Chu (Taoism) - Knowledge

2388:'s Four Classics), "Medicines of the highest type put the human body at ease and protract life so that people ascend and become gods in heaven, soar up and down in the air, and have all the spirits at their service. Their bodies grow feathers and wings, and the Traveling Canteen comes whenever they wish ." Sixth, the method of Wu Chengzi (務成子) compounds alchemical gold from realgar, yellow sand, and mercury, and then forms it into small pills. Coating the pills with different substances will produce magical effects, for instance, if one is smeared with ram's blood and thrown into a stream, "the fish and the dragons will come out immediately, and it will be easy to catch them." And, "If it is coated with hare's blood and placed in a spot belonging to the Six Yin, the Traveling Canteen and the fairies will appear immediately and place themselves at your disposal , to a total of sixty or seventy individuals." Seventh, Liu Gen (劉根, or Liu Jun'an 劉君安), who Ware wrongly identifies as the Daoist prince and author 2687:墨子五行記) and, , ingested "efflorescence of vermilion" pills. He lived for more than one hundred eighty years, and his complexion was that of a youth. He could transform himself into other shapes and conceal his form; multiply one person into a hundred or a hundred into a thousand or a thousand into ten thousand; conceal a military force of three brigades by forming them into a forest or into birds and beasts, so that they could easily take their opponents' weapons without their knowledge. Further, he was capable of planting fruits of all types and causing them immediately to flower and ripen so as to be ready to eat. He could sit down and cause the traveling canteen to arrive , setting out a complete meal for up to several hundred people. His mere whistling could create a wind to set dust swirling and blow stones about. 3082:) mainly involve visualizing the Five Viscera of the body and chanting incantations. These methods supposedly allow the adept to obtain satisfaction and harmony, and, after some years of training, even transcendence. Despite this concern with the human body, the text strongly emphasizes mental restructuring over physical practices, saying that "accumulating cultivation will not get you to detachment" and that methods of ingestion are ultimately useless. However, reciting the scripture is beneficial, especially if combined with mental and ethical practices, so that "you will easily get the true essentials of cultivating the body-self and protecting life." More specifically, chanting the text one hundred times and practicing the harmonization of the five 2303:(羡門子丹, Master Xian Men's Elixir) is prepared from wine and cinnabar. "After it has been taken for one day the Three Worms and all illnesses are immediately purged from the patient. If taken for three years, it will confer geniehood and one is sure to be served by two fairies, who can be employed to summon the Traveling Canteen ." Second, a list of methods for eating and drinking realgar says, "In each case it confers Fullness of Life; all illnesses are banished; the Three Corpses drop from the body; scars disappear; gray hair tums black; and lost teeth are regenerated. After a thousand days, fairies will come to serve you and you can use them to summon the Traveling Canteen ." Third, consuming pure, unadulterated 2970:

counterfeiting and brandishes his sword to strike the monk. As Xingduan "wards off the blow with his hand, several fingers are lopped off", he begs for mercy, and the Daoist deity agrees to spare his life if he retrieves and destroys all the fakes. Xingduan and his companions search everywhere for the texts, but can only find half of them, the remainder having already been carried abroad by Buddhist monks. Xingduan prepares ten fresh copies of the original scripture, offers incense, repents, and burns the altered copies. Then the divine being reappears and announces: "Having vilified the sage's text, restitution won't save you—you do not deserve to escape death", the monk falls prostrate and dies on the spot.

2218:-hood as avoiding ordinary food such as grains, instead eating "rare, exotic foodstuffs from the far reaches of the cosmos", marvelous products conveying the "numinous power" suggested by their peculiarity. "The ability to command at will a spirit-hosted serving of exotic food and drink in elegant vessels may seem trivial, but when one recalls that many Daoist scriptures prohibit the feasting on sacrificial meats and liquors enjoyed by the aristocracy, and that many adepts did their work on mountains and were isolated from agricultural communities and markets, the practice assumes a more serious aspect." 2719:"I am touched by your sincere willingness to send me off, and I deeply appreciate your intention. But please come empty-handed; you need not make any expenditure. I have a means whereby to provide a feast for us all." On the appointed day, the guests all arrived, and a great banquet was held. Awnings of blue brocade were spread out, and layers of white felt were spread out beneath them. Rare delicacies and strange fruits were piled up and arrayed. Female entertainers provided music; the sounds of metal and stone mingled together, and the din shook Heaven and Earth; it could be heard from several 2376:. Each mineral is put through five alchemical cycles and assumes five hues, so that altogether twenty-five hues result, each with specific powers, for example, the blue elixir will revive a recently deceased person. "If you wish to summon the Traveling Canteen , smear your left hand with a solution of black elixir; whatever you ask for will be at your beck and call, and everything you mention will arrive without effort. You will be able to summon any thing or any creature in the world." Fifth, the 2434: 2634:十二事), and the Perfected Forms of the Ten Continents of Divine Transcendents (shenxian shizhou zhenxiang 神仙十洲真形). Liu Jing practiced them all according to the instructions, and they were mightily efficacious. He could summon ghosts and spirits, immediately cause wind and rain to arise, cause the traveling canteen to arrive , and appear and disappear at will. He also knew the auspiciousness or inauspiciousness of people's future affairs and of particular days. 1919:. The banquet was hosted by families on the occasion of births and deaths, prepared for a ritually-fixed number of parishioners, and accompanied by specific ritual gifts to the Daoist priest. Although the Kitchen Feast became a regular element of organized Daoist religious traditions, scholars do not know the date when it was introduced into the liturgy. One early textual record is the c. 499 44: 4607: 2493:

Wang, who bade her rise. When they were both seated, they called for the travelling canteen . The servings were piled up on gold platters and in jade cups without limit. There were rare delicacies, many of them made from flowers and fruits, and their fragrance permeated the air inside and out. When the meat was sliced and served, it resembled broiled

353: 1993:(三會, Three Assemblies), which were major Daoist festivals held in the first, seventh, and tenth lunar months, when believers assembled at their local parish to report any births, deaths, or marriages, so that the population registers could be updated. Parishioners who had reason to celebrate on these occasions would host a 2408:), and successfully used its medicines and amulets, "By grasping a pole he becomes a tree. He plants something, and it immediately produces edible melons or fruit. He draws a line on the ground, and it becomes a river; he piles up dirt and it becomes a hill. He sits down and causes the Traveling Canteen to arrive ." 2487:

lovers' festival), and ordered them to "prepare great quantities of food and drink to offer to his attendants." When Wang Yuan and his heavenly entourage arrived on the auspicious "double-seven" day, he invited his old friend Magu to join their celebration because it had been over five hundred years

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Seeing that the fortunes of the Han house were about to decline, he sighed and said, "As we move into this declining configuration, those who hold eminent offices are in peril, and those of lofty talent will die. Winning glory in this present age is not something to be coveted." So he studied arts

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I wish to present you all with a gift of fine liquor. This liquor has just been produced by the celestial kitchens. Its flavor is quite strong, so it is unfit for drinking by ordinary people; in fact, in some cases it has been known to burn people's intestines. You should mix it with water, and you

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She appeared to be a handsome woman of eighteen or nineteen; her hair was done up, and several loose strands hung down to her waist. Her gown had a pattern of colors, but it was not woven; it shimmered, dazzling the eyes, and was indescribable – it was not of this world. She approached and bowed to

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Kitchen feast would first observe a period of purification that included fasting and abstention from sex. Kitchen rituals lasted for one, three, or seven days. Participants consumed exclusively vegetarian food and moderate amounts of wine, which was considered as a mandatory element of the banquet.

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Du Guangting gives a lengthy narrative about the Daoist miracle involving supernatural retribution for Xingduan's forgery. One day after the monk had already given several copies of the altered scripture to others, a "divine being eight or nine feet tall" and holding a sword reprimands him for the

2585:

Li Gen could transform himself and could enter water and fire . He could sit down and cause the traveling canteen to arrive, and with it could serve twenty guests . All the dishes were finely prepared, and all of them contained strange and marvelous foods from the four directions, not things that

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limit. In planning the meal, one strives for sumptuousness, and the rarest things must be purchased. Several dozen may work in the kitchen , and costs for food can run high indeed. In turn, these are not completely disinterested affairs, and they might well be classed with things to be forbidden.

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The more than a hundred ways for dealing with demons all call for slaying living creatures so that their blood may be drunk. Only the doctrine of the Lis is slightly different. Yet, though it does no butchering, whenever its "good-luck food" is served , it includes varieties of mixtures without

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of universal oneness and in the harmony of cosmic peace , the five organs are abundant and full and the five spirits are still and upright. "When the five organs are abundant, all sensory experiences are satisfied; when the five spirits are still, all cravings and desires are eliminated. This

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The Woman of the Grand Mystery was surnamed Zhuan 顓 and named He 和. While still young, she was bereaved of her husband, so she practiced the Way. Disciplining herself in the arts of the Jade Master, (Yuzi) she could sit down and cause the traveling canteen to arrive , and there was no sort of

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to study the Way." By using methods for subsisting on "efflorescence of vermilion" pills and "cloud-mother " pills, Liu "lived to be one hundred thirty years old. To look at him, one would judge him to be a person in his thirties." He could also foretell the auspiciousness of future events.

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Kitchen ceremonies were also performed in special circumstances, particularly when there was disease, sin, or death pollution. They were believed to have exorcistic and salvific powers and to confer good luck or merit upon the adepts. Kitchen ceremonies often involved Daoist ritual

2098:(醮, "offerings") of cakes and pieces of fabric in order to obtain particular favors, such as petitions for recovery from illnesses, prayers for rain in time of drought, and thanksgivings for favors received. An altar was laid out in the open air, and the priest recited prayers. 2746:

for Li Gen, Zuo Ci, and Taixuan nü, "sit down and cause the traveling canteen to arrive"—and actualized it as a visualization technique for "making the movable cuisines come sitting ". "This method, accessible only to the initiate who possessed the proper series of talismans

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feast for other members of the community in proportion to the significance of their auspicious event and their means. Accounts of these banquets "emphasize both the sharing of food and the affirmation of the unique, religious merit-based social order of the Daoist community".

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without using the name. After twenty years studying the Dao, Mao Ying returned home to his parents and announced that he had been commanded to enter heaven and become a transcendent. The people of his home village came to give him a going-away party, and Mao said,

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will put a man in communication with the gods and let him Enjoy Fullness of Life. When eaten with pieces of crab in mica or jade water, "The Nine Insects will then drop from you, and the bad blood will leave you through nose-bleeds. After a year, the

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liberation, his body became extremely hot, and his flesh and bones melted away for three days. "Suddenly he had vanished. When his family looked inside the blanket, only his outer skin was left, intact from head to foot, like a cicada shell."

2021:(中廚, Middle Ceremony of the Kitchen) with a banquet for five parishioners, and the gifts, which the parents had to provide within one month following the birth, were a mat, a wastebasket, and a broom. For the death of a family member, the 2186:

mushrooms, typically found in distant and legendary places removed from the heartland of agriculture-based Chinese civilization. Transcendents were frequently depicted as winged beings able to fly long distances rapidly and summoning a

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edition shows that the five stanzas were associated with the Five Directions of space: east (lines 1–4), south (lines 5–8), north (lines 9–12), west (lines 13–16), and center (lines 17–20). For example, the first four lines:

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After Cai had been gone for "over a decade", he unexpectedly returned home, looking like a young man, announced to his family that Lord Wang would visit on the "seventh day of the seventh month" (later associated with the

2800:(五臟, Five Viscera / Orbs) system includes not only the physiological internal organs (lungs, kidneys, liver, gallbladder, and spleen), but also the associated psychological range of mental and emotional states. The 735 2920:(佛說三停廚經, Sutra of the Three Interrupted Kitchens, Preached by the Buddha). According to Du Guangting, the monk Xingduan (行端), who had "a presumptuous and fraudulent disposition", saw that the widely circulated Daoist 2952:,' and at the end he added a hymn. The additional phrases amounted to no less than a page." Verellen suggests that the scripture, with its "Buddho-Daoist content and quasi-magical use", originated as a late 2086:, and for the Inferior Kitchen three. The participants "must have departed a bit happy, but not drunk." The leftovers were given to other parishioners who could thereby share in the ritual. 2857:(五廚經氣法, Energetic Methods of the Scripture of the Five Kitchens), also includes Yin's commentary, with slight variations, such as noting the text was presented to the emperor in 736. The 4250:

Science and Civilisation in China. Vol. V: Chemistry and Chemical Technology. Part 3: Spagyrical Discovery and Invention: Historical Survey, from Cinnabar Elixirs to Synthetic Insulin

2159:, which Campany called a "curious business", was a sumptuous banquet of rare delicacies, exotic foods, and wines that could be instantly served up by spirits anywhere on command. 1503:

names a Kitchen-feast communal meal, and sometimes has a technical meaning of "magic", "used to designate the magical recipes through which one becomes invisible". The extensive

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Campany, Robert Ford (2001). "Ingesting the Marvelous: The Practitioner's Relationship to Nature According to Ge Hong". In N.J. Girardot; James Miller; Xiaogan Liu (eds.).

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indicated he was destined to become a transcendent, so Wang took him on as a disciple, taught him the basic techniques, and left. Soon afterwards Cai also used alchemical

2009:(上廚, Superior Ceremony of the Kitchen) was a banquet offered to the priest and ten members of the parish, with gifts to the priest of a hundred sheets of paper, a pair of 2835:) contains a preface dated 735 and a commentary, both signed by Yin Yin (尹愔, d. 741). The reduplicatedly named Yin Yin was a prominent Daoist and Confucian scholar under 2869:(服氣精義論, Essay on the Essential Meaning of Breath Ingestion) text on physical self-cultivation. Although the presence of Yin's preface might suggest a Tang date for the 2126:). The context praises the contemporary charlatan healer Li Kuan (李寬) for not following the ancient tradition of animal sacrifice, while blaming him for extravagance. 2470:, his "body disappeared; yet the cap and garments were completely undisturbed, like a cicada shell." During his travels, Wang met the peasant Cai Jing (蔡經), whose 4660: 484: 5262: 1915:(福食, "good luck meal"), was a religious banquet that usually involved preliminary fasting and purification before consuming a meal of vegetarian food and 2048:(解除, "liberation and elimination") from pollution and sins, which were connected with the soil god and tombs. The parallel passage in the 6th-century 2029:(解廚, Kitchen of Deliverance), is not described in Daoist texts, and we only know that the rival Buddhist polemicists claimed it was a "great orgy". 4414: 2751:符) and had mastered certain visualization techniques, conferred powers to become invisible, to cause thunder, and to call for rain." This form of 4350:

Verellen, Franciscus (1992). "'Evidential Miracles in Support of Taoism': The Inversion of a Buddhist Apologetic Tradition in Late Tang China".

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Stein, Rolf A. (1979). "Religious Taoism and Popular Religion from the Second to Seventh Centuries". In Holmes Welch; Anna K. Seidel (eds.).

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In the present day, early copies of this apocryphal Buddhist sutra have been preserved. Four textual versions were discovered in the Chinese

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Commenting on Yin's interpretation, Du Guangting claims more explicitly that practicing this scripture will enable an adept to stop eating.

4064: 1950:(廚會, "cuisine congregations") for making immoral animal sacrifices, they nevertheless perpetuated the custom by adapting and codifying it. 5224: 1199: 3048:-processing on a subtle-body level", and signify the energetic, transformative power of the Five Viscera. Yin Yin's introduction says, 2534:

Wang Yuan then announced to the Cai family that he had brought some exceptional wine from the Tianchu (天廚, Heavenly Kitchen) asterism.

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sacrament had three levels of banquets and ritual gifts, depending upon what the family was celebrating. For the birth of a boy, the

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narrative of Li Gen (李根) says he studied under Wu Dawen (吳大文) and obtained a method for producing alchemical gold and silver.

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banquet at will eliminated the need to travel across the world and heavens in order to obtain rare foodstuffs of immortality.

5117: 3168: 1112: 235: 175: 67: 1958:(齋, "fast; purification; retreat"), and the two are frequently treated as having the same functions. The 7th-century Daoist 1565:(廚, cf. 櫥 "cabinet") "kitchen; kitchen cupboard" to denote the "cabinet for an image or relic of the Buddhas", translating 5107: 4872: 2962: 2511: 2166:"meditational cuisines" or "contemplative cuisines" seems to have developed in a parallel and complementary manner to the 1351: 1102: 797: 81: 2786:(五廚, Five Kitchens) contemplation technique, which recast the concept of ritual banquets in terms of psychophysiological 5112: 2844: 2556: 2078: 1978: 1401: 1306: 1107: 1097: 829: 4496: 4407: 2889:(日月廚食經, Scripture of the Kitchen Meals for the Sun and the Moon), which could be the ancestors of the received texts. 2405: 2236:(行廚, Mobile Kitchen). Seven of them are in contexts of alchemical medicines and elixirs, most of which have poisonous 427: 4091:

Campany, Robert Ford (2005). "The Meanings of Cuisines of Transcendence in Late Classical and Early Medieval China".

1970:(社會, "festival gatherings of the soil god"—now the modern Chinese word for "society"), which was later changed into 5267: 2452:(Cannabis Maiden) says Wang was a Confucianist scholar who quit his official post during the reign (146–168 CE) of 2430:. Other adepts who are also said to have this ability include Li Gen, Liu Jing, Zuo Ci, Liu Zheng, and Taixuan nü. 1592: 1219: 2195: 5292: 5287: 5192: 2756: 2488:

since she had been "in the human realm." When the Cannabis Maiden and her attendants arrived at Cai's household,

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To Live as Long as Heaven and Earth: A Translation and Study of Ge Hong's Traditions of Divine Transcendents

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spirits, how to dispatch ghosts and other spirits, and how to sit down and call for the traveling canteen .

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of liquor, stirred it, and presented it to the members of Cai Jing's family. On drinking little more than a

2484: 1453: 792: 760: 599: 502: 490: 2804:(五廚經, Scripture of the Five Kitchens), which poetically describes a visualization practice for circulating 2697:

Sixth, the brief hagiography of the female transcendent Taixuan nü (太玄女, Woman of the Grand Mystery) says.

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transcendents were portrayed as eschewing what counted in China as ordinary foods, especially grains (see

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away. Of the more than one thousand guests present that day, none failed to leave intoxicated and sated.

2426:(行廚, Mobile Kitchen) six times. The hagiography of Wang Yuan gives a detailed description of summoning a 1511:

can be summarized in some key Daoist expressions: ritual banquets, communion with divinities, granaries (

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guides adepts toward a detached mental state of non-thinking and equanimity. The Five Kitchens refer to

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Later he served Ji Zixun as his teacher. Zixun transmitted to him all the secret essentials of the

2118:(妖道, "demonic cults"), which involved sacrificing animals to gods who enjoyed their blood, with the 1805:

as a verb ("to perform"), the other scholars read it as a modifier ("to go; to move") translated as

5272: 2978: 2453: 1678:("a characteristic style of cooking, often associated with a place of origin"). The latter follows 3061:

is like someone looking for food in a kitchen. Thus, its title: "Scripture of the Five Kitchens."

5239: 5219: 5209: 5160: 5102: 4638: 4458: 2591: 2148: 1347: 1194: 1184: 1174: 1081: 1046: 479: 408: 4241:

Buddhism and Taoism Face to Face: Scripture, Ritual, and Iconographic Exchange in Medieval China

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allows adepts to abstain from grain and eliminate hunger. Many present-day Daoists consider the

2839:(r. 712–756), and abbot of the Suming guan (肅明觀, Abbey of Reviving Light) temple in the capital 2433: 1793:

calls Ware's "Traveling Canteen" a "bizarre translation". While Maspero uniquely interprets the

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Mao Ying and his brothers Mao Gu (茅固) and Mao Zhong (茅衷) are considered of the founders of the

2348:(九光丹, Ninefold Radiance Elixir) is made by processing certain unspecified ingredients with the 4860: 4655: 4467: 4431: 4328:

Stein, Rolf A. (1972). "Speculations mystiques et themes relatifs aux 'cuisines' du Taoisme".

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or Three Worms, demons that live within the human body and hasten their host's death, and the

2237: 1580: 775: 549: 401: 383: 367: 362: 2944:; religious incantation; mystical invocation"), rearranged them, and expanded the title into 2896:(道教靈驗記, Record of Daoist Miracles), written by the Daoist priest, author, and court official 5197: 5151: 5134: 4810: 4440: 4359: 4201: 4100: 2728: 2353: 2182: 1853: 1558: 1162: 1071: 1056: 112: 5277: 5156: 4887: 4833: 4828: 4823: 4736: 2810:

energies through the Five Viscera, was so popular that Tang Buddhists forged the esoteric

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Internal Alchemy. In Chinese cosmological wuxing Five Phases correspondence theory, the

2180:), and instead eating superior, longevity-inducing substitutes such as sesame seeds and 1946:(社, God of the Soil). Although orthodox Daoists criticized, and sometimes banned, these 5234: 5187: 5139: 5089: 5062: 5052: 5032: 4902: 4606: 2992:

mystical poem comprises five stanzas consisting of four five-character lines each. The

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of it each, they were all intoxicated. After a little while, the liquor was all gone.

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elixirs are said to have dual purpose usages, long-term consumption is said to grant

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The Master Who Embraces Simplicity: A study of the philosopher Ko Hung, A.D. 283–343

3614:, pp. 82–83, noting "fragrant foods served in plates of gold and cups of jade". 5144: 5042: 5027: 4947: 4850: 4771: 4729: 4543: 4512: 4474: 2897: 2849: 2779: 2675:

says that Liu Zheng (劉政) used the same alchemical text attributed to Mozi that the

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Alchemy, Medicine and Religion in the China of A.D. 320: The 'Nei Pien' of Ko Hung

2610:), which was written between 370 and 500, has some later accretions that resemble 1940:

was anciently used for the ceremonial meals organized by communities to honor the

1674: 983: 2392:(劉安), learned the art of metamorphosis from an alchemical text attributed to the 2291:, and short-term consumption provides a panacea—specifically for eliminating the 1954:

kitchen-feasts have many features in common with another Daoist ritual meal, the

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for Liu Gen, "sits down and causes the Traveling Canteen to arrive", and in the

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Compare Maspero's translation, "everyone steps forth to 'perform the Kitchen'".

2471: 2010: 1921: 1751: 1739: 1717: 1679: 1520: 1493: 1485: 1477: 1469: 1117: 950: 945: 859: 670: 663: 587: 168: 49: 5229: 5171: 5022: 5002: 4952: 4892: 4702: 4257:

Penny, Benjamin (2000). "Immortality and Transcendence". In Livia Kohn (ed.).

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of wine (about a liter) per person was planned, for the Middle Kitchens, four

1889: 1864:("a case or box containing a cutlery set"). To further complicate translating 1647: 1446: 1435: 1394: 1358: 1189: 1132: 955: 935: 930: 877: 807: 604: 510: 4104: 2344:

formulas are said to create stronger and more versatile elixirs. Fourth, the

1515:藏, a word that also denotes the viscera), visualization of the Five Viscera ( 5057: 5037: 4997: 4967: 4942: 4778: 4750: 4490: 4363: 2949: 2466:"liberation by means of a simulated corpse", described with the traditional 2373: 2369: 1893: 1847: 1420: 993: 973: 925: 892: 864: 691: 656: 43: 17: 4205: 2037: 1841: 1656: 5166: 5072: 2831:(老子說五廚經, Commentary to the Scripture of the Five Kitchens as Revealed by 2385: 2357: 2299:

or Nine Vermin, broadly meaning internal worms and parasites. First, the

2017:, and an ink scraper. For the birth of a girl, it was the less expensive 2014: 1942: 1925:

saying that Xu Mi (許谧, 303–376) offered a Kitchen meal to five persons .

1566: 1089: 1011: 834: 286: 2594:(r. 180–157 BCE) who "abandoned the world and followed Lord Zhang 張君 of 5129: 5077: 5007: 4987: 4977: 4909: 4799: 4792: 4582: 4504: 2948:(佛說三停廚經). "The five incantations he turned into 'five sutras spoken by 2901: 2874: 2823: 2650: 2644: 2361: 2304: 2228: 2199: 2106: 2101: 1325: 1051: 1020: 940: 912: 902: 824: 712: 705: 635: 473: 435: 2853:(Seven Bamboo Tablets of the Cloudy Satchel) anthology edition titled 2571: 2564: 2525:) as "bear-like, black and white, and metal-eating"; and the mystical 2456:

and went into the mountains to study Daoist techniques. Wang achieved

2143:

In Daoist hagiographies and stories, the esoteric ability to summon a

1798: 1543:(天廚, Celestial Kitchens) were brought in gold and jade vessels by the 1442: 1431: 1416: 1408: 1404: 1397: 1390: 1382: 1375: 1368: 1361: 1354: 4982: 4962: 4646: 4630: 4622: 4553: 4423: 2940: 2847:

Zhao Xianfu (趙仙甫, fl. 732) also wrote a commentary. Second, the 1019

2788: 2639: 2595: 2506: 2393: 2389: 1331: 1298: 907: 887: 616: 574: 565: 558: 450: 344: 198: 4315:

Stein, Rolf A. (1971). "Les fetes de cuisine du Taoisme religieux".

4275:

Pregadio, Fabrizio (2008). "Zuo Ci 左慈". In Fabrizio Pregadio (ed.).

1529:), and other food proscriptions. According to Daoist classics, when 2770:

Following upon the Celestial Masters liturgical Kitchen feasts and

2232:(Master Who Embraces Simplicity) have nine occurrences of the word 2089:

Besides annual festivals on fixed dates like the Three Assemblies,

4932: 4865: 4743: 4563: 4481: 2930: 2832: 2752: 2527: 2432: 1845:. However, the latter ambiguous word has several meanings besides 1600: 854: 780: 677: 458: 421: 272: 212: 4230:五廚經 Scripture of the Five Cuisines". In Fabrizio Pregadio (ed.). 4192:

Mollier, Christine (1999). "Les cuisines de Laozi et du Buddha".

4125:

Harper, Donald (2013). "The Cultural History of the Giant Panda (

3028:

Mysterious cosmic order joins the mysterious moment of eternity.

2276:(日月廚食經, Scripture of the Kitchen Meals of the Sun and the Moon). 159: 4708: 2539:

should not regard this as inappropriate." With that, he added a

2397: 2257: 610: 4396: 4266:

Penny, Benjamin (2008). "Magu 麻姑". In Fabrizio Pregadio (ed.).

3026:

Cosmic harmony really is neither universal oneness nor harmony.

4449: 3022:

of universal oneness merges with the harmony of cosmic peace.

2999: 2977:, two versions, dated 1099 and 1270, are kept in the Japanese 388: 352: 4375:老子說五廚經注". In Kristofer Schipper; Franciscus Verellen (eds.). 3599: 3374: 2814:(三廚經, Sutra of the Three Kitchens) based on the Daoist text. 1301:

name used for various religious practices including communal

2683:

Later he arranged Master Mo's Treatise on the Five Phases (

4673: 3924: 3922: 3920: 2806: 2710:

hagiography for Mao Ying (茅盈) describes what sounds like a

1615:

There is no standard English translation for either Daoist

1108:

Way of the Celestial Masters#The Southern Celestial Masters

496: 3495: 3493: 3491: 2774:

transcendents' Mobile Kitchens, the third stage of Daoist

2648:("method master") famous for his abilities at divination, 2252:(致, "cause to arrive at; get to; come to"). The other two 1851:("a cafeteria or snack bar provided by an organization"), 4392: 4116:辟榖 abstention from cereals". In Fabrizio Pregadio (ed.). 3137: 3135: 3133: 3131: 1932:

Kitchen banquets have a pre-Daoist antecedent in popular

1686:

and Christine Mollier, who accurately translated Chinese

1660:("a room for preparing food"), optionally clarified with 180: 4379:. 3 vols. University of Chicago Press. pp. 351–352. 4162:

A Student's Dictionary of Classical and Medieval Chinese

3118: 3116: 3114: 2912:(三廚經, Sutra of the Three Kitchens). Du records that the 2312:

gods and the Traveling Canteen will come to you ." This

4377:

The Taoist Canon: A Historical Companion to the Daozang

3259: 3257: 3024:

Attaining universal oneness, Dao rests in cosmic peace.

2934:; poetic verse; versified utterance") of incantations ( 2244:

uses two related verbs for beckoning a Mobile Kitchen:

1346:("kitchen; to cook; a cook") can be written with three 3274: 3272: 3244: 3242: 3214: 3212: 3210: 3208: 3206: 3204: 2202:

compiled the two primary sources of information about

1726:

with significant semantic differences between English

314: 4011: 4009: 3229: 3227: 3191: 3189: 3152: 3150: 2663:

of the Dao. He understood particularly well the six

2052:(辯惑論, Essay on Debating Doubts) uses the homophonous 138: 124: 3057:

scripture expounds on how the five organs taking in

2531:

beast is sometimes identified as a Chinese unicorn.

2025:(下廚, Inferior Ceremony of the Kitchen), also called 254: 240: 5180: 5088: 4925: 4809: 4721: 4614: 4533: 4439: 4430: 4153:

Sitting in Oblivion: The Heart of Daoist Meditation

3090:as a talismanic text to be chanted for protection. 2861:"energetic" methods of the text are recommended by 2071:Daoist sources record that the people invited to a 2036:(二教論, Essay on Two Religions) by the Buddhist monk 308: 303: 285: 271: 266: 248: 234: 229: 211: 197: 192: 174: 167: 153: 146: 132: 118: 111: 106: 94: 80: 66: 61: 32: 4248:Needham, Joseph; Ho Ping-Yü; Lu Gwei-Djen (1976). 4142:三會 Three Assemblies". In Fabrizio Pregadio (ed.). 4075:Daoism and Ecology: Ways within a Cosmic Landscape 2567:) was approximately equivalent to 10 liters and a 2734:Shangqing Daoists took the stock literary phrase 2679:says was used by Liu Gen (劉根, or Liu Jun'an 劉君安. 2333:divination. An alternate translation is "the six 2060:(解廚, "liberation kitchen"), thus connecting both 1623:(行廚, Mobile Kitchen). The former is rendered as: 1551:(金僮, Golden Boys), associated with the legendary 2873:, the origins of this text may be much earlier. 2264:(行廚符, Amulet of the Traveling Kitchen), and the 2885:(行廚經, Scripture of the Movable Kitchens) and a 2287:transcendence, including the ability to summon 2268:(行廚經, Scripture of the Traveling Kitchen). The 2981:manuscripts. In addition, the modern Japanese 2821:translated by Livia Kohn. First, the 763 Tang 1535:"grain avoidance" techniques were successful, 291: 277: 4408: 4077:. Harvard University Press. pp. 125–146. 3073: 2448:First, the hagiography of Wang Yuan (王遠) and 2422:(Hagiographies of Divine Transcendents) uses 2068:"liberation" to non-Daoist gods of the soil. 1989:kitchen festivals at New Year and the annual 1449:巾, "a screen used for a temporary kitchen"). 1276: 1251: 86: 72: 8: 4343:Facets of Taoism: Essays in Chinese Religion 2110:(see below) mentions profligately expensive 2044:kitchen-feasts were intended to bring about 1313:(行廚, Mobile Kitchen) associated with Daoist 217: 203: 4217:廚 'cuisines'". In Fabrizio Pregadio (ed.). 3600:Needham, Ho Ping-Yü & Lu Gwei-Djen 1976 3375:Needham, Ho Ping-Yü & Lu Gwei-Djen 1976 2916:of the Tang period contained a text titled 2755:was so popular during the Tang period that 2590:Third, Liu Jing (劉京) was an official under 1282: 27:Taoist name for various religious practices 4530: 4436: 4415: 4401: 4393: 1587:(天廚, Celestial Kitchen) is the name of an 1419:'beans' with your 寸 'hands'". The Chinese 1258: 1244: 331: 300: 226: 103: 42: 4290:) and the Foundations of Taoist Mysticism 2702:transformation she could not accomplish. 2602:The Shangqing (Supreme Purity) tradition 1962:(齋戒錄, Records of Fasting) suggested that 4345:. Yale University Press. pp. 53–81. 4039: 3976: 3964: 3952: 3928: 3803: 3499: 3263: 3218: 3141: 2908:Scripture of the Five Kitchens into the 2337:and the traveling canteen will arrive". 2114:Kitchen Feasts in contrasting heterodox 4185: 4184:Translation by Frank A. Kierman Jr. of 4051: 3988: 3899: 3875: 3863: 3851: 3839: 3827: 3815: 3791: 3779: 3767: 3755: 3743: 3707: 3695: 3683: 3671: 3647: 3587: 3551: 3523: 3511: 3482: 3446: 3362: 3314: 3302: 3278: 3248: 3233: 3195: 3156: 3122: 3098: 2960:(咒經, "incantations scripture", cf. the 2694:was an ancient Daoist yogic technique. 2256:usages are in proper names of a Daoist 343: 3719: 3105: 2226:The c. 318 CE "Inner Chapters" of the 1496:with 庖 "kitchen", meaning "kitchen"). 1488:with 刀 "knife", "kitchen knife"), and 29: 4171:Le Taoisme et les Religions Chinoises 3731: 3458: 3434: 3422: 3410: 3398: 3386: 3350: 3338: 3290: 3180: 1872:was the 18th-century equivalent of a 1734:. Chinese usually translates English 1704:("travel kitchen"). Although English 1323:(五廚, Five Kitchens) representing the 7: 4308:Chinese Alchemy: Preliminary Studies 4182:. University of Massachusetts Press. 4065:Wenlin Software for learning Chinese 4027: 4015: 4000: 3940: 3911: 3887: 3659: 3635: 3623: 3611: 3575: 3563: 3547: 3535: 3470: 3326: 2147:(行廚, Mobile Kitchen) was a standard 1627:"kitchen festival", "kitchen feast" 1411:element in 壴, leading to a "graphic 1319:("transcendents; 'immortals'"), and 2614:. The passage about Liu Jing says, 2404:(墨子五行記, Master Mo's Records of the 1200:Taoist Temple (Hanford, California) 5263:Practices in Chinese folk religion 4898:Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors 2248:(至, "arrive at; reach; come") and 1499:In Daoist specialized vocabulary, 813:Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors 25: 4086:. University of California Press. 2817:There are two extant editions of 1523:⺼), and abstention from cereals ( 1128:Chinese ritual mastery traditions 4605: 4279:. Routledge. pp. 1304–1305. 1480:with 師 "master", "cook; chef"), 351: 4993:Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove 4286:Original Tao: Inward Training ( 4133:. Vol. 35/36. pp. 185–224. 2606:(漢武帝内傳, Esoteric Traditions of 2272:also lists another book titled 2076:For the Superior Kitchens five 1722:("cooking; kitchen"), they are 921:Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove 181: 160: 4371:Verellen, Franciscus (2004). " 4270:. Routledge. pp. 731–732. 4221:. Routledge. pp. 539–544. 3169:Digital Dictionary of Buddhism 3080:Scripture of the Five Kitchens 2827:(Daoist Canon) edition titled 2214:. Ge portrayed adepts seeking 1857:("a small water bottle"), and 1214:Institutions and organizations 1113:The Northern Celestial Masters 315: 255: 241: 139: 125: 87: 73: 1: 5108:Way of the Five Pecks of Rice 4873:Three Great Emperor-Officials 4330:Annuaire du College de France 4317:Annuaire du College de France 4252:. Cambridge University Press. 4243:. University of Hawaii Press. 4226:Mollier, Christine (2008b). " 4213:Mollier, Christine (2008a). " 4082:Campany, Robert Ford (2002). 2963:Divine Incantations Scripture 2904:fraudulently transformed the 2630:spirits, the Twelve Matters ( 2512:Classic of Mountains and Seas 2438:Portrait of the Immortal Magu 2326:(六陰, Six Yin) below refer to 1415:" of "A 厂 'room' for cooking 1352:traditional Chinese character 1305:(Kitchen) banquet rituals in 1103:Way of the Five Pecks of Rice 798:Three Great Emperor-Officials 5113:Way of the Celestial Masters 4292:. Columbia University Press. 4112:Despeux, Catherine (2008). " 3052:As long as you dwell in the 2557:Chinese units of measurement 2170:"communal cuisine liturgy". 1979:Way of the Celestial Masters 1911:(廚, Kitchen), also known as 1761:(行廚) has been translated as 1402:simplified Chinese character 1307:Way of the Celestial Masters 1098:Way of the Celestial Masters 4310:. Harvard University Press. 4301:. Chinese Materials Center. 4239:Mollier, Christine (2009). 4180:Taoism and Chinese Religion 2924:consisted of five stanzas ( 1774:"travelling kitchen-feast" 1472:with 房 "room", "kitchen"), 5309: 5118:Northern Celestial Masters 4277:The Encyclopedia of Taoism 4268:The Encyclopedia of Taoism 4261:. Brill. pp. 109–133. 4234:. Routledge. p. 1051. 4232:The Encyclopedia of Taoism 4219:The Encyclopedia of Taoism 4164:(Revised ed.). Brill. 4144:The Encyclopedia of Taoism 4118:The Encyclopedia of Taoism 1682:sinologists, for instance 1423:廚 was anciently used as a 1364:with a phonetic indicator 1220:Chinese Taoist Association 5193:Sacred Mountains of China 4603: 4373:Laozi shuo wuchu jing zhu 3538:, pp. 384, 380, 381. 3074: 2985:canon includes the text. 2829:Laozi shuo Wuchu jing zhu 2757:Chinese Esoteric Buddhism 2738:(坐致行廚)—used above in the 2638:Fourth, the transcendent 2574:) approximately 1 liter. 2139:Mobile Kitchen traditions 1831:is translated as English 1696:("kitchen; cooking") and 1277: 1158:Sacred Mountains of China 535:Three Treasures (virtues) 326: 299: 292: 278: 225: 218: 204: 102: 41: 37: 4878:Queen Mother of the West 4284:Roth, Harold D. (1999). 4138:Kleeman, Terry (2008). " 4105:10.1163/1568532054905124 3003: 2946:Fo shuo san tingchu jing 2918:Fo shuo san tingchu jing 2837:Emperor Xuanzong of Tang 2766:Five Kitchens meditation 2692:Transcendental whistling 2586:were locally available. 2352:(五石, Five Minerals, see 1650:scholars render Chinese 1539:(行廚, Mobile Kitchens or 1350:廚, 㕑, and 厨. The common 788:Queen Mother of the West 68:Traditional Chinese 4883:King Father of the East 4384:Ware, James R. (1966). 4364:10.1163/156853292X00018 4178:Maspero, Henri (1981). 4169:Maspero, Henri (1971). 4160:Kroll, Paul K. (2017). 2865:(司馬承禎, 647–735) in his 2485:Cowherd and Weaver Girl 1876:. In modern terms, the 1454:Modern Standard Chinese 1335:meditation techniques. 1309:liturgy, the legendary 793:King Father of the East 761:Four heavenly ministers 82:Simplified Chinese 4306:Sivin, Nathan (1968). 4206:10.3406/asie.1999.1150 4194:Cahiers d'Extrême-Asie 4127:Ailuropoda melanoleuca 3063: 3016: 2914:Chinese Buddhist canon 2725: 2704: 2689: 2669: 2636: 2588: 2553: 2503: 2460:transcendence through 2445: 2442:National Palace Museum 2133: 1985:in 142 CE, celebrated 1966:were anciently called 1771:"perform the Kitchen" 1389:traditional character 1329:(五臟, Five Viscera) in 3050: 2717: 2699: 2681: 2660: 2616: 2583: 2536: 2509:'s commentary to the 2497:and was announced as 2490: 2436: 2206:Mobile Kitchens, the 2128: 1981:religion, founded by 1934:Chinese folk religion 1880:is comparable with a 1754:, "art of cooking"). 1607:(內廚, Inner Kitchen). 1591:in the constellation 1547:(玉女, Jade Women) and 1519:五臟, written with the 4297:Sailey, Jay (1978). 4155:. Three Pines Press. 4151:Kohn, Livia (2010). 4062:Bishop, Tom (2016). 2988:The highly abstract 2975:Dunhuang manuscripts 2151:for the powers of a 2124:Way of the Li Family 1780:"traveling kitchen" 1777:"traveling canteen' 1765:"Traveling Canteen" 1716:deriving from Latin 1561:terminology applies 1062:Way of the Li Family 236:Revised Romanization 176:Baxter–Sagart (2014) 4642:(self-cultivation) 4173:. Paris: Gallimard. 4146:. pp. 839–840. 4129:) in Early China". 4120:. pp. 233–234. 4042:, pp. 279–280. 4003:, pp. 200–201. 3967:, pp. 250–251. 3955:, pp. 248–249. 3943:, pp. 198–206. 3830:, pp. 240–249. 3036:The content of the 2778:traditions was the 2654:multilocation, and 2622:, Numinous Flight ( 2454:Emperor Huan of Han 2340:The remaining four 2279:Three of the seven 1783:"movable cuisines" 1633:"kitchen banquets" 4634:(external alchemy) 4626:(internal alchemy) 3902:, p. 322–323. 3550:, p. 84; cf. 3068:Techniques in the 3044:Internal Alchemy " 2956:(220–589) Tantric 2894:Daojiao lingyan ji 2753:sitting meditation 2604:Han Wu Di neizhuan 2592:Emperor Wen of Han 2446: 2155:transcendent. The 1870:travelling canteen 1786:"Mobile Kitchens" 1654:as either English 1595:, located next to 1400:instead of 广. The 1348:Chinese characters 1195:Cebu Taoist Temple 1185:White Cloud Temple 1047:Way of the Taiping 5268:Taoist philosophy 5250: 5249: 4861:Tianhuang Emperor 4601: 4600: 4523: 4522: 4054:, pp. 62–63. 3991:, pp. 26–28. 3914:, pp. 41–42. 3514:, pp. 46–47. 3449:, pp. 34–35. 3034: 3033: 2887:Riyue chushi jing 2796:Five Kitchens or 2759:also adopted it. 2706:In addition, the 2274:Riyue chushi jing 2240:ingredients. The 2238:toxic heavy metal 2162:The tradition of 1768:"mobile kitchen" 1742:, "kitchen") and 1702:cuisine de voyage 1581:Chinese astronomy 1438:木, "cabinet") or 1385:"hand"); and the 1268: 1267: 1225:Celestial Masters 776:Tianhuang Emperor 384:Taoist philosophy 330: 329: 322: 321: 262: 261: 250:McCune–Reischauer 188: 187: 113:Standard Mandarin 16:(Redirected from 5300: 5293:Taoist practices 5288:Taoist immortals 5198:Wudang Mountains 4609: 4531: 4508:(transformation) 4485:(eight trigrams) 4437: 4417: 4410: 4403: 4394: 4389: 4380: 4367: 4346: 4337: 4324: 4311: 4302: 4293: 4280: 4271: 4262: 4253: 4244: 4235: 4222: 4209: 4183: 4174: 4165: 4156: 4147: 4134: 4121: 4108: 4087: 4078: 4069: 4068:. version 4.3.2. 4055: 4049: 4043: 4037: 4031: 4025: 4019: 4013: 4004: 3998: 3992: 3986: 3980: 3974: 3968: 3962: 3956: 3950: 3944: 3938: 3932: 3926: 3915: 3909: 3903: 3897: 3891: 3885: 3879: 3873: 3867: 3861: 3855: 3849: 3843: 3837: 3831: 3825: 3819: 3813: 3807: 3801: 3795: 3789: 3783: 3777: 3771: 3765: 3759: 3753: 3747: 3741: 3735: 3729: 3723: 3717: 3711: 3705: 3699: 3693: 3687: 3681: 3675: 3669: 3663: 3657: 3651: 3645: 3639: 3633: 3627: 3621: 3615: 3609: 3603: 3597: 3591: 3585: 3579: 3573: 3567: 3561: 3555: 3545: 3539: 3533: 3527: 3521: 3515: 3509: 3503: 3497: 3486: 3480: 3474: 3468: 3462: 3456: 3450: 3444: 3438: 3432: 3426: 3420: 3414: 3408: 3402: 3396: 3390: 3384: 3378: 3372: 3366: 3360: 3354: 3348: 3342: 3336: 3330: 3324: 3318: 3312: 3306: 3300: 3294: 3288: 3282: 3276: 3267: 3261: 3252: 3246: 3237: 3231: 3222: 3216: 3199: 3193: 3184: 3178: 3172: 3166: 3160: 3154: 3145: 3139: 3126: 3120: 3109: 3103: 3077: 3076: 3000: 2983:Taishō Tripiṭaka 2845:Celestial Master 2843:. The late Tang 2729:Shangqing School 2354:Cold-Food Powder 2032:The anti-Daoist 1619:(廚, Kitchen) or 1559:Chinese Buddhist 1464:, for instance, 1296: 1293: 1290: 1287: 1284: 1280: 1279: 1260: 1253: 1246: 1163:Wudang Mountains 1072:Chongxuan School 1057:Shangqing School 600:Sexual practices 355: 332: 318: 317: 301: 295: 294: 281: 280: 258: 257: 244: 243: 227: 221: 220: 207: 206: 184: 183: 163: 162: 142: 141: 128: 127: 104: 90: 89: 76: 75: 48:Ancient Chinese 46: 30: 21: 5308: 5307: 5303: 5302: 5301: 5299: 5298: 5297: 5283:Taoism in China 5253: 5252: 5251: 5246: 5176: 5084: 4921: 4888:Eight Immortals 4846:Four Sovereigns 4834:Lingbao Tianzun 4829:Yuanshi Tianzun 4824:Three Pure Ones 4805: 4717: 4661:Three Treasures 4610: 4597: 4529: 4519: 4426: 4421: 4383: 4370: 4349: 4340: 4327: 4314: 4305: 4296: 4283: 4274: 4265: 4259:Daoism Handbook 4256: 4247: 4238: 4225: 4212: 4191: 4177: 4168: 4159: 4150: 4137: 4124: 4111: 4090: 4081: 4072: 4061: 4058: 4050: 4046: 4038: 4034: 4026: 4022: 4014: 4007: 3999: 3995: 3987: 3983: 3975: 3971: 3963: 3959: 3951: 3947: 3939: 3935: 3931:, p. 1051. 3927: 3918: 3910: 3906: 3898: 3894: 3886: 3882: 3874: 3870: 3862: 3858: 3850: 3846: 3838: 3834: 3826: 3822: 3814: 3810: 3802: 3798: 3790: 3786: 3778: 3774: 3766: 3762: 3754: 3750: 3742: 3738: 3730: 3726: 3718: 3714: 3706: 3702: 3694: 3690: 3682: 3678: 3670: 3666: 3658: 3654: 3646: 3642: 3634: 3630: 3622: 3618: 3610: 3606: 3598: 3594: 3586: 3582: 3574: 3570: 3562: 3558: 3546: 3542: 3534: 3530: 3522: 3518: 3510: 3506: 3498: 3489: 3481: 3477: 3469: 3465: 3457: 3453: 3445: 3441: 3433: 3429: 3421: 3417: 3409: 3405: 3397: 3393: 3385: 3381: 3373: 3369: 3361: 3357: 3349: 3345: 3337: 3333: 3325: 3321: 3313: 3309: 3301: 3297: 3289: 3285: 3277: 3270: 3262: 3255: 3247: 3240: 3232: 3225: 3217: 3202: 3194: 3187: 3179: 3175: 3167: 3163: 3155: 3148: 3140: 3129: 3121: 3112: 3104: 3100: 3096: 3030: 3027: 3025: 3023: 3013: 3010: 3008: 3006: 2867:Fuqi jingyi lun 2855:Wuchu jing qifa 2768: 2736:zuo zhi xingchu 2626:, 靈飛), the six 2555:In traditional 2468:cicada metaphor 2414: 2382:Shennong sijing 2224: 2198:Daoist scholar 2141: 2054:graphic variant 2040:(312–385) said 1928:These communal 1905: 1859:British English 1613: 1599:(天棓, Celestial 1572:"food-hall" or 1521:"flesh radical" 1447:"cloth radical" 1395:"cliff radical" 1359:"house radical" 1341: 1294: 1291: 1288: 1285: 1264: 1235: 1234: 1215: 1207: 1206: 1148: 1140: 1139: 1124: 1094: 1077:Quanzhen School 1037: 1027: 1026: 1016: 998: 965: 917: 869: 850: 840: 839: 803:Eight Immortals 749:Lingbao Tianzun 744:Yuanshi Tianzun 739:Three Pure Ones 729: 719: 718: 630: 622: 621: 530: 522: 521: 485:Three Treasures 379: 310:Revised Hepburn 95:Literal meaning 57: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5306: 5304: 5296: 5295: 5290: 5285: 5280: 5275: 5270: 5265: 5255: 5254: 5248: 5247: 5245: 5244: 5243: 5242: 5237: 5235:Tong Jee Teung 5232: 5227: 5222: 5212: 5207: 5202: 5201: 5200: 5190: 5188:Grotto-heavens 5184: 5182: 5178: 5177: 5175: 5174: 5169: 5164: 5154: 5149: 5148: 5147: 5137: 5132: 5127: 5126: 5125: 5120: 5110: 5105: 5100: 5094: 5092: 5086: 5085: 5083: 5082: 5075: 5070: 5065: 5063:Zhang Guoxiang 5060: 5055: 5053:Wang Chongyang 5050: 5045: 5040: 5035: 5033:Cheng Xuanying 5030: 5025: 5020: 5015: 5010: 5005: 5000: 4995: 4990: 4985: 4980: 4975: 4970: 4965: 4960: 4955: 4950: 4945: 4940: 4935: 4929: 4927: 4923: 4922: 4920: 4919: 4912: 4907: 4906: 4905: 4903:Yellow Emperor 4895: 4890: 4885: 4880: 4875: 4870: 4869: 4868: 4863: 4858: 4853: 4843: 4842: 4841: 4836: 4831: 4821: 4815: 4813: 4807: 4806: 4804: 4803: 4796: 4789: 4782: 4775: 4768: 4761: 4754: 4747: 4740: 4733: 4725: 4723: 4719: 4718: 4716: 4715: 4714: 4713: 4700: 4692: 4687: 4686: 4685: 4677: 4671: 4658: 4653: 4652: 4651: 4650:(calisthenics) 4635: 4627: 4618: 4616: 4612: 4611: 4604: 4602: 4599: 4598: 4596: 4591: 4586: 4579: 4578: 4577: 4568:(spontenaity) 4559: 4549: 4539: 4537: 4528: 4527: 4524: 4521: 4520: 4518: 4517: 4509: 4501: 4493: 4488: 4487: 4486: 4478: 4472: 4471:(non-polarity) 4454: 4445: 4443: 4434: 4428: 4427: 4422: 4420: 4419: 4412: 4405: 4397: 4391: 4390: 4381: 4368: 4347: 4338: 4325: 4312: 4303: 4294: 4281: 4272: 4263: 4254: 4245: 4236: 4223: 4210: 4189: 4186:Maspero (1971) 4175: 4166: 4157: 4148: 4135: 4122: 4109: 4088: 4079: 4070: 4057: 4056: 4044: 4032: 4030:, p. 200. 4020: 4005: 3993: 3981: 3979:, p. 251. 3969: 3957: 3945: 3933: 3916: 3904: 3892: 3880: 3878:, p. 327. 3868: 3866:, p. 328. 3856: 3854:, p. 367. 3844: 3842:, p. 322. 3832: 3820: 3818:, p. 279. 3808: 3796: 3794:, p. 449. 3784: 3772: 3770:, p. 249. 3760: 3758:, p. 219. 3748: 3746:, p. 263. 3736: 3724: 3722:, p. 216. 3712: 3710:, p. 291. 3700: 3698:, p. 262. 3688: 3686:, p. 260. 3676: 3674:, p. 222. 3664: 3662:, p. 316. 3652: 3650:, p. 248. 3640: 3638:, p. 276. 3628: 3626:, p. 177. 3616: 3604: 3592: 3580: 3578:, p. 190. 3568: 3566:, p. 188. 3556: 3554:, p. 290. 3540: 3528: 3526:, p. 221. 3516: 3504: 3502:, p. 280. 3487: 3475: 3473:, p. 158. 3463: 3451: 3439: 3427: 3415: 3403: 3391: 3379: 3367: 3355: 3343: 3331: 3319: 3307: 3295: 3283: 3268: 3253: 3238: 3223: 3200: 3185: 3173: 3161: 3146: 3144:, p. 279. 3127: 3125:, p. 290. 3110: 3097: 3095: 3092: 3032: 3031: 3014: 2863:Sima Chengzhen 2767: 2761: 2744:Shenxian zhuan 2708:Shenxian zhuan 2685:Mozi wuxing ji 2673:Shenxian zhuan 2612:Shenxian zhuan 2608:Han Emperor Wu 2579:Shenxian zhuan 2543:of water to a 2515:described the 2419:Shenxian zhuan 2413: 2412:Shenxian zhuan 2410: 2402:Mozi wuxing ji 2366:potassium alum 2322:Gods) and the 2301:Xian Menzi dan 2260:and book, the 2223: 2220: 2212:Shenxian zhuan 2140: 2134: 2064:"kitchen" and 1904: 1898: 1882:mobile kitchen 1791:Joseph Needham 1788: 1787: 1784: 1781: 1778: 1775: 1772: 1769: 1766: 1644: 1643: 1640: 1637: 1634: 1631: 1628: 1612: 1609: 1505:semantic field 1462:compound words 1436:"wood radical" 1425:loan character 1413:folk etymology 1340: 1337: 1266: 1265: 1263: 1262: 1255: 1248: 1240: 1237: 1236: 1233: 1232: 1230:Taoist priests 1227: 1222: 1216: 1213: 1212: 1209: 1208: 1205: 1204: 1203: 1202: 1197: 1192: 1187: 1177: 1172: 1167: 1166: 1165: 1155: 1153:Grotto-heavens 1149: 1146: 1145: 1142: 1141: 1138: 1137: 1136: 1135: 1123: 1122: 1121: 1120: 1115: 1110: 1105: 1093: 1092: 1087: 1086: 1085: 1074: 1069: 1067:Lingbao School 1064: 1059: 1054: 1049: 1044: 1038: 1033: 1032: 1029: 1028: 1025: 1024: 1015: 1014: 1009: 1004: 1002:Zhang Guoxiang 997: 996: 991: 989:Wang Chongyang 986: 981: 976: 971: 969:Cheng Xuanying 964: 963: 958: 953: 948: 943: 938: 933: 928: 923: 916: 915: 910: 905: 900: 895: 890: 885: 880: 875: 868: 867: 862: 857: 851: 846: 845: 842: 841: 838: 837: 832: 827: 822: 821: 820: 818:Yellow Emperor 810: 805: 800: 795: 790: 785: 784: 783: 778: 773: 768: 758: 757: 756: 751: 746: 736: 730: 725: 724: 721: 720: 717: 716: 709: 702: 695: 688: 681: 674: 667: 660: 653: 646: 639: 631: 628: 627: 624: 623: 620: 619: 614: 607: 602: 597: 585: 578: 571: 570: 569: 562: 552: 547: 542: 537: 531: 528: 527: 524: 523: 520: 519: 508: 507: 506: 499: 494: 482: 477: 470: 462: 455: 447: 439: 432: 424: 419: 418: 417: 405: 398: 391: 386: 380: 377: 376: 373: 372: 371: 370: 365: 357: 356: 348: 347: 341: 340: 328: 327: 324: 323: 320: 319: 312: 306: 305: 304:Transcriptions 297: 296: 289: 283: 282: 275: 269: 268: 264: 263: 260: 259: 252: 246: 245: 238: 232: 231: 230:Transcriptions 223: 222: 215: 209: 208: 201: 195: 194: 190: 189: 186: 185: 178: 172: 171: 165: 164: 157: 155:Middle Chinese 151: 150: 148:Middle Chinese 144: 143: 136: 130: 129: 122: 116: 115: 109: 108: 107:Transcriptions 100: 99: 96: 92: 91: 84: 78: 77: 70: 64: 63: 59: 58: 47: 39: 38: 35: 34: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5305: 5294: 5291: 5289: 5286: 5284: 5281: 5279: 5276: 5274: 5271: 5269: 5266: 5264: 5261: 5260: 5258: 5241: 5238: 5236: 5233: 5231: 5228: 5226: 5223: 5221: 5218: 5217: 5216: 5213: 5211: 5208: 5206: 5205:Mount Penglai 5203: 5199: 5196: 5195: 5194: 5191: 5189: 5186: 5185: 5183: 5181:Sacred places 5179: 5173: 5170: 5168: 5165: 5162: 5158: 5155: 5153: 5150: 5146: 5143: 5142: 5141: 5138: 5136: 5133: 5131: 5128: 5124: 5121: 5119: 5116: 5115: 5114: 5111: 5109: 5106: 5104: 5101: 5099: 5096: 5095: 5093: 5091: 5087: 5081: 5080: 5076: 5074: 5071: 5069: 5068:Zhang Sanfeng 5066: 5064: 5061: 5059: 5056: 5054: 5051: 5049: 5046: 5044: 5041: 5039: 5036: 5034: 5031: 5029: 5026: 5024: 5021: 5019: 5016: 5014: 5011: 5009: 5006: 5004: 5001: 4999: 4996: 4994: 4991: 4989: 4986: 4984: 4981: 4979: 4976: 4974: 4971: 4969: 4966: 4964: 4961: 4959: 4958:Zhang Daoling 4956: 4954: 4951: 4949: 4946: 4944: 4941: 4939: 4936: 4934: 4931: 4930: 4928: 4924: 4918: 4917: 4916:Other deities 4913: 4911: 4908: 4904: 4901: 4900: 4899: 4896: 4894: 4891: 4889: 4886: 4884: 4881: 4879: 4876: 4874: 4871: 4867: 4864: 4862: 4859: 4857: 4856:Ziwei Emperor 4854: 4852: 4849: 4848: 4847: 4844: 4840: 4839:Daode Tianzun 4837: 4835: 4832: 4830: 4827: 4826: 4825: 4822: 4820: 4819:Hongjun Laozu 4817: 4816: 4814: 4812: 4808: 4802: 4801: 4797: 4795: 4794: 4790: 4788: 4787: 4786:Qingjing Jing 4783: 4781: 4780: 4776: 4774: 4773: 4769: 4767: 4766: 4762: 4760: 4759: 4755: 4753: 4752: 4748: 4746: 4745: 4741: 4739: 4738: 4734: 4732: 4731: 4727: 4726: 4724: 4720: 4711: 4710: 4706: 4705: 4704: 4701: 4699:(immortality) 4698: 4697: 4693: 4691: 4688: 4683: 4682: 4678: 4675: 4672: 4669: 4668: 4664: 4663: 4662: 4659: 4657: 4654: 4649: 4648: 4644: 4643: 4641: 4640: 4636: 4633: 4632: 4628: 4625: 4624: 4620: 4619: 4617: 4613: 4608: 4595: 4592: 4590: 4589:Five Precepts 4587: 4585: 4584: 4580: 4575: 4574: 4570: 4569: 4567: 4566: 4565: 4560: 4557: 4556: 4555: 4550: 4547: 4546: 4545: 4540: 4538: 4536: 4532: 4526: 4525: 4515: 4514: 4510: 4507: 4506: 4502: 4500:(five phases) 4499: 4498: 4494: 4492: 4489: 4484: 4483: 4479: 4476: 4473: 4470: 4469: 4465: 4464: 4462: 4461: 4460: 4455: 4452: 4451: 4447: 4446: 4444: 4442: 4438: 4435: 4433: 4429: 4425: 4418: 4413: 4411: 4406: 4404: 4399: 4398: 4395: 4387: 4382: 4378: 4374: 4369: 4365: 4361: 4357: 4353: 4348: 4344: 4339: 4335: 4331: 4326: 4322: 4318: 4313: 4309: 4304: 4300: 4295: 4291: 4287: 4282: 4278: 4273: 4269: 4264: 4260: 4255: 4251: 4246: 4242: 4237: 4233: 4229: 4224: 4220: 4216: 4211: 4207: 4203: 4199: 4195: 4190: 4187: 4181: 4176: 4172: 4167: 4163: 4158: 4154: 4149: 4145: 4141: 4136: 4132: 4128: 4123: 4119: 4115: 4110: 4106: 4102: 4098: 4094: 4089: 4085: 4080: 4076: 4071: 4067: 4066: 4060: 4059: 4053: 4048: 4045: 4041: 4040:Mollier 2008a 4036: 4033: 4029: 4024: 4021: 4018:, p. 71. 4017: 4012: 4010: 4006: 4002: 3997: 3994: 3990: 3985: 3982: 3978: 3977:Verellen 1992 3973: 3970: 3966: 3965:Verellen 1992 3961: 3958: 3954: 3953:Verellen 1992 3949: 3946: 3942: 3937: 3934: 3930: 3929:Mollier 2008b 3925: 3923: 3921: 3917: 3913: 3908: 3905: 3901: 3896: 3893: 3889: 3884: 3881: 3877: 3872: 3869: 3865: 3860: 3857: 3853: 3848: 3845: 3841: 3836: 3833: 3829: 3824: 3821: 3817: 3812: 3809: 3805: 3804:Pregadio 2008 3800: 3797: 3793: 3788: 3785: 3782:, p. 76. 3781: 3776: 3773: 3769: 3764: 3761: 3757: 3752: 3749: 3745: 3740: 3737: 3733: 3728: 3725: 3721: 3716: 3713: 3709: 3704: 3701: 3697: 3692: 3689: 3685: 3680: 3677: 3673: 3668: 3665: 3661: 3656: 3653: 3649: 3644: 3641: 3637: 3632: 3629: 3625: 3620: 3617: 3613: 3608: 3605: 3602:, p. 86. 3601: 3596: 3593: 3590:, p. 75. 3589: 3584: 3581: 3577: 3572: 3569: 3565: 3560: 3557: 3553: 3549: 3544: 3541: 3537: 3532: 3529: 3525: 3520: 3517: 3513: 3508: 3505: 3501: 3500:Mollier 2008a 3496: 3494: 3492: 3488: 3485:, p. 29. 3484: 3479: 3476: 3472: 3467: 3464: 3461:, p. 56. 3460: 3455: 3452: 3448: 3443: 3440: 3437:, p. 74. 3436: 3431: 3428: 3425:, p. 71. 3424: 3419: 3416: 3413:, p. 75. 3412: 3407: 3404: 3401:, p. 57. 3400: 3395: 3392: 3388: 3383: 3380: 3377:, p. 29. 3376: 3371: 3368: 3364: 3359: 3356: 3352: 3347: 3344: 3340: 3335: 3332: 3328: 3323: 3320: 3316: 3311: 3308: 3304: 3299: 3296: 3292: 3287: 3284: 3280: 3275: 3273: 3269: 3265: 3264:Mollier 2008a 3260: 3258: 3254: 3250: 3245: 3243: 3239: 3235: 3230: 3228: 3224: 3220: 3219:Verellen 2004 3215: 3213: 3211: 3209: 3207: 3205: 3201: 3197: 3192: 3190: 3186: 3182: 3177: 3174: 3170: 3165: 3162: 3158: 3153: 3151: 3147: 3143: 3142:Mollier 2008a 3138: 3136: 3134: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3119: 3117: 3115: 3111: 3107: 3102: 3099: 3093: 3091: 3089: 3085: 3081: 3071: 3066: 3062: 3060: 3055: 3049: 3047: 3043: 3039: 3029: 3021: 3015: 3012: 3002: 3001: 2998: 2995: 2991: 2986: 2984: 2980: 2976: 2971: 2967: 2965: 2964: 2959: 2955: 2954:Six Dynasties 2951: 2947: 2943: 2942: 2937: 2933: 2932: 2927: 2923: 2919: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2903: 2902:Buddhist monk 2899: 2895: 2890: 2888: 2884: 2880: 2876: 2872: 2868: 2864: 2860: 2856: 2852: 2851: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2826: 2825: 2820: 2815: 2813: 2809: 2808: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2790: 2785: 2781: 2777: 2773: 2765: 2762: 2760: 2758: 2754: 2750: 2745: 2741: 2737: 2732: 2730: 2724: 2722: 2716: 2713: 2709: 2703: 2698: 2695: 2693: 2688: 2686: 2680: 2678: 2674: 2668: 2666: 2659: 2657: 2656:shapeshifting 2653: 2652: 2647: 2646: 2641: 2635: 2633: 2629: 2625: 2621: 2620:Five Thearchs 2615: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2600: 2597: 2593: 2587: 2582: 2580: 2575: 2573: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2552: 2550: 2546: 2542: 2535: 2532: 2530: 2529: 2524: 2520: 2519: 2514: 2513: 2508: 2502: 2500: 2496: 2489: 2486: 2480: 2477: 2473: 2469: 2465: 2464: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2431: 2429: 2425: 2421: 2420: 2411: 2409: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2395: 2391: 2387: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2343: 2338: 2336: 2332: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2320: 2315: 2311: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2293:Three Corpses 2290: 2286: 2282: 2277: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2230: 2221: 2219: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2192: 2190: 2185: 2184: 2179: 2178: 2173: 2169: 2165: 2160: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2138: 2135: 2132: 2127: 2125: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2108: 2103: 2099: 2097: 2092: 2087: 2085: 2081: 2080: 2074: 2069: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2030: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2008: 2004: 1999: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1983:Zhang Daoling 1980: 1975: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1944: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1926: 1924: 1923: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1903:Kitchen feast 1902: 1899: 1897: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1886:field kitchen 1883: 1879: 1875: 1874:picnic basket 1871: 1867: 1863: 1860: 1856: 1855: 1850: 1849: 1844: 1843: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1821: 1820:movable feast 1816: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1785: 1782: 1779: 1776: 1773: 1770: 1767: 1764: 1763: 1762: 1760: 1755: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1725: 1724:false friends 1721: 1720: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1694: 1689: 1685: 1684:Henri Maspero 1681: 1677: 1676: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1658: 1653: 1649: 1641: 1638: 1635: 1632: 1629: 1626: 1625: 1624: 1622: 1618: 1610: 1608: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1577: 1575: 1571: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1533: 1528: 1527: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1497: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1456:lexicon uses 1455: 1450: 1448: 1444: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1403: 1399: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1381: 1377: 1374: 1370: 1367: 1363: 1360: 1357:combines the 1356: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1338: 1336: 1334: 1333: 1328: 1327: 1322: 1318: 1317: 1312: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1274: 1273: 1261: 1256: 1254: 1249: 1247: 1242: 1241: 1239: 1238: 1231: 1228: 1226: 1223: 1221: 1218: 1217: 1211: 1210: 1201: 1198: 1196: 1193: 1191: 1188: 1186: 1183: 1182: 1181: 1180:Taoist temple 1178: 1176: 1173: 1171: 1170:Mount Penglai 1168: 1164: 1161: 1160: 1159: 1156: 1154: 1151: 1150: 1147:Sacred places 1144: 1143: 1134: 1131: 1130: 1129: 1126: 1125: 1119: 1116: 1114: 1111: 1109: 1106: 1104: 1101: 1100: 1099: 1096: 1095: 1091: 1088: 1083: 1080: 1079: 1078: 1075: 1073: 1070: 1068: 1065: 1063: 1060: 1058: 1055: 1053: 1050: 1048: 1045: 1043: 1040: 1039: 1036: 1031: 1030: 1023: 1022: 1018: 1017: 1013: 1010: 1008: 1007:Zhang Sanfeng 1005: 1003: 1000: 999: 995: 992: 990: 987: 985: 982: 980: 977: 975: 972: 970: 967: 966: 962: 959: 957: 954: 952: 949: 947: 944: 942: 939: 937: 934: 932: 929: 927: 924: 922: 919: 918: 914: 911: 909: 906: 904: 901: 899: 896: 894: 891: 889: 886: 884: 883:Zhang Daoling 881: 879: 876: 874: 871: 870: 866: 863: 861: 858: 856: 853: 852: 849: 844: 843: 836: 833: 831: 828: 826: 823: 819: 816: 815: 814: 811: 809: 806: 804: 801: 799: 796: 794: 791: 789: 786: 782: 779: 777: 774: 772: 771:Ziwei Emperor 769: 767: 764: 763: 762: 759: 755: 754:Daode Tianzun 752: 750: 747: 745: 742: 741: 740: 737: 735: 734:Hongjun Laozu 732: 731: 728: 723: 722: 715: 714: 710: 708: 707: 703: 701: 700: 699:Qingjing Jing 696: 694: 693: 689: 687: 686: 682: 680: 679: 675: 673: 672: 668: 666: 665: 661: 659: 658: 654: 652: 651: 647: 645: 644: 640: 638: 637: 633: 632: 626: 625: 618: 615: 613: 612: 608: 606: 603: 601: 598: 595: 594: 589: 586: 584: 583: 579: 577: 576: 572: 568: 567: 563: 561: 560: 556: 555: 553: 551: 548: 546: 543: 541: 540:Five Precepts 538: 536: 533: 532: 526: 525: 518: 517: 513: 509: 505: 504: 500: 498: 495: 493: 492: 488: 487: 486: 483: 481: 478: 476: 475: 471: 468: 467: 463: 461: 460: 456: 453: 452: 448: 445: 444: 440: 438: 437: 433: 431:(five phases) 430: 429: 425: 423: 420: 416: 413: 412: 411: 410: 406: 404: 403: 399: 397: 396: 392: 390: 387: 385: 382: 381: 375: 374: 369: 366: 364: 361: 360: 359: 358: 354: 350: 349: 346: 342: 338: 334: 333: 325: 313: 311: 307: 302: 298: 290: 288: 284: 276: 274: 270: 267:Japanese name 265: 253: 251: 247: 239: 237: 233: 228: 224: 216: 214: 210: 202: 200: 196: 191: 179: 177: 173: 170: 166: 158: 156: 152: 149: 145: 137: 135: 131: 123: 121: 117: 114: 110: 105: 101: 97: 93: 85: 83: 79: 71: 69: 65: 60: 55: 51: 45: 40: 36: 31: 19: 5210:Mount Kunlun 5078: 5043:Zhang Boduan 5028:Tao Hongjing 4948:Heshang Gong 4915: 4910:Guan Shengdi 4851:Jade Emperor 4798: 4791: 4784: 4777: 4772:Sanhuangjing 4770: 4763: 4756: 4749: 4742: 4735: 4730:Tao Te Ching 4728: 4712:(talismancy) 4707: 4694: 4679: 4665: 4645: 4637: 4629: 4621: 4594:Ten Precepts 4581: 4571: 4562: 4561: 4552: 4551: 4542: 4541: 4511: 4503: 4495: 4480: 4475:Yin and yang 4466: 4457: 4456: 4448: 4385: 4376: 4372: 4355: 4351: 4342: 4333: 4329: 4320: 4316: 4307: 4298: 4289: 4285: 4276: 4267: 4258: 4249: 4240: 4231: 4227: 4218: 4214: 4197: 4193: 4179: 4170: 4161: 4152: 4143: 4139: 4130: 4126: 4117: 4113: 4096: 4092: 4083: 4074: 4063: 4052:Mollier 1999 4047: 4035: 4023: 3996: 3989:Mollier 2009 3984: 3972: 3960: 3948: 3936: 3907: 3900:Campany 2002 3895: 3883: 3876:Campany 2002 3871: 3864:Campany 2002 3859: 3852:Campany 2002 3847: 3840:Campany 2002 3835: 3828:Campany 2002 3823: 3816:Campany 2002 3811: 3799: 3792:Campany 2002 3787: 3780:Campany 2002 3775: 3768:Campany 2002 3763: 3756:Campany 2002 3751: 3744:Campany 2002 3739: 3727: 3715: 3708:Maspero 1981 3703: 3696:Campany 2002 3691: 3684:Campany 2002 3679: 3672:Campany 2002 3667: 3655: 3648:Campany 2002 3643: 3631: 3619: 3607: 3595: 3588:Campany 2002 3583: 3571: 3559: 3552:Campany 2002 3543: 3531: 3524:Campany 2002 3519: 3512:Campany 2005 3507: 3483:Campany 2002 3478: 3466: 3454: 3447:Maspero 1981 3442: 3430: 3418: 3406: 3394: 3382: 3370: 3363:Campany 2002 3358: 3346: 3334: 3322: 3315:Mollier 1999 3310: 3303:Maspero 1971 3298: 3286: 3279:Mollier 2009 3249:Kleeman 2008 3234:Campany 2005 3196:Maspero 1981 3176: 3164: 3157:Despeux 2008 3123:Maspero 1981 3101: 3087: 3083: 3079: 3069: 3067: 3064: 3058: 3053: 3051: 3045: 3041: 3037: 3035: 3019: 3017: 3004: 2994:Yunqi qiqian 2993: 2989: 2987: 2972: 2968: 2961: 2957: 2945: 2939: 2935: 2929: 2925: 2921: 2917: 2909: 2905: 2898:Du Guangting 2893: 2891: 2886: 2883:Xingchu jing 2882: 2878: 2870: 2866: 2858: 2854: 2850:Yunji Qiqian 2848: 2828: 2822: 2818: 2816: 2811: 2805: 2801: 2797: 2793: 2787: 2783: 2780:Tang dynasty 2775: 2771: 2769: 2763: 2748: 2743: 2739: 2735: 2733: 2726: 2720: 2718: 2711: 2707: 2705: 2700: 2696: 2690: 2684: 2682: 2676: 2672: 2670: 2664: 2661: 2649: 2643: 2637: 2631: 2627: 2623: 2617: 2611: 2603: 2601: 2589: 2584: 2578: 2577:Second, the 2576: 2568: 2560: 2554: 2548: 2544: 2540: 2537: 2533: 2526: 2516: 2510: 2504: 2498: 2494: 2491: 2481: 2475: 2461: 2457: 2447: 2437: 2427: 2423: 2417: 2415: 2401: 2381: 2380:quotes from 2377: 2349: 2346:Jiuguang dan 2345: 2341: 2339: 2334: 2328:astrological 2323: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2300: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2278: 2273: 2269: 2266:Xingchu jing 2265: 2261: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2233: 2227: 2225: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2193: 2188: 2181: 2175: 2171: 2167: 2163: 2161: 2156: 2152: 2144: 2142: 2136: 2129: 2119: 2115: 2111: 2105: 2100: 2095: 2090: 2088: 2083: 2077: 2072: 2070: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2049: 2045: 2041: 2033: 2031: 2026: 2022: 2018: 2006: 2002: 2000: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1976: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1941: 1937: 1929: 1927: 1920: 1917:Chinese wine 1912: 1908: 1906: 1900: 1877: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1852: 1846: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1802: 1794: 1789: 1758: 1756: 1747: 1743: 1738:as chúfáng ( 1735: 1731: 1727: 1718: 1709: 1705: 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