581:
272:
2543:
233:
613:, incising, and punctation. Elaborate appliqué was used to create the figurines' distinct features, including their large noses, eyes made with small strips or punctations, and small slit mouths. The figurines were often depicted with minimal clothing, most showing genitals, with female features often being exaggerated. The most variable features of the figurines were their jewelry and headdress arrangements. They were painted with red and white pigments, applied by brushing or sprinkling the pigment onto the figurine's cracks and grooves. These figurines were possibly created to serve as companions to the deceased or effigies of their family members.
482:
403:
377:
628:, a pre-Columbian city in Mexico, dating the use of the pigment back to around 150 CE in the Late Pre-Classic Period. However, a 2019 study by Vazquez De Agregados-Pascual et al. discovered the use of Maya-blue pigment to be at least 250 BCE through the analysis of funerary artifacts found in a 2001 excavation at La Tronera, located on the east side of the Acambaro Valley in West Mexico.
84:
271:
588:
Chupícuaro was a major ceramic center, recognized as one of the best in
Mesoamerica for the fine ceramic finishing and decoration, which were developed in multiple shapes and colors, some with geometrical drawings. The motifs were deities, maternity, breastfeeding, people and their ornaments, animals
472:
At the end of 1985, at the first prehispanic societies meeting in relation to the Chupícuaro culture, it was noted, that Chupícuaro tradition ceramics manufacturing groups, should be considered part of
Mesoamerican stratified societies, with a definite political and territorial structure, rather than
390:
Ibarrilla, an unexcavated site in Leon, Guanajuato, is seen as part of the
Chupicuaro complex. This archaeological site is potentially one of the most extensive and important of the country according to one author. There are thought to be more than a dozen pyramids built on an oval basement. Only one
642:
This analysis of the pigments used in the funerary artifacts places the origin of Maya-blue in an older temporality and in a non-Mayan Pre-Hispanic culture, showing that the people of the
Chupicuaro culture had already mastered the technology and the know-how needed to manufacture this blue pigment
666:
The many burials and offerings provide knowledge of the way of life of the ancient Chupícuaro inhabitants. They were farmers who lived in huts built from perishable materials forming a good extended rural village, built low platforms with clay floors, sometimes grouped together, over which their
571:
region was also significant as a trade route for the
Chupicuaro people, and later during the Teotihuacan era. The region's trade was sustained by a complex network of roads, which followed the ancient pathways first built by the Chupicuaro communities during the Late Preclassic period.
363:
359:
355:
71:
67:
63:
468:
Chupícuaro had an important cultural development and expansion of its style in distant areas from the diffusing center and influenced ceramic traditions, which lasted until the end of the classical period, and even into the
Postclassical, as seen in Purépecha Michoacán ceramic.
315:
in the state of
Guanajuato, Mexico. Little is known about the history of this site. The first explorations took place in 1946 and uncovered pottery objects and tombs. The site is currently below water because of the dam, although the surrounding area is still being explored.
547:, and the Chupícuaro, are the most important. The first became the largest city in Mesoamerica and the main ceremonial center of the Valley of Mexico; it maintained relations with Chupícuaro. The decline of Cuicuilco paralleled the emergence of
534:
culture at the beginning of the Late
Preclassical period (400 BCE - 150 CE) marked a period of cultural diversification and assimilation of Olmec elements into cultural systems that was the origin of several of the most important
337:
These groups settled in a large village of huts built over platforms coated with mud and stone. They grew corn, beans and squash on the banks of the Lerma River and its tributaries. Based on the existence of metals and stone
410:
This culture is important due to its influence in the area. It may have spread to what is now the southern United States, circa 500 BCE. There are theories that the first inhabitants of
Guanajuato belonged to this culture.
473:
as isolated village societies, lacking ceremonial centers and architecture. From that first impulse, subsequent social groups presented their own cultural expressions at a regional level in the
Mesoamerican context.
345:
According to several authors, this settlement developed between 500 BCE and 300 CE. The first inhabitants of this area were hunter-gatherers who lived along the river and eventually developed agricultural knowledge.
1056:
209:
and the northern edge of Meso-America. Information on the eponymous site, composed of several burial grounds, remains fragmentary, since most of it was flooded when the Presa Solis dam was built in the 1940s. An
580:
958:
de Ágredos-Pascual, María Luisa Vázquez; Roldán-García, Clodoaldo; Murcia-Mascarós, Sonia; Juanes Barber, David; Jaén Sánchez, María Gertrudis; Faugère, Brigitte; Darras, Véronique (November 2019).
2523:
960:"Multianalytical characterization of pigments from funerary artefacts belongs to the Chupicuaro Culture (Western Mexico): Oldest Maya blue and cinnabar identified in Pre-Columbian Mesoamerica"
606:
From a study of ceramic styles, the clothing used is inferred, they painted their faces and bodies, wore sandals, truss, necklaces, earflaps, and earrings. Women wore elaborate hairstyles.
1111:
555:
volcano circa 150 CE, which led to migration north from the Valley of Mexico. Chupícuaro culture is known for its ceramics, of which remnants have been found in a wide area located in the
879:
Cultural Dynamics and Production Activities in Ancient Western Mexico: Papers from a symposium held in the Center for Archaeological Research, El Colegio de Michoacán 18-19 September 2014
756:
624:
is a blue/indigo pigment resulting from an addition reaction between indigo and clay, which was widely used in pre-Columbian Mesoamerica. The pigment's origins were first identified in
202:
period. The culture that takes its name from the site dates to 400 BC to 200 AD, or alternatively 500 BC to 300 AD., although some academics suggest an origin as early as 800 BC.
592:
Ceramics included multiple monochromatic forms and a variety of three-color polychrome (red, beige and black) with pyramidal geometrical drawings or zig-zags. Clay figurines used “
2518:
461:. It is estimated that Chupícuaro facilitated the northward expansion of Mesoamerican elements (cultural roots of western Mexico and perhaps Northwest, comparable with the
232:
220:
387:
From type evidence, its development has been established between 500 BCE and 300 CE, although some scientists suggest an older development, as far back as 800 BCE.
2498:
1144:
349:
In 2013 the level of the water behind the dam in Chupicuaro was lowered for a couple of days. Archeologists brought the towers from the old church to the town of
2483:
567:
The Acambaro Valley, located near the Lerma river, served as a vital passageway connecting western and central Mexico, as well as the Chupicuaro culture. The
226:
2581:
1460:
1083:
663:, figurines, earflaps, shell ornaments, necklaces and beads, bone artifacts and musical instruments. These were all found during excavations around 1950.
2576:
368:
in Guanajuato — the town founded in 1946 after the townspeople of the original town of Chupicuaro had to move out following the construction of the dam.
275:
Female figurines found in Guanajuato, identified as pre-classic clay figures from the Chupicuaro culture, 400-100 BC. Sometimes called “Pretty Ladies.”
2591:
2488:
1492:
764:
1480:
895:
720:
2394:
1509:
819:
786:
2453:
1504:
1382:
2508:
1487:
1126:
2447:
1516:
433:
Apparently the Chupícuaro culture developed in a vast territory, or it was defined as Chupícuaro style or tradition, in Guanajuato,
394:
The rest of the structures remain to be explored. There are tombs, altars and other scattered remains in an estimated 500 m2 area.
1051:
103:
2338:
2268:
1957:
1968:
1650:
1465:
1076:
414:
Ceramics of this culture pre-date the classical Mesoamerican period, and include angular figurines with geometric shapes. The
2586:
2430:
2273:
1121:
2409:
1685:
2441:
2435:
2419:
1660:
1164:
2513:
2405:
1475:
1565:
2571:
2107:
1979:
1307:
1116:
2334:
631:
The study identified the use of the blue pigment on pottery found at the site, as well as the use of the red pigment
214:
excavation was able to salvage a little before that happened. Other excavations took place beginning in 1998, by the
481:
2218:
2061:
1069:
307:
This prehispanic archaeological site is located on the banks of the Lerma River, between the present-day cities of
342:
used to grind corn, they probably planted chili and tomatoes. It is also known they were hunters-fishers-gathers.
1570:
2041:
1645:
1447:
1422:
1136:
1790:
635:, in a funerary context. The presence of these pigments was identified through the use of LC_MS/MS-TOF-MS and
376:
2342:
2117:
1287:
195:
1760:
402:
1046:
1012:
Estudios Arqueológicos en el Río de la Laja, Guanajuato. Beatriz Braniff de Torres. INAH. 1975. (Spanish)
2263:
2112:
1745:
1499:
1470:
1269:
1244:
1209:
1397:
284:
166:
1028:
1024:
350:
58:
2547:
2414:
2278:
2243:
1852:
1740:
1455:
1437:
1337:
1019:
789:[Brief Mexican slang dictionary] (in Spanish). Academia Mexicana de la Lengua. Archived from
515:
419:
2380:
2142:
1372:
1174:
1154:
1015:
Síntesis de la Historia Pre-tolteca de Meso América. Wigberto Jiménez Moreno. CIAM. 1959. (Spanish)
568:
191:
2399:
2503:
2493:
2223:
2132:
1911:
1655:
1600:
1575:
1239:
1234:
1204:
1199:
979:
959:
940:
901:
728:
636:
823:
790:
593:
331:
205:
Although often included with the cultures of the Mexican West, Chupícuaro is both close to the
17:
2528:
2458:
2424:
2147:
2137:
1847:
1815:
1725:
1695:
1625:
1590:
1560:
1556:
1357:
1332:
1264:
1254:
1092:
932:
891:
188:
2228:
2168:
2152:
2035:
1999:
1906:
1810:
1610:
1427:
1402:
1219:
1214:
971:
883:
652:
544:
391:
has been partially explored; various flint stone objects, figurines and pottery were found.
206:
1061:
215:
2351:
2030:
1989:
1974:
1937:
1901:
1795:
1690:
1605:
1580:
1541:
1526:
1347:
1184:
442:
248:
199:
2384:
2368:
2282:
2248:
2092:
2067:
2024:
2014:
2004:
1994:
1952:
1735:
1546:
1536:
1229:
1189:
1179:
548:
503:
423:
2565:
2329:
2325:
2238:
2082:
2051:
2019:
1963:
1931:
1770:
1730:
1720:
1715:
1705:
1700:
1635:
1630:
1585:
1317:
1149:
1106:
983:
2321:
2297:
2253:
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2198:
2087:
2072:
2056:
1921:
1872:
1867:
1842:
1820:
1785:
1665:
1367:
1302:
1259:
1009:
Ofrendas Funerarias de Chupícuaro Guanajuato. Dolores Flores. INAH. 1992. (Spanish)
1805:
454:
434:
975:
2317:
2307:
2178:
2122:
1926:
1857:
1710:
1680:
1387:
1279:
1159:
610:
536:
490:
415:
312:
308:
260:
252:
244:
2355:
2193:
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1800:
1615:
1407:
1169:
327:
319:
256:
77:
936:
598:
118:
105:
2376:
2372:
2347:
2097:
1432:
1322:
621:
540:
458:
339:
237:
140:
1881:
1551:
905:
887:
877:
2363:
2213:
1775:
1755:
1750:
1640:
1620:
656:
632:
625:
556:
438:
944:
920:
763:(in Spanish). Ministère des Affaires étrangères (France). Archived from
2359:
1896:
1825:
1780:
1521:
1417:
1392:
1377:
1297:
1292:
1249:
1224:
1194:
603:” techniques and made hollow figures. Shell, bone and stone were used.
450:
323:
292:
1036:
La arqueología en Guanajuato. Crespo, Ana María. INAH. 1988. (Spanish)
229:
and l'INAH, and also contributed to knowledge of Chupicuaro culture.
2302:
2292:
2188:
2163:
1675:
1670:
1595:
1531:
1412:
1362:
1352:
1327:
660:
509:
446:
381:
144:
89:
522:
Source: Archaeology Hall, Acámbaro Local Museum, Guanajuato, 2001.
1942:
1886:
1877:
1765:
1342:
609:
The clay figurines were crafted using ancient techniques, such as
579:
552:
531:
485:
Figure with Animal(?) on back, 3rd century B.C.–A.D. 4th century.
480:
462:
427:
401:
375:
270:
231:
211:
1065:
727:(in Spanish). Guanajuato: Local Acámbaro Museum. Archived from
2524:
Population history of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas
1052:
Guanajuato State Government, web page on Acámbaro (Spanish)
667:
houses were built. They harvested corn, beans and pumpkin.
876:
Williams, Eduardo; Maldonado, Blanca, eds. (2016-04-30).
655:
characterized by tombs where they placed trophy skulls,
822:[Prehispanic History]. León-Gto. Archived from
687:(Precolombian Art in Meso America), Hazan, 2003, p. 124
2519:
Painting in the Americas before European colonization
921:"Chupicuaro and the Preclassic Shaft Tomb Tradition"
500:
Los Morales - Late Preclassical - 400 BCE to 250 CE.
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2259:
2234:
2209:
2184:
2159:
2128:
2103:
2078:
2047:
2010:
1985:
1948:
1917:
1892:
1863:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1839:
1446:
1278:
1135:
1099:
497:
Chupícuaro – Late Preclassical - 800 BCE to 200 CE.
1047:Acámbaro Municipality, Official Web Page (Spanish)
584:Tripod bowl, Mexico, Chupicuaro, 300 BC to 1 AD
2499:Ceramics of Indigenous peoples of the Americas
2484:Category: Archaeological sites in the Americas
263:and its tributary the Coroneo or Tiger River.
1077:
919:Darras, Véronique; Faugère, Brigitte (2010).
643:by the end of the Middle Pre-Classic Period.
8:
2467:
1084:
1070:
1062:
715:
713:
518:– Late Postclassical - 1200 CE to 1525 CE.
512:– Early Postclassical - 900 CE to 1200 CE.
406:Two Chupicuaro culture figurines, 500-0 BC
2489:Portal:Indigenous peoples of the Americas
711:
709:
707:
705:
703:
701:
699:
697:
695:
693:
279:The name Chupícuaro can be translated as
259:State, México, it lies in hills near the
1093:Pre-Columbian civilizations and cultures
551:, and consumed with the eruption of the
38:
34:
723:[Chuícuaro Cultural Bulletin=]
676:
295:plant, used for blue dye, and the term
814:
812:
810:
808:
506:- Classical Period - 200 CE to 900 CE.
493:region had five Prehispanic cultures:
26:
7:
1018:Una visión del México Prehispánico.
751:
749:
526:Late Preclassical (Formative) period
1517:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Venezuela
787:"Diccionario Breve de Mexicanismos"
651:Chupícuaro inhabitants practiced a
2582:Archaeological sites in Guanajuato
2509:Indigenous cuisine of the Americas
1488:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Colombia
685:L'art précolombien en Mésoamérique
25:
2577:Former populated places in Mexico
1500:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Ecuador
1471:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Bolivia
1057:Unknown Mexico Magazine, Acámbaro
465:culture throughout Mesoamerica.)
156:Preclassical Mesoamerican Period
2592:Formative period in the Americas
2541:
1493:Archaeological sites in Colombia
1466:Cultures of Pre-Cabraline Brazil
418:museum exhibits pieces from the
82:
29:Chupícuaro - Archaeological Site
1476:Cultures of Pre-Columbian Chile
882:. Archaeopress Publishing Ltd.
721:"Boletín de Cultura Chupícuaro"
18:Chupícuaro (archeological site)
1:
2420:Spanish Conquest of Guatemala
1481:Archaeological sites in Chile
251:, just seven kilometers from
2514:Mesoamerican writing systems
1510:Archaeological sites in Peru
976:10.1016/j.microc.2019.104101
380:Chupicuaro statuette at the
283:. The name derives from the
2410:Spanish Conquest of Yucatán
330:) arrived from the current
2608:
2436:Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada
2339:Uaxaclajuun Ubʼaah Kʼawiil
853:Jiménez Moreno, 1959: 1043
243:On the northern border of
2537:
2479:
2470:
1834:
1661:Llanos de Moxos (Bolivia)
2548:Civilizations portal
1505:Cultural periods of Peru
2442:Hernán Pérez de Quesada
1288:Mesoamerican chronology
1033:. UNAM. 1967. (Spanish)
820:"Historia prehispánica"
1145:Archaeological periods
888:10.2307/j.ctvxw3nnb.15
683:Beatriz de la Fuente,
585:
563:Trade and trade routes
486:
407:
384:
276:
240:
119:20.02222°N 100.59139°W
2587:Mesoamerican cultures
2448:List of Conquistadors
2335:Kʼinich Janaabʼ Pakal
1746:Quebrada de Humahuaca
1165:Caddoan Mississippian
964:Microchemical Journal
757:"México - Chupícuaro"
583:
539:traditions. However,
484:
405:
379:
274:
236:Chupícuaro figurine,
235:
2415:Francisco de Montejo
2343:Jasaw Chan Kʼawiil I
1456:Andean civilizations
1383:Shaft tomb tradition
996:PIÑA CHAN, 1967: 263
559:and the lake basin.
543:in the south of the
124:20.02222; -100.59139
2381:Manco Inca Yupanqui
1686:Manteño-Huancavilca
1155:Ancestral Puebloans
793:on 29 November 2007
115: /
31:
2572:Mesoamerican sites
2504:Columbian exchange
2494:Portal:Mesoamerica
1646:La Tolita (Tumaco)
1461:Indigenous peoples
1200:Hopewell tradition
1127:Indigenous peoples
761:diplomatie.gouv.fr
637:Raman spectroscopy
586:
487:
408:
398:Chupícuaro culture
385:
285:Purépecha language
277:
241:
192:archeological site
174:INAH Official Page
167:Purépecha language
27:
2559:
2558:
2555:
2554:
2529:Pre-Columbian art
2465:
2464:
2459:Francisco Pizarro
2425:Pedro de Alvarado
1741:Pucará de Tilcara
897:978-1-78491-356-4
477:Regional cultures
291:, a name for the
182:
181:
16:(Redirected from
2599:
2546:
2545:
2544:
2468:
2454:Spanish Conquest
2431:Spanish Conquest
2406:Spanish Conquest
2395:Spanish Conquest
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1836:
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739:
733:
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717:
688:
681:
653:cult of the dead
602:
569:San Juan del Río
545:Valley of Mexico
441:, Mexico State,
367:
351:Nuevo Chupicuaro
322:nomadic groups (
224:
207:Valley of Mexico
187:is an important
130:
129:
127:
126:
125:
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59:Nuevo Chupicuaro
32:
21:
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2418:
2412:
2408:
2397:
2383:
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2362:
2358:
2354:
2352:Quemuenchatocha
2350:
2341:
2337:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2281:
2150:
2059:
2033:
2022:
1969:Human Sacrifice
1966:
1958:Human Sacrifice
1955:
1929:
1902:Mayan Languages
1830:
1442:
1274:
1131:
1112:Genetic history
1095:
1090:
1043:
1022:
1020:Román Piña Chán
1006:
1001:
1000:
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991:
957:
956:
952:
918:
917:
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875:
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852:
848:
844:Beatriz Braniff
843:
839:
829:
827:
826:on 23 June 2010
818:
817:
806:
796:
794:
785:
784:
780:
770:
768:
767:on 3 March 2016
755:
754:
747:
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734:on 17 July 2011
731:
724:
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682:
678:
673:
649:
619:
596:
578:
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530:The decline of
528:
479:
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374:
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332:San Luis Potosí
305:
269:
249:Mexican Plateau
218:
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2314:Notable Rulers
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2283:Neo-Inca State
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2322:Moctezuma II
2279:Inca history
2204:Andean Music
2148:Architecture
2143:Architecture
2138:Architecture
2133:Architecture
2129:Architecture
2123:Gender Roles
1868:Tenochtitlan
1791:Timoto–Cuica
1786:Tierradentro
1571:Casma–Sechin
1312:
1303:Chalcatzingo
1004:Bibliography
992:
967:
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928:
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849:
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828:. Retrieved
824:the original
795:. Retrieved
791:the original
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769:. Retrieved
765:the original
760:
736:. Retrieved
729:the original
684:
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659:arrowheads,
650:
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589:and plants.
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196:preclassical
184:
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161:
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96:
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28:
2385:Túpac Amaru
2369:Manco Cápac
2318:Moctezuma I
2229:Agriculture
2224:Agriculture
2219:Agriculture
2210:Agriculture
2153:Road System
2042:Mathematics
1907:Muysc Cubun
1761:San Agustín
1711:Monte Verde
1388:Teotihuacan
1280:Mesoamerica
1175:Coles Creek
1160:Anishinaabe
1117:Archaeology
1023: [
906:j.ctvxw3nnb
771:21 February
597: [
549:Teotihuacán
504:Teotihuacán
354: [
313:Tarandacuao
261:Lerma River
245:Mesoamerica
219: [
189:prehispanic
122: /
110:100°35′29″W
97:Coordinates
62: [
48:Chupícuaro
2566:Categories
2356:Tisquesusa
2330:Cuauhtémoc
2326:Cuitláhuac
1656:Lauricocha
1626:Gran Chaco
1616:Cupisnique
1601:Chinchorro
1576:Chachapoya
1566:Caral–Supe
1408:Tlaxcaltec
1398:Teuchitlán
1313:Chupícuaro
1240:Plum Bayou
1235:Plaquemine
1205:Marksville
1170:Chichimeca
970:: 104101.
866:, 1988:259
830:29 October
738:26 October
671:References
594:pastillaje
430:cultures.
340:molcajetes
328:Guachichil
320:Chichimeca
281:blue place
257:Guanajuato
185:Chupícuaro
107:20°01′20″N
78:Guanajuato
2377:Atahualpa
2373:Pachacuti
2348:Nemequene
2214:Chinampas
2036:Astronomy
2025:Astronomy
2005:Mythology
2000:Mythology
1995:Mythology
1990:Mythology
1986:Mythology
1816:Wankarani
1806:Tuncahuán
1696:Marajoara
1651:Las Vegas
1537:Atacameño
1433:Xochipala
1373:Purépecha
1333:Epi-Olmec
1323:Cuicuilco
1265:Troyville
1255:St. Johns
984:199651617
937:0720-5988
622:Maya blue
617:Maya blue
541:Cuicuilco
516:Purépecha
459:Zacatecas
455:Querétaro
435:Michoacán
420:Purépecha
299:, place.
267:Etymology
238:Michoacan
200:formative
141:Chichimec
2473:See also
2391:Conquest
2364:Zoratama
2031:Calendar
2020:Calendar
2015:Calendar
2011:Calendar
1980:Religion
1975:Religion
1964:Religion
1953:Religion
1949:Religion
1938:Numerals
1932:Numerals
1893:Language
1873:Multiple
1811:Valdivia
1796:Tiwanaku
1756:Saladoid
1751:Quimbaya
1641:Kuhikugu
1621:Diaguita
1611:Chorrera
1428:Veraguas
1423:Veracruz
1403:Tlatilco
1215:Mogollon
1122:Cultures
1100:Americas
945:23758973
862:Crespo,
657:obsidian
633:cinnabar
626:Calakmul
611:appliqué
576:Ceramics
491:Acámbaro
439:Guerrero
416:Acámbaro
324:Guamares
309:Acámbaro
289:chupicua
253:Acámbaro
162:Language
54:Location
2360:Tundama
2289:Peoples
2274:History
2269:History
2264:History
2260:History
2254:Cuisine
2249:Cuisine
2244:Cuisine
2239:Cuisine
2235:Cuisine
2093:Warfare
2088:Warfare
2083:Warfare
2079:Warfare
2073:Society
2068:Economy
2057:Society
2052:Society
2048:Society
1918:Writing
1912:Quechua
1897:Nahuatl
1864:Capital
1801:Toyopán
1781:Tairona
1691:Mapuche
1606:Chiripa
1581:Chancay
1552:Cañaris
1527:Amotape
1522:El Abra
1438:Zapotec
1418:Totonac
1393:Tepanec
1378:Quelepa
1348:Mezcala
1338:Huastec
1308:Cholula
1298:Capacha
1293:Acolhua
1250:Sinagua
1225:Patayan
1195:Hohokam
1185:Fremont
925:Mexicon
661:metates
647:Burials
451:Nayarit
443:Hidalgo
424:Mazahua
334:state.
303:History
293:Ipomoea
136:Culture
2303:Muisca
2298:Mayans
2293:Aztecs
1927:Script
1922:Script
1882:Bacatá
1853:Muisca
1736:Pucará
1731:Piaroa
1726:Paiján
1721:Omagua
1676:Lupaca
1671:Lokono
1636:Kalina
1631:Huetar
1591:Chavín
1586:Chango
1561:Nariño
1557:Capulí
1547:Calima
1542:Aymara
1532:Arawak
1413:Toltec
1363:Olmecs
1358:Nicoya
1353:Mixtec
1328:Diquis
1230:Picosa
1220:Oshara
1190:Glades
1180:Dorset
982:
943:
935:
904:
894:
864:et al.
510:Toltec
447:Colima
426:, and
382:Louvre
152:Period
145:Toltec
90:Mexico
87:
2308:Incas
2199:Music
2194:Music
2189:Music
2185:Music
2118:Women
2113:Women
2108:Women
2104:Women
2062:Trade
1943:Quipu
1887:Cusco
1878:Hunza
1843:Aztec
1776:Taíno
1771:Sican
1766:Shuar
1716:Nazca
1706:Mollo
1701:Moche
1681:Luzia
1596:Chimú
1368:Pipil
1343:Izapa
1318:Coclé
1260:Thule
1150:Adena
1031:]
980:S2CID
941:JSTOR
902:JSTOR
797:9 May
732:(PDF)
725:(PDF)
601:]
557:Bajío
553:Xitle
532:Olmec
463:Olmec
428:Otomi
366:]
287:word
255:, in
223:]
216:CEMCA
74:]
44:Name:
2098:Army
1880:and
1858:Inca
1848:Maya
1826:Zenú
1821:Wari
1666:Lima
933:ISSN
892:ISBN
832:2010
799:2008
773:2014
740:2010
489:The
457:and
372:Site
326:and
311:and
227:CNRS
212:INAH
2179:Art
2174:Art
2169:Art
2164:Art
2160:Art
972:doi
968:150
884:doi
198:or
2568::
2417:)
1029:fr
1027:;
1025:es
978:.
966:.
962:.
939:.
929:32
927:.
923:.
900:.
890:.
807:^
759:.
748:^
692:^
639:.
599:es
453:,
449:,
445:,
437:,
422:,
364:tt
362:;
360:sr
358:;
356:ce
297:ro
225:,
221:fr
143:-
76:,
72:tt
70:;
68:sr
66:;
64:ce
2461:)
2457:(
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2023:(
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1559:/
1085:e
1078:t
1071:v
986:.
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947:.
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886::
834:.
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742:.
20:)
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