449:
825:
4471:
4421:
546:. More recently it has been noted that Salinan and Chumashan shared only one word, which the Chumashan languages probably borrowed from Salinan (the word for 'white clam shell', which was used as currency). As a result, the inclusion of Chumashan into Hokan is now disfavored by most specialists, and the consensus is that Chumashan has no identified linguistic relatives.
222:. Chumashan, Yukian, and southern Baja languages are spoken in areas with long-established populations of a distinct physical type. The population in the core Chumashan area has been stable for the past 10,000 years. However, the attested range of Chumashan is recent (within a couple thousand years). There is internal evidence that Obispeño replaced a
135:
427:
Obispeño was the most divergent
Chumashan language. The Central Chumash languages include Purisimeño, Ineseño, Barbareño and Ventureño. There was a dialect continuum across this area, but the form of the language spoken in the vicinity of each mission was distinct enough to qualify as a different
270:, all now extinct. However, most of them are in the process of revitalization, with language programs and classes. Contemporary Chumash people now prefer to refer to their languages by native names rather than the older names based on the local missions.
444:
conducted fieldwork on all the above
Chumashan languages, but obtained the least data on Island Chumash, Purisimeño, and Obispeño. There is no linguistic data on Cuyama, though ethnographic data suggests that it was likely Chumash (Interior Chumash).
726:/ when the vowel of the following syllable is high. When the vowel of the following syllable is low, the vowel of the prefix assimilates to (or "harmonizes" with) the front-central-back quality of the following vowel. The verb prefix
431:
There is very little documentation of
Purisimeño. Ineseño, Barbareño and Ventureño each had several dialects, although documentation usually focused on just one. Island Chumash had different dialects on
226:
and that Island
Chumash mixed with a language very different from Chumashan; the islands were not in contact with the mainland until the introduction of plank canoes in the first millennium AD.
4459:
7843:
6869:
233:
or dormant, language revitalization programs are underway with four of these
Chumashan languages. These languages are well-documented in the unpublished fieldnotes of linguist
6860:
3548:
452:
There are six or seven
Chumashan languages, depending in part on how one interprets the status of the poorly attested Interior Chumash (Cuyama) as a distinct language.
7853:
6725:
7749:
4452:
4437:
7889:
4827:
3513:
Handbook of North
American Indians (William C. Sturtevant, General Ed.) Vol. 8 (Robert F. Heizer, Volume Ed.). Washington, D. C.: Smithsonian Institution.
7848:
4445:
399:
by students of the language and community members. This is the name for the language and the people; it means "coastal." Currently being revived.
6853:
566:
The
Central Chumash languages all have a symmetrical six-vowel system. The distinctive high central vowel is written various ways, including
6873:
3541:
3340:
3301:
157:
6350:
6240:
5821:
485:
416:
Students of the language and community members renamed the language after the name of a major village near which the mission was founded.
7722:
5322:
3575:
7802:
6507:
6846:
3503:
3495:
3453:
3424:
476:
6483:
7858:
5722:
4475:
4425:
3534:
7252:
7221:
5641:
5577:
4820:
3296:
648:
153:
6254:
6005:
5496:
4333:
3286:
465:
6367:
5502:
3448:. Handbook of North American Indians (W. C. Sturtevant, General Ed.) (Vol. 17). Washington, D. C.: Smithsonian Institution.
6720:
5327:
5113:
5107:
5031:
437:
319:
315:
293:
Also known as
Tilhini by students of the language, after the name of the major village near which the mission was founded.
192:
184:
6414:
5702:
3459:
Klar, Kathryn. (1977). Topics in historical
Chumash grammar. (Doctoral dissertation, University of California, Berkeley).
7879:
6730:
6715:
5715:
5473:
5434:
4546:
662:
7570:
6489:
5347:
6710:
6704:
5762:
5680:
5653:
5357:
4394:
4289:
622:
168:
7807:
6276:
5734:
5392:
5352:
5342:
7884:
7188:
5937:
5532:
5362:
5048:
4813:
4133:
3829:
3816:
655:
6495:
6471:
6446:
6419:
6402:
5310:
4881:
6688:
5412:
5367:
5337:
4836:
4069:
7668:
6896:
6167:
5999:
5054:
4870:
7817:
7650:
7313:
6735:
6542:
6179:
5061:
4207:
4138:
3291:
634:
512:
6838:
5740:
5665:
5068:
5018:
4744:
4169:
3557:
441:
234:
3945:
7644:
7602:
7411:
7377:
7095:
6754:
6602:
6397:
6392:
6173:
6126:
5756:
5673:
5332:
5316:
5124:
5025:
4888:
4864:
4402:
3905:
3849:
3835:
3680:
628:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
339:
5090:
7812:
7758:
7677:
7655:
7296:
7178:
6800:
6698:
6387:
6190:
5980:
5969:
5931:
5538:
5512:
5417:
5407:
5006:
4857:
4094:
4008:
4002:
3990:
3842:
3823:
558:(regressive sibilant harmony). Mithun presents a scholarly synopsis of Chumashan linguistic structures.
503:
7710:
7703:
6501:
6226:
3701:
3694:
494:
402:
378:
246:
238:
7637:
7485:
7051:
7017:
6775:
6660:
6532:
6340:
6313:
6296:
6264:
6162:
5876:
5801:
5728:
5507:
5484:
5456:
5387:
5298:
5079:
3996:
3976:
3666:
3611:
805:
The Central Chumash languages have a complex inventory of consonants. All of the consonants except /
284:
89:
7822:
7661:
7619:
7559:
7538:
7332:
7268:
7211:
7159:
7144:
7117:
7085:
6552:
6456:
6356:
6345:
6307:
6286:
6184:
6143:
5918:
5900:
5894:
5862:
5855:
5768:
5751:
5490:
5156:
5143:
5037:
4987:
4844:
4384:
4127:
3983:
3687:
3673:
351:
305:
242:
210:, one of the oldest language families established in California, before the arrival of speakers of
150:
7733:
7689:
7613:
7513:
7499:
7429:
7319:
7135:
7079:
7072:
6983:
6967:
6466:
6461:
6451:
6434:
6429:
6424:
6408:
6377:
6372:
6325:
6319:
6270:
6215:
6138:
6022:
5986:
5947:
5889:
5696:
5691:
5402:
5161:
5130:
5096:
5084:
5043:
4918:
4321:
4268:
4120:
4076:
3969:
3931:
3917:
3896:
3792:
3730:
180:
172:
6956:
6563:
6526:
4108:
7797:
7739:
7492:
7475:
7450:
7436:
7291:
7154:
7149:
7111:
6994:
6568:
6557:
6537:
6477:
6382:
6362:
6301:
6281:
5992:
5953:
5924:
5912:
5849:
5795:
5773:
5746:
5686:
5659:
5478:
5439:
5429:
5397:
5270:
5196:
5178:
5172:
5074:
4992:
4906:
4875:
4338:
4185:
4156:
4143:
4114:
4102:
4062:
4052:
4015:
3870:
3809:
3803:
3737:
3499:
3491:
3463:
3449:
3431:
3420:
3336:
555:
527:
433:
327:
323:
267:
196:
188:
176:
7827:
7772:
7765:
7683:
7624:
7552:
7545:
7464:
7422:
7387:
7345:
7326:
7301:
7262:
7241:
7235:
7198:
7105:
7003:
6949:
6942:
6935:
6914:
6785:
6645:
6635:
6630:
6625:
6584:
6578:
6573:
6547:
6440:
6335:
6259:
6197:
6149:
6084:
6077:
6070:
6063:
6056:
6045:
6029:
5964:
5959:
5942:
5883:
5777:
5709:
5620:
5587:
5565:
5555:
5451:
5423:
5372:
5293:
5277:
5263:
5245:
5238:
5224:
5184:
5166:
5150:
5136:
4958:
4941:
4526:
4379:
4369:
4353:
4348:
4343:
4316:
4284:
4278:
4262:
4226:
4195:
4149:
4038:
3938:
3855:
3751:
3713:
3644:
3630:
531:
230:
207:
203:
57:
20:
7630:
7587:
7580:
7457:
7443:
7393:
7307:
7282:
7205:
7171:
7165:
7062:
7028:
6928:
6890:
6780:
6655:
6640:
6609:
6330:
6291:
6156:
6102:
5974:
5836:
5602:
5597:
5462:
5377:
5258:
5251:
5231:
5213:
5118:
5101:
4900:
4660:
4374:
4326:
4201:
4163:
4083:
4032:
3963:
3911:
3865:
3783:
3772:
3765:
3758:
3744:
3723:
3619:
3584:
3483:
2909:
543:
223:
219:
76:
70:
3467:
7696:
7528:
7506:
7359:
7338:
7230:
7124:
7044:
7037:
6976:
6921:
6790:
6650:
6619:
6590:
6221:
6107:
6090:
6040:
6035:
5906:
5843:
5613:
5607:
5527:
5522:
5468:
5445:
5190:
5012:
4969:
4952:
4946:
4924:
4912:
4739:
4706:
4531:
4273:
4242:
4214:
4027:
4021:
3958:
3924:
3860:
3798:
3637:
3600:
3593:
1027:
448:
160:
37:
824:
730:"of cutting" illustrates this process in the following Barbareño examples, where the /
125:
7873:
7400:
7366:
7352:
7010:
6907:
6674:
6614:
6596:
6112:
6096:
6050:
5807:
5627:
5592:
5582:
5560:
5517:
5382:
4963:
4895:
4759:
4711:
4639:
4236:
3951:
3883:
3876:
3624:
3412:
3263:
2384:
604:
481:
164:
468:
where Chumashan speakers were relocated and aggregated between the 1770s and 1830s:
5571:
4633:
4510:
4174:
3516:
3441:
1984:
539:
523:
508:
499:
678:
Within a single morpheme, adjacent low vowels match: they are both or all front /
4789:
4779:
4644:
4557:
4536:
4496:
2170:
599:
472:
215:
5218:
4664:
4612:
4607:
4521:
4491:
4470:
3214:
2742:
2695:
616:
609:
490:
462:
50:
440:, but all speakers were relocated to the mainland in the early 19th century.
4805:
4774:
4678:
4628:
4591:
4506:
3001:
642:
119:
105:
4541:
3521:
University of California Publications in American Archaeology and ethnology
530:
suggested that the Chumashan languages might be related to the neighboring
149:
is an extinct and revitalizing family of languages that were spoken on the
134:
3526:
4723:
4717:
4601:
4586:
4516:
4501:
4486:
250:
211:
63:
542:
accepted this speculation and included Iskoman in his classification of
249:. The last native speaker of a Chumashan language was Barbareño speaker
4749:
4701:
4695:
4655:
4650:
4622:
4570:
4566:
4552:
3417:
American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America
2659:
2597:
6795:
6693:
4784:
4733:
4728:
4685:
4670:
111:
4794:
4769:
4764:
4754:
4617:
4581:
4576:
2676:
447:
4690:
4596:
4562:
6842:
6814:
Families with question marks (?) are disputed or controversial.
4809:
4441:
3530:
314:
Was spoken on the three inhabited islands in the Santa Barbara
3400:. Doctoral dissertation, University of California at Berkeley.
1135:
819:
95:
Central Chumash (Purisimeño, Ineseño, Barbareño and Ventureño)
206:
and perhaps languages of southern Baja California such as
372:, spoken by the Santa Ynez Band. Currently being revived.
836:
578:"I umlaut." Contemporary users of the languages favor
722:
Many prefixes include a low vowel which shows up as /
809:/ can be glottalized; all of the consonants except /
412:
389:
362:
343:
310:
289:
7836:
7790:
7748:
7721:
7601:
7569:
7527:
7474:
7410:
7376:
7281:
7251:
7220:
7187:
7134:
7094:
7061:
7027:
6993:
6966:
6880:
6768:
6745:
6673:
6517:
6239:
6207:
6125:
6014:
5820:
5787:
5640:
5548:
5292:
5206:
4983:
4934:
4843:
4393:
4362:
4309:
4302:
4252:
4224:
4183:
4093:
4050:
3895:
3782:
3711:
3654:
3610:
3583:
3574:
3519:. (1917). The Position of Yana in the Hokan Stock.
867:
862:
118:
104:
82:
69:
56:
43:
33:
28:
3509:Grant, Campbell. (1978). Chumash:Introduction. In
229:Although some say the Chumashan languages are now
554:The Chumashan languages are well known for their
3434:(1913). New Linguistic Families in California.
394:
376:
139:Pre-contact distribution of Chumashan languages
877:Proto-Chumash reconstructions by Klar (1977):
6854:
4821:
4453:
3542:
367:
349:
8:
6824:Families with more than 30 languages are in
3523:13:1–34. Berkeley: University of California.
3335:. Berkeley: University of California Press.
1916:*uw- 'eat' plus *-mu (nominalizing suffix)
202:The Chumashan languages may be, along with
7745:
7566:
7471:
7184:
6963:
6861:
6847:
6839:
6681:
6247:
6131:
5828:
5646:
5303:
4998:
4849:
4828:
4814:
4806:
4460:
4446:
4438:
4306:
3580:
3549:
3535:
3527:
881:
772:" to make or bore a hole, cut a hole in —
179:valleys and canyons east to bordering the
6870:Indigenous language families and isolates
3490:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
671:Striking features of this system include
588:
461:The languages are named after the local
309:(also known as Ysleño, Isleño, Cruzeño)
301:Island Chumash (mixed with non-Chumash)
3312:
859:
25:
3488:The languages of Native North America
3419:. New York: Oxford University Press.
3302:Native Americans in the United States
81:
16:Extinct language family of California
7:
4549:(Lassik, Nongatl, Sinkyone, Wailaki)
3398:Topics in Historical Chumash Grammar
3327:
3325:
817:/ and the liquids can be aspirated.
676:Low-vowel harmony within morphemes:
3469:The Chumash and Costanoan languages
3026:root: 'small creature' (cf. mouse)
7890:Indigenous languages of California
14:
1554:reduplicated stem; onomatopoetic
661:
654:
647:
633:
621:
477:Mission San Luis Obispo de Tolosa
288:(also known as Northern Chumash)
237:. Especially well documented are
4476:Indigenous peoples of California
4469:
4420:
4419:
3472:. Berkeley, The University Press
823:
720:Low-vowel harmony as a process:
133:
3297:Population of Native California
4647:(Monache, Owens Valley Paiute)
3287:Rock art of the Chumash people
486:Mission La PurĂsima ConcepciĂłn
466:Spanish missions in California
1:
1866:*-tep (Proto-Central Chumash)
1773:eyes, face, having to do with
744:"to cut into three pieces" —
266:Six Chumashan languages are
19:Not to be confused with the
3333:California Indian Languages
2341:*’ala-qu-Cum ~ *’ana-qu-Cum
786:"to cut into two pieces" —
75:One of the world's primary
7906:
3569:indicate extinct languages
377:
350:
18:
6809:
6684:
6250:
6134:
5831:
5649:
5306:
5001:
4852:
4837:Primary language families
4482:
4415:
3564:
690:/. Pan-Central examples:
591:Vowels of Central Chumash
175:, neighboring inland and
132:
71:Linguistic classification
5654:Arnhem/Macro-Gunwinyguan
3430:Dixon, Roland R.; &
3292:Burro Flats Painted Cave
513:Mission San Buenaventura
62:1965, with the death of
6821:have no living members.
4745:Plains and Sierra Miwok
4604:(Diegueño, Ipai, Tipai)
3558:Languages of California
3436:American Anthropologist
3396:Klar, Kathryn A. 1977.
3331:Golla, Victor. (2011).
2882:*wanS-aq’a ~ *wacs-aq’a
1954:full from eating, to be
442:John Peabody Harrington
395:
368:
235:John Peabody Harrington
7854:Unclassified languages
6801:Unclassified languages
6755:list of sign languages
5723:Northeastern Tasmanian
4403:American Sign Language
3351:Dixon and Kroeber 1913
894:Proto-Southern Chumash
868:Reconstruction of
453:
6776:Constructed languages
4714:(Konomihu, Okwanuchu)
4547:Eel River Athapaskans
4009:Southern Sierra Miwok
4003:Northern Sierra Miwok
3464:Kroeber, Alfred Louis
1698:drink; thirsty, to be
1516:concerned with, to be
1191:plus sound symbolism
973:plus sound symbolism
504:Mission Santa Barbara
451:
5323:Binanderean–Goilalan
3997:Central Sierra Miwok
2644:pick up, lift, raise
253:, who died in 1965.
183:, to three adjacent
7880:Chumashan languages
7803:Algonquian–Wakashan
6605:(Maku-Auari/Jukude)
6508:Tequiraca–Canichana
6351:Harákmbut–Katukinan
5114:Northwest Caucasian
5108:Northeast Caucasian
5032:Chukotko-Kamchatkan
4334:Californian Spanish
3387:Mithun 1999:390-392
3255:plus reduplication
3239:plus reduplication
2777:*tepu(’) ~ *tipu(’)
2409:plus reduplication
2041:reduplicated stem?
1608:dark-colored, to be
1600:plus reduplication
1207:reduplicated stem?
871:Chumashan languages
794:"of two, being two"
593:
218:, and perhaps even
151:southern California
7791:Proposed groupings
6881:Language families
6227:Tarascan/Purépecha
5716:Northern Tasmanian
5474:South Bougainville
5435:North Bougainville
4322:California English
4253:Language isolates
3946:Tule–Kaweah Yokuts
3932:Kings River Yokuts
3918:Buena Vista Yokuts
3432:Kroeber, Alfred L.
2879:split-stick rattle
2102:reduplicated stem
1994:reduplicated stem
1701:*aq-mihi-l-ha; *o-
1218:*aq-(tV)-p-; *-kVt
1127:reduplicated stem
835:. You can help by
780:"to be perforated"
589:
495:Mission Santa Inés
454:
181:San Joaquin Valley
88:Northern Chumash (
7885:Language families
7867:
7866:
7849:Extinct languages
7786:
7785:
7782:
7781:
7597:
7596:
7523:
7522:
7277:
7276:
7253:Takelma–Kalapuyan
6836:
6835:
6786:Language isolates
6764:
6763:
6669:
6668:
6235:
6234:
6121:
6120:
5816:
5815:
5763:Western Tasmanian
5681:Eastern Tasmanian
5636:
5635:
5358:East Geelvink Bay
5288:
5287:
4979:
4978:
4803:
4802:
4435:
4434:
4411:
4410:
4298:
4297:
3830:Southeastern Pomo
3817:Northeastern Pomo
3341:978-0-5202-6667-4
3276:
3275:
3199:wood, tree, stick
2789:save (rescue), to
2346:*Cum is the root
2155:homosexual, to be
1411:chest (body part)
1381:carry on back, to
989:stem: *q'olo(lo)
875:
874:
853:
852:
700:"to sing" — I/B/V
669:
668:
556:consonant harmony
528:Alfred L. Kroeber
519:Genetic relations
438:Santa Rosa Island
434:Santa Cruz Island
298:Southern Chumash
280:Northern Chumash
177:Transverse Ranges
144:
143:
77:language families
49:southern coastal
7897:
7859:Linguistic areas
7746:
7567:
7472:
7185:
6964:
6863:
6856:
6849:
6840:
6682:
6636:Huaorani/Waorani
6520:(extant in 2000)
6484:Esmeralda–Yaruro
6255:Andoque–Urequena
6248:
6132:
5938:Plateau Penutian
5829:
5804:(Northern Daly?)
5647:
5533:Northwest Papuan
5497:Trans–New Guinea
5363:East New Britain
5338:Central Solomons
5304:
5049:Great Andamanese
4999:
4850:
4830:
4823:
4816:
4807:
4474:
4473:
4462:
4455:
4448:
4439:
4423:
4422:
4317:American English
4307:
4290:Plains Sign Talk
4255:and unclassified
4070:New River Shasta
3581:
3551:
3544:
3537:
3528:
3484:Mithun, Marianne
3480:
3478:
3477:
3401:
3394:
3388:
3385:
3379:
3376:
3370:
3367:
3361:
3358:
3352:
3349:
3343:
3329:
3320:
3317:
2914:*emet’ ~ *em’et’
2910:squirrel, ground
2110:hello (greeting)
1577:crack, split, to
1104:back (body part)
882:
860:
848:
845:
827:
820:
665:
658:
651:
637:
630:
625:
594:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
414:
398:
391:
382:
381:
371:
364:
355:
354:
345:
335:Central Chumash
312:
291:
137:
128:
114:
26:
21:Chuvash language
7905:
7904:
7900:
7899:
7898:
7896:
7895:
7894:
7870:
7869:
7868:
7863:
7832:
7778:
7744:
7726:linguistic area
7725:
7717:
7606:linguistic area
7605:
7593:
7565:
7519:
7470:
7415:linguistic area
7414:
7406:
7380:linguistic area
7379:
7372:
7273:
7247:
7216:
7183:
7130:
7090:
7057:
7023:
6989:
6962:
6882:
6876:
6867:
6837:
6832:
6831:
6805:
6791:Mixed languages
6760:
6741:
6676:
6665:
6519:
6513:
6368:Katembri–Taruma
6242:
6231:
6203:
6117:
6010:
5823:
5812:
5783:
5632:
5544:
5503:Turama–Kikorian
5413:Lower Mamberamo
5368:East Strickland
5296:
5284:
5202:
4990:
4985:
4975:
4930:
4839:
4834:
4804:
4799:
4661:Northern Paiute
4478:
4468:
4466:
4436:
4431:
4407:
4389:
4358:
4327:Chicano English
4294:
4288:
4254:
4248:
4220:
4208:Southern Patwin
4179:
4139:Northern Paiute
4128:Luiseño-Juaneño
4089:
4046:
3891:
3778:
3707:
3650:
3606:
3570:
3560:
3555:
3475:
3473:
3462:
3444:(Ed.). (1996).
3409:
3404:
3395:
3391:
3386:
3382:
3378:Mithun 1999:390
3377:
3373:
3368:
3364:
3359:
3355:
3350:
3346:
3330:
3323:
3318:
3314:
3310:
3283:
2989:*tyiyeme ?
2582:overcast, to be
2552:one-eyed, to be
2338:money; clam sp.
2140:hole, cave, den
1474:*toqom ~ *qotom
1309:*kal-haS; *-haS
1306:breathe; breath
858:
849:
843:
840:
833:needs expansion
803:
758:"to cut out" —
734:/ may drop out:
564:
552:
550:Characteristics
521:
459:
425:
415:
392:
365:
316:Channel Islands
313:
292:
264:
259:
257:Family division
220:Hokan languages
185:Channel Islands
169:San Luis Obispo
167:and valleys of
158:Native American
140:
124:
110:
45:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
7903:
7901:
7893:
7892:
7887:
7882:
7872:
7871:
7865:
7864:
7862:
7861:
7856:
7851:
7846:
7844:Classification
7840:
7838:
7834:
7833:
7831:
7830:
7825:
7820:
7818:Macro-Chibchan
7815:
7810:
7805:
7800:
7794:
7792:
7788:
7787:
7784:
7783:
7780:
7779:
7777:
7776:
7769:
7762:
7754:
7752:
7743:
7742:
7737:
7729:
7727:
7719:
7718:
7716:
7715:
7707:
7700:
7693:
7686:
7681:
7674:
7673:
7672:
7665:
7653:
7651:Tequistlatecan
7648:
7641:
7634:
7627:
7622:
7617:
7609:
7607:
7599:
7598:
7595:
7594:
7592:
7591:
7584:
7576:
7574:
7564:
7563:
7556:
7549:
7542:
7534:
7532:
7525:
7524:
7521:
7520:
7518:
7517:
7510:
7503:
7496:
7489:
7481:
7479:
7469:
7468:
7461:
7454:
7447:
7440:
7433:
7426:
7418:
7416:
7408:
7407:
7405:
7404:
7397:
7390:
7384:
7382:
7374:
7373:
7371:
7370:
7363:
7356:
7349:
7342:
7335:
7330:
7323:
7316:
7314:Tequistlatecan
7311:
7304:
7299:
7294:
7288:
7286:
7279:
7278:
7275:
7274:
7272:
7271:
7266:
7258:
7256:
7249:
7248:
7246:
7245:
7238:
7233:
7227:
7225:
7218:
7217:
7215:
7214:
7209:
7202:
7194:
7192:
7182:
7181:
7176:
7175:
7174:
7169:
7157:
7152:
7147:
7141:
7139:
7132:
7131:
7129:
7128:
7121:
7114:
7109:
7101:
7099:
7092:
7091:
7089:
7088:
7083:
7076:
7068:
7066:
7059:
7058:
7056:
7055:
7048:
7041:
7033:
7031:
7025:
7024:
7022:
7021:
7014:
7007:
6999:
6997:
6991:
6990:
6988:
6987:
6980:
6972:
6970:
6961:
6960:
6953:
6946:
6939:
6932:
6925:
6918:
6911:
6904:
6899:
6894:
6886:
6884:
6878:
6877:
6868:
6866:
6865:
6858:
6851:
6843:
6834:
6833:
6830:
6829:
6822:
6815:
6811:
6810:
6807:
6806:
6804:
6803:
6798:
6793:
6788:
6783:
6778:
6772:
6770:
6766:
6765:
6762:
6761:
6759:
6758:
6749:
6747:
6743:
6742:
6740:
6739:
6733:
6728:
6723:
6718:
6716:Indo-Pakistani
6713:
6708:
6701:
6696:
6691:
6685:
6679:
6671:
6670:
6667:
6666:
6664:
6663:
6658:
6653:
6648:
6643:
6638:
6633:
6628:
6623:
6617:
6612:
6607:
6599:
6594:
6587:
6582:
6576:
6571:
6566:
6561:
6555:
6550:
6545:
6540:
6535:
6530:
6523:
6521:
6515:
6514:
6512:
6511:
6505:
6499:
6493:
6487:
6481:
6475:
6469:
6464:
6459:
6454:
6449:
6444:
6437:
6432:
6427:
6422:
6417:
6415:Piaroa–Saliban
6412:
6405:
6400:
6395:
6390:
6385:
6380:
6375:
6370:
6365:
6360:
6353:
6348:
6343:
6338:
6333:
6328:
6323:
6316:
6311:
6304:
6299:
6294:
6289:
6284:
6279:
6274:
6267:
6262:
6257:
6251:
6245:
6237:
6236:
6233:
6232:
6230:
6229:
6224:
6219:
6211:
6209:
6205:
6204:
6202:
6201:
6194:
6187:
6182:
6180:Tequistlatecan
6177:
6170:
6165:
6160:
6153:
6146:
6141:
6135:
6129:
6123:
6122:
6119:
6118:
6116:
6115:
6110:
6105:
6100:
6093:
6088:
6081:
6074:
6067:
6060:
6053:
6048:
6043:
6038:
6033:
6026:
6018:
6016:
6012:
6011:
6009:
6008:
6003:
5996:
5989:
5984:
5977:
5972:
5967:
5962:
5957:
5950:
5945:
5940:
5935:
5928:
5921:
5916:
5909:
5904:
5897:
5892:
5887:
5880:
5873:
5866:
5859:
5852:
5847:
5840:
5832:
5826:
5818:
5817:
5814:
5813:
5811:
5810:
5805:
5799:
5791:
5789:
5785:
5784:
5782:
5781:
5771:
5766:
5759:
5754:
5749:
5744:
5738:
5731:
5726:
5719:
5712:
5707:
5703:Marrku–Wurrugu
5699:
5694:
5689:
5684:
5677:
5670:
5662:
5657:
5650:
5644:
5638:
5637:
5634:
5633:
5631:
5630:
5625:
5617:
5611:
5605:
5600:
5595:
5590:
5585:
5580:
5575:
5569:
5563:
5558:
5552:
5550:
5546:
5545:
5543:
5542:
5536:
5530:
5525:
5520:
5515:
5510:
5505:
5500:
5493:
5488:
5481:
5476:
5471:
5466:
5459:
5454:
5449:
5442:
5437:
5432:
5427:
5420:
5415:
5410:
5405:
5400:
5395:
5390:
5385:
5380:
5375:
5370:
5365:
5360:
5355:
5350:
5345:
5340:
5335:
5330:
5325:
5320:
5313:
5307:
5301:
5290:
5289:
5286:
5285:
5283:
5282:
5274:
5267:
5261:
5256:
5248:
5243:
5235:
5228:
5221:
5216:
5210:
5208:
5204:
5203:
5201:
5200:
5194:
5188:
5182:
5176:
5170:
5164:
5159:
5154:
5147:
5140:
5133:
5128:
5121:
5116:
5111:
5104:
5099:
5094:
5087:
5082:
5077:
5072:
5065:
5062:Hurro-Urartian
5058:
5051:
5046:
5041:
5034:
5029:
5022:
5015:
5010:
5002:
4996:
4981:
4980:
4977:
4976:
4974:
4973:
4967:
4961:
4956:
4949:
4944:
4938:
4936:
4932:
4931:
4929:
4928:
4922:
4916:
4910:
4904:
4898:
4893:
4885:
4878:
4873:
4868:
4861:
4853:
4847:
4841:
4840:
4835:
4833:
4832:
4825:
4818:
4810:
4801:
4800:
4798:
4797:
4792:
4787:
4782:
4777:
4772:
4767:
4762:
4757:
4752:
4747:
4742:
4737:
4731:
4726:
4721:
4715:
4709:
4704:
4699:
4693:
4688:
4683:
4682:
4681:
4676:
4668:
4658:
4653:
4648:
4642:
4637:
4631:
4626:
4620:
4615:
4610:
4605:
4599:
4594:
4589:
4584:
4579:
4574:
4560:
4555:
4550:
4544:
4539:
4534:
4529:
4524:
4519:
4514:
4504:
4499:
4494:
4489:
4483:
4480:
4479:
4467:
4465:
4464:
4457:
4450:
4442:
4433:
4432:
4430:
4429:
4416:
4413:
4412:
4409:
4408:
4406:
4405:
4399:
4397:
4391:
4390:
4388:
4387:
4382:
4377:
4372:
4366:
4364:
4360:
4359:
4357:
4356:
4351:
4346:
4341:
4336:
4331:
4330:
4329:
4324:
4313:
4311:
4304:
4303:Non-Indigenous
4300:
4299:
4296:
4295:
4293:
4292:
4258:
4256:
4250:
4249:
4247:
4246:
4232:
4230:
4222:
4221:
4219:
4218:
4211:
4204:
4199:
4191:
4189:
4181:
4180:
4178:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4160:
4153:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4124:
4117:
4112:
4105:
4099:
4097:
4091:
4090:
4088:
4087:
4080:
4073:
4066:
4058:
4056:
4048:
4047:
4045:
4044:
4043:
4042:
4035:
4030:
4025:
4013:
4012:
4011:
4006:
3999:
3994:
3987:
3980:
3973:
3961:
3956:
3955:
3954:
3949:
3942:
3935:
3928:
3925:Gashowu Yokuts
3921:
3909:
3901:
3899:
3893:
3892:
3890:
3889:
3888:
3887:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3846:
3839:
3832:
3827:
3820:
3813:
3806:
3801:
3796:
3788:
3786:
3780:
3779:
3777:
3776:
3769:
3762:
3755:
3748:
3741:
3734:
3727:
3719:
3717:
3709:
3708:
3706:
3705:
3698:
3691:
3684:
3677:
3670:
3662:
3660:
3652:
3651:
3649:
3648:
3641:
3634:
3627:
3622:
3616:
3614:
3608:
3607:
3605:
3604:
3597:
3589:
3587:
3578:
3572:
3571:
3565:
3562:
3561:
3556:
3554:
3553:
3546:
3539:
3531:
3525:
3524:
3514:
3507:
3481:
3460:
3457:
3439:
3428:
3413:Campbell, Lyle
3408:
3405:
3403:
3402:
3389:
3380:
3371:
3362:
3353:
3344:
3321:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3305:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3282:
3279:
3278:
3277:
3274:
3273:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3261:
3257:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3245:
3241:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3229:
3225:
3224:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3212:
3208:
3207:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3197:
3193:
3192:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3182:
3178:
3177:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3167:
3163:
3162:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3152:
3148:
3147:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3137:
3133:
3132:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3122:
3118:
3117:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3107:
3103:
3102:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3092:
3088:
3087:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3077:
3073:
3072:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3062:
3058:
3057:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3047:
3043:
3042:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3032:
3028:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3016:
3012:
3011:
3009:
3007:
3004:
2999:
2995:
2994:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2984:
2980:
2979:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2969:
2965:
2964:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2954:
2950:
2949:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2939:
2935:
2934:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2924:
2920:
2919:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2907:
2903:
2902:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2892:
2888:
2887:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2877:
2873:
2872:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2864:speak, say, to
2862:
2858:
2857:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2847:
2843:
2842:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2832:
2828:
2827:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2817:
2813:
2812:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2802:
2798:
2797:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2787:
2783:
2782:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2772:
2768:
2767:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2757:
2753:
2752:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2740:
2736:
2735:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2725:
2721:
2720:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2710:
2706:
2705:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2692:
2688:
2687:
2686:onomatopoetic
2684:
2682:
2679:
2674:
2670:
2669:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2657:
2653:
2652:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2642:
2638:
2637:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2627:
2623:
2622:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2612:
2608:
2607:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2595:
2591:
2590:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2580:
2576:
2575:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2565:
2561:
2560:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2550:
2546:
2545:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2535:
2531:
2530:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2520:
2516:
2515:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2505:
2501:
2500:
2498:
2496:
2495:*patV ~ *patV’
2493:
2490:
2486:
2485:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2475:
2471:
2470:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2460:
2456:
2455:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2445:
2441:
2440:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2430:
2426:
2425:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2415:
2411:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2399:
2395:
2394:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2382:
2378:
2377:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2367:
2363:
2362:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2352:
2348:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2336:
2332:
2331:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2321:
2317:
2316:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2306:
2302:
2301:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2291:
2287:
2286:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2276:
2272:
2271:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2261:
2257:
2256:
2254:
2252:
2251:*kuti ~ *kuti’
2249:
2246:
2242:
2241:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2231:
2227:
2226:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2216:
2212:
2211:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2201:
2197:
2196:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2186:
2182:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2168:
2164:
2163:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2153:
2149:
2148:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2138:
2134:
2133:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2123:
2119:
2118:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2108:
2104:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2092:
2088:
2087:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2077:
2073:
2072:
2070:
2068:
2067:*wayan ~ *waya
2065:
2062:
2058:
2057:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2047:
2043:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2031:
2027:
2026:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2016:
2012:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2000:
1996:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1982:
1978:
1977:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1967:
1963:
1962:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1952:
1948:
1947:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1937:
1933:
1932:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1922:
1918:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1908:food (cf. eat)
1906:
1902:
1901:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1891:
1887:
1886:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1876:
1872:
1871:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1861:
1857:
1856:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1846:
1842:
1841:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1831:
1827:
1826:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1816:
1812:
1811:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1801:
1797:
1796:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1786:
1782:
1781:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1771:
1767:
1766:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1756:
1752:
1751:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1741:
1737:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1722:
1721:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1711:
1707:
1706:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1696:
1692:
1691:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1681:
1677:
1676:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1666:
1662:
1661:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1651:
1647:
1646:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1636:
1632:
1631:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1621:
1617:
1616:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1606:
1602:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1590:
1586:
1585:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1575:
1571:
1570:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1560:
1556:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1544:
1540:
1539:
1537:
1535:
1532:
1529:
1525:
1524:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1514:
1510:
1509:
1507:
1505:
1504:*yit-i; *VlhVw
1502:
1499:
1495:
1494:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1484:
1480:
1479:
1477:
1475:
1472:
1469:
1465:
1464:
1462:
1460:
1459:*Cele ~ *C’ele
1457:
1454:
1450:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1435:
1434:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1424:
1420:
1419:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1409:
1405:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1390:
1389:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1379:
1375:
1374:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1364:
1360:
1359:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1349:
1345:
1344:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1334:
1330:
1329:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1319:
1315:
1314:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1304:
1300:
1299:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1289:
1285:
1284:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1274:
1270:
1269:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1259:
1255:
1254:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1244:
1240:
1239:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1229:
1225:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1216:
1213:
1209:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1197:
1193:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1181:
1177:
1176:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1166:
1162:
1161:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1151:
1147:
1146:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1133:
1129:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1117:
1113:
1112:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1102:
1098:
1097:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1087:
1083:
1082:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1072:
1068:
1067:
1065:
1063:
1060:
1059:ashamed, to be
1057:
1053:
1052:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1042:
1038:
1037:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1025:
1021:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1006:
1005:
1003:
1001:
998:
995:
991:
990:
987:
985:
984:*ti/uq’olo(lo)
982:
979:
975:
974:
971:
969:
966:
963:
959:
958:
956:
954:
951:
948:
944:
943:
941:
939:
936:
933:
929:
928:
926:
923:
921:
918:
914:
913:
911:
909:
906:
903:
899:
898:
895:
892:
889:
886:
873:
872:
869:
865:
864:
857:
856:Proto-language
854:
851:
850:
830:
828:
802:
799:
798:
797:
796:
795:
781:
767:
753:
736:
735:
716:
715:
714:
713:
712:"chin" — I/B/V
707:
706:"heel" — I/B/V
701:
692:
691:
667:
666:
659:
652:
645:
639:
638:
631:
626:
619:
613:
612:
607:
602:
597:
563:
560:
551:
548:
520:
517:
516:
515:
506:
497:
488:
479:
458:
455:
424:
423:
422:
421:
420:
419:
418:
417:
400:
373:
346:
333:
332:
331:
306:Island Chumash
296:
295:
294:
272:
263:
260:
258:
255:
224:Hokan language
165:Coastal plains
161:Chumash people
142:
141:
138:
130:
129:
122:
116:
115:
108:
102:
101:
100:
99:
98:Island Chumash
96:
93:
84:
80:
79:
73:
67:
66:
60:
54:
53:
47:
41:
40:
35:
31:
30:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7902:
7891:
7888:
7886:
7883:
7881:
7878:
7877:
7875:
7860:
7857:
7855:
7852:
7850:
7847:
7845:
7842:
7841:
7839:
7835:
7829:
7826:
7824:
7821:
7819:
7816:
7814:
7811:
7809:
7806:
7804:
7801:
7799:
7796:
7795:
7793:
7789:
7775:
7774:
7770:
7768:
7767:
7763:
7761:
7760:
7756:
7755:
7753:
7751:
7747:
7741:
7738:
7736:
7735:
7731:
7730:
7728:
7724:
7720:
7713:
7712:
7708:
7706:
7705:
7701:
7699:
7698:
7694:
7692:
7691:
7687:
7685:
7682:
7680:
7679:
7675:
7671:
7670:
7666:
7664:
7663:
7659:
7658:
7657:
7654:
7652:
7649:
7647:
7646:
7642:
7640:
7639:
7635:
7633:
7632:
7628:
7626:
7623:
7621:
7618:
7616:
7615:
7611:
7610:
7608:
7604:
7600:
7590:
7589:
7585:
7583:
7582:
7578:
7577:
7575:
7572:
7571:Calusa–Tunica
7568:
7562:
7561:
7557:
7555:
7554:
7550:
7548:
7547:
7543:
7541:
7540:
7536:
7535:
7533:
7530:
7526:
7516:
7515:
7511:
7509:
7508:
7504:
7502:
7501:
7497:
7495:
7494:
7490:
7488:
7487:
7483:
7482:
7480:
7477:
7473:
7467:
7466:
7462:
7460:
7459:
7455:
7453:
7452:
7448:
7446:
7445:
7441:
7439:
7438:
7434:
7432:
7431:
7427:
7425:
7424:
7420:
7419:
7417:
7413:
7409:
7403:
7402:
7398:
7396:
7395:
7391:
7389:
7386:
7385:
7383:
7381:
7375:
7369:
7368:
7364:
7362:
7361:
7357:
7355:
7354:
7350:
7348:
7347:
7343:
7341:
7340:
7336:
7334:
7331:
7329:
7328:
7324:
7322:
7321:
7317:
7315:
7312:
7310:
7309:
7305:
7303:
7300:
7298:
7295:
7293:
7290:
7289:
7287:
7284:
7280:
7270:
7267:
7265:
7264:
7260:
7259:
7257:
7254:
7250:
7244:
7243:
7239:
7237:
7234:
7232:
7229:
7228:
7226:
7223:
7219:
7213:
7210:
7208:
7207:
7203:
7201:
7200:
7196:
7195:
7193:
7190:
7186:
7180:
7177:
7173:
7170:
7168:
7167:
7163:
7162:
7161:
7158:
7156:
7153:
7151:
7148:
7146:
7143:
7142:
7140:
7137:
7133:
7127:
7126:
7122:
7120:
7119:
7115:
7113:
7110:
7108:
7107:
7103:
7102:
7100:
7097:
7093:
7087:
7084:
7082:
7081:
7077:
7075:
7074:
7070:
7069:
7067:
7064:
7060:
7054:
7053:
7049:
7047:
7046:
7042:
7040:
7039:
7035:
7034:
7032:
7030:
7026:
7020:
7019:
7015:
7013:
7012:
7008:
7006:
7005:
7001:
7000:
6998:
6996:
6992:
6986:
6985:
6981:
6979:
6978:
6974:
6973:
6971:
6969:
6965:
6959:
6958:
6954:
6952:
6951:
6947:
6945:
6944:
6940:
6938:
6937:
6933:
6931:
6930:
6926:
6924:
6923:
6919:
6917:
6916:
6912:
6910:
6909:
6905:
6903:
6900:
6898:
6895:
6893:
6892:
6888:
6887:
6885:
6879:
6875:
6874:North America
6871:
6864:
6859:
6857:
6852:
6850:
6845:
6844:
6841:
6827:
6823:
6820:
6816:
6813:
6812:
6808:
6802:
6799:
6797:
6794:
6792:
6789:
6787:
6784:
6782:
6779:
6777:
6774:
6773:
6771:
6767:
6757:
6756:
6751:
6750:
6748:
6744:
6737:
6734:
6732:
6729:
6727:
6726:Original Thai
6724:
6722:
6719:
6717:
6714:
6712:
6709:
6707:
6706:
6702:
6700:
6697:
6695:
6692:
6690:
6687:
6686:
6683:
6680:
6678:
6672:
6662:
6659:
6657:
6654:
6652:
6649:
6647:
6644:
6642:
6639:
6637:
6634:
6632:
6629:
6627:
6624:
6621:
6618:
6616:
6613:
6611:
6608:
6606:
6604:
6600:
6598:
6595:
6593:
6592:
6588:
6586:
6583:
6580:
6577:
6575:
6572:
6570:
6567:
6565:
6562:
6559:
6556:
6554:
6551:
6549:
6546:
6544:
6541:
6539:
6536:
6534:
6531:
6528:
6525:
6524:
6522:
6516:
6509:
6506:
6503:
6500:
6497:
6494:
6491:
6490:Hibito–Cholón
6488:
6485:
6482:
6479:
6476:
6473:
6470:
6468:
6465:
6463:
6460:
6458:
6455:
6453:
6450:
6448:
6445:
6443:
6442:
6438:
6436:
6433:
6431:
6428:
6426:
6423:
6421:
6418:
6416:
6413:
6411:
6410:
6406:
6404:
6401:
6399:
6396:
6394:
6391:
6389:
6386:
6384:
6381:
6379:
6376:
6374:
6371:
6369:
6366:
6364:
6361:
6359:
6358:
6354:
6352:
6349:
6347:
6344:
6342:
6339:
6337:
6334:
6332:
6329:
6327:
6324:
6322:
6321:
6317:
6315:
6312:
6310:
6309:
6305:
6303:
6300:
6298:
6295:
6293:
6290:
6288:
6285:
6283:
6280:
6278:
6275:
6273:
6272:
6268:
6266:
6263:
6261:
6258:
6256:
6253:
6252:
6249:
6246:
6244:
6238:
6228:
6225:
6223:
6220:
6218:
6217:
6213:
6212:
6210:
6206:
6200:
6199:
6195:
6193:
6192:
6188:
6186:
6183:
6181:
6178:
6176:
6175:
6171:
6169:
6166:
6164:
6161:
6159:
6158:
6154:
6152:
6151:
6147:
6145:
6142:
6140:
6137:
6136:
6133:
6130:
6128:
6124:
6114:
6111:
6109:
6106:
6104:
6101:
6099:
6098:
6094:
6092:
6089:
6087:
6086:
6082:
6080:
6079:
6075:
6073:
6072:
6068:
6066:
6065:
6061:
6059:
6058:
6054:
6052:
6049:
6047:
6044:
6042:
6039:
6037:
6034:
6032:
6031:
6027:
6025:
6024:
6020:
6019:
6017:
6013:
6007:
6006:Yuman–CochimĂ
6004:
6002:
6001:
5997:
5995:
5994:
5990:
5988:
5985:
5983:
5982:
5978:
5976:
5973:
5971:
5968:
5966:
5963:
5961:
5958:
5956:
5955:
5951:
5949:
5946:
5944:
5941:
5939:
5936:
5934:
5933:
5929:
5927:
5926:
5922:
5920:
5917:
5915:
5914:
5910:
5908:
5905:
5903:
5902:
5898:
5896:
5893:
5891:
5888:
5886:
5885:
5881:
5879:
5878:
5874:
5872:
5871:
5867:
5865:
5864:
5860:
5858:
5857:
5853:
5851:
5848:
5846:
5845:
5841:
5839:
5838:
5834:
5833:
5830:
5827:
5825:
5819:
5809:
5806:
5803:
5800:
5798:
5797:
5793:
5792:
5790:
5786:
5779:
5775:
5772:
5770:
5767:
5765:
5764:
5760:
5758:
5755:
5753:
5750:
5748:
5745:
5742:
5741:Southern Daly
5739:
5737:
5736:
5732:
5730:
5727:
5725:
5724:
5720:
5718:
5717:
5713:
5711:
5708:
5705:
5704:
5700:
5698:
5695:
5693:
5690:
5688:
5685:
5683:
5682:
5678:
5676:
5675:
5671:
5668:
5667:
5666:Darwin Region
5663:
5661:
5658:
5655:
5652:
5651:
5648:
5645:
5643:
5639:
5629:
5626:
5624:
5622:
5618:
5615:
5612:
5609:
5606:
5604:
5601:
5599:
5596:
5594:
5591:
5589:
5586:
5584:
5581:
5579:
5576:
5573:
5570:
5567:
5564:
5562:
5559:
5557:
5554:
5553:
5551:
5547:
5540:
5537:
5534:
5531:
5529:
5526:
5524:
5521:
5519:
5516:
5514:
5511:
5509:
5506:
5504:
5501:
5499:
5498:
5494:
5492:
5489:
5487:
5486:
5482:
5480:
5477:
5475:
5472:
5470:
5467:
5465:
5464:
5460:
5458:
5455:
5453:
5450:
5448:
5447:
5443:
5441:
5438:
5436:
5433:
5431:
5428:
5426:
5425:
5421:
5419:
5416:
5414:
5411:
5409:
5406:
5404:
5401:
5399:
5396:
5394:
5391:
5389:
5386:
5384:
5381:
5379:
5376:
5374:
5371:
5369:
5366:
5364:
5361:
5359:
5356:
5354:
5351:
5349:
5348:Demta–Sentani
5346:
5344:
5341:
5339:
5336:
5334:
5331:
5329:
5326:
5324:
5321:
5319:
5318:
5314:
5312:
5309:
5308:
5305:
5302:
5300:
5295:
5291:
5281:
5279:
5275:
5273:
5272:
5268:
5265:
5262:
5260:
5257:
5255:
5253:
5249:
5247:
5244:
5242:
5240:
5236:
5234:
5233:
5229:
5227:
5226:
5222:
5220:
5217:
5215:
5212:
5211:
5209:
5205:
5198:
5195:
5192:
5189:
5186:
5183:
5180:
5177:
5174:
5171:
5168:
5165:
5163:
5160:
5158:
5155:
5153:
5152:
5148:
5146:
5145:
5141:
5139:
5138:
5134:
5132:
5129:
5127:
5126:
5122:
5120:
5117:
5115:
5112:
5110:
5109:
5105:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5092:
5088:
5086:
5083:
5081:
5078:
5076:
5073:
5071:
5070:
5069:Indo-European
5066:
5064:
5063:
5059:
5057:
5056:
5052:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5040:
5039:
5035:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5027:
5023:
5021:
5020:
5019:Austroasiatic
5016:
5014:
5011:
5009:
5008:
5004:
5003:
5000:
4997:
4994:
4989:
4982:
4971:
4968:
4965:
4962:
4960:
4957:
4955:
4954:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4940:
4939:
4937:
4933:
4926:
4923:
4920:
4917:
4914:
4911:
4908:
4905:
4902:
4899:
4897:
4894:
4891:
4890:
4886:
4884:
4883:
4879:
4877:
4874:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4866:
4862:
4860:
4859:
4855:
4854:
4851:
4848:
4846:
4842:
4838:
4831:
4826:
4824:
4819:
4817:
4812:
4811:
4808:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4743:
4741:
4738:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4722:
4719:
4716:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4680:
4677:
4674:
4673:
4672:
4669:
4666:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4635:
4632:
4630:
4627:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4572:
4568:
4564:
4561:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4551:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4512:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4485:
4484:
4481:
4477:
4472:
4463:
4458:
4456:
4451:
4449:
4444:
4443:
4440:
4428:
4427:
4418:
4417:
4414:
4404:
4401:
4400:
4398:
4396:
4395:Sign language
4392:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4367:
4365:
4361:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4319:
4318:
4315:
4314:
4312:
4310:Indo-European
4308:
4305:
4301:
4291:
4287:
4286:
4281:
4280:
4275:
4271:
4270:
4265:
4264:
4260:
4259:
4257:
4251:
4245:
4244:
4239:
4238:
4234:
4233:
4231:
4229:
4228:
4223:
4217:
4216:
4212:
4210:
4209:
4205:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4197:
4193:
4192:
4190:
4188:
4187:
4182:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4166:
4165:
4161:
4159:
4158:
4154:
4152:
4151:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4129:
4125:
4123:
4122:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4110:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4100:
4098:
4096:
4092:
4086:
4085:
4081:
4079:
4078:
4074:
4072:
4071:
4067:
4065:
4064:
4060:
4059:
4057:
4055:
4054:
4049:
4041:
4040:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4023:
4019:
4018:
4017:
4014:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4004:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3992:
3988:
3986:
3985:
3981:
3979:
3978:
3974:
3972:
3971:
3967:
3966:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3957:
3953:
3952:Valley Yokuts
3950:
3948:
3947:
3943:
3941:
3940:
3936:
3934:
3933:
3929:
3927:
3926:
3922:
3920:
3919:
3915:
3914:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3907:
3906:Klamath-Modoc
3903:
3902:
3900:
3898:
3894:
3886:
3885:
3881:
3880:
3879:
3878:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3851:
3850:Southern Pomo
3847:
3845:
3844:
3840:
3838:
3837:
3836:Northern Pomo
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3825:
3821:
3819:
3818:
3814:
3812:
3811:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3794:
3790:
3789:
3787:
3785:
3781:
3775:
3774:
3770:
3768:
3767:
3763:
3761:
3760:
3756:
3754:
3753:
3749:
3747:
3746:
3742:
3740:
3739:
3735:
3733:
3732:
3728:
3726:
3725:
3721:
3720:
3718:
3716:
3715:
3710:
3704:
3703:
3699:
3697:
3696:
3692:
3690:
3689:
3685:
3683:
3682:
3678:
3676:
3675:
3671:
3669:
3668:
3664:
3663:
3661:
3659:
3658:
3653:
3647:
3646:
3642:
3640:
3639:
3635:
3633:
3632:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3617:
3615:
3613:
3609:
3603:
3602:
3598:
3596:
3595:
3591:
3590:
3588:
3586:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3559:
3552:
3547:
3545:
3540:
3538:
3533:
3532:
3529:
3522:
3518:
3517:Sapir, Edward
3515:
3512:
3508:
3505:
3504:0-521-29875-X
3501:
3497:
3496:0-521-23228-7
3493:
3489:
3485:
3482:
3471:
3470:
3465:
3461:
3458:
3455:
3454:0-16-048774-9
3451:
3447:
3443:
3442:Goddard, Ives
3440:
3437:
3433:
3429:
3426:
3425:0-19-509427-1
3422:
3418:
3414:
3411:
3410:
3406:
3399:
3393:
3390:
3384:
3381:
3375:
3372:
3366:
3363:
3357:
3354:
3348:
3345:
3342:
3338:
3334:
3328:
3326:
3322:
3316:
3313:
3307:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3284:
3280:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3264:yellow jacket
3262:
3259:
3258:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3246:
3243:
3242:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3230:
3227:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3210:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3198:
3195:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3183:
3180:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3168:
3165:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3154:warm self, to
3153:
3150:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3138:
3135:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3123:
3120:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3108:
3105:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3093:
3090:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3078:
3075:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3063:
3060:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3048:
3045:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3033:
3030:
3029:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3017:
3014:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2997:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2985:
2982:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2970:
2967:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:sticky, to be
2955:
2952:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2940:
2937:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2925:
2922:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2905:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2893:
2890:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2878:
2875:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2863:
2860:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2848:
2845:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2833:
2830:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2818:
2815:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2803:
2800:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2788:
2785:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2773:
2770:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2758:
2755:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2738:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2726:
2723:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2715:*tuhuy ~ *tuy
2714:
2711:
2708:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2693:
2690:
2689:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2672:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2655:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2646:
2643:
2640:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2628:
2625:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2613:
2610:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2593:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2581:
2578:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2566:
2563:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2551:
2548:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2536:
2533:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2521:
2518:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2506:
2503:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2491:
2488:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2476:
2473:
2472:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2461:
2458:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2446:
2443:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2431:
2428:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2416:
2413:
2412:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2400:
2397:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2385:mountain lion
2383:
2380:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2369:mother-in-law
2368:
2365:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2353:
2350:
2349:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2337:
2334:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2322:
2319:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2307:
2304:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2292:
2289:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2277:
2274:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2262:
2259:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2247:
2244:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2232:
2229:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2221:*toy’ ~ *ton’
2220:
2217:
2214:
2213:
2210:
2208:
2205:
2202:
2199:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2187:
2184:
2183:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2166:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2157:
2154:
2151:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2139:
2136:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2124:
2121:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2109:
2106:
2105:
2101:
2099:
2096:
2093:
2090:
2089:
2086:
2084:
2081:
2078:
2075:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2063:
2060:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2048:
2045:
2044:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2032:
2029:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2017:
2014:
2013:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2001:
1998:
1997:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1980:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1968:
1965:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1953:
1950:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1938:
1935:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1923:
1920:
1919:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1907:
1904:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1892:
1889:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1877:
1874:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1862:
1859:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1847:
1844:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1832:
1829:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1817:
1814:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1802:
1799:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1787:
1784:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1772:
1769:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1757:
1754:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1742:
1739:
1738:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1727:
1724:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1712:
1709:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1697:
1694:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1682:
1679:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1667:
1664:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1652:
1649:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1637:
1634:
1633:
1630:
1628:
1625:
1622:
1619:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1607:
1604:
1603:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1591:
1588:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1576:
1573:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1561:
1558:
1557:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1545:
1542:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1530:
1527:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1515:
1512:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1500:
1497:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1485:
1482:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1471:cold, to feel
1470:
1467:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1455:
1452:
1451:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1437:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1425:
1422:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1410:
1407:
1406:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1392:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1380:
1377:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1365:
1362:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1350:
1347:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1335:
1332:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1320:
1317:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1305:
1302:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1290:
1287:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1275:
1272:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1260:
1257:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1245:
1242:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1230:
1227:
1226:
1223:
1220:
1217:
1214:
1211:
1210:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1198:
1195:
1194:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1182:
1179:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1168:bear (animal)
1167:
1164:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1152:
1149:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1137:
1134:
1131:
1130:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1118:
1115:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1103:
1100:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1088:
1085:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1073:
1070:
1069:
1066:
1064:
1061:
1058:
1055:
1054:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1043:
1040:
1039:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1023:
1022:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1008:
1007:
1004:
1002:
999:
996:
993:
992:
988:
986:
983:
980:
977:
976:
972:
970:
967:
964:
961:
960:
957:
955:
952:
949:
946:
945:
942:
940:
937:
934:
931:
930:
927:
924:
922:
919:
916:
915:
912:
910:
907:
904:
901:
900:
896:
893:
891:Proto-Chumash
890:
887:
884:
883:
880:
879:
878:
870:
866:
863:Proto-Chumash
861:
855:
847:
844:November 2015
838:
834:
831:This section
829:
826:
822:
821:
818:
816:
812:
808:
800:
793:
789:
785:
782:
779:
775:
771:
768:
765:
761:
757:
754:
751:
747:
743:
740:
739:
738:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
718:
717:
711:
708:
705:
702:
699:
696:
695:
694:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
674:
673:
672:
664:
660:
657:
653:
650:
646:
644:
641:
640:
636:
632:
627:
624:
620:
618:
615:
614:
611:
608:
606:
603:
601:
598:
596:
595:
592:
587:
561:
559:
557:
549:
547:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
518:
514:
510:
507:
505:
501:
498:
496:
492:
489:
487:
483:
480:
478:
474:
471:
470:
469:
467:
464:
456:
450:
446:
443:
439:
435:
429:
410:
406:
405:
401:
397:
393:Also spelled
387:
383:
380:
374:
370:
366:Also spelled
360:
356:
353:
347:
342:
341:
337:
336:
334:
329:
325:
321:
317:
308:
307:
303:
302:
300:
299:
297:
287:
286:
282:
281:
279:
278:
277:
274:
273:
271:
269:
261:
256:
254:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
227:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
205:
200:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
159:
155:
152:
148:
136:
131:
127:
123:
121:
117:
113:
109:
107:
103:
97:
94:
91:
87:
86:
85:
78:
74:
72:
68:
65:
61:
59:
55:
52:
48:
42:
39:
36:
32:
27:
22:
7808:Aztec–Tanoan
7771:
7764:
7759:Guanahatabey
7757:
7750:Pre-Arawakan
7732:
7709:
7702:
7695:
7688:
7676:
7667:
7660:
7645:Oto-Manguean
7643:
7636:
7629:
7612:
7603:Mesoamerican
7586:
7579:
7558:
7551:
7544:
7537:
7512:
7505:
7498:
7491:
7484:
7463:
7456:
7449:
7442:
7435:
7428:
7421:
7412:Coahuiltecan
7399:
7392:
7365:
7358:
7351:
7344:
7337:
7325:
7318:
7306:
7261:
7240:
7222:Coast Oregon
7204:
7197:
7164:
7123:
7116:
7104:
7096:Macro-Siouan
7078:
7071:
7050:
7043:
7036:
7016:
7009:
7002:
6982:
6975:
6955:
6948:
6941:
6934:
6927:
6920:
6913:
6906:
6901:
6889:
6883:and isolates
6825:
6818:
6817:Families in
6752:
6703:
6601:
6589:
6439:
6407:
6398:Pano-Tacanan
6355:
6318:
6306:
6277:Arutani–Sape
6269:
6214:
6196:
6189:
6174:Oto-Manguean
6172:
6155:
6148:
6095:
6083:
6076:
6069:
6062:
6055:
6028:
6021:
5998:
5991:
5979:
5952:
5930:
5923:
5911:
5899:
5882:
5875:
5869:
5868:
5861:
5854:
5842:
5835:
5794:
5761:
5757:Western Daly
5735:Pama–Nyungan
5733:
5721:
5714:
5701:
5679:
5674:Eastern Daly
5672:
5664:
5619:
5495:
5483:
5461:
5444:
5422:
5393:Kaure–Kosare
5353:Doso–Turumsa
5343:Chimbu–Wahgi
5333:Bulaka River
5317:Austronesian
5315:
5276:
5269:
5250:
5237:
5230:
5223:
5149:
5142:
5135:
5125:Sino-Tibetan
5123:
5106:
5089:
5067:
5060:
5053:
5036:
5026:Austronesian
5024:
5017:
5005:
4951:
4889:Nilo-Saharan
4887:
4880:
4865:Austronesian
4863:
4856:
4736:(Gabrieliño)
4720:(Fernandeño)
4625:(Bear River)
4424:
4283:
4277:
4267:
4261:
4241:
4235:
4225:
4213:
4206:
4194:
4184:
4162:
4155:
4148:
4126:
4119:
4107:
4082:
4075:
4068:
4061:
4051:
4037:
4020:
4001:
3991:Plains Miwok
3989:
3982:
3975:
3968:
3944:
3937:
3930:
3923:
3916:
3904:
3882:
3875:
3848:
3843:Central Pomo
3841:
3834:
3824:Eastern Pomo
3822:
3815:
3808:
3791:
3771:
3764:
3757:
3750:
3743:
3736:
3729:
3722:
3712:
3700:
3693:
3686:
3679:
3672:
3665:
3656:
3655:
3643:
3636:
3629:
3599:
3592:
3566:
3520:
3510:
3487:
3474:. Retrieved
3468:
3445:
3435:
3416:
3407:Bibliography
3397:
3392:
3383:
3374:
3365:
3356:
3347:
3332:
3315:
3268:*ɨyɨ ~ *ɨyɨ’
3219:*pVlak’a(k’)
3049:take off, to
2944:*pey ~ *pey’
2941:stick to, to
2700:*ma’; *kuni’
2660:prickly pear
2323:moist, to be
2218:lie down, to
1985:gopher snake
1878:fly (insect)
1626:*qSi; *-iSa-
1279:*k’oto; *eqe
876:
841:
837:adding to it
832:
814:
810:
806:
804:
791:
787:
783:
777:
773:
769:
763:
759:
755:
749:
745:
741:
731:
727:
723:
719:
709:
703:
697:
687:
683:
682:/, central /
679:
675:
670:
590:
574:"schwa" and
570:"barred I,"
565:
553:
540:Edward Sapir
535:
524:Roland Dixon
522:
460:
457:Post-contact
430:
426:
408:
404:Mitsqanaqa'n
403:
385:
375:
358:
348:
338:
304:
283:
275:
265:
228:
201:
146:
145:
83:Subdivisions
46:distribution
7813:Macro-Mayan
7678:Uto-Aztecan
7656:Totozoquean
7486:Coahuilteco
7297:Palaihnihan
7179:Tsimshianic
6711:Germanosign
6615:Mura-PirahĂŁ
6496:Lule–Vilela
6472:Bora-Witoto
6447:Uru–Chipaya
6420:Ticuna–Yuri
6403:Peba–Yaguan
6388:Nambikwaran
6191:Uto-Aztecan
6127:Mesoamerica
5981:Uto-Aztecan
5970:Tsimshianic
5932:Palaihnihan
5802:Malak-Malak
5539:Papuan Gulf
5513:West Papuan
5418:Lower Sepik
5408:Lakes Plain
5311:Arai–Samaia
5299:the Pacific
5007:Afroasiatic
4882:Niger–Congo
4858:Afroasiatic
4740:TĂĽbatulabal
4558:Halchidhoma
4537:Coast Miwok
4497:Ahwahnechee
4170:TĂĽbatulabal
4095:Uto Aztecan
3977:Coast Miwok
3438:15:647-655.
3109:urinate, to
3021:*qlo ~ *qyo
3006:*’eleyewun’
2971:stone, rock
2894:spread open
2171:jimson weed
2143:*Si ~ *SiSV
2010:root: *-qu
2002:grasshopper
766:"to remove"
686:/ or back /
216:Uto-Aztecan
163:, from the
7874:Categories
7669:Mixe–Zoque
7638:Misumalpan
7560:Chitimacha
7052:Algonquian
7018:Athabaskan
6897:Yuki–Wappo
6705:Francosign
6553:Chiquitano
6533:Alacalufan
6341:Guaicuruan
6314:Chapacuran
6297:Cahuapanan
6265:Araucanian
6168:Mixe–Zoque
6163:Misumalpan
5877:Comecrudan
5729:Nyulnyulan
5508:Upper Yuat
5485:Torricelli
5457:Senu River
5388:Foja Range
5294:New Guinea
5219:Burushaski
5080:Kartvelian
5055:Hmong–Mien
4871:Khoe–Kwadi
4665:Kucadikadi
4608:Lake Miwok
4522:Chemehuevi
4492:Acjachemen
4385:Vietnamese
3984:Lake Miwok
3681:Purisimeño
3612:Athabaskan
3576:Indigenous
3511:California
3486:. (1999).
3476:2012-08-26
3415:. (1997).
3360:Sapir 1917
3319:Grant 1978
3215:woodpecker
2849:snail, sea
2743:roadrunner
2696:jackrabbit
2507:new, to be
2357:*pewe(we)’
2308:meat, body
2293:many, much
2180:from *moy
1969:get up, to
1939:forget, to
1893:follow, to
1788:far, to be
1261:bow (noun)
905:advise, to
801:Consonants
538:grouping.
482:Purisimeño
463:Franciscan
428:language.
340:Purisimeño
328:Santa Cruz
324:San Miguel
320:Santa Rosa
197:Santa Cruz
193:Santa Rosa
189:San Miguel
51:California
44:Geographic
7823:Tolatecan
7723:Caribbean
7711:AlagĂĽilac
7704:Purépecha
7690:Cuitlatec
7662:Totonacan
7620:Jicaquean
7539:Muskogean
7514:Mamulique
7500:Comecrudo
7430:Karankawa
7333:Jicaquean
7320:Chimariko
7269:Kalapuyan
7212:Sahaptian
7160:Yok-Utian
7145:Chinookan
7118:Iroquoian
7086:Chimakuan
6902:Chumashan
6736:Tanzanian
6677:languages
6574:HodĂŻ/Joti
6518:Isolates
6457:Yanomaman
6393:Otomákoan
6357:Jirajaran
6346:Guajiboan
6308:Catacaoan
6287:Barbacoan
6216:Cuitlatec
6185:Totonacan
6144:Jicaquean
6023:Chimariko
5919:Muskogean
5901:Kalapuyan
5895:Iroquoian
5870:Chumashan
5863:Chinookan
5856:Chimakuan
5774:Yangmanic
5769:Worrorran
5752:Wagaydyic
5642:Australia
5491:Trans-Fly
5157:Yeniseian
5144:Tyrsenian
5038:Dravidian
4775:Wukchumni
4679:Ramaytush
4675:Costanoan
4636:(Klamath)
4629:Mechoopda
4592:Kitanemuk
4527:Chimariko
4507:Bay Miwok
4269:Chimariko
4121:Kitanemuk
4077:Okwanuchu
3970:Bay Miwok
3939:Palewyami
3793:Chimariko
3738:Ramaytush
3731:Chochenyo
3702:Ventureño
3695:Barbareño
3657:Chumashan
3446:Languages
3369:Klar 1977
3187:*paqat(V)
3002:swordfish
2033:hair, fur
1818:fight, to
1758:eye, face
1562:cover, to
1546:cough, to
1489:*ti/ukikS
1366:carry, to
1321:bring, to
1276:break, to
1199:begin, to
1153:bathe, to
576:<ĂŻ>
572:<É™>
568:<ɨ>
509:Ventureño
500:Barbareño
409:Ventureño
386:Barbareño
276:Chumashan
262:Languages
247:Ventureño
239:Barbareño
147:Chumashan
120:Glottolog
106:ISO 639-3
34:Ethnicity
7734:Arawakan
7614:Chibchan
7493:Cotoname
7451:Quinigua
7437:Maratino
7136:Penutian
7080:Wakashan
7073:Salishan
6984:Eskimoan
6968:Eskaleut
6769:See also
6746:Isolates
6721:Japanese
6661:Yuracaré
6543:Candoshi
6502:Macro-JĂŞ
6467:Zaparoan
6462:Zamucoan
6452:Witotoan
6435:Tucanoan
6430:Tiniguan
6425:Timotean
6409:Quechuan
6378:Matacoan
6373:Mascoian
6363:Jivaroan
6326:Chibchan
6320:Charruan
6271:Arawakan
6208:Isolates
6139:Chibchan
6015:Isolates
5987:Wakashan
5948:Salishan
5890:Eskaleut
5796:Giimbiyu
5788:Isolates
5697:Jarrakan
5692:Iwaidjan
5549:Isolates
5403:Kutubuan
5271:Sumerian
5207:Isolates
5162:Yukaghir
5131:Tungusic
5097:Mongolic
5085:Koreanic
5044:Eskaleut
4935:Isolates
4919:Ubangian
4724:Timbisha
4718:Tataviam
4602:Kumeyaay
4587:Kawaiisu
4517:Cahuilla
4502:Atsugewi
4487:Achomawi
4426:Category
4339:Armenian
4157:Tataviam
4144:Panamint
4115:Kawaiisu
4103:Cahuilla
4063:Konomihu
3897:Penutian
3871:Kumeyaay
3810:Atsugewi
3804:Achomawi
3667:Obispeño
3466:(1910).
3281:See also
3231:wrinkled
3139:walk, to
3082:*’elhew’
3037:*telheq’
2986:straight
2867:*’ipi(’)
2712:rain, to
2567:open, to
2540:*kuwu(’)
2537:oak spp.
2525:*kipV(’)
2462:necklace
2354:mosquito
2278:low tide
2248:look, to
2079:hear, to
2064:hang, to
2018:gull sp.
1881:*axulpes
1501:come, to
1486:comb, to
1456:clitoris
1351:cost, to
1336:burn, to
1231:boil, to
1215:blow, to
1138:(animal)
1092:*-VsqVnV
908:*si/umun
473:Obispeño
396:Shmuwich
285:Obispeño
268:attested
251:Mary Yee
212:Penutian
126:chum1262
90:Obispeño
64:Mary Yee
7798:Amerind
7773:Ciguayo
7766:Macorix
7740:Cariban
7714: ?
7573: ?
7553:Atakapa
7546:Natchez
7531: ?
7478: ?
7476:Pakawan
7465:Tonkawa
7423:Aranama
7378:Pueblo
7346:Salinan
7327:Esselen
7292:Shastan
7285: ?
7263:Takelma
7255: ?
7242:Siuslaw
7224: ?
7199:Klamath
7191: ?
7189:Plateau
7155:Maiduan
7150:Wintuan
7138: ?
7112:Caddoan
7098: ?
7065: ?
7004:Tlingit
6995:Na-Dene
6950:Waikuri
6943:Timucua
6936:Kutenai
6915:Beothuk
6819:italics
6796:Pidgins
6781:Creoles
6731:Swedish
6699:Chinese
6646:Urarina
6631:Puinave
6585:Itonama
6579:Irantxe
6548:Chimane
6478:Chimuan
6383:Nadahup
6302:Cariban
6282:Aymaran
6243:America
6085:Waikuri
6078:Tonkawa
6071:Timucua
6064:Takelma
6057:Siuslaw
6046:Kutenai
6030:Esselen
5993:Wintuan
5954:Shastan
5925:Na-Dene
5913:Maiduan
5850:Caddoan
5824:America
5778:Wagiman
5776:(incl.
5747:Tangkic
5687:Garawan
5660:Bunuban
5621:Tambora
5588:Maybrat
5556:Abinomn
5479:Teberan
5440:Pauwasi
5430:Mairasi
5398:Kiwaian
5278:Tambora
5264:Shompen
5246:Kusunda
5239:Kenaboi
5225:Elamite
5197:Siangic
5179:Kho-Bwa
5173:Hrusish
5091:Kra–Dai
5075:Japonic
4984:Eurasia
4959:Sandawe
4942:Bangime
4907:Songhay
4750:Vanyume
4707:Serrano
4702:Salinan
4696:Quechan
4656:Nomlaki
4651:Nisenan
4623:Mattole
4613:Luiseño
4571:Whilkut
4567:Chilula
4553:Esselen
4532:Chumash
4380:Tagalog
4370:Chinese
4354:Russian
4349:Punjabi
4344:Persian
4285:Takelma
4279:Salinan
4263:Esselen
4196:Nomlaki
4186:Wintuan
4150:Serrano
4053:Shastan
4039:Nisenan
4016:Maiduan
3856:Kashaya
3752:Awaswas
3688:Ineseño
3674:Cruzeño
3645:Wailaki
3631:Mattole
3567:Italics
3498:(hbk);
3127:*paS(V)
3067:*tinik’
3018:tadpole
2959:*pilhiy
2897:*kek-an
2852:*q’VmV’
2822:*tVqema
2807:*’VmVn’
2759:rub, to
2694:rabbit/
2681:*takaka
2598:pelican
2585:*iqVmay
2480:*pilhil
2389:*tVkem’
2311:*’Vmin’
2236:*c-al’a
2175:*mom’oy
2097:*’ososo
2005:*ti/uqu
1743:eat, to
1668:die, to
1592:cut, to
1549:*oqoqo-
1446:*tomolo
1202:*-nVna’
1141:*mVkala
1122:*-apapa
1089:ask, to
968:*tkaya’
950:already
925:*yimlaĘ”
756:keseqen
752:"three"
742:kamasix
605:Central
536:Iskoman
532:Salinan
491:Ineseño
359:Ineseño
352:SĘ°amala
243:Ineseño
231:extinct
208:Waikuri
58:Extinct
38:Chumash
29:Chumash
7828:Waroid
7684:Xincan
7625:Lencan
7588:Calusa
7581:Tunica
7458:Solano
7444:Naolan
7388:Tanoan
7302:Pomoan
7236:Coosan
7231:Alsean
7206:Molala
7166:Yokuts
7106:Siouan
6957:PericĂş
6929:Cayuse
6694:BANZSL
6656:Yamana
6641:Trumai
6610:Movima
6564:FulniĂ´
6527:AikanĂŁ
6441:Tupian
6336:Chonan
6260:Arauan
6198:Xincan
6150:Lencan
6103:Yokuts
6000:Yukian
5965:Tanoan
5960:Siouan
5943:Pomoan
5884:Coosan
5710:Mirndi
5603:Porome
5598:Pawaia
5452:Senagi
5424:Madang
5373:Eleman
5328:Border
5259:Nihali
5252:Minoan
5232:Hattic
5214:Basque
5185:Mijiic
5167:Digaro
5151:Uralic
5137:Turkic
4988:Europe
4845:Africa
4785:Yokuts
4760:Washoe
4734:Tongva
4729:Tolowa
4712:Shasta
4698:(Yuma)
4686:Patwin
4671:Ohlone
4640:Mohave
4542:Cupeño
4511:Saklan
4375:Korean
4227:Yukian
4202:Patwin
4164:Tongva
4109:Cupeño
4084:Shasta
4033:Konkow
3912:Yokuts
3866:Mojave
3773:Chalon
3766:Rumsen
3759:Mutsun
3745:Tamyen
3724:Karkin
3714:Ohlone
3620:Tolowa
3502:
3494:
3452:
3423:
3339:
3202:*pono’
3079:tongue
2929:*tVyV-
2837:*tuwo’
2614:person
2191:*pVm’V
2158:*’aqi’
1989:*pSoSo
1972:*kVta’
1927:*teme’
1848:flower
1821:*aqi/u
1806:*qilhi
1656:*l-hiy
1565:*Vqmay
1531:cooked
1429:*’epV-
1339:*qi/ut
1324:*kVlhi
1294:*kVtet
1291:breast
1156:*k-ep’
1107:*mVtV’
1062:*-nos-
1047:*-nVpa
1044:ascend
1032:*l’VmV
1028:arroyo
1000:*ki/um
997:arrive
981:armpit
953:*kVla-
897:notes
562:Vowels
379:Ĺ muwiÄŤ
369:Samala
326:, and
245:, and
204:Yukian
195:, and
173:Malibu
7837:Lists
7697:Huave
7631:Mayan
7507:Garza
7394:Keres
7360:Washo
7339:Karuk
7308:Yuman
7283:Hokan
7172:Utian
7125:Yuchi
7063:Mosan
7045:Yurok
7038:Wiyot
7029:Algic
6977:Aleut
6922:Bidai
6891:Haida
6651:Warao
6620:Nukak
6591:Kunza
6569:GuatĂł
6558:Cofán
6538:Camsá
6331:Choco
6292:Boran
6241:South
6222:Huave
6157:Mayan
6108:Yuchi
6091:Washo
6041:Karuk
6036:Haida
5975:Utian
5907:Keres
5844:Alsea
5837:Algic
5822:North
5614:Taiap
5608:Sulka
5463:Sepik
5378:Engan
5119:Ongan
5102:Nivkh
4970:Shabo
4953:Jalaa
4947:Hadza
4901:Mande
4795:Yurok
4770:Wiyot
4765:Wintu
4755:Wappo
4634:Modoc
4618:Maidu
4582:Cahto
4577:Karuk
4363:Asian
4274:Karuk
4243:Wappo
4215:Wintu
4028:Maidu
4022:Chico
3964:Miwok
3959:Wintu
3861:Washo
3799:Karuk
3784:Hokan
3638:Cahto
3601:Yurok
3594:Wiyot
3585:Algic
3308:Notes
3234:*Sok’
3184:whale
3169:water
3124:vomit
3112:*Sol’
3094:tooth
3064:tears
2974:*qVpV
2926:steps
2834:smoke
2819:skunk
2792:*apay
2730:*qupe
2677:quail
2510:*VmVn
2477:nerve
2417:mouth
2401:mouse
2372:*mVSV
2266:*Seke
2263:louse
2233:liver
2203:knife
2113:*haku
2036:*SuSV
2021:*miyV
1957:*qti’
1851:*pey’
1791:*mVkV
1776:*weqe
1728:earth
1595:*’iwa
1580:*-eqe
1534:*pSel
1441:canoe
1414:*kVwV
1396:cheek
1384:*sVpV
1354:*piw’
1234:*-wi-
1221:*-wu-
1074:ashes
1012:arrow
938:*l-ho
935:alone
888:gloss
784:katun
770:qoloq
764:seqen
750:masix
710:ĘĽasas
704:ĘĽosos
698:expeÄŤ
600:Front
544:Hokan
534:in a
154:coast
7529:Gulf
7401:Zuni
7367:Yana
7353:Seri
7011:Eyak
6908:Adai
6826:bold
6753:See
6689:Arab
6675:Sign
6626:Páez
6603:Maku
6597:Leco
6113:Zuni
6097:Yana
6051:Seri
5808:Tiwi
5628:Wiru
5593:Mpur
5583:Kuot
5566:AnĂŞm
5561:Abun
5528:Yuat
5523:Yawa
5469:Skou
5446:Ramu
5297:and
5191:Miju
5013:Ainu
4993:Asia
4991:and
4964:Laal
4925:Kadu
4913:Ijaw
4876:Kx'a
4790:Yuki
4780:Yana
4691:Pomo
4645:Mono
4597:Kizh
4563:Hupa
4237:Yuki
4134:Mono
3884:Yahi
3877:Yana
3625:Hupa
3500:ISBN
3492:ISBN
3450:ISBN
3421:ISBN
3337:ISBN
3250:*San
3247:yawn
3172:*’o’
3157:*mol
3034:tail
2804:seed
2774:salt
2762:*muy
2747:*pu’
2664:*qV’
2647:*lay
2632:*qo’
2602:*sew
2570:*kal
2555:*ta’
2492:nest
2465:*el’
2450:*ni’
2447:neck
2432:name
2420:*’Vk
2404:*qlo
2326:*so’
2296:*equ
2281:*qVw
2206:*’iw
2188:knee
2128:*loq
2125:hole
2094:heel
2082:*taq
2049:hand
1942:*may
1924:foot
1911:*uw-
1896:*pey
1863:flea
1833:fire
1761:*tVq
1733:*šup
1716:*tu’
1686:*uyu
1683:dirt
1671:*qSa
1653:deep
1641:*tu’
1638:deaf
1611:*Soy
1519:*tak
1426:chia
1401:*po'
1369:*kum
1264:*aqa
1246:bone
1186:*olo
1171:*qus
1119:ball
1077:*qSa
1017:*ya'
813:/, /
792:=tun
788:kal-
774:kal-
760:kal-
746:kal-
728:kal-
617:High
610:Back
526:and
436:and
6872:of
5578:Kol
5572:Ata
5518:Yam
5383:Fas
4896:Tuu
4175:Ute
3260:155
3244:154
3228:153
3211:152
3196:151
3181:150
3166:149
3151:148
3136:147
3121:146
3106:145
3097:*Sa
3091:144
3076:143
3061:142
3052:*qe
3046:141
3031:140
3015:139
2998:138
2983:137
2968:136
2953:135
2938:134
2923:133
2906:132
2891:131
2876:130
2861:129
2846:128
2831:127
2816:126
2801:125
2786:124
2771:123
2756:122
2739:121
2727:red
2724:120
2709:119
2691:118
2673:117
2656:116
2641:115
2629:pet
2626:114
2617:*ku
2611:113
2594:112
2579:111
2564:110
2549:109
2534:108
2522:now
2519:107
2504:106
2489:105
2474:104
2459:103
2444:102
2435:*ti
2429:101
2414:100
2052:*pu
1836:*ne
1803:fat
1746:*uw
1713:ear
1623:day
1249:*Se
1183:bee
1136:bat
965:ant
920:all
885:no.
839:.
778:loq
643:Low
629:ɨ/ə
584:/É™/
582:or
580:/ɨ/
171:to
156:by
112:chs
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5780:)?
4569:,
4282:,
4276:,
4272:,
4266:,
4240:,
3324:^
2398:99
2381:98
2366:97
2351:96
2335:95
2320:94
2305:93
2290:92
2275:91
2260:90
2245:89
2230:88
2215:87
2200:86
2185:85
2167:84
2152:83
2137:82
2122:81
2107:80
2091:79
2076:78
2061:77
2046:76
2030:75
2015:74
1999:73
1981:72
1966:71
1951:70
1936:69
1921:68
1905:67
1890:66
1875:65
1860:64
1845:63
1830:62
1815:61
1800:60
1785:59
1770:58
1755:57
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1725:55
1710:54
1695:53
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1528:42
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1498:40
1483:39
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1423:35
1408:34
1393:33
1378:32
1363:31
1348:30
1333:29
1318:28
1303:27
1288:26
1273:25
1258:24
1243:23
1228:22
1212:21
1196:20
1180:19
1165:18
1150:17
1132:16
1116:15
1101:14
1086:13
1071:12
1056:11
1041:10
790:+
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