Inc. v. Oracle USA Inc.
3739:Petrella v. Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, Inc.
3574:Romag Fasteners, Inc. v. Fossil, Inc.
3494:Qualitex Co. v. Jacobson Products Co.
2284:United States v. Wrightwood Dairy Co.
2180:Southern Railway Co. v. United States
1809:Willson v. Black-Bird Creek Marsh Co.
1394:Qualifications Clauses of Sections II
479:proposition the government relied on
303:decision that held that parts of the
29:2000 United States Supreme Court case
7:
5513:Virginia Tech–Boston College rivalry
5340:Virginia school of political economy
4932:U.S. Trust Co. of N.Y. v. New Jersey
3873:George v. Victor Talking Machine Co.
3787:Georgia v. Public.Resource.Org, Inc.
3486:Two Pesos, Inc. v. Taco Cabana, Inc.
3420:Morton Salt Co. v. G.S. Suppiger Co.
3209:American Tobacco Co. v. Werckmeister
3063:Werckmeister v. American Tobacco Co.
3055:American Tobacco Co. v. Werckmeister
2428:Seminole Tribe of Florida v. Florida
2140:Cooper Manufacturing Co. v. Ferguson
1969:Sporhase v. Nebraska ex rel. Douglas
1921:Complete Auto Transit, Inc. v. Brady
940:(1999-03-13). Retrieved 2007-02-13.
342:not to acts by private individuals.
5493:Virginia Tech–West Virginia rivalry
4485:Kellogg Co. v. National Biscuit Co.
4431:Kimble v. Marvel Entertainment, LLC
3707:MGM Studios, Inc. v. Grokster, Ltd.
3534:Moseley v. V Secret Catalogue, Inc.
3241:Caliga v. Inter Ocean Newspaper Co.
3184:International Copyright Act of 1891
1945:Exxon Corp. v. Governor of Maryland
1015:See, e.g., Stephen L. Carter, "The
873:Hayden, Betty; Vertefeuille, Jane.
821:Hayden, Betty; Vertefeuille, Jane.
329:(1995), it was part of a series of
5498:Virginia Tech-Georgia Tech rivalry
5370:Mid Atlantic Terascale Partnership
5360:Carilion Roanoke Memorial Hospital
4295:MedImmune, Inc. v. Genentech, Inc.
3659:Campbell v. Acuff-Rose Music, Inc.
3550:POM Wonderful LLC v. Coca-Cola Co.
2388:Commonwealth Edison Co. v. Montana
2372:National League of Cities v. Usery
1937:City of Philadelphia v. New Jersey
1889:Bibb v. Navajo Freight Lines, Inc.
1479:U.S. Term Limits, Inc. v. Thornton
1418:U.S. Term Limits, Inc. v. Thornton
1365:Department of Commerce v. New York
788:Congressional power of enforcement
646:had been rejected by the Court in
305:Violence Against Women Act of 1994
47:Supreme Court of the United States
25:
5892:United States Supreme Court cases
5578:Collegiate Water Polo Association
5390:Virginia School Leaders Institute
4311:Microsoft Corp. v. AT&T Corp.
4271:eBay Inc. v. MercExchange, L.L.C.
4143:United States v. Glaxo Group Ltd.
3983:Minerals Separation, Ltd. v. Hyde
3334:Washingtonian Pub. Co. v. Pearson
3318:Buck v. Jewell-LaSalle Realty Co.
3172:Broadcast Music, Inc. v. CBS Inc.
2276:United States v. Darby Lumber Co.
2164:United States v. E. C. Knight Co.
2041:West Lynn Creamery, Inc. v. Healy
1226:598 (2000) is available from:
1037:However, see Jonathan H. Adler, "
452:Gun-Free School Zones Act of 1990
365:, which contained a provision at
5812:List of Virginia Tech Presidents
5553:Virginia Tech IMG Sports Network
5400:Super Dual Auroral Radar Network
5258:
5116:Texas v. New Mexico and Colorado
4223:Pfaff v. Wells Electronics, Inc.
3999:United States v. Univis Lens Co.
3849:Lumiere v. Mae Edna Wilder, Inc.
1913:Hughes v. Alexandria Scrap Corp.
1897:National Bellas Hess v. Illinois
1873:Dean Milk Co. v. City of Madison
1833:Swift & Co. v. United States
1202:
589:of the Fourteenth Amendment. In
450:(1995), which had held that the
40:
5240:College of Osteopathic Medicine
4729:Garner v. Board of Public Works
3857:Educational Films Corp. v. Ward
3715:Reed Elsevier, Inc. v. Muchnick
3087:Dun v. Lumbermen's Credit Ass'n
2316:H.P. Hood & Sons v. Du Mond
1865:Southern Pacific Co. v. Arizona
5887:2000 in United States case law
5475:Virginia Tech–Virginia rivalry
5295:Virginia Cooperative Extension
5250:College of Veterinary Medicine
2906:Mifflin v. R. H. White Company
1849:Baldwin v. G.A.F. Seelig, Inc.
1718:Bailey v. Drexel Furniture Co.
901:"'No winners' in Rape Lawsuit"
1:
5731:Index of Middle English Verse
5661:Virginia Tech Corps of Cadets
5613:Virginia Tech Richmond Center
5380:Blacksburg Electronic Village
4916:W.B. Worthen Co. v. Kavanaugh
4844:Dartmouth College v. Woodward
3432:Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914
3225:Globe Newspaper Co. v. Walker
3131:Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890
2703:Bauer & Cie. v. O'Donnell
2604:Globe Newspaper Co. v. Walker
2081:South Dakota v. Wayfair, Inc.
2001:Healy v. Beer Institute, Inc.
1593:United States v. Munoz-Flores
5807:List of Virginia Tech alumni
5410:Head impact telemetry system
5018:Canton Railroad Co. v. Rogan
3691:New York Times Co. v. Tasini
2695:Schillinger v. United States
2332:Canton Railroad Co. v. Rogan
1881:Miller Bros. Co. v. Maryland
454:was unconstitutional. As in
299:, 529 U.S. 598 (2000), is a
5508:Virginia Tech–Miami rivalry
5205:Pamplin College of Business
4518:Necessary and Proper Clause
4287:LabCorp v. Metabolite, Inc.
3611:Mills Music, Inc. v. Snyder
3095:Bobbs-Merrill Co. v. Straus
2236:Panama Refining Co. v. Ryan
2009:Quill Corp. v. North Dakota
1641:Clinton v. City of New York
1082:Editorial: States’ Business
514:The majority, quoting from
425:, to enact that provision.
5908:
5681:Virginia Tech Rescue Squad
5628:Preston and Olin Institute
5623:Hillcrest Honors Community
4924:City of El Paso v. Simmons
4571:United States v. Kebodeaux
4063:Wilbur-Ellis Co. v. Kuther
2324:Henderson v. United States
1905:Pike v. Bruce Church, Inc.
1817:Cooley v. Board of Wardens
1662:Taxing and Spending Clause
1276:Oyez (oral argument audio)
1062:No Winners in Rape Lawsuit
663:, the Court, as it had in
411:Violence Against Women Act
363:Violence Against Women Act
5830:
5692:United States v. Morrison
5503:Virginia Tech-VMI rivalry
5450:Atlantic Coast Conference
5256:
5172:
5060:Virginia v. West Virginia
5046:
5032:
5004:
4990:
4800:
4783:
4683:
4672:No Bills of Attainder or
4665:
4605:
4585:
4563:United States v. Comstock
4525:
4511:
3905:Commissioner v. Wodehouse
3310:Fox Film Corp. v. Knowles
3257:Kalem Co. v. Harper Bros.
2573:
2559:
2516:
2502:
2460:United States v. Morrison
2412:New York v. United States
2308:North American Co. v. SEC
2244:Carter v. Carter Coal Co.
1786:
1772:
1694:Springer v. United States
1672:
1655:
1621:
1607:
1579:
1562:
1526:
1509:
1457:
1440:
1404:
1387:
1351:
1334:
1216:United States v. Morrison
1209:United States v. Morrison
296:United States v. Morrison
287:
179:
168:
39:
35:United States v. Morrison
5737:Hahn Horticulture Garden
5280:Virginia Tech Foundation
4852:Sturges v. Crowninshield
4745:Barr v. City of Columbia
4697:Sturges v. Crowninshield
4455:Peter v. NantKwest, Inc.
4087:Graham v. John Deere Co.
3881:KVOS v. Associated Press
3651:Fogerty v. Fantasy, Inc.
3449:Dowling v. United States
3233:Bong v. Campbell Art Co.
3193:Press Pub. Co. v. Monroe
3111:Bong v. Campbell Art Co.
1585:Flint v. Stone Tracy Co.
1540:United States v. Johnson
1174:October 4, 2006, at the
956:935 F. Supp. 779
638:City of Boerne v. Flores
579:Civil Rights Act of 1875
5671:The Marching Virginians
5285:Biocomplexity Institute
4956:Exxon Corp. v. Eagerton
4159:Sakraida v. Ag Pro Inc.
3937:Goldstein v. California
3865:Fox Film Corp. v. Doyal
3278:Hills and Co. v. Hoover
3249:Hills and Co. v. Hoover
2484:Taylor v. United States
1792:Dormant Commerce Clause
1726:United States v. Butler
1678:Hylton v. United States
1548:Gravel v. United States
1516:Speech or Debate Clause
564:United States v. Harris
537:United States v. Harris
530:Equal Protection Clause
321:Equal Protection Clause
54:Argued January 11, 2000
5764:Virginia Tech shooting
5210:College of Engineering
5092:New Jersey v. New York
4547:Sabri v. United States
4375:Bowman v. Monsanto Co.
4175:Diamond v. Chakrabarty
4095:United States v. Adams
3374:De Sylva v. Ballentine
3294:Herbert v. Shanley Co.
3119:Henry v. A.B. Dick Co.
2959:Schreiber v. Sharpless
2741:Hotchkiss v. Greenwood
2452:Jones v. United States
2444:United States v. Locke
2420:United States v. Lopez
1750:Sabri v. United States
667:, again distinguished
527:
447:United States v. Lopez
359:United States Congress
326:United States v. Lopez
5822:Commencement speakers
5330:Stability Wind Tunnel
5068:Virginia v. Tennessee
4531:McCulloch v. Maryland
3586:Copyright Act of 1976
3326:Douglas v. Cunningham
3269:Copyright Act of 1909
2975:Thornton v. Schreiber
2926:Copyright Act of 1870
2801:Copyright Act of 1831
2579:Copyright Act of 1790
2541:Juilliard v. Greenman
2356:Katzenbach v. McClung
2188:Hoke v. United States
1953:Reeves, Inc. v. Stake
1857:Edwards v. California
847:Motz Gribbon, Diane.
747:came out in favor of
694:Seventeenth Amendment
103:120 S. Ct. 1740; 146
5430:Virginia Cyber Range
5180:Blacksburg, Virginia
5100:Virginia v. Maryland
4997:Import-Export Clause
4884:Stone v. Mississippi
4539:Lambert v. Yellowley
4399:FTC v. Actavis, Inc.
4135:Gottschalk v. Benson
4111:Lear, Inc. v. Adkins
4071:Brulotte v. Thys Co.
3031:Bolles v. Outing Co.
2898:Bolles v. Outing Co.
1742:South Dakota v. Dole
1532:Kilbourn v. Thompson
1000:169 F.3d 820
978:132 F.3d 949
690:Fourteenth Amendment
656:Katzenbach v. Morgan
423:Fourteenth Amendment
317:Fourteenth Amendment
56:Decided May 15, 2000
5315:Virginia Smart Road
4817:Hepburn v. Griswold
4761:Kansas v. Hendricks
4737:De Veau v. Braisted
4007:Altvater v. Freeman
3015:Belford v. Scribner
2999:Thompson v. Hubbard
2983:Banks v. Manchester
2834:Stevens v. Gladding
2733:Pennock v. Dialogue
2661:Patent infringement
2340:Boynton v. Virginia
2204:Hammer v. Dagenhart
1410:Powell v. McCormack
1267:Library of Congress
1184:Legal Intelligencer
1138:on November 1, 2005
1078:The Washington Post
1066:The Washington Post
1060:Masters, Brooke. "
899:Masters, Brooke A.
761:Catharine MacKinnon
744:The Washington Post
683:Dissenting opinions
671:on the ground that
230:Ruth Bader Ginsburg
202:Sandra Day O'Connor
5781:Blacksburg Transit
5676:The New Virginians
5633:Reynolds Homestead
5538:Women's basketball
5320:eCorridors Program
5245:College of Science
5052:Florida v. Georgia
4807:Legal Tender Cases
4721:Samuels v. McCurdy
4713:Hawker v. New York
4643:Boumediene v. Bush
4231:Dickinson v. Zurko
3699:Eldred v. Ashcroft
3302:Manners v. Morosco
3103:Scribner v. Straus
3007:Higgins v. Keuffel
2991:Callaghan v. Myers
2874:Higgins v. Keuffel
2866:Callaghan v. Myers
2773:Egbert v. Lippmann
2757:Cochrane v. Deener
2616:Patent Act of 1793
2523:Legal Tender Cases
2292:Wickard v. Filburn
1734:Helvering v. Davis
1614:Presentment Clause
1569:Origination Clause
1341:Enumeration Clause
1324:U.S. Supreme Court
1093:Kaminer, Wendy. "
633:Civil Rights Cases
622:Civil Rights Cases
617:Civil Rights Cases
613:Civil Rights Cases
609:Civil Rights Cases
605:Civil Rights Cases
583:Civil Rights Cases
575:Civil Rights Cases
570:Civil Rights Cases
555:Civil Rights Cases
543:Civil Rights Cases
482:Wickard v. Filburn
301:U.S. Supreme Court
190:Associate Justices
5844:
5843:
5791:Police Department
5455:Fighting Gobblers
5130:
5129:
5126:
5125:
5028:
5027:
5010:Brown v. Maryland
4986:
4985:
4982:
4981:
4876:Bronson v. Kinzie
4860:Ogden v. Saunders
4779:
4778:
4661:
4660:
4619:Ex parte Merryman
4595:Suspension Clause
4581:
4580:
4555:Gonzales v. Raich
4507:
4506:
4503:
4502:
4103:Brenner v. Manson
3897:Buck v. Gallagher
3817:Ferris v. Frohman
3566:Iancu v. Brunetti
2935:Perris v. Hexamer
2914:Mifflin v. Dutton
2810:Wheaton v. Peters
2749:O'Reilly v. Morse
2687:Rowell v. Lindsay
2588:Wheaton v. Peters
2555:
2554:
2551:
2550:
2498:
2497:
2494:
2493:
2468:Gonzales v. Raich
2364:Maryland v. Wirtz
2228:Gold Clause Cases
2049:Granholm v. Heald
1801:Brown v. Maryland
1768:
1767:
1651:
1650:
1603:
1602:
1558:
1557:
1505:
1504:
1436:
1435:
1383:
1382:
1373:Trump v. New York
1283:Dimino, Michael.
1207:Works related to
1132:"Sexual Congress"
1124:American Prospect
1096:"Sexual Congress"
1048:Gonzalez v. Raich
932:Taylor, Stuart. "
739:and other cases.
725:enumerated powers
339:William Rehnquist
292:
291:
186:William Rehnquist
18:Christy Brzonkala
16:(Redirected from
5899:
5754:New River Valley
5748:Graduating Peter
5655:Collegiate Times
5595:
5563:Cassell Coliseum
5533:Men's basketball
5487:men's basketball
5442:
5262:
5181:
5166:
5157:
5150:
5143:
5134:
5034:
4992:
4836:Fletcher v. Peck
4802:
4785:
4705:Ex parte Garland
4667:
4611:Ex parte Bollman
4587:
4513:
4327:Bilski v. Kappos
4183:Diamond v. Diehr
4151:Dann v. Johnston
3635:Stewart v. Abend
2943:Trade-Mark Cases
2826:Stephens v. Cady
2649:Evans v. Hettich
2575:
2566:Copyright Clause
2561:
2518:
2504:
2172:Champion v. Ames
2132:Paul v. Virginia
2116:Gibbons v. Ogden
1788:
1774:
1686:Collector v. Day
1657:
1626:Pocket Veto Case
1609:
1564:
1511:
1463:Ex parte Siebold
1447:Elections Clause
1442:
1389:
1336:
1317:
1310:
1303:
1294:
1280:
1274:
1271:
1265:
1262:
1256:
1253:
1247:
1244:
1238:
1235:
1229:
1206:
1191:
1167:Shane, Peter. "
1165:
1159:
1156:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1143:
1134:. Archived from
1121:
1115:
1107:
1105:
1103:
1091:
1085:
1075:
1069:
1058:
1052:
1035:
1029:
1026:
1020:
1013:
1007:
997:
991:
985:
975:
969:
963:
953:
947:
941:
938:National Journal
930:
924:
923:
921:
919:
896:
890:
889:
887:
885:
870:
864:
863:
861:
859:
844:
838:
837:
835:
833:
818:
432:Majority opinion
175:Court membership
44:
43:
32:
21:
5907:
5906:
5902:
5901:
5900:
5898:
5897:
5896:
5847:
5846:
5845:
5840:
5826:
5795:
5776:Stroubles Creek
5666:Highty-Tighties
5642:
5593:
5587:
5573:Berglund Center
5440:
5434:
5263:
5254:
5183:
5179:
5168:
5164:
5161:
5131:
5122:
5076:Wharton v. Wise
5042:
5024:
5000:
4978:
4823:
4796:
4790:Contract Clause
4775:
4679:
4657:
4601:
4577:
4521:
4520:of Section VIII
4499:
4468:trademark cases
4461:
4367:Kappos v. Hyatt
4167:Parker v. Flook
3959:
3800:copyright cases
3793:
3779:Allen v. Cooper
3723:Golan v. Holder
3580:
3455:
3426:
3396:
3263:
3178:
3125:
2951:Merrell v. Tice
2920:
2882:Holmes v. Hurst
2858:Baker v. Selden
2818:Backus v. Gould
2795:
2717:
2671:Evans v. Jordan
2655:
2610:
2569:
2568:of Section VIII
2547:
2512:
2511:of Section VIII
2490:
2396:EEOC v. Wyoming
2148:Kidd v. Pearson
2124:Passenger Cases
2103:
1993:Maine v. Taylor
1782:
1781:of Section VIII
1779:Commerce Clause
1764:
1668:
1647:
1617:
1599:
1575:
1554:
1522:
1501:
1495:Moore v. Harper
1453:
1432:
1426:Cook v. Gralike
1400:
1379:
1347:
1330:
1321:
1278:
1272:
1269:
1263:
1260:
1254:
1251:
1245:
1242:
1236:
1233:
1227:
1199:
1194:
1180:Washington Post
1176:Wayback Machine
1166:
1162:
1157:
1153:
1141:
1139:
1130:
1108:
1101:
1099:
1094:
1092:
1088:
1076:
1072:
1059:
1055:
1036:
1032:
1027:
1023:
1014:
1010:
993:
992:
988:
971:
970:
966:
949:
948:
944:
931:
927:
917:
915:
898:
897:
893:
883:
881:
879:Virginian Pilot
872:
871:
867:
857:
855:
846:
845:
841:
831:
829:
827:Virginian Pilot
820:
819:
815:
811:
783:Rehnquist Court
779:
702:
685:
567:(1883) and the
540:(1883) and the
532:
442:
440:Commerce Clause
434:
419:Commerce Clause
407:
355:
331:Rehnquist Court
313:Commerce Clause
228:
226:Clarence Thomas
216:
214:Anthony Kennedy
204:
194:John P. Stevens
112:
77:
55:
49:
30:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5905:
5903:
5895:
5894:
5889:
5884:
5879:
5874:
5869:
5864:
5859:
5849:
5848:
5842:
5841:
5839:
5838:
5831:
5828:
5827:
5825:
5824:
5819:
5814:
5809:
5803:
5801:
5797:
5796:
5794:
5793:
5788:
5783:
5778:
5773:
5772:
5771:
5761:
5756:
5751:
5744:
5739:
5734:
5727:
5722:
5719:Tech Talk Live
5715:
5710:
5705:
5700:
5695:
5688:
5683:
5678:
5673:
5668:
5663:
5658:
5650:
5648:
5644:
5643:
5641:
5640:
5635:
5630:
5625:
5620:
5615:
5610:
5605:
5599:
5597:
5589:
5588:
5586:
5585:
5583:Thompson Field
5580:
5575:
5570:
5565:
5560:
5555:
5550:
5545:
5540:
5535:
5530:
5528:Women's soccer
5525:
5520:
5515:
5510:
5505:
5500:
5495:
5490:
5472:
5467:
5462:
5457:
5452:
5446:
5444:
5436:
5435:
5433:
5432:
5427:
5422:
5417:
5412:
5407:
5402:
5397:
5392:
5387:
5382:
5377:
5372:
5367:
5362:
5357:
5352:
5347:
5342:
5337:
5332:
5327:
5322:
5317:
5312:
5307:
5302:
5297:
5292:
5287:
5282:
5277:
5271:
5269:
5265:
5264:
5257:
5255:
5253:
5252:
5247:
5242:
5237:
5232:
5227:
5222:
5217:
5212:
5207:
5202:
5197:
5191:
5189:
5185:
5184:
5173:
5170:
5169:
5162:
5160:
5159:
5152:
5145:
5137:
5128:
5127:
5124:
5123:
5121:
5120:
5112:
5104:
5096:
5088:
5080:
5072:
5064:
5056:
5047:
5044:
5043:
5039:Compact Clause
5037:
5030:
5029:
5026:
5025:
5023:
5022:
5014:
5005:
5002:
5001:
4995:
4988:
4987:
4984:
4983:
4980:
4979:
4977:
4976:
4972:Sveen v. Melin
4968:
4960:
4952:
4944:
4936:
4928:
4920:
4912:
4904:
4900:Block v. Hirsh
4896:
4888:
4880:
4872:
4864:
4856:
4848:
4840:
4831:
4829:
4825:
4824:
4822:
4821:
4812:
4810:
4798:
4797:
4788:
4781:
4780:
4777:
4776:
4774:
4773:
4765:
4757:
4753:Teague v. Lane
4749:
4741:
4733:
4725:
4717:
4709:
4701:
4693:
4689:Calder v. Bull
4684:
4681:
4680:
4670:
4663:
4662:
4659:
4658:
4656:
4655:
4647:
4639:
4631:
4623:
4615:
4606:
4603:
4602:
4590:
4583:
4582:
4579:
4578:
4576:
4575:
4567:
4559:
4551:
4543:
4535:
4526:
4523:
4522:
4516:
4509:
4508:
4505:
4504:
4501:
4500:
4498:
4497:
4489:
4481:
4472:
4470:
4463:
4462:
4460:
4459:
4451:
4443:
4435:
4427:
4419:
4411:
4403:
4395:
4387:
4383:Gunn v. Minton
4379:
4371:
4363:
4355:
4347:
4339:
4331:
4323:
4315:
4307:
4299:
4291:
4283:
4275:
4267:
4259:
4251:
4243:
4235:
4227:
4219:
4211:
4203:
4195:
4187:
4179:
4171:
4163:
4155:
4147:
4139:
4131:
4123:
4115:
4107:
4099:
4091:
4083:
4075:
4067:
4059:
4051:
4043:
4035:
4027:
4019:
4011:
4003:
3995:
3987:
3979:
3970:
3968:
3961:
3960:
3958:
3957:
3949:
3941:
3933:
3925:
3917:
3909:
3901:
3893:
3885:
3877:
3869:
3861:
3853:
3845:
3837:
3829:
3821:
3813:
3804:
3802:
3795:
3794:
3792:
3791:
3783:
3775:
3767:
3759:
3751:
3743:
3735:
3727:
3719:
3711:
3703:
3695:
3687:
3679:
3671:
3663:
3655:
3647:
3639:
3631:
3623:
3615:
3607:
3599:
3590:
3588:
3582:
3581:
3579:
3578:
3570:
3562:
3554:
3546:
3538:
3530:
3522:
3514:
3506:
3498:
3490:
3482:
3474:
3465:
3463:
3457:
3456:
3454:
3453:
3445:
3436:
3434:
3428:
3427:
3425:
3424:
3416:
3407:
3405:
3398:
3397:
3395:
3394:
3386:
3378:
3370:
3366:Mazer v. Stein
3362:
3354:
3346:
3338:
3330:
3322:
3314:
3306:
3298:
3290:
3282:
3273:
3271:
3265:
3264:
3262:
3261:
3253:
3245:
3237:
3229:
3221:
3213:
3205:
3197:
3188:
3186:
3180:
3179:
3177:
3176:
3168:
3160:
3152:
3144:
3135:
3133:
3127:
3126:
3124:
3123:
3115:
3107:
3099:
3091:
3083:
3075:
3067:
3059:
3051:
3043:
3035:
3027:
3019:
3011:
3003:
2995:
2987:
2979:
2971:
2963:
2955:
2947:
2939:
2930:
2928:
2922:
2921:
2919:
2918:
2910:
2902:
2894:
2886:
2878:
2870:
2862:
2854:
2850:Paige v. Banks
2846:
2842:Little v. Hall
2838:
2830:
2822:
2814:
2805:
2803:
2797:
2796:
2794:
2793:
2789:Voss v. Fisher
2785:
2777:
2769:
2761:
2753:
2745:
2737:
2728:
2726:
2719:
2718:
2716:
2715:
2707:
2699:
2691:
2683:
2675:
2666:
2664:
2657:
2656:
2654:
2653:
2645:
2641:Evans v. Eaton
2637:
2633:Evans v. Eaton
2629:
2620:
2618:
2612:
2611:
2609:
2608:
2600:
2596:Paige v. Banks
2592:
2583:
2581:
2571:
2570:
2564:
2557:
2556:
2553:
2552:
2549:
2548:
2546:
2545:
2537:
2528:
2526:
2514:
2513:
2509:Coinage Clause
2507:
2500:
2499:
2496:
2495:
2492:
2491:
2489:
2488:
2480:
2472:
2464:
2456:
2448:
2440:
2436:Reno v. Condon
2432:
2424:
2416:
2408:
2400:
2392:
2384:
2376:
2368:
2360:
2352:
2344:
2336:
2328:
2320:
2312:
2304:
2296:
2288:
2280:
2272:
2264:
2256:
2248:
2240:
2232:
2224:
2216:
2208:
2200:
2192:
2184:
2176:
2168:
2160:
2152:
2144:
2136:
2128:
2120:
2111:
2109:
2105:
2104:
2102:
2101:
2093:
2085:
2077:
2069:
2061:
2053:
2045:
2037:
2029:
2021:
2013:
2005:
1997:
1989:
1981:
1973:
1965:
1957:
1949:
1941:
1933:
1925:
1917:
1909:
1901:
1893:
1885:
1877:
1869:
1861:
1853:
1845:
1837:
1829:
1821:
1813:
1805:
1796:
1794:
1784:
1783:
1777:
1770:
1769:
1766:
1765:
1763:
1762:
1754:
1746:
1738:
1730:
1722:
1714:
1706:
1698:
1690:
1682:
1673:
1670:
1669:
1660:
1653:
1652:
1649:
1648:
1646:
1645:
1637:
1629:
1622:
1619:
1618:
1616:of Section VII
1612:
1605:
1604:
1601:
1600:
1598:
1597:
1589:
1580:
1577:
1576:
1567:
1560:
1559:
1556:
1555:
1553:
1552:
1544:
1536:
1527:
1524:
1523:
1514:
1507:
1506:
1503:
1502:
1500:
1499:
1491:
1483:
1475:
1471:Smiley v. Holm
1467:
1458:
1455:
1454:
1445:
1438:
1437:
1434:
1433:
1431:
1430:
1422:
1414:
1405:
1402:
1401:
1392:
1385:
1384:
1381:
1380:
1378:
1377:
1369:
1361:
1352:
1349:
1348:
1339:
1332:
1331:
1322:
1320:
1319:
1312:
1305:
1297:
1291:
1290:
1281:
1249:Google Scholar
1212:
1198:
1197:External links
1195:
1193:
1192:
1190:, (2000-01-12)
1188:New York Times
1160:
1151:
1149:
1148:
1086:
1070:
1053:
1030:
1021:
1008:
986:
964:
942:
925:
891:
865:
839:
812:
810:
807:
806:
805:
800:
795:
790:
785:
778:
775:
770:Peter M. Shane
701:
698:
684:
681:
531:
528:
441:
438:
433:
430:
406:
403:
376:That fall, at
367:42 U.S.C.
354:
351:
290:
289:
285:
284:
280:
279:
276:
272:
271:
268:
264:
263:
260:
256:
255:
252:
248:
247:
243:
242:
241:
240:
238:Stephen Breyer
206:Antonin Scalia
191:
188:
183:
177:
176:
172:
171:
166:
165:
161:
160:
133:
129:
128:
124:
123:
118:
114:
113:
102:
86:
82:
81:
72:
68:
67:
62:
61:Full case name
58:
57:
51:
50:
45:
37:
36:
28:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5904:
5893:
5890:
5888:
5885:
5883:
5882:Virginia Tech
5880:
5878:
5875:
5873:
5870:
5868:
5865:
5863:
5860:
5858:
5855:
5854:
5852:
5836:
5833:
5832:
5829:
5823:
5820:
5818:
5815:
5813:
5810:
5808:
5805:
5804:
5802:
5798:
5792:
5789:
5787:
5784:
5782:
5779:
5777:
5774:
5770:
5769:Seung-Hui Cho
5767:
5766:
5765:
5762:
5760:
5757:
5755:
5752:
5750:
5749:
5745:
5743:
5740:
5738:
5735:
5733:
5732:
5728:
5726:
5723:
5721:
5720:
5716:
5714:
5711:
5709:
5706:
5704:
5701:
5699:
5696:
5694:
5693:
5689:
5687:
5684:
5682:
5679:
5677:
5674:
5672:
5669:
5667:
5664:
5662:
5659:
5657:
5656:
5652:
5651:
5649:
5645:
5639:
5636:
5634:
5631:
5629:
5626:
5624:
5621:
5619:
5618:Hotel Roanoke
5616:
5614:
5611:
5609:
5606:
5604:
5601:
5600:
5598:
5596:
5590:
5584:
5581:
5579:
5576:
5574:
5571:
5569:
5568:English Field
5566:
5564:
5561:
5559:
5556:
5554:
5551:
5549:
5546:
5544:
5541:
5539:
5536:
5534:
5531:
5529:
5526:
5524:
5521:
5519:
5516:
5514:
5511:
5509:
5506:
5504:
5501:
5499:
5496:
5494:
5491:
5488:
5484:
5480:
5476:
5473:
5471:
5468:
5466:
5463:
5461:
5458:
5456:
5453:
5451:
5448:
5447:
5445:
5443:
5437:
5431:
5428:
5426:
5425:Sugar battery
5423:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5413:
5411:
5408:
5406:
5403:
5401:
5398:
5396:
5393:
5391:
5388:
5386:
5383:
5381:
5378:
5376:
5373:
5371:
5368:
5366:
5363:
5361:
5358:
5356:
5353:
5351:
5348:
5346:
5343:
5341:
5338:
5336:
5333:
5331:
5328:
5326:
5323:
5321:
5318:
5316:
5313:
5311:
5308:
5306:
5303:
5301:
5298:
5296:
5293:
5291:
5288:
5286:
5283:
5281:
5278:
5276:
5273:
5272:
5270:
5266:
5261:
5251:
5248:
5246:
5243:
5241:
5238:
5236:
5233:
5231:
5228:
5226:
5223:
5221:
5218:
5216:
5213:
5211:
5208:
5206:
5203:
5201:
5198:
5196:
5193:
5192:
5190:
5186:
5182:
5176:
5171:
5167:
5158:
5153:
5151:
5146:
5144:
5139:
5138:
5135:
5118:
5117:
5113:
5110:
5109:
5105:
5102:
5101:
5097:
5094:
5093:
5089:
5086:
5085:
5081:
5078:
5077:
5073:
5070:
5069:
5065:
5062:
5061:
5057:
5054:
5053:
5049:
5048:
5045:
5040:
5035:
5031:
5020:
5019:
5015:
5012:
5011:
5007:
5006:
5003:
4998:
4993:
4989:
4974:
4973:
4969:
4966:
4965:
4961:
4958:
4957:
4953:
4950:
4949:
4945:
4942:
4941:
4937:
4934:
4933:
4929:
4926:
4925:
4921:
4918:
4917:
4913:
4910:
4909:
4905:
4902:
4901:
4897:
4894:
4893:
4892:Smyth v. Ames
4889:
4886:
4885:
4881:
4878:
4877:
4873:
4870:
4869:
4865:
4862:
4861:
4857:
4854:
4853:
4849:
4846:
4845:
4841:
4838:
4837:
4833:
4832:
4830:
4826:
4819:
4818:
4814:
4813:
4811:
4809:
4808:
4803:
4799:
4795:
4791:
4786:
4782:
4771:
4770:
4766:
4763:
4762:
4758:
4755:
4754:
4750:
4747:
4746:
4742:
4739:
4738:
4734:
4731:
4730:
4726:
4723:
4722:
4718:
4715:
4714:
4710:
4707:
4706:
4702:
4699:
4698:
4694:
4691:
4690:
4686:
4685:
4682:
4678:of Section IX
4677:
4675:
4674:Ex post facto
4668:
4664:
4653:
4652:
4648:
4645:
4644:
4640:
4637:
4636:
4632:
4629:
4628:
4627:Ex parte Endo
4624:
4621:
4620:
4616:
4613:
4612:
4608:
4607:
4604:
4600:
4596:
4594:
4593:Habeas corpus
4588:
4584:
4573:
4572:
4568:
4565:
4564:
4560:
4557:
4556:
4552:
4549:
4548:
4544:
4541:
4540:
4536:
4533:
4532:
4528:
4527:
4524:
4519:
4514:
4510:
4495:
4494:
4490:
4487:
4486:
4482:
4479:
4478:
4474:
4473:
4471:
4469:
4464:
4457:
4456:
4452:
4449:
4448:
4444:
4441:
4440:
4436:
4433:
4432:
4428:
4425:
4424:
4420:
4417:
4416:
4412:
4409:
4408:
4404:
4401:
4400:
4396:
4393:
4392:
4388:
4385:
4384:
4380:
4377:
4376:
4372:
4369:
4368:
4364:
4361:
4360:
4356:
4353:
4352:
4348:
4345:
4344:
4340:
4337:
4336:
4332:
4329:
4328:
4324:
4321:
4320:
4316:
4313:
4312:
4308:
4305:
4304:
4300:
4297:
4296:
4292:
4289:
4288:
4284:
4281:
4280:
4276:
4273:
4272:
4268:
4265:
4264:
4260:
4257:
4256:
4252:
4249:
4248:
4244:
4241:
4240:
4236:
4233:
4232:
4228:
4225:
4224:
4220:
4217:
4216:
4212:
4209:
4208:
4204:
4201:
4200:
4196:
4193:
4192:
4188:
4185:
4184:
4180:
4177:
4176:
4172:
4169:
4168:
4164:
4161:
4160:
4156:
4153:
4152:
4148:
4145:
4144:
4140:
4137:
4136:
4132:
4129:
4128:
4124:
4121:
4120:
4116:
4113:
4112:
4108:
4105:
4104:
4100:
4097:
4096:
4092:
4089:
4088:
4084:
4081:
4080:
4076:
4073:
4072:
4068:
4065:
4064:
4060:
4057:
4056:
4052:
4049:
4048:
4044:
4041:
4040:
4036:
4033:
4032:
4028:
4025:
4024:
4020:
4017:
4016:
4012:
4009:
4008:
4004:
4001:
4000:
3996:
3993:
3992:
3988:
3985:
3984:
3980:
3977:
3976:
3972:
3971:
3969:
3967:
3962:
3955:
3954:
3950:
3947:
3946:
3942:
3939:
3938:
3934:
3931:
3930:
3926:
3923:
3922:
3918:
3915:
3914:
3910:
3907:
3906:
3902:
3899:
3898:
3894:
3891:
3890:
3889:Gibbs v. Buck
3886:
3883:
3882:
3878:
3875:
3874:
3870:
3867:
3866:
3862:
3859:
3858:
3854:
3851:
3850:
3846:
3843:
3842:
3838:
3835:
3834:
3830:
3827:
3826:
3822:
3819:
3818:
3814:
3811:
3810:
3806:
3805:
3803:
3801:
3796:
3789:
3788:
3784:
3781:
3780:
3776:
3773:
3772:
3768:
3765:
3764:
3760:
3757:
3756:
3752:
3749:
3748:
3744:
3741:
3740:
3736:
3733:
3732:
3728:
3725:
3724:
3720:
3717:
3716:
3712:
3709:
3708:
3704:
3701:
3700:
3696:
3693:
3692:
3688:
3685:
3684:
3680:
3677:
3676:
3672:
3669:
3668:
3664:
3661:
3660:
3656:
3653:
3652:
3648:
3645:
3644:
3640:
3637:
3636:
3632:
3629:
3628:
3624:
3621:
3620:
3616:
3613:
3612:
3608:
3605:
3604:
3600:
3597:
3596:
3592:
3591:
3589:
3587:
3583:
3576:
3575:
3571:
3568:
3567:
3563:
3560:
3559:
3555:
3552:
3551:
3547:
3544:
3543:
3539:
3536:
3535:
3531:
3528:
3527:
3523:
3520:
3519:
3515:
3512:
3511:
3507:
3504:
3503:
3499:
3496:
3495:
3491:
3488:
3487:
3483:
3480:
3479:
3475:
3472:
3471:
3467:
3466:
3464:
3462:
3458:
3451:
3450:
3446:
3443:
3442:
3438:
3437:
3435:
3433:
3429:
3422:
3421:
3417:
3414:
3413:
3409:
3408:
3406:
3403:
3402:Patent misuse
3399:
3392:
3391:
3387:
3384:
3383:
3379:
3376:
3375:
3371:
3368:
3367:
3363:
3360:
3359:
3355:
3352:
3351:
3347:
3344:
3343:
3339:
3336:
3335:
3331:
3328:
3327:
3323:
3320:
3319:
3315:
3312:
3311:
3307:
3304:
3303:
3299:
3296:
3295:
3291:
3288:
3287:
3283:
3280:
3279:
3275:
3274:
3272:
3270:
3266:
3259:
3258:
3254:
3251:
3250:
3246:
3243:
3242:
3238:
3235:
3234:
3230:
3227:
3226:
3222:
3219:
3218:
3214:
3211:
3210:
3206:
3203:
3202:
3198:
3195:
3194:
3190:
3189:
3187:
3185:
3181:
3174:
3173:
3169:
3166:
3165:
3161:
3158:
3157:
3153:
3150:
3149:
3145:
3142:
3141:
3137:
3136:
3134:
3132:
3128:
3121:
3120:
3116:
3113:
3112:
3108:
3105:
3104:
3100:
3097:
3096:
3092:
3089:
3088:
3084:
3081:
3080:
3076:
3073:
3072:
3068:
3065:
3064:
3060:
3057:
3056:
3052:
3049:
3048:
3044:
3041:
3040:
3036:
3033:
3032:
3028:
3025:
3024:
3023:Brady v. Daly
3020:
3017:
3016:
3012:
3009:
3008:
3004:
3001:
3000:
2996:
2993:
2992:
2988:
2985:
2984:
2980:
2977:
2976:
2972:
2969:
2968:
2964:
2961:
2960:
2956:
2953:
2952:
2948:
2945:
2944:
2940:
2937:
2936:
2932:
2931:
2929:
2927:
2923:
2916:
2915:
2911:
2908:
2907:
2903:
2900:
2899:
2895:
2892:
2891:
2890:Brady v. Daly
2887:
2884:
2883:
2879:
2876:
2875:
2871:
2868:
2867:
2863:
2860:
2859:
2855:
2852:
2851:
2847:
2844:
2843:
2839:
2836:
2835:
2831:
2828:
2827:
2823:
2820:
2819:
2815:
2812:
2811:
2807:
2806:
2804:
2802:
2798:
2791:
2790:
2786:
2783:
2782:
2778:
2775:
2774:
2770:
2767:
2766:
2762:
2759:
2758:
2754:
2751:
2750:
2746:
2743:
2742:
2738:
2735:
2734:
2730:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2723:Patentability
2720:
2713:
2712:
2708:
2705:
2704:
2700:
2697:
2696:
2692:
2689:
2688:
2684:
2681:
2680:
2676:
2673:
2672:
2668:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2658:
2651:
2650:
2646:
2643:
2642:
2638:
2635:
2634:
2630:
2627:
2626:
2625:Tyler v. Tuel
2622:
2621:
2619:
2617:
2613:
2606:
2605:
2601:
2598:
2597:
2593:
2590:
2589:
2585:
2584:
2582:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2567:
2562:
2558:
2543:
2542:
2538:
2535:
2534:
2530:
2529:
2527:
2525:
2524:
2519:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2501:
2486:
2485:
2481:
2478:
2477:
2473:
2470:
2469:
2465:
2462:
2461:
2457:
2454:
2453:
2449:
2446:
2445:
2441:
2438:
2437:
2433:
2430:
2429:
2425:
2422:
2421:
2417:
2414:
2413:
2409:
2406:
2405:
2401:
2398:
2397:
2393:
2390:
2389:
2385:
2382:
2381:
2377:
2374:
2373:
2369:
2366:
2365:
2361:
2358:
2357:
2353:
2350:
2349:
2345:
2342:
2341:
2337:
2334:
2333:
2329:
2326:
2325:
2321:
2318:
2317:
2313:
2310:
2309:
2305:
2302:
2301:
2297:
2294:
2293:
2289:
2286:
2285:
2281:
2278:
2277:
2273:
2270:
2269:
2265:
2262:
2261:
2257:
2254:
2253:
2249:
2246:
2245:
2241:
2238:
2237:
2233:
2230:
2229:
2225:
2222:
2221:
2217:
2214:
2213:
2209:
2206:
2205:
2201:
2198:
2197:
2193:
2190:
2189:
2185:
2182:
2181:
2177:
2174:
2173:
2169:
2166:
2165:
2161:
2158:
2157:
2153:
2150:
2149:
2145:
2142:
2141:
2137:
2134:
2133:
2129:
2126:
2125:
2121:
2118:
2117:
2113:
2112:
2110:
2106:
2099:
2098:
2094:
2091:
2090:
2086:
2083:
2082:
2078:
2075:
2074:
2070:
2067:
2066:
2062:
2059:
2058:
2054:
2051:
2050:
2046:
2043:
2042:
2038:
2035:
2034:
2030:
2027:
2026:
2022:
2019:
2018:
2014:
2011:
2010:
2006:
2003:
2002:
1998:
1995:
1994:
1990:
1987:
1986:
1982:
1979:
1978:
1974:
1971:
1970:
1966:
1963:
1962:
1958:
1955:
1954:
1950:
1947:
1946:
1942:
1939:
1938:
1934:
1931:
1930:
1926:
1923:
1922:
1918:
1915:
1914:
1910:
1907:
1906:
1902:
1899:
1898:
1894:
1891:
1890:
1886:
1883:
1882:
1878:
1875:
1874:
1870:
1867:
1866:
1862:
1859:
1858:
1854:
1851:
1850:
1846:
1843:
1842:
1838:
1835:
1834:
1830:
1827:
1826:
1822:
1819:
1818:
1814:
1811:
1810:
1806:
1803:
1802:
1798:
1797:
1795:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1771:
1760:
1759:
1755:
1752:
1751:
1747:
1744:
1743:
1739:
1736:
1735:
1731:
1728:
1727:
1723:
1720:
1719:
1715:
1712:
1711:
1707:
1704:
1703:
1699:
1696:
1695:
1691:
1688:
1687:
1683:
1680:
1679:
1675:
1674:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1658:
1654:
1643:
1642:
1638:
1635:
1634:
1630:
1627:
1624:
1623:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1606:
1595:
1594:
1590:
1587:
1586:
1582:
1581:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1565:
1561:
1550:
1549:
1545:
1542:
1541:
1537:
1534:
1533:
1529:
1528:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1512:
1508:
1497:
1496:
1492:
1489:
1488:
1484:
1481:
1480:
1476:
1473:
1472:
1468:
1465:
1464:
1460:
1459:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1443:
1439:
1428:
1427:
1423:
1420:
1419:
1415:
1412:
1411:
1407:
1406:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1390:
1386:
1375:
1374:
1370:
1367:
1366:
1362:
1359:
1358:
1357:Utah v. Evans
1354:
1353:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1337:
1333:
1328:
1325:
1318:
1313:
1311:
1306:
1304:
1299:
1298:
1295:
1288:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1268:
1259:
1250:
1241:
1240:CourtListener
1232:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1211:at Wikisource
1210:
1205:
1201:
1200:
1196:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1170:
1164:
1161:
1155:
1152:
1137:
1133:
1128:
1127:
1125:
1119:
1113:
1097:
1090:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1074:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1057:
1054:
1050:
1049:
1044:
1042:
1034:
1031:
1025:
1022:
1018:
1012:
1009:
1005:
1001:
996:
990:
987:
983:
979:
974:
968:
965:
961:
957:
952:
946:
943:
939:
935:
929:
926:
914:
910:
906:
902:
895:
892:
880:
876:
869:
866:
854:
850:
843:
840:
828:
824:
817:
814:
808:
804:
801:
799:
796:
794:
791:
789:
786:
784:
781:
780:
776:
774:
771:
766:
762:
757:
754:
753:Wendy Kaminer
750:
746:
745:
740:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
721:
716:
715:
710:
706:
699:
697:
695:
691:
682:
680:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
657:
651:
649:
644:
640:
639:
634:
630:
625:
623:
618:
614:
610:
606:
601:
598:
594:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
571:
566:
565:
559:
556:
551:
547:
545:
544:
539:
538:
529:
526:
521:
519:
518:
512:
510:
509:police powers
505:
503:
499:
494:
492:
488:
484:
483:
476:
474:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
448:
439:
437:
431:
429:
426:
424:
420:
416:
412:
404:
402:
400:
399:
394:
390:
385:
383:
379:
378:Virginia Tech
374:
372:
368:
364:
360:
357:In 1994, the
352:
350:
348:
343:
340:
334:
332:
328:
327:
323:. Along with
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
297:
286:
281:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
246:Case opinions
244:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
192:
189:
187:
184:
182:Chief Justice
181:
180:
178:
173:
167:
162:
159:
156:
152:
148:
144:
141:
137:
134:
130:
125:
122:
121:Oral argument
119:
115:
110:
106:
100:
99:
94:
91:
87:
83:
80:
76:
73:
69:
66:
63:
59:
52:
48:
38:
33:
27:
19:
5834:
5786:Valley Metro
5746:
5729:
5717:
5691:
5690:
5653:
5558:Lane Stadium
5523:Men's soccer
5470:Tech Triumph
5415:Metal rubber
5385:Pelikan tail
5174:
5114:
5106:
5098:
5090:
5082:
5074:
5066:
5058:
5050:
5041:of Section X
5016:
5008:
4999:of Section X
4970:
4962:
4954:
4946:
4938:
4930:
4922:
4914:
4906:
4898:
4890:
4882:
4874:
4866:
4858:
4850:
4842:
4834:
4815:
4805:
4769:Smith v. Doe
4767:
4759:
4751:
4743:
4735:
4727:
4719:
4711:
4703:
4695:
4687:
4673:
4649:
4641:
4633:
4625:
4617:
4609:
4592:
4569:
4561:
4553:
4545:
4537:
4529:
4491:
4483:
4475:
4453:
4445:
4437:
4429:
4421:
4413:
4405:
4397:
4389:
4381:
4373:
4365:
4357:
4349:
4341:
4333:
4325:
4317:
4309:
4301:
4293:
4285:
4277:
4269:
4261:
4253:
4245:
4237:
4229:
4221:
4213:
4205:
4197:
4189:
4181:
4173:
4165:
4157:
4149:
4141:
4133:
4125:
4117:
4109:
4101:
4093:
4085:
4077:
4069:
4061:
4053:
4045:
4037:
4029:
4021:
4013:
4005:
3997:
3989:
3981:
3973:
3966:patent cases
3951:
3943:
3935:
3927:
3919:
3911:
3903:
3895:
3887:
3879:
3871:
3863:
3855:
3847:
3839:
3831:
3823:
3815:
3807:
3785:
3777:
3769:
3761:
3753:
3745:
3737:
3729:
3721:
3713:
3705:
3697:
3689:
3681:
3673:
3665:
3657:
3649:
3641:
3633:
3625:
3617:
3609:
3601:
3593:
3572:
3564:
3558:Matal v. Tam
3556:
3548:
3540:
3532:
3524:
3516:
3508:
3500:
3492:
3484:
3476:
3468:
3447:
3439:
3418:
3410:
3388:
3380:
3372:
3364:
3356:
3348:
3340:
3332:
3324:
3316:
3308:
3300:
3292:
3284:
3276:
3255:
3247:
3239:
3231:
3223:
3215:
3207:
3199:
3191:
3170:
3162:
3154:
3146:
3138:
3117:
3109:
3101:
3093:
3085:
3077:
3069:
3061:
3053:
3045:
3037:
3029:
3021:
3013:
3005:
2997:
2989:
2981:
2973:
2965:
2957:
2949:
2941:
2933:
2912:
2904:
2896:
2888:
2880:
2872:
2864:
2856:
2848:
2840:
2832:
2824:
2816:
2808:
2787:
2779:
2771:
2763:
2755:
2747:
2739:
2731:
2709:
2701:
2693:
2685:
2677:
2669:
2647:
2639:
2631:
2623:
2602:
2594:
2586:
2539:
2531:
2521:
2482:
2474:
2466:
2459:
2458:
2450:
2442:
2434:
2426:
2418:
2410:
2402:
2394:
2386:
2378:
2370:
2362:
2354:
2346:
2338:
2330:
2322:
2314:
2306:
2298:
2290:
2282:
2274:
2266:
2258:
2250:
2242:
2234:
2226:
2218:
2210:
2202:
2194:
2186:
2178:
2170:
2162:
2154:
2146:
2138:
2130:
2122:
2114:
2095:
2087:
2079:
2071:
2063:
2055:
2047:
2039:
2031:
2023:
2015:
2007:
1999:
1991:
1983:
1975:
1967:
1959:
1951:
1943:
1935:
1927:
1919:
1911:
1903:
1895:
1887:
1879:
1871:
1863:
1855:
1847:
1839:
1831:
1823:
1815:
1807:
1799:
1756:
1748:
1740:
1732:
1724:
1716:
1708:
1700:
1692:
1684:
1676:
1666:Section VIII
1639:
1631:
1591:
1583:
1546:
1538:
1530:
1493:
1485:
1477:
1469:
1461:
1424:
1416:
1408:
1371:
1363:
1355:
1284:
1215:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1163:
1154:
1140:. Retrieved
1136:the original
1123:
1100:. Retrieved
1089:
1077:
1073:
1065:
1056:
1046:
1040:
1033:
1024:
1016:
1011:
994:
989:
972:
967:
950:
945:
937:
928:
916:. Retrieved
904:
894:
882:. Retrieved
878:
868:
856:. Retrieved
852:
842:
830:. Retrieved
826:
816:
764:
758:
748:
742:
741:
736:
728:
718:
712:
708:
704:
703:
686:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
654:
652:
647:
642:
636:
632:
628:
626:
621:
616:
612:
608:
604:
602:
596:
595:
590:
582:
574:
568:
562:
560:
554:
552:
548:
541:
535:
533:
523:
515:
513:
506:
501:
497:
495:
490:
486:
480:
477:
472:
467:
463:
459:
455:
445:
443:
435:
427:
408:
396:
386:
375:
371:§ 13981
356:
347:David Souter
344:
335:
324:
295:
294:
293:
283:Laws applied
233:
221:
218:David Souter
209:
197:
150:
135:
127:Case history
96:
64:
26:
5742:Hokie Stone
5638:BCB Airport
4676:Laws Clause
2533:Knox v. Lee
1573:Section VII
1006: 1999).
984: 1997).
962: 1996).
763:criticized
361:passed the
309:US Congress
259:Concurrence
71:Docket nos.
5851:Categories
5175:Located in
4599:Section IX
3461:Lanham Act
2156:In re Debs
1520:Section VI
1451:Section IV
1345:Section II
759:Professor
733:federalism
382:grand jury
353:Background
311:under the
109:U.S. LEXIS
107:658; 2000
5465:Old Hokie
5460:HokieBird
5441:Athletics
5355:Nanoknife
5350:DARwIn-OP
5188:Academics
4794:Section X
1327:Article I
918:March 18,
913:408640898
884:March 18,
858:March 19,
832:March 18,
700:Reactions
587:section 5
415:Rehnquist
105:L. Ed. 2d
85:Citations
5725:Radio IQ
5548:Softball
5543:Baseball
5518:Football
5483:football
5310:System G
5305:System X
5268:Research
3404:case law
2725:case law
2663:case law
1329:case law
1214:Text of
1172:Archived
1142:July 18,
1112:cite web
1102:July 18,
1041:Morrison
1004:4th Cir.
982:4th Cir.
960:W.D. Va.
909:ProQuest
905:ProQuest
777:See also
765:Morrison
749:Morrison
729:Morrison
705:Morrison
692:and the
661:Morrison
631:and the
629:Morrison
597:Morrison
473:Morrison
456:Morrison
315:and the
251:Majority
147:W.D. Va.
140:F. Supp.
117:Argument
5835:Founded
5759:History
5698:WUVT-FM
5479:overall
5405:eTBLAST
1231:Cornell
720:Garrett
707:, like
491:Wickard
421:or the
398:en banc
275:Dissent
267:Dissent
164:Holding
149:1996),
5837:: 1872
5800:People
5594:Campus
5485:, and
5420:NEXTOR
5119:(2018)
5111:(2009)
5103:(2003)
5095:(1998)
5087:(1985)
5079:(1894)
5071:(1893)
5063:(1871)
5055:(1855)
5021:(1951)
5013:(1827)
4975:(2018)
4967:(1987)
4959:(1983)
4951:(1983)
4943:(1978)
4935:(1977)
4927:(1965)
4919:(1935)
4911:(1934)
4903:(1921)
4895:(1898)
4887:(1880)
4879:(1843)
4871:(1837)
4863:(1827)
4855:(1819)
4847:(1819)
4839:(1810)
4828:Others
4820:(1870)
4772:(2003)
4764:(1997)
4756:(1989)
4748:(1964)
4740:(1960)
4732:(1951)
4724:(1925)
4716:(1898)
4708:(1866)
4700:(1819)
4692:(1798)
4654:(2020)
4646:(2008)
4638:(2001)
4630:(1944)
4622:(1861)
4614:(1807)
4574:(2013)
4566:(2010)
4558:(2005)
4550:(2004)
4542:(1926)
4534:(1819)
4496:(2020)
4488:(1938)
4480:(1915)
4466:Other
4458:(2019)
4450:(2017)
4442:(2016)
4434:(2015)
4426:(2015)
4418:(2014)
4410:(2014)
4402:(2013)
4394:(2013)
4386:(2013)
4378:(2013)
4370:(2012)
4362:(2012)
4354:(2011)
4346:(2011)
4338:(2011)
4330:(2010)
4322:(2008)
4314:(2007)
4306:(2007)
4298:(2007)
4290:(2006)
4282:(2006)
4274:(2006)
4266:(2005)
4258:(2002)
4250:(2001)
4242:(1999)
4234:(1999)
4226:(1998)
4218:(1997)
4210:(1996)
4202:(1990)
4194:(1989)
4186:(1981)
4178:(1980)
4170:(1978)
4162:(1976)
4154:(1976)
4146:(1973)
4138:(1972)
4130:(1971)
4122:(1969)
4114:(1969)
4106:(1966)
4098:(1966)
4090:(1966)
4082:(1965)
4074:(1964)
4066:(1964)
4058:(1964)
4050:(1961)
4042:(1950)
4034:(1950)
4026:(1948)
4018:(1945)
4010:(1943)
4002:(1942)
3994:(1926)
3986:(1916)
3978:(1908)
3964:Other
3956:(1975)
3948:(1974)
3940:(1973)
3932:(1968)
3924:(1962)
3916:(1960)
3908:(1949)
3900:(1939)
3892:(1939)
3884:(1936)
3876:(1934)
3868:(1932)
3860:(1931)
3852:(1923)
3844:(1919)
3836:(1918)
3828:(1914)
3820:(1912)
3812:(1911)
3798:Other
3790:(2020)
3782:(2020)
3774:(2019)
3766:(2019)
3758:(2017)
3750:(2014)
3742:(2014)
3734:(2013)
3726:(2012)
3718:(2010)
3710:(2005)
3702:(2003)
3694:(2001)
3686:(1998)
3678:(1998)
3670:(1996)
3662:(1994)
3654:(1994)
3646:(1991)
3638:(1990)
3630:(1989)
3622:(1985)
3614:(1985)
3606:(1984)
3598:(1977)
3577:(2020)
3569:(2019)
3561:(2017)
3553:(2014)
3545:(2014)
3537:(2003)
3529:(2003)
3521:(2001)
3513:(2001)
3505:(1999)
3497:(1995)
3489:(1992)
3481:(1987)
3473:(1982)
3452:(1985)
3444:(1941)
3423:(1942)
3415:(1917)
3393:(1973)
3385:(1964)
3377:(1956)
3369:(1954)
3361:(1952)
3353:(1943)
3345:(1940)
3337:(1939)
3329:(1935)
3321:(1931)
3313:(1923)
3305:(1920)
3297:(1917)
3289:(1914)
3281:(1911)
3260:(1911)
3252:(1911)
3244:(1909)
3236:(1909)
3228:(1908)
3220:(1908)
3212:(1907)
3204:(1903)
3196:(1896)
3175:(1979)
3167:(1948)
3159:(1941)
3151:(1939)
3143:(1913)
3122:(1912)
3114:(1909)
3106:(1908)
3098:(1908)
3090:(1908)
3082:(1908)
3074:(1907)
3066:(1907)
3058:(1907)
3050:(1903)
3042:(1903)
3034:(1899)
3026:(1899)
3018:(1892)
3010:(1891)
3002:(1889)
2994:(1888)
2986:(1888)
2978:(1888)
2970:(1884)
2962:(1884)
2954:(1881)
2946:(1879)
2938:(1879)
2917:(1903)
2909:(1903)
2901:(1899)
2893:(1899)
2885:(1899)
2877:(1891)
2869:(1888)
2861:(1879)
2853:(1872)
2845:(1856)
2837:(1854)
2829:(1853)
2821:(1849)
2813:(1834)
2792:(1885)
2784:(1885)
2776:(1881)
2768:(1878)
2760:(1876)
2752:(1853)
2744:(1851)
2736:(1829)
2714:(1938)
2706:(1913)
2698:(1894)
2690:(1885)
2682:(1885)
2674:(1815)
2652:(1822)
2644:(1822)
2636:(1818)
2628:(1810)
2607:(1908)
2599:(1872)
2591:(1834)
2544:(1884)
2536:(1871)
2487:(2016)
2479:(2012)
2471:(2005)
2463:(2000)
2455:(2000)
2447:(2000)
2439:(2000)
2431:(1996)
2423:(1995)
2415:(1992)
2407:(1985)
2399:(1983)
2391:(1981)
2383:(1981)
2375:(1976)
2367:(1968)
2359:(1964)
2351:(1964)
2343:(1960)
2335:(1951)
2327:(1950)
2319:(1949)
2311:(1946)
2303:(1944)
2295:(1942)
2287:(1942)
2279:(1941)
2271:(1940)
2263:(1938)
2255:(1937)
2247:(1936)
2239:(1935)
2231:(1935)
2223:(1935)
2215:(1923)
2207:(1918)
2199:(1914)
2191:(1913)
2183:(1911)
2175:(1903)
2167:(1895)
2159:(1895)
2151:(1888)
2143:(1885)
2135:(1869)
2127:(1849)
2119:(1824)
2108:Others
2100:(2023)
2092:(2019)
2084:(2018)
2076:(2015)
2068:(2008)
2060:(2007)
2052:(2005)
2044:(1994)
2036:(1994)
2028:(1994)
2020:(1992)
2012:(1992)
2004:(1989)
1996:(1986)
1988:(1984)
1980:(1983)
1972:(1982)
1964:(1981)
1956:(1980)
1948:(1978)
1940:(1978)
1932:(1977)
1924:(1977)
1916:(1976)
1908:(1970)
1900:(1967)
1892:(1959)
1884:(1954)
1876:(1951)
1868:(1945)
1860:(1941)
1852:(1935)
1844:(1925)
1836:(1905)
1828:(1886)
1820:(1852)
1812:(1829)
1804:(1827)
1761:(2012)
1753:(2004)
1745:(1987)
1737:(1937)
1729:(1936)
1721:(1922)
1713:(1916)
1705:(1895)
1697:(1881)
1689:(1871)
1681:(1796)
1644:(1998)
1636:(1983)
1628:(1929)
1596:(1990)
1588:(1911)
1551:(1972)
1543:(1966)
1535:(1881)
1498:(2023)
1490:(2015)
1482:(1995)
1474:(1932)
1466:(1879)
1429:(2001)
1421:(1995)
1413:(1969)
1376:(2020)
1368:(2019)
1360:(2002)
1279:
1273:
1270:
1264:
1261:
1258:Justia
1255:
1252:
1246:
1243:
1237:
1234:
1228:
1017:Morgan
1002: (
998:,
980: (
976:,
958: (
954:,
911:
853:Justia
717:, and
709:Boerne
677:Morgan
673:Morgan
669:Morgan
665:Boerne
648:Boerne
643:Boerne
591:Harris
405:Ruling
369:
262:Thomas
236:
234:·
232:
224:
222:·
220:
212:
210:·
208:
200:
198:·
196:
153:, 169
138:, 935
1222:
809:Notes
737:Lopez
714:Kimel
502:Lopez
498:Lopez
487:Lopez
468:Lopez
464:Lopez
460:Lopez
170:harm.
151:aff'd
132:Prior
79:99-29
5713:WBRW
5708:HEVT
5703:WVTF
5647:Life
5375:VTLS
5365:LibX
5335:PATH
5325:e-58
1396:and
1224:U.S.
1144:2018
1118:link
1104:2018
920:2022
886:2022
860:2022
834:2022
387:The
155:F.3d
98:more
90:U.S.
88:529
75:99-5
5395:NIA
5345:VLA
4792:of
4597:of
1664:of
1571:of
1518:of
1449:of
1398:III
1343:of
1220:529
1178:",
1122:",
1064:",
1039:Is
936:",
319:'s
158:820
143:779
93:598
5853::
5481:,
5177::
1218:,
1114:}}
1110:{{
1080:,
907:.
903:.
877:.
851:.
825:.
711:,
475:.
5489:)
5477:(
5156:e
5149:t
5142:v
1316:e
1309:t
1302:v
1146:.
1120:)
1106:.
1051:)
922:.
888:.
862:.
836:.
145:(
101:)
95:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.