31:
479:
105:, she is more often shown as a fierce skull-faced old woman carrying the spears and shield of a warrior. Childbirth was sometimes compared to warfare and the women who died in childbirth were honored as fallen warriors. Their spirits, the
399:
translated and edited by Arthur J.O. Anderson and
Charles Dibble, Monographs of the school of American research, no 14. 13. parts Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press
1106:
1321:
529:
436:
1096:
1326:
109:, were depicted with skeletal faces like Cihuacōātl. Like her, the Cihuateteo were thought to haunt crossroads at night to steal children.
356:
325:
1391:
1271:
129:
supervised the internal affairs of the land as opposed to the Aztec ruler, who oversaw the affairs of the Aztec state. The
88:, whom she abandoned at a crossroads. Tradition says that she often returns there to weep for her lost son, only to find a
429:
1442:
1432:
30:
1366:
1336:
301:
1171:
1131:
1437:
1341:
1216:
1211:
1427:
1422:
422:
1246:
616:
499:
1311:
1055:
916:
911:
65:
725:
463:
1291:
98:
Cihuacōātl held political symbolism as she represented victory for the Mexica state and the ruling class.
467:
1371:
20:
1256:
906:
1401:
1381:
1361:
1351:
1346:
1281:
1261:
1241:
1226:
1221:
1196:
1101:
1076:
606:
557:
1186:
567:
1286:
1201:
1050:
633:
1141:
870:
730:
710:
537:
487:
850:
805:
705:
690:
665:
317:
1231:
57:
1386:
1191:
1022:
584:
362:
352:
331:
321:
61:
1017:
133:
commanded the army of
Tenochtitlan to the emperor. During the course of the 15th century AD,
1356:
1301:
1176:
1116:
1086:
1081:
1012:
775:
735:
655:
596:
190:
34:
Stone statue of Cihuacōātl, showing her framed by the mouth of a serpent, holding an ear of
24:
411:
by Diego Duran, translated and edited by
Fernando Horcasitas and Doris Heyden, Chapter XIII
1251:
1181:
1146:
967:
740:
562:
547:
445:
89:
46:
860:
695:
102:
1296:
1166:
1126:
1091:
941:
815:
760:
670:
459:
392:, edited by Gordon Ekholm and Ignacio Bernal, vol. 10, pp. 395–445. Austin, Tex., 1971.
1416:
1316:
1161:
936:
855:
755:
750:
720:
715:
680:
601:
211:
1396:
1376:
1236:
1121:
1111:
987:
951:
880:
820:
810:
621:
589:
509:
504:
122:
69:
1027:
310:
1331:
1306:
1276:
1266:
1156:
1151:
1136:
1071:
1007:
982:
921:
885:
865:
825:
626:
611:
542:
312:
An
Illustrated Dictionary of the Gods and Symbols of Ancient Mexico and the Maya
219:
142:
53:
1206:
1002:
992:
977:
946:
926:
901:
685:
514:
305:
215:
166:
106:
1045:
931:
845:
840:
745:
366:
335:
146:
134:
77:
972:
579:
478:
800:
785:
780:
765:
660:
650:
552:
518:
405:
by Diego Durán, translated, annoted and with introduction by Doris Heyden
348:
154:
85:
830:
790:
770:
700:
645:
875:
795:
414:
388:
Nicholson, Henry B. “Religion in Pre-Hispanic
Central Mexico.” In
195:
150:
92:
81:
35:
101:
Although she was sometimes depicted as a young woman, similar to
52:
Cihuacōātl was especially associated with midwives, and with the
835:
223:
73:
19:
This article is about the goddess. For the political title, see
418:
383:
Rethinking
Cihuacoatl: Political Imagery of the Conquered Woman
45:
was one of a number of motherhood and fertility goddesses in
121:
was used as a title for one of the low functionaries of
397:
Florentine Codex: History of the Things of New Spain,
269:
267:
265:
263:
261:
1064:
1036:
960:
894:
528:
486:
452:
72:create the current race of humanity by grinding up
309:
284:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Mesoamerican Cultures
430:
56:where midwives practiced. She is paired with
8:
437:
423:
415:
282:Baquedano, Elizabeth. "Earth Deities." In
343:Read, Kay Almere; Jason González (2000).
60:and was considered a protectress of the
49:. She was sometimes known as Quilaztli.
29:
1322:Romances de los señores de Nueva España
286:. : Oxford University Press, 2001.
239:
179:
403:The History of the Indies of New Spain
189:
7:
64:people and patroness of the city of
395:Sahagún, Bernardino de, 1950–1982,
390:Handbook of Middle American Indians
345:Handbook of Mesoamerican Mythology
273:Miller and Taube 1993, 2003, p.61.
246:Miller and Taube 1993, 2003, p.60.
14:
1217:Lienzo de Coixtlahuaca I & II
462:: Ometēcuthli and Omecihuātl (or
477:
23:. For the Codex Cihuacoatl, see
1392:Codex Vindobonensis Mexicanus I
1272:Oztoticpac Lands Map of Texcoco
1222:Lienzo de Santa María Nativitas
409:The Book of the Gods and Rites,
1232:Lienzo de Zacatepec I & II
1:
84:. She is also the mother of
1367:Historia Tolteca-Chichimeca
1227:Lienzo de Santiago Ihuitlan
191:[s̻iwaˈkoː(ʷ)aːt͡ɬ]
113:Functionary of Tenochtitlan
1459:
1327:Codex Santa Maria Asunción
1107:Boban Aztec Calendar Wheel
18:
1342:Codex Telleriano-Remensis
1132:Mapas de Cuauhtinchan 1-4
1102:Codices Becker I & II
475:
125:, the Aztec capital. The
80:, and mixing it with his
1282:Plano en papel de maguey
1092:Codices Azoyú I & II
1077:Aubin Manuscript no. 20
169:(a similar modern myth)
1212:Lienzo Antonio de León
187:Nahuatl pronunciation:
39:
1372:Codex Totomixtlahuaca
1312:Relación de Michoacán
1262:Códice Maya de México
1247:Matrícula de Tributos
1172:Codex Fejérváry-Mayer
617:Tlāhuizcalpantecuhtli
141:under four emperors:
33:
21:Cihuacoatl (position)
1402:Codex Zouche-Nuttall
1352:Anales de Tlatelolco
1242:Codex Magliabechiano
492:(Four Tezcatlipocas)
1443:Childhood goddesses
1433:Fertility goddesses
1292:Codex Porfirio Díaz
1287:Primeros Memoriales
1202:Codex Ixtlilxochitl
1197:Humboldt fragment 1
1187:Códice de Huichapan
1097:Badianus Manuscript
1051:The Stinking Corpse
318:Thames & Hudson
1257:Crónica Mexicayotl
1142:Codex Chimalpopoca
731:Itzpapalotlcihuatl
711:Huitztlampaehecatl
572:Tezcatlipoca (see
538:Lords of the Night
40:
1410:
1409:
1387:Codex Vaticanus B
1347:Tira de Tepechpan
1192:Codex Huexotzinco
1137:Codex Chimalpahin
1056:Use of entheogens
1023:Tlillan-Tlapallan
917:Centzon Tōtōchtin
912:Centzonhuītznāhua
638:Acuecueyotl (see
493:
255:Read 2000, p.147.
38:in her left hand.
1450:
1438:Mother goddesses
1357:Codex Tlatelolco
1177:Codex Florentine
1117:Codex Borbonicus
1087:Codex Azcatitlan
1082:Aubin Tonalamatl
1013:Thirteen Heavens
776:Mictlanpachecatl
736:Itzpapalotltotec
656:Chalchiuhtotolin
597:Lords of the Day
491:
481:
439:
432:
425:
416:
381:Klein, Cecelia.
370:
339:
315:
287:
280:
274:
271:
256:
253:
247:
244:
227:
208:
202:
193:
188:
184:
25:Codex Borbonicus
1458:
1457:
1453:
1452:
1451:
1449:
1448:
1447:
1428:Death goddesses
1423:Aztec goddesses
1413:
1412:
1411:
1406:
1252:Codex Mexicanus
1182:Codex Huamantla
1157:Codex Cozcatzin
1147:Codex Colombino
1060:
1038:
1032:
956:
907:Centzonmīmixcōa
890:
741:Itztlacoliuhqui
640:Chalchiuhtlicue
563:Piltzintecuhtli
548:Chalchiuhtlicue
524:
500:Huītzilōpōchtli
490:
482:
473:
448:
446:Aztec mythology
443:
385:. Oxford, 1988.
378:
376:Further reading
373:
359:
342:
328:
300:
296:
291:
290:
281:
277:
272:
259:
254:
250:
245:
241:
236:
231:
230:
209:
205:
186:
185:
181:
176:
163:
115:
47:Aztec mythology
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1456:
1454:
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1445:
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1435:
1430:
1425:
1415:
1414:
1408:
1407:
1405:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1382:Anales de Tula
1379:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1297:Mapa Quinatzin
1294:
1289:
1284:
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1274:
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1264:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1239:
1234:
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1224:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1127:Codex Boturini
1124:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1089:
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1079:
1074:
1068:
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1042:
1040:
1034:
1033:
1031:
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1015:
1010:
1005:
1000:
990:
988:Huēyi Teōcalli
985:
980:
975:
970:
964:
962:
958:
957:
955:
954:
949:
944:
939:
934:
929:
924:
919:
914:
909:
904:
898:
896:
892:
891:
889:
888:
883:
878:
873:
868:
863:
858:
853:
848:
843:
838:
833:
828:
823:
818:
813:
808:
803:
798:
793:
788:
783:
778:
773:
768:
763:
761:Malinalxochitl
758:
753:
748:
743:
738:
733:
728:
723:
718:
713:
708:
703:
698:
693:
688:
683:
678:
673:
668:
663:
658:
653:
648:
643:
636:
631:
630:
629:
624:
619:
614:
609:
607:Mictēcacihuātl
604:
594:
593:
592:
587:
582:
577:
570:
565:
560:
558:Mictlāntēcutli
555:
550:
545:
534:
532:
526:
525:
523:
522:
512:
507:
502:
496:
494:
484:
483:
476:
474:
472:
471:
464:Tōnacātēcuhtli
456:
454:
450:
449:
444:
442:
441:
434:
427:
419:
413:
412:
406:
400:
393:
386:
377:
374:
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371:
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326:
297:
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292:
289:
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275:
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178:
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170:
162:
159:
114:
111:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1455:
1444:
1441:
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1426:
1424:
1421:
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1418:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
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1390:
1388:
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1375:
1373:
1370:
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1365:
1363:
1360:
1358:
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1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1338:
1337:Mapa Sigüenza
1335:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1323:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1302:Codex Ramírez
1300:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1268:
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1260:
1258:
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1200:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1162:Codex Dresden
1160:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1145:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1133:
1130:
1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1075:
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1063:
1057:
1054:
1052:
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1047:
1044:
1043:
1041:
1035:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
998:
994:
991:
989:
986:
984:
981:
979:
976:
974:
971:
969:
966:
965:
963:
959:
953:
950:
948:
945:
943:
940:
938:
937:Ehecatotontli
935:
933:
930:
928:
925:
923:
920:
918:
915:
913:
910:
908:
905:
903:
900:
899:
897:
893:
887:
884:
882:
879:
877:
874:
872:
869:
867:
864:
862:
859:
857:
854:
852:
849:
847:
844:
842:
839:
837:
834:
832:
829:
827:
824:
822:
819:
817:
814:
812:
809:
807:
804:
802:
799:
797:
794:
792:
789:
787:
784:
782:
779:
777:
774:
772:
769:
767:
764:
762:
759:
757:
756:Macuilxochitl
754:
752:
751:Macuiltochtli
749:
747:
744:
742:
739:
737:
734:
732:
729:
727:
724:
722:
721:Ilamatecuhtli
719:
717:
716:Huixtocihuatl
714:
712:
709:
707:
704:
702:
699:
697:
694:
692:
689:
687:
684:
682:
681:Cihuatecayotl
679:
677:
674:
672:
669:
667:
664:
662:
659:
657:
654:
652:
649:
647:
644:
641:
637:
635:
634:Acolnahuacatl
632:
628:
625:
623:
620:
618:
615:
613:
610:
608:
605:
603:
600:
599:
598:
595:
591:
588:
586:
583:
581:
578:
575:
571:
569:
566:
564:
561:
559:
556:
554:
551:
549:
546:
544:
541:
540:
539:
536:
535:
533:
531:
527:
520:
516:
513:
511:
508:
506:
503:
501:
498:
497:
495:
489:
485:
480:
469:
468:Tōnacācihuātl
465:
461:
458:
457:
455:
451:
447:
440:
435:
433:
428:
426:
421:
420:
417:
410:
407:
404:
401:
398:
394:
391:
387:
384:
380:
379:
375:
368:
364:
360:
358:1-85109-340-0
354:
350:
346:
341:
337:
333:
329:
327:0-500-27928-4
323:
319:
314:
313:
307:
303:
299:
298:
293:
285:
279:
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270:
268:
266:
264:
262:
258:
252:
249:
243:
240:
233:
225:
221:
217:
213:
212:Ilamatecuhtli
207:
204:
201:
198:woman", also
197:
192:
183:
180:
173:
168:
165:
164:
160:
158:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
112:
110:
108:
104:
99:
96:
94:
91:
87:
83:
79:
78:previous ages
75:
71:
68:. She helped
67:
63:
59:
55:
50:
48:
44:
37:
32:
26:
22:
16:Aztec goddess
1397:Codex Xolotl
1377:Codex Tudela
1362:Mapa Tloztin
1237:Codex Madrid
1122:Codex Borgia
1112:Codex Bodley
1037:Beliefs and
996:
952:Xiuhtotontli
881:Yacatecuhtli
861:Xōchiquetzal
821:Tlacotzontli
811:Temazcalteci
806:Tēcciztēcatl
706:Huēhuecoyōtl
696:Coyolxāuhqui
675:
666:Chicomecōātl
639:
622:Tlaltecuhtli
590:Xiuhtecuhtli
574:Creator gods
573:
510:Tezcatlipoca
505:Quetzalcoatl
488:Creator gods
408:
402:
396:
389:
382:
344:
311:
302:Miller, Mary
283:
278:
251:
242:
206:
199:
182:
138:
130:
126:
123:Tenochtitlan
118:
116:
103:Xōchiquetzal
100:
97:
70:Quetzalcoatl
54:sweat lodges
51:
42:
41:
1332:Selden Roll
1307:Codex Reese
1277:Paris Codex
1267:Codex Osuna
1167:Codex Durán
1152:Codex Cospi
1072:Aubin Codex
1008:Teotihuacan
983:Chicomoztoc
942:Tiānquiztli
886:Zacatzontli
866:Xochitlicue
826:Tlalocayotl
816:Tepoztēcatl
726:Ītzpāpālōtl
612:Nanahuatzin
585:Tlazōlteōtl
568:Tepēyōllōtl
453:Primordials
220:Tlazolteotl
143:Moctezuma I
90:sacrificial
1417:Categories
1317:Codex Ríos
1207:Codex Laud
1003:Tamoanchan
997:Underworld
978:Cemanahuac
947:Tzitzimitl
927:Cihuateteo
902:Ahuiateteo
856:Xōchipilli
686:Cipactonal
676:Cihuacōātl
602:Citlālicue
515:Xipe Totec
347:. Oxford:
316:. London:
306:Karl Taube
294:References
216:Teteoinnan
200:Cihuacóatl
167:La Llorona
139:cihuacoatl
137:served as
131:cihuacoatl
127:cihuacoatl
119:cihuacoatl
107:Cihuateteo
43:Cihuacōātl
1046:Five Suns
932:Civateteo
846:Tonantzin
841:Toltecatl
746:Ixtlilton
691:Cōātlīcue
308:(2003) .
234:Citations
210:See also
147:Axayacatl
135:Tlacaelel
117:The name
76:from the
66:Culhuacan
58:Quilaztli
1039:practice
1018:Tlālōcān
922:Cintēteo
801:Patecatl
786:Opochtli
781:Mixcoatl
766:Mayahuel
671:Chīmalmā
661:Chantico
651:Atlacoya
627:Tōnatiuh
553:Cinteotl
543:Centeōtl
519:Camaxtle
460:Ōmeteōtl
367:43879188
349:ABC-CLIO
336:28801551
161:See also
155:Ahuizotl
86:Mixcoatl
62:Chalmeca
1065:Codices
993:Mictlān
968:Anahuac
851:Xilonen
831:Tlilhua
791:Oxomoco
771:Metztli
701:Ehecatl
646:Atlahua
530:Deities
1028:Tōllān
973:Aztlán
961:Places
895:Groups
876:Xolotl
871:Xocotl
796:Painal
580:Tláloc
365:
355:
334:
324:
222:, and
995:(The
196:snake
174:Notes
151:Tizoc
93:knife
82:blood
74:bones
36:maize
836:Toci
517:(or
466:and
363:OCLC
353:ISBN
332:OCLC
322:ISBN
224:Toci
153:and
194:, "
95:.
1419::
361:.
351:.
330:.
320:.
304:;
260:^
218:,
214:,
157:.
149:,
145:,
999:)
642:)
576:)
521:)
470:)
438:e
431:t
424:v
369:.
338:.
226:.
27:.
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