40:
708:) drafted a recommendation that Colby be authorized to brief only rather than testify, and that he would be told to discuss only the general subject, with details of specific covert actions to be avoided except for realistic hypotheticals. But the Church Committee had full authority to call a hearing and require Colby's testimony. Ford and his top advisers met with Colby to prepare him for the hearing. Colby testified, "These last two months have placed American intelligence in danger. The almost hysterical excitement surrounding any news story mentioning CIA or referring even to a perfectly legitimate activity of CIA has raised a question whether secret intelligence operations can be conducted by the United States."
534:
52:
506:
590:
548:
576:
562:
478:
618:
756:. This executive order banned political assassinations: "No employee of the United States Government shall engage in, or conspire to engage in, political assassination." Senator Church criticized this move on the ground that any future president could easily set aside or change this executive order by a further executive order. Further, President
727:
enemies or potential enemies. We must know, at the same time, that capability at any time could be turned around on the
American people, and no American would have any privacy left: such is the capability to monitor everything—telephone conversations, telegrams, it doesn't matter. There would be no place to hide.
352:, in which the major telecommunications companies shared their traffic with the NSA from 1945 to the early 1970s. The information gathered in this operation fed directly into the Watch List. In 1975, the committee decided to unilaterally declassify the particulars of this operation, against the objections of
675:" program (a mail cover is a process by which the government records—without any requirement for a warrant or for notification—all information on the outside of an envelope or package, including the name of the sender and the recipient). The Church report found that the CIA was careful about keeping the
292:
history, the Church
Committee also helped to uncover the NSA's Watch List. The information for the list was compiled into the so-called "Rhyming Dictionary" of biographical information, which at its peak held millions of names—thousands of which were US citizens. Some prominent members of this list
734:
I don't want to see this country ever go across the bridge. I know the capacity that is there to make tyranny total in
America, and we must see to it that this agency and all agencies that possess this technology operate within the law and under proper supervision so that we never cross over that
730:
If this government ever became a tyranny, if a dictator ever took charge in this country, the technological capacity that the intelligence community has given the government could enable it to impose total tyranny, and there would be no way to fight back because the most careful effort to combine
141:
as a systematic propaganda campaign with domestic and foreign journalists operating as CIA assets and dozens of US news organizations providing cover for CIA activity, confirming earlier stories that charged that the CIA had cultivated relationships with private institutions, including the press.
777:
magazine, stating that the relationship between the CIA and the media was far more extensive than what the Church
Committee revealed. Bernstein said that the committee had covered it up, because it would have shown "embarrassing relationships in the 1950s and 1960s with some of the most powerful
726:
In the need to develop a capacity to know what potential enemies are doing, the United States government has perfected a technological capability that enables us to monitor the messages that go through the air. (...) Now, that is necessary and important to the United States as we look abroad at
858:
520:
604:
1877:
492:
2017:
115:
635:
The commission also carried out an investigation into the
November 22, 1963, assassination of John F. Kennedy, questioning 50 witnesses and accessing 3,000 documents. It focused on the actions of the FBI and CIA, and their support for the
679:
from learning that government agents were opening mail. CIA agents moved mail to a private room to open the mail or in some cases opened envelopes at night after stuffing them in briefcases or in coat pockets to deceive postal officials.
2241:
647:
The Church
Commission questioned the processes for obtaining information, blaming federal agencies for failing in their duties and responsibilities and concluding that the investigation into the assassination had been deficient.
221:
Before the release of the final report, the committee also published an interim report titled "Alleged
Assassination Plots Involving Foreign Leaders", which investigated alleged attempts to assassinate foreign leaders, including
364:
2216:
1895:
Book 1: Final report of the Select
Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, United States Senate : together with additional, supplemental, and separate views
643:
The Church commission raised the question of the possible connection between the plans to assassinate political leaders abroad, particularly in Cuba, and that of the 35th
President of the United States.
1882:
1297:"S.Res.21 - 94th Congress (1975-1976): Resolved, to establish a select committee of the Senate to conduct an investigation and study of governmental operations with respect to intelligence activities"
2251:
165:
By the early years of the 1970s, a series of troubling revelations had appeared in the press concerning intelligence activities. First came the revelations by Army intelligence officer
2221:
652:
2231:
119:
911:
75:
731:
together in resistance to the government, no matter how privately it was done, is within the reach of the government to know. Such is the capability of this technology. (...)
2246:
1616:
Andrew, Christopher (February 1995), "For the
President's Eyes Only: Secret Intelligence and the American Presidency from Washington to Bush," (1 ed., HarperCollins), p. 434
2029:
1939:
2236:
2211:
1981:
1625:
Annie Jacobsen, "Surprise, Kill, Vanish: The Secret History of CIA Paramilitary Armies, Operators, and Assassins," (New York: Little, Brown and Company, 2019), p. 226
2206:
824:
hosted a forum called "Who's Watching the Spies? Intelligence Activities and the Rights of Americans", bringing together two Democratic committee members, former
790:, wrote that the committee "betrayed CIA agents and operations." The committee had not received names, so had none to release, as confirmed by later CIA director
1863:
1410:
952:
203:
attempts on foreign leaders and covert attempts to subvert foreign governments were reported for the first time. In addition, the article discussed efforts by
142:
Without identifying individuals by name, the Church Committee stated that it found fifty journalists who had official, but secret, relationships with the CIA.
1089:
806:
218:
The Church Committee's final report was published in April 1976 in six books. Also published were seven volumes of Church Committee hearings in the Senate.
192:
134:
1789:
1740:
39:
1243:
1001:
889:
1912:
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107:
533:
2142:
1966:
1932:
1842:
1823:
1773:
1514:
817:, denouncing the Bush administration's use of 9/11 to make "monarchist claims" that are "unprecedented on this side of the North Atlantic".
106:), the committee was part of a series of investigations into intelligence abuses in 1975, dubbed the "Year of Intelligence", including its
266:
urged the Senate to withhold the report from the public, but failed, and under recommendations and pressure by the committee, Ford issued
973:
825:
2226:
1435:
US Senate Representatives, Select Committee to study governmental operations with respect to intelligencde agencies (April 26, 1976).
868:
363:
activities ever made available to the public. Much of the contents were classified, but over 50,000 pages were declassified under the
1636:
1373:
1326:
1279:
1156:
1026:
937:"The Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, Foreign and Military Intelligence"
1925:
873:
99:
1872:
1714:
664:
87:
1189:
810:
1670:
1203:
1960:
838:
of Kentucky, and Schwarz to discuss the committee's work, its historical impact, and how it pertains to today's society.
676:
2173:
847:
1987:
1913:
The Church Committee: Idaho's Reaction to Its Senator's Involvement in the Investigation of the Intelligence Community
188:
79:
2023:
1103:
129:, which involved the drugging and torture of unwitting US citizens as part of human experimentation on mind control;
863:
1867:
1081:
936:
916:
1184:
1104:"U.S. Senate: Senate Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities"
289:
150:
91:
83:
1226:"Military surveillance. Hearings .., Ninety-third Congress, second session, on S. 2318., April 9 and 10, 1974"
69:
United States Senate Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities
1887:
360:
204:
667:
had intercepted, opened and photographed more than 215,000 pieces of mail by the time the program (called "
210:
The creation of the Church Committee was approved on January 27, 1975, by a vote of 82 to 4 in the Senate.
2183:
2148:
948:
821:
786:
1797:
1748:
1082:"Church Committee Reports, Interim Report: Alleged Assassination Plots Involving Foreign Leaders, Book I"
603:
589:
133:, which involved the surveillance and infiltration of American political and civil-rights organizations;
2101:
2095:
2089:
2083:
2077:
990:
884:
761:
753:
547:
275:
267:
138:
575:
519:
1411:"National Security Agency Tracking of U.S. Citizens – "Questionable Practices" from 1960s & 1970s"
1390:
505:
285:
was released, titled "Covert Action in Chile: 1963–1973". The rest were kept secret at CIA's request.
51:
1907:
1698:
832:
802:
705:
595:
416:
154:
72:
1864:
National Security Agency Tracking of U.S. Citizens – "Questionable Practices" from 1960s & 1970s
1343:
1296:
1146:
1048:
894:
359:
Together, the Church Committee's reports have been said to constitute the most extensive review of
1436:
561:
2164:
1564:
1251:
906:
900:
744:
As a result of the political pressure created by the revelations of the Church Committee and the
281:
In addition, the committee produced seven case studies on covert operations, but only the one on
235:
179:
170:
1858:
1244:"Huge C.I.A. operation reported in U.S. against antiwar forces, other dissidents in Nixon years"
2010:
2004:
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1369:
1365:
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835:
791:
637:
609:
567:
460:
410:
298:
247:
966:
477:
2135:
2118:
1908:
Flashback: A Look Back at the Church Committee's Investigation into CIA, FBI Misuse of Power
944:
878:
795:
701:
349:
196:
166:
146:
1917:
1483:
1644:
1488:
1453:
852:
697:
693:
581:
553:
491:
454:
448:
342:
338:
310:
294:
231:
223:
149:, a program in which the major telecommunications companies shared their traffic with the
126:
991:"Intelligence Activities and the Rights of Americans – Church Committee final report. II"
1148:
The Rising Clamor: The American Press, the Central Intelligence Agency, and the Cold War
1018:
617:
2060:
1587:
828:
781:
768:
745:
718:
539:
404:
302:
111:
2200:
1763:
1504:
1239:
773:
689:
326:
271:
243:
239:
200:
184:
31:
1893:
1726:
1228:. Washington, U.S. Govt. Print. Off. December 10, 1974 – via Internet Archive.
1225:
655:(HSCA), the second major investigation of the JFK assassination, from 1976 to 1979.
757:
525:
483:
442:
388:
334:
330:
318:
314:
306:
255:
95:
1438:
Book Five - The Investigation of the Assassination of President of John F. Kennedy
859:
House Judiciary Select Subcommittee on the Weaponization of the Federal Government
1678:
17:
1975:
1532:
814:
749:
511:
398:
353:
263:
177:'s Senate investigations produced more revelations. Then on December 22, 1974,
1556:
1441:(First ed.). Washington: US Government Office Publications. pp. 2–8.
1211:
672:
497:
432:
348:
But among the most shocking revelations of the committee was the discovery of
322:
130:
1060:
1902:
668:
623:
422:
207:
agencies to collect information on the political activities of US citizens.
174:
27:
Committee investigating governmental abuses in the US intelligence community
1883:
Recollections from the Church Committee's Investigation of NSA from cia.gov
1204:"Senator Sam Ervin And the Army Spy Scandal Of 1970-1971 | CMHPF.org"
1592:
967:"Project MKULTRA, The CIA'sProgram Of Research InBehavioral Modification"
688:
On May 9, 1975, the Church Committee decided to call acting CIA director
1898:. United States Government Printing Office. April 26, 1976. p. 391.
1534:
The Man Nobody Knew: In Search of My Father, CIA Spymaster William Colby
1151:. Lexington, Kentucky: University Press of Kentucky. pp. 3–4, 10.
805:, for leading to legislation reducing the ability of the CIA to gather
663:
The Church Committee learned that, beginning in the 1950s, the CIA and
365:
President John F. Kennedy Assassination Records Collection Act of 1992
1859:
Church Committee reports (Assassination Archives and Research Center)
1835:
Congress Oversees the United States Intelligence Community, 1947–1989
809:. In response to such criticism, the chief counsel of the committee,
798:
used the allegation in the 1980 election, when Church was defeated.
118:. The committee's efforts led to the establishment of the permanent
1873:
Church Report: Covert Action in Chile 1963-1973 (US Dept. of State)
2242:
Official enquiries concerning the assassination of John F. Kennedy
1693:
1612:
1610:
282:
251:
227:
103:
50:
38:
801:
The Committee's work has more recently been criticized after the
1765:
Unchecked and Unbalanced: Presidential Power in a Time of Terror
259:
1921:
671:") was shut down in 1973. This program was all done under the "
1744:
1560:
1459:
855:(established to investigate Australia's intelligence agencies)
137:, a CIA program to covertly assassinate foreign leaders; and
1878:
Interviews with William Colby and Richard Helms from cia.gov
1790:"UK Hosts Historical Reunion of Members of Church Committee"
1506:
Lost Crusader: The Secret Wars of CIA Director William Colby
1208:
Preservation & Resale of Historic Real Estate Nationwide
1972:
National Intelligence Reorganization and Reform Act (1978)
716:
On August 17, 1975 Senator Frank Church appeared on NBC's
278:) to ban US sanctioned assassinations of foreign leaders.
2217:
Investigations and hearings of the United States Congress
941:
Church Committee report, no. 94-755, 94th Cong., 2d Sess
722:, and discussed the NSA, without mentioning it by name:
1344:"Alleged assassination plots involving foreign leaders"
1023:
National Security Archive, George Washington University
778:
organizations and individuals in American journalism."
735:
abyss. That is the abyss from which there is no return.
631:
Investigation into the assassination of John F. Kennedy
125:
The most shocking revelations of the committee include
1694:"Congressional Oversight and the Crippling of the CIA"
1131:. U.S. Government Printing Office. December 4–5, 1975.
1129:
Church Committee Commission, Volume VII, Covert Action
764:, which in some ways expanded Executive Order 11905.
1537:(Motion picture). New York City: Act 4 Entertainment
912:
Unethical human experimentation in the United States
2128:
2111:
2070:
2045:
1996:
1953:
1715:"State Terrorism and September 11, 1973 & 2001"
57:
Intelligence Activities and the Rights of Americans
1888:Church Committee Reports (Mary Ferrell Foundation)
2030:U.S. Commission on National Security/21st Century
1454:"House Select Committee on Assassinations (HSCA)"
1086:Assassination Archives and Public Research Center
173:'s spying on the civilian population and Senator
153:, and officially confirmed the existence of this
1982:Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act
684:The Ford administration and the Church Committee
2252:Select Committees of the United States Congress
1762:Schwarz, Frederick A. O.; Huq, Aziz Z. (2007).
1308:
1306:
881:(included in the classified part of the report)
724:
2222:Defunct committees of the United States Senate
1816:A Season of Inquiry, Congress and Intelligence
1362:Safe for Democracy: The Secret Wars of the CIA
1315:Safe for Democracy: The Secret Wars of the CIA
1268:Safe for Democracy: The Secret Wars of the CIA
1933:
1588:"Post-September 11, NSA 'enemies' include us"
1405:
1403:
8:
2232:Publications of the United States government
1837:. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press.
2247:1976 disestablishments in Washington, D.C.
1940:
1926:
1918:
1049:"A glimpse into the CIA's 'family jewels'"
998:US Senate Select Committee on Intelligence
270:(ultimately replaced in 1981 by President
120:US Senate Select Committee on Intelligence
1741:"Debate: Bush's handling of terror clues"
1664:
1662:
1145:Hadley, David P. (2019). "Introduction".
191:over the years that had been dubbed the "
157:agency to the public for the first time.
78:in 1975 that investigated abuses by the
1948:Intelligence reform in the United States
1531:Carl Colby (director) (September 2011).
1452:Mary Ferrel Foundation (March 4, 2023).
1140:
1138:
1007:from the original on September 16, 2015.
1000:. United States Senate. April 26, 1976.
653:House Select Committee on Assassinations
374:
2237:1975 establishments in Washington, D.C.
2212:Reports of the United States government
928:
890:Presidential Emergency Action Documents
651:It participated in the creation of the
470:
187:detailing operations engaged in by the
2207:Central Intelligence Agency operations
2036:Weapons of Mass Destruction Commission
1567:from the original on December 12, 2021
1342:Church Committee (November 20, 1975).
1192:from the original on November 3, 2013.
979:from the original on February 2, 2019.
813:, retorted with a book co-authored by
784:, editor of the conservative magazine
1967:Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act
1692:Knott, Stephen F (November 4, 2001).
1586:Bamford, James (September 13, 2011).
1484:"The government is reading your mail"
1430:
1428:
692:. That same day Ford's top advisers (
7:
1903:Church Committee Report On Diem Coup
1796:. September 14, 2006. Archived from
1092:from the original on April 22, 2008.
1029:from the original on August 20, 2017
1557:"The Intelligence Gathering Debate"
1391:"Covert Action in Chile: 1963-1973"
955:from the original on June 26, 2003.
826:Vice President of the United States
1669:Mooney, Chris (November 5, 2001).
1482:Benjamin, Mark (January 5, 2007).
1295:John, Pastore (January 27, 1975).
869:Human rights violations by the CIA
55:Church Committee report (Book II:
25:
45:Foreign and Military Intelligence
43:Church Committee report (Book I:
30:Not to be confused with the 2005
616:
602:
588:
574:
560:
546:
532:
518:
504:
490:
476:
94:(IRS). Chaired by Idaho Senator
2170:Clifford–Cline Proposals (1976)
1713:Burbach, Roger (October 2003).
665:Federal Bureau of Investigation
472:Members of the Church Committee
183:published a lengthy article by
88:Federal Bureau of Investigation
2154:The Bruce–Lovett Report (1956)
1747:. May 19, 2002. Archived from
34:about US detention operations.
1:
2160:The Kirkpatrick Report (1961)
1961:National Security Act of 1947
1180:"Excerpt: "No Place to Hide""
2143:Dulles–Jackson–Correa Report
1833:Smist, Frank J. Jr. (1990).
712:Results of the investigation
677:United States Postal Service
288:According to a declassified
1988:Protect America Act of 2007
1794:University of Kentucky News
1509:. Oxford University Press.
1460:https://www.maryferrell.org
1413:. National Security Archive
811:Frederick A. O. Schwarz Jr.
80:Central Intelligence Agency
2268:
748:investigations, President
429:
385:
29:
2227:Lockheed bribery scandals
2119:Iran–Contra Investigation
1868:National Security Archive
1818:. Chicago: Dorsey Press.
1814:Johnson, Loch K. (1988).
1389:Church Committee (1975).
1019:"The CIA's Family Jewels"
917:Special Activities Center
2157:The Taylor Report (1961)
1458:Mary Ferrel Foundation (
1317:. Ivan R. Dee. pp.
771:wrote an article in the
290:National Security Agency
92:Internal Revenue Service
84:National Security Agency
2174:Boren–McCurdy proposals
1768:. New York: New Press.
1671:"The American Prospect"
1637:"THE CIA AND THE MEDIA"
1364:. Ivan R. Dee. p.
1270:. Ivan R. Dee. p.
848:FBI–King suicide letter
836:Walter "Dee" Huddleston
820:In September 2006, the
169:in January 1970 of the
114:, and the presidential
2184:9/11 Commission Report
2024:Aspin–Brown Commission
2018:Rockefeller Commission
949:United States Congress
822:University of Kentucky
787:The American Spectator
767:In 1977, the reporter
737:
381:Minority (Republican)
378:Majority (Democratic)
116:Rockefeller Commission
60:
48:
1641:www.carlbernstein.com
1503:Prados, John (2006).
1360:Prados, John (2006).
1313:Prados, John (2006).
1266:Prados, John (2006).
1242:(December 22, 1974).
951:. 1976. p. 392.
885:Operation Mockingbird
864:Hughes–Ryan Amendment
782:R. Emmett Tyrrell Jr.
762:Executive Order 12036
754:Executive Order 11905
276:Executive Order 12333
268:Executive Order 11905
139:Operation Mockingbird
54:
42:
2149:The Doolittle Report
1729:on February 1, 2008.
1725:(10). Archived from
1699:History News Network
1681:on December 5, 2006.
803:September 11 attacks
155:signals intelligence
1647:on October 25, 2013
1563:. August 18, 1975.
1299:. www.congress.gov.
1214:on August 29, 2005.
895:Project Mockingbird
794:. However, Senator
199:programs involving
2165:Schlesinger Report
2104:(G. W. Bush, 2008)
2098:(G. W. Bush, 2004)
1800:on March 20, 2008.
1751:on April 29, 2011.
1252:The New York Times
1088:. April 26, 1976.
1053:The New York Times
972:. August 3, 1977.
907:Surveillance abuse
901:The Shadow Factory
807:human intelligence
350:Operation SHAMROCK
236:Dominican Republic
180:The New York Times
145:It also unearthed
61:
49:
2194:
2193:
2011:Hoover Commission
2005:Hoover Commission
1866:published by the
1844:978-0-87049-651-6
1825:978-0-256-06320-2
1775:978-1-59558-117-4
1635:Bernstein, Carl.
1516:978-0-19-512847-5
1055:. June 26, 2007.
874:JFK Assassination
792:George H. W. Bush
638:Warren Commission
610:Richard Schweiker
568:Walter Huddleston
469:
468:
461:Richard Schweiker
411:Walter Huddleston
371:Committee members
127:Operation MKULTRA
110:counterpart, the
18:Church Commission
16:(Redirected from
2259:
2136:Eberstadt Report
2071:Executive orders
2054:Church Committee
1942:
1935:
1928:
1919:
1899:
1848:
1829:
1802:
1801:
1786:
1780:
1779:
1759:
1753:
1752:
1737:
1731:
1730:
1710:
1704:
1703:
1689:
1683:
1682:
1677:. Archived from
1666:
1657:
1656:
1654:
1652:
1643:. Archived from
1632:
1626:
1623:
1617:
1614:
1605:
1604:
1602:
1600:
1583:
1577:
1576:
1574:
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1286:
1285:
1263:
1257:
1256:
1248:
1236:
1230:
1229:
1222:
1216:
1215:
1210:. Archived from
1200:
1194:
1193:
1176:
1170:
1169:
1167:
1165:
1142:
1133:
1132:
1125:
1119:
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1116:
1114:
1100:
1094:
1093:
1078:
1072:
1071:
1069:
1067:
1045:
1039:
1038:
1036:
1034:
1025:. May 16, 1973.
1015:
1009:
1008:
1006:
995:
987:
981:
980:
978:
971:
963:
957:
956:
945:Washington, D.C.
933:
879:Operation Gladio
702:Philip W. Buchen
620:
606:
592:
578:
564:
550:
536:
522:
508:
494:
480:
419:, North Carolina
375:
356:administration.
354:President Ford's
167:Christopher Pyle
147:Project SHAMROCK
76:select committee
65:Church Committee
21:
2267:
2266:
2262:
2261:
2260:
2258:
2257:
2256:
2197:
2196:
2195:
2190:
2124:
2107:
2066:
2041:
1992:
1949:
1946:
1892:
1855:
1845:
1832:
1826:
1813:
1810:
1808:Further reading
1805:
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484:Frank Church
443:Howard Baker
436:
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361:intelligence
358:
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331:Howard Baker
319:Otis G. Pike
315:Gregory Peck
307:Art Buchwald
287:
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1651:November 9,
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815:Aziz Z. Huq
796:Jim McClure
750:Gerald Ford
673:mail covers
512:Philip Hart
445:, Tennessee
407:, Minnesota
399:Philip Hart
264:Gerald Ford
2201:Categories
2046:Committees
2003:The First
924:References
833:US Senator
706:John Marsh
498:John Tower
457:, Maryland
433:John Tower
425:, Colorado
413:, Kentucky
401:, Michigan
323:Tom Wicker
161:Background
131:COINTELPRO
1489:Salon.com
1061:0362-4331
740:Aftermath
669:HTLINGUAL
624:Gary Hart
451:, Arizona
423:Gary Hart
175:Sam Ervin
73:US Senate
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2090:EO 12333
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2078:EO 11905
1593:Politico
1565:Archived
1467:March 4,
1190:Archived
1185:ABC News
1090:Archived
1027:Archived
1002:Archived
974:Archived
953:Archived
842:See also
393:Chairman
214:Overview
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2129:Reports
1571:May 28,
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1164:June 8,
760:issued
752:issued
439:, Texas
395:, Idaho
246:, Gen.
234:of the
171:US Army
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2187:(2004)
2176:(1992)
2167:(1971)
2151:(1954)
2145:(1949)
2138:(1947)
2121:(1987)
2063:(1976)
2056:(1976)
2038:(2005)
2032:(2001)
2026:(1995)
2020:(1975)
2013:(1953)
1984:(2004)
1978:(2001)
1969:(1978)
1963:(1947)
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2016:The
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