1272:, a commander during the New Mexican Campaign. Red River Canyon being very narrow and full of thick, deep mud, Major Edmundson was forced to dismount his cavalry and proceed in the attack on foot with the infantry. Now all on foot, the Americans pushed forward and began to break up the ambush. The Mexicans and natives were repulsed but soon regrouped and assaulted the American position. The Americans slowly made an organized retreat, the withdrawal being covered by a Lieutenant Elliot and his Laclede rangers. At sunrise, the Americans reformed and reentered the canyon, where they discovered that the Mexicans and natives had retreated just before their arrival.
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mixture of violence and justice-a strange middle ground between martial and common law. After an absence of a few minutes the jury returned with a verdict, "Guilty in the first degree". Five for murder, one for treason. Treason, indeed! What did the poor devil know about his new allegiance? ... I left the room, sick at heart. Justice! Out upon the word when its distorted meaning is a warrant for murdering those who defended to the last their country and their homes.
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served as court interpreter. Since the Anglo community in Taos was small, and several men had been killed by the rebels, the jury pool was extremely limited. The court was in session for fifteen days. The jury found 15 men guilty of murder and treason (under the new US rule), and the judges sentenced
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The rebel force killed and scalped several other government officials, along with others seen as related to the new US territorial government. Among those killed were
Stephen Lee, acting county sheriff; Cornelio Vigil, prefect and probate judge; and J.W. Leal, circuit attorney. "It appeared," wrote
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It certainly did appear to be a great assumption of the part of the
Americans to conquer a country and then arraign the revolting inhabitants for treason. American judges sat on the bench, New Mexicans and Americans filled the jury box, and an American soldiery guarded the halls. Verily, a strange
1178:, the father of Narcisse Beaubien, who had been killed on January 19. Both men had previously been appointed as judges to the New Mexico Territory Superior Court by the late Gov. Bent in August of the previous year. George Bent, Charles' brother, was elected foreman of the jury. The jury included
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An issue more significant than the galling daily insults was that many New
Mexican citizens feared that their land titles, issued by the Mexican government, would not be recognized by the United States. They worried that American sympathizers would prosper at their expense. Following Kearny's
939:
crushed the rebellion of the
Hispano and Pueblo people. The New Mexicans, seeking better representation, regrouped and fought three more engagements, but after being defeated, they abandoned open warfare. Hatred of New Mexicans for the occupying American army combined with the oft-exercised
1370:
991:, "to interpose your authority to compel the soldiers to respect the rights of the inhabitants. These outrages are becoming so frequent that I apprehend serious consequences must result sooner or later if measures are not taken to prevent them.
1131:, the US breached a wall of the church and directed cannon fire into the interior, inflicting many casualties and killing about 150 rebels. They captured 400 more men after close hand-to-hand fighting. Seven US troops died in the battle.
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and their Pueblo allies. The ensuing battle resulted in an
American retreat to the banks of Cienega Creek. They were able to hold their position until Captain Shepherd's company arrived, "vanquishing the enemy".
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Holaway and
Robinson, were marching at almost sunset along the Red (Canadian) River. They had just entered Red River Canyon when ambushed by an estimated 500 Mexicans and natives, according to reports given to
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1048:, where they broke down the door, shot Bent with arrows, and scalped him in front of his family. After they moved on, Bent was still alive. With his wife Ignacia and children, and the wives of friends
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1056:, the group escaped by digging through the adobe walls of their house into the one next door. When the insurgents discovered the party, they killed Bent, but left the women and children unharmed.
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On April 9, the US forces hanged six of the convicted insurgents in the Taos plaza; all but one were convicted of murder, and he of treason. This was the first execution by hanging in the
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rebelliousness of Taos residents against authority imposed on them from elsewhere were causes of the revolt. In the aftermath of the revolt the
Americans executed at least 28 rebels. The
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The US military moved quickly to quash the revolt; Col. Price led more than 300 US troops from Santa Fe to Taos, together with 65 volunteers, including a few New
Mexicans, organized by
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Colonel Price, "to be the object of the insurrectionists to put to death every
American and every Mexican who had accepted office under the American government."
1388:
Lyckman, Ernest (1988). "A Review of the Ranch, Trading Post, Mill and
Distillery of Simeon Turley, Canoncito, Arroyo Hondo, Taos County, New Mexico 1830-1847".
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uprising. When the plans were discovered by the US authorities, the dissenters postponed the uprising. They attracted numerous Native American allies, including
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The revolt did not end after the Siege of Taos. New Mexican rebels engaged U.S. forces three more times in the following months. The actions are known as the
1112:, the business partner of the brothers William and Charles Bent. Along the way, the combined forces beat back a force of some 1,500 Hispanos and Puebloans at
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As other occupation troops have done at other times and places have done, they undertook to act like conquerors." Gov. Bent implored Price's superior,
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1207:. Two weeks later, the US forces executed five more. In all, the US hanged at least 28 men in Taos in response to the revolt. A year later, the
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Many New Mexicans were unreconciled to Armijo's surrender; they also resented their treatment by U.S. soldiers, which Governor Bent described:
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Wah-to-yah and the Taos Trail; or Prairie Travel and Scalp Dances, with a Look at Los Rancheros from Muleback and the Rocky Mountain Camp-fire
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reviewed the case. He said that the one man hanged for treason, Hipolito "Polo" Salazar, might have been wrongfully convicted. The
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On the morning of January 19, 1847, the insurrectionists began the revolt in Don Fernando de Taos, present-day
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McNierney, Michael, "Taos 1847, The Revolt In Contemporary Accounts" Boulder, CO, Johnson Publishing, 1980,
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The next day a large armed force of approximately 500 Hispanos and Puebloans attacked and laid siege to
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and several other Americans were killed by the rebels. In two short campaigns, United States troops and
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The next day, US officials ordered the execution of some of the captives in the plaza in a "drumhead
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Moore, Mike. "John Albert: One of Colorado's Own". (need url and website info) Retrieved 2006-09-16.
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in 1848 guaranteed the property rights of New Mexico's Hispanic and Native American residents.
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1166:. Price then set up a military court in Taos to try more of the captured insurgents under
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on their way to Missouri. At most 16 Americans were killed in both actions on January 20.
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were left at the mill for defense. After a day-long battle, only two of the mountain men,
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1567:, first published in 1850; reprint, Norman, Oklahoma: 1955, University of Oklahoma Press
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The History of the Military Occupation of the Territory of New Mexico from 1846 to 1851
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Crutchfield, James A., "Tragedy at Taos, The Revolt Of 1847", Republic of Texas Press,
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troops. On July 9, 1847 a detachment of thirty-one men, belonging to Captain Morin's
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Connor, Buck. "Thomas Tate Tobin". (need url and website info) Retrieved 2006-09-17.
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1659:, Center for Greater Southwestern Studies, the University of Texas at Arlington
1317:. On this early morning the Americans were attacked by two hundred New Mexican
1390:
Ayer y Hoy en Taos: Yesterday and Today in Taos County and Northern New Mexico
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1442:(reprint ed.). Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. pp. 214–215.
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1371:"From New Mexico: Headquarters Army in New Mexico, Santa Fe, Feb 15, 1847"
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A separate force of US troops campaigned against the rebels in Mora. The
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and destroyed the village, which ended the Mora campaign of the revolt.
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1570:
Herrera, Carlos R., "New Mexico Resistance to U.S. Occupation", in
1182:, a brother-in-law of Beaubien; and several friends of the Bents.
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The Little Lion of the Southwest: A Life of Manuel Antonio Chaves
1313:
were stationed close to Cienega Creek about eighteen miles from
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without firing a shot. When Kearny departed with his forces for
763:
388:
274:
1422:. Garden City, New York: Doubleday & Company. p. 285.
1632:, Denver, Colorado: The Smith-Brooks Company Publishers, 1909
1287:. The battle occurred on July 9, 1847 and was fought between
1359:, Garden City, NY: Doubleday and Company, Inc., 1954, p. 273
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Romero led a Native American force to the house of Governor
1008:, who also wanted to push the Americans from the territory.
1124:, where they took refuge in the thick-walled adobe church.
1560:
Durand, John, 'The Taos Massacres,' Puzzlebox Press, 2004.
1543:, Pueblo, Colorado: Pueblo County Historical Society, 2004
1080:, an employee at the mill, saw the men coming. He rode to
952:
In August 1846, the territory of New Mexico, then under
1572:
The Contested Homeland, A Chicano History of New Mexico
1407:. Guilford, CT: The Globe Pequot Press. pp. 41–43.
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in command of U.S. forces in New Mexico. He appointed
1591:
Niles' National Register, NNR 72.038, March 20, 1847
1283:: the last engagement of the Taos Revolt during the
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for help from the occupying US forces. Eight to ten
1574:, Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2000
1392:(6). Taos, NM: Taos County Historical Society: 3–5.
1646:. Santa FĂ©: R. E. Twitchell, 1925, p. 146.
1375:Wilmington Journal (Wilmington, North Carolina)
32:
1215:agreed. All other convictions were affirmed.
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980:as New Mexico's first territorial governor.
27:Insurrection in New Mexico Territory in 1847
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1337:List of assassinated American politicians
1657:A Continent Divided: The U.S.–Mexico War
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1174:, a close friend of Charles Bent; and
1693:Native American history of New Mexico
923:' occupation of present-day northern
7:
1713:Rebellions against the United States
880:United States occupation of Veracruz
1698:Pre-statehood history of New Mexico
1227:, the Battle of Las Vegas, and the
1070:Simeon Turley's mill and distillery
1213:Supreme Court of the United States
1194:, described the trial and events:
1162:", including the leader "Montojo"
25:
1728:Events that led to courts-martial
1369:Price, Sterling (30 April 1847).
1723:1847 in the Mexican-American War
1037:, a Taos Puebloan also known as
956:rule, fell to U.S. forces under
229:
207:
111:
46:
1683:New Mexico and Arizona campaign
1436:Garrard, Lewis Hector (1955) .
1076:, several miles north of Taos.
1064:Arroyo Hondo and Mora massacres
302:New Mexico and Arizona Campaign
1718:Military history of New Mexico
1617:, Chicago: The Swallow Press.
1403:Crutchfield, James A. (1995).
1209:United States Secretary of War
1120:. The insurgents retreated to
1:
1565:Wah-to-yah and the Taos Trail
1490:Wah-to-yah and the Taos Trail
1477:Wah-to-yah and the Taos Trail
828:Walker's expedition to Mexico
1708:1847 in New Mexico Territory
1688:History of Taos, New Mexico
1235:The Red River Canyon affair
942:Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
1744:
1628:Twitchell, Ralph Emerson,
1594:Perkins, James E. (1999).
1239:Battle of Red River Canyon
1225:Battle of Red River Canyon
369:Battle of Red River Canyon
94:American strategic victory
1452:– via Google Books.
1405:It Happened in New Mexico
1170:. He appointed as judges
996:departure, dissenters in
803:
426:
313:Mexican-American Conflict
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258:
239:
135:
104:
64:
45:
37:
1606:. Online book review at
1526:, Cincinnati: U.P. James
1418:Lavender, David (1954).
565:Northern Mexican Theater
96:Mexican tactical Victory
1678:19th-century rebellions
1596:Tom Tobin: Frontiersman
1563:Garrard, Lewis Hector,
1281:Battle of Cienega Creek
1229:Battle of Cienega Creek
1114:Santa Cruz de la Cañada
989:Col. Alexander Doniphan
931:. Provisional governor
374:Battle of Cienega Creek
364:Siege of Pueblo de Taos
72:January 19–July 9, 1847
54:Siege of Pueblo de Taos
1613:Simmons, Marc (1973).
1201:
993:
675:Pacific Coast Campaign
262:~20 killed, including
136:Commanders and leaders
1524:Doniphan's Expedition
1332:History of New Mexico
1196:
1148:Second Battle of Mora
985:
850:San Elizario Salt War
793:Mexican–American wars
712:2nd San Jose del Cabo
707:1st San Jose del Cabo
586:Santa Cruz de Rosales
359:Second Battle of Mora
354:Battle of Embudo Pass
240:Casualties and losses
60:'s death (far right).
1522:Hughes, J.T., 1847,
1285:Mexican–American War
1192:Lewis Hector Garrard
1136:First Battle of Mora
958:Stephen Watts Kearny
929:Mexican–American War
909:popular insurrection
813:Mexican-American War
592:Mexico City Campaign
419:Mexican–American War
349:First Battle of Mora
330:Battle of El Brazito
260:Civilian casualties:
40:Mexican–American War
1598:, Herodotus Press.
1539:Broadhead, Edward,
1488:Garrard, Lewis H.,
1475:Garrard, Lewis H.,
1241:: on May 26, 1847,
1176:Charles H. Beaubien
1029:. They were led by
1017:Taos assassinations
964:surrendered at the
919:allies against the
911:in January 1847 by
808:Capture of Monterey
508:New Mexico Campaign
460:California Campaign
320:Capture of Santa Fe
1303:United States Army
1270:Alexander Doniphan
1248:Edmondson, with a
1243:United States Army
972:, he left Colonel
966:Battle of Santa Fe
885:Mexican Expedition
870:Mexican Revolution
453:Resaca de la Palma
1642:Twitchell, R. E.
1583:978-0-933472-07-5
1557:, Plano, TX 1995.
1355:Lavender, David.
1140:Israel R. Hendley
1094:Thomas Tate Tobin
1090:John David Albert
1041:(Little Thomas).
1033:, a Hispano, and
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325:Capture of Tucson
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1219:Further fighting
1138:, under Captain
1078:Charles Autobees
1023:Taos, New Mexico
1006:Puebloan peoples
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860:Garza Revolution
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1637:Further reading
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1479:, pp. 197–198
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1172:Joab Houghton
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1161:
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254:~400 captured
249:
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235:Manuel Cortez
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19:
1644:Old Santa FĂ©
1643:
1629:
1614:
1610:. (need url)
1607:
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1377:. p. 2.
1374:
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1309:of American
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1234:
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1197:
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1126:
1107:
1086:mountain men
1074:Arroyo Hondo
1067:
1058:
1054:Thomas Boggs
1046:Charles Bent
1043:
1038:
1035:Tomás Romero
1020:
994:
986:
982:
978:Charles Bent
951:
933:Charles Bent
904:
902:
817:
717:Todos Santos
608:2nd Veracruz
598:1st Veracruz
336:
259:
247:~103 wounded
226:Tomás Romero
219:
214:Jesus Tafoya
197:
192:Pablo Chavez
180:
164:
159:John Burgwin
148:
143:Charles Bent
105:Belligerents
58:John Burgwin
56:, depicting
38:Part of the
1703:Taos Pueblo
1673:Taos Revolt
1608:Denver Post
1464:Bent's Fort
1420:Bent's Fort
1357:Bent's Fort
1289:New Mexican
1205:Taos Valley
1127:During the
1122:Taos Pueblo
1118:Embudo Pass
1104:US response
1027:Taos Pueblo
1025:and nearby
960:. Governor
927:during the
905:Taos Revolt
831: [
818:Taos Revolt
797:(1845–1920)
749:2nd Tabasco
744:1st Tabasco
668:Zacualtipan
638:Mexico City
633:Chapultepec
613:Cerro Gordo
576:Buena Vista
539:Embudo Pass
492:San Pasqual
472:Los Angeles
337:Taos Revolt
33:Taos Revolt
1667:Categories
1534:References
1462:Lavender,
1292:insurgents
1050:Kit Carson
1000:plotted a
970:California
948:Background
925:New Mexico
890:Bandit War
875:Border War
840:Reform War
739:3rd Tuxpan
734:2nd Tuxpan
729:1st Tuxpan
702:2nd La Paz
697:1st La Paz
623:Churubusco
524:El Brazito
443:Fort Texas
250:~11 killed
245:367 killed
83:New Mexico
1279:, or the
1237:, or the
1168:civil law
1154:Aftermath
1146:, in the
1002:Christmas
658:Matamoros
648:Huamantla
618:Contreras
571:Monterrey
487:Natividad
448:Palo Alto
81:Northern
1492:, p. 228
1466:, p. 264
1326:See also
1311:infantry
1262:Captains
1254:infantry
1082:Santa Fe
1039:Tomasito
998:Santa Fe
544:2nd Mora
534:1st Mora
514:Santa Fe
467:Monterey
129:Puebloan
77:Location
1319:militia
1307:company
1299:natives
1267:Colonel
1258:cavalry
1250:company
954:Mexican
937:militia
913:Hispano
682:Guaymas
653:Atlixco
502:La Mesa
220:†
198:†
181:†
165:†
149:†
124:Hispano
1621:
1602:
1581:
1553:
1446:
1296:Pueblo
1260:under
1012:Revolt
917:Pueblo
907:was a
687:Mulegé
643:Puebla
603:Polkos
529:Cañada
519:Tucson
228:
216:
206:
194:
177:
161:
145:
131:rebels
126:rebels
116:
91:Result
1343:Notes
1246:Major
835:]
477:Chino
141:Gov.
1619:ISBN
1600:ISBN
1579:ISBN
1551:ISBN
1444:ISBN
1301:and
1275:The
1256:and
1116:and
1098:Mora
1092:and
1052:and
915:and
903:The
69:Date
52:The
1072:in
1669::
1497:^
1428:^
1373:.
1294:,
833:es
1625:.
1585:.
783:e
776:t
769:v
408:e
401:t
394:v
294:e
287:t
280:v
20:)
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