611:
595:, where the cilium originates, is located within a membrane invagination called the ciliary pocket. The cilium membrane and the basal body microtubules are connected by distal appendages (also called transition fibers). Vesicles carrying molecules for the cilia dock at the distal appendages. Distal to the transition fibers form a transition zone where entry and exit of molecules is regulated to and from the cilia. Some of the signaling with these cilia occur through ligand binding such as
640:
367:
63:
424:, that controls the entry and exit of proteins to and from the cilium. At the transition zone, Y-shaped structures connect the ciliary membrane to the underlying axoneme. Control of selective entry into cilia may involve a sieve-like function of transition zone. Inherited defects in components of the transition zone cause ciliopathies, such as Joubert syndrome. Transition zone structure and function is conserved across diverse organisms, including vertebrates,
777:
1152:(BBS), the mutant gene products are the components in the basal body and cilia. Defects in cilia cells are linked to obesity and often pronounced in type 2 diabetes. Several studies already showed impaired glucose tolerance and reduction in the insulin secretion in the ciliopathy models. Moreover, the number and length of cilia was decreased in the
1221:
airways. It has been found that patients with biofilm positive infections have impaired cilia function. The impairment may present as decreased motion or reduction in the number of cilia. Though these changes result from an external source, they still effect the pathogenicity of the bacteria, progression of infection, and how it is treated.
768:. Cilia also can change structure when introduced to hot temperatures and become sharp. They are present in large numbers on each cell and move relatively slowly, making them intermediate between motile and primary cilia. In addition to 9+0 cilia that are mobile, there are also solitary 9+2 cilia that stay immobile found in hair cells.
630:
that are found on hair cells in the inner ear are termed as specialized primary cilia, or modified non-motile cilia. They possess the 9+2 axoneme of the motile cilia but lack the inner dynein arms that give movement. They do move passively following the detection of sound, allowed by the outer dynein
542:
organelle without important function. Recent findings regarding its physiological roles in chemosensation, signal transduction, and cell growth control, have revealed its importance in cell function. Its importance to human biology has been underscored by the discovery of its role in a diverse group
396:
The ciliary rootlet is a cytoskeleton-like structure that originates from the basal body at the proximal end of a cilium. Rootlets are typically 80-100 nm in diameter and contain cross striae distributed at regular intervals of approximately 55-70 nm. A prominent component of the rootlet is
387:
The foundation of the cilium is the basal body, a term applied to the mother centriole when it is associated with a cilium. Mammalian basal bodies consist of a barrel of nine triplet microtubules, subdistal appendages and nine strut-like structures, known as distal appendages, which attach the basal
1207:
The diverse outcomes caused by ciliary dysfunction may result from alleles of different strengths that compromise ciliary functions in different ways or to different extents. Many ciliopathies are inherited in a
Mendelian manner, but specific genetic interactions between distinct functional ciliary
3807:
Sheu, Shu-Hsien; Upadhyayula, Srigokul; Dupuy, Vincent; Pang, Song; Deng, Fei; Wan, Jinxia; Walpita, Deepika; Pasolli, H. Amalia; Houser, Justin; Sanchez-Martinez, Silvia; Brauchi, Sebastian E.; Banala, Sambashiva; Freeman, Melanie; Xu, C. Shan; Kirchhausen, Tom; Hess, Harald F.; Lavis, Luke; Li,
590:
antennae that coordinate many cellular signaling pathways, sometimes coupling the signaling to ciliary motility or alternatively to cell division and differentiation." The cilium is composed of subdomains and enclosed by a plasma membrane continuous with the plasma membrane of the cell. For many
1253:
The pancreas is a mixture of highly differentiated exocrine and endocrine cells. Primary cilia are present in exocrine cells, which are centroacinar duct cells. Endocrine tissue is composed of different hormone-secreting cells. Insulin-secreting beta cells and glucagon-secreting alpha cells are
1220:
has shown that bacteria can alter cilia. A biofilm is a community of bacteria of either the same or multiple species of bacteria. The cluster of cells secretes different factors which form an extracellular matrix. Cilia in the respiratory system is known to move mucus and pathogens out of the
1244:
before reaching its proper destination of the uterus. Many factors can affect this stage including infection and menstrual cycle hormones. Smoking (causing inflammation), and infection can reduce the numbers of cilia, and the ciliary beat can be affected by hormonal changes.
505:
kinesin and dynein transport ciliary components along the microtubule tracks; kinesin in an anterograde movement towards the ciliary tip and dynein in a retrograde movement towards the cell body. The cilium has its own ciliary membrane enclosed within the surrounding
835:". As these protrusions are structurally identical to motile cilia, attempts at preserving this terminology include making a distinction by morphology ("flagella" are typically longer than ordinary cilia and have a different undulating motion) and by number.
1027:
across the midline of the embryo. Central cilia coordinate their rotational beating while the immotile cilia on the sides sense the direction of the flow. Studies in mice suggest a biophysical mechanism by which the direction of flow is sensed.
1083:
Ciliary defects can lead to a number of human diseases. Defects in cilia adversely affect many critical signaling pathways essential to embryonic development and to adult physiology, and thus offer a plausible hypothesis for the often
3952:
Gerdes, Jantje M.; Christou-Savina, Sonia; Xiong, Yan; Moede, Tilo; Moruzzi, Noah; Karlsson-Edlund, Patrick; Leibiger, Barbara; Leibiger, Ingo B.; Östenson, Claes-Göran; Beales, Philip L.; Berggren, Per-Olof (2014).
378:
on the cell surface. From the basal body, the ciliary rootlet forms ahead of the transition plate and transition zone where the earlier microtubule triplets change to the microtubule doublets of the axoneme.
1208:
complexes, such as transition zone and BBS complexes, can alter the phenotypic manifestations of recessive ciliopathies. Some mutations in transition zone proteins can cause specific serious ciliopathies.
4157:
Leitch, Carmen C.; Zaghloul, Norann A.; Davis, Erica E.; Stoetzel, Corinne; Diaz-Font, Anna; Rix, Suzanne; Alfadhel, Majid; Al-Fadhel, Majid; Lewis, Richard Alan; Eyaid, Wafaa; Banin, Eyal (April 2008).
1917:
Enuka Y, Hanukoglu I, Edelheit O, Vaknine H, Hanukoglu A (March 2012). "Epithelial sodium channels (ENaC) are uniformly distributed on motile cilia in the oviduct and the respiratory airways".
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activates the motor domain of dynein, it attempts to walk along the adjoining microtubule doublet. This would force the adjacent doublets to slide over one another if not for the presence of
4081:
Kennedy MP, Omran H, Leigh MW, Dell S, Morgan L, Molina PL, Robinson BV, Minnix SL, Olbrich H, Severin T, Ahrens P, Lange L, Morillas HN, Noone PG, Zariwala MA, Knowles MR (June 2007).
4213:
Yee, Laura E.; Garcia-Gonzalo, Francesc R.; Bowie, Rachel V.; Li, Chunmei; Kennedy, Julie K.; Ashrafi, Kaveh; Blacque, Oliver E.; Leroux, Michel R.; Reiter, Jeremy F. (November 2015).
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388:
body to the membrane at the base of the cilium. Two of each of the basal body's triplet microtubules extend during growth of the axoneme to become the doublet microtubules.
240:
cilia, each with two subtypes, giving four types in all. A cell will typically have one primary cilium or many motile cilia. The structure of the cilium core, called the
877:. An early step is docking of the basal body to the growing ciliary membrane, after which the transition zone forms. The building blocks of the ciliary axoneme, such as
527:
are found on nearly every type of cell, blood cells being a prominent exception. Most cells only possess one, in contrast to cells with motile cilia, an exception being
4274:"Ciliary transition zone evolution and the root of the eukaryote tree: implications for opisthokont origin and classification of kingdoms Protozoa, Plantae, and Fungi"
2547:
4010:
Ichioka K, Kohei N, Okubo K, Nishiyama H, Terai A (July 2006). "Obstructive azoospermia associated with chronic sinopulmonary infection and situs inversus totalis".
3570:
Ishikawa H, Kubo A, Tsukita S, Tsukita S (May 2005). "Odf2-deficient mother centrioles lack distal/subdistal appendages and the ability to generate primary cilia".
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of the extracellular environment. These cilia then play a role in mediating specific signalling cues, including soluble factors in the external cell environment, a
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134:
5238:
741:
Motile cilia without the central pair of singlets (9+0) are found in early embryonic development. They are present as nodal cilia on the nodal cells of the
271:, serve solely as sensory organelles. Most vertebrate cell types possess a single non-motile primary cilium, which functions as a cellular antenna.
229:
have a similar structure to motile cilia that enables swimming through liquids; they are longer than cilia and have a different undulating motion.
2102:
1181:
Since the flagellum of human sperm has the same internal structure of a cilium, ciliary dysfunction can also be responsible for male infertility.
1178:, ENaC activity is enhanced leading to a severe reduction of the fluid level that causes complications and infections in the respiratory airways.
535:
are located, which each possess about ten cilia. Some cell types, such as retinal photoreceptor cells, possess highly specialized primary cilia.
442:. In mammals, disruption of the transition zone reduces the ciliary abundance of membrane-associated ciliary proteins, such as those involved in
809:
The motile cilia on the central cells rotate to generate the leftward flow of extracellular fluid needed to initiate the left-right asymmetry.
757:
present that allow the nodal cilia to move in a spinning fashion. The movement creates a current flow of the extraembryonic fluid across the
3242:
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1236:
depends on the combination of regulated smooth muscle contractions, and ciliary beating. Dysfunction in this transportation can result in an
256:
that lacks the central pair of microtubules. Also lacking are the associated components that enable motility including the outer and inner
3554:
997:
role in which a soluble protein is released to have an effect downstream of the fluid flow, and mediation of fluid flow if the cilia are
260:
arms, and radial spokes. Some motile cilia lack the central pair, and some non-motile cilia have the central pair, hence the four types.
2452:
Wolfrum, U; Schmitt, A (June 2000). "Rhodopsin transport in the membrane of the connecting cilium of mammalian photoreceptor cells".
4997:
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cells are ciliated, and they commonly exist as a sheet of polarized cells forming a tube or tubule with cilia projecting into the
6425:
5231:
4543:
141:
3263:"Epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) family: Phylogeny, structure-function, tissue distribution, and associated inherited diseases"
470:), and the axoneme of a motile cilium has, in addition to the nine outer doublets, two central microtubule singlets (called a
4637:
1012:. This sensory and signalling role puts cilia in a central role for maintaining the local cellular environment and may be why
859:
for example is covered in thousands of cilia that enable its swimming. These motile cilia have been shown to be also sensory.
563:. The primary cilium is now known to play an important role in the function of many human organs. Primary cilia on pancreatic
1525:"Primary cilia: turning points in establishing their ubiquity, sensory role and the pathological consequences of dysfunction"
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composed of perhaps over 600 proteins in molecular complexes, many of which also function independently as nanomachines.
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129:
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that possess motile cilia exclusively and use them for either locomotion or to simply move liquid over their surface. A
780:
651:
67:
5224:
4215:"Conserved Genetic Interactions between Ciliopathy Complexes Cooperatively Support Ciliogenesis and Ciliary Signaling"
4083:"Congenital heart disease and other heterotaxic defects in a large cohort of patients with primary ciliary dyskinesia"
2737:
Badano JL, Mitsuma N, Beales PL, Katsanis N (2006). "The ciliopathies: an emerging class of human genetic disorders".
1233:
544:
1113:
965:
between the microtubule doublets. And thus the force generated by dynein is instead converted into a bending motion.
806:. On the central node are motile cilia, and on the peripheral area of the node the nodal cilia are modified motile.
4460:"Disruption of IFT results in both exocrine and endocrine abnormalities in the pancreas of Tg737(orpk) mutant mice"
4419:
mouse model of polycystic kidney disease reveals essential role of primary cilia in pancreatic tissue organization"
3196:
Takeda, Sen; Narita, Keishi (February 2012). "Structure and function of vertebrate cilia, towards a new taxonomy".
2839:
Hegyi, P; Petersen, OH (2013). "The exocrine pancreas: the acinar-ductal tango in physiology and pathophysiology".
1159:
1129:
1089:
1065:– "a way to change what is being transcribed or made in the nucleus" via this signalling distinct from that at the
600:
443:
1149:
1093:
3503:
Hao L, Thein M, Brust-Mascher I, Civelekoglu-Scholey G, Lu Y, Acar S, Prevo B, Shaham S, Scholey JM (June 2011).
1145:
1097:
720:
548:
438:
3955:"Ciliary dysfunction impairs beta-cell insulin secretion and promotes development of type 2 diabetes in rodents"
213:.) The cilium has the shape of a slender threadlike projection that extends from the surface of the much larger
5933:
4734:
1204:. It has been shown that proper cilial function is responsible for the normal left-right asymmetry in mammals.
1201:
1163:
1101:
882:
716:
552:
490:
446:, compromising Hedgehog-dependent embryonic development of digit number and central nervous system patterning.
117:
105:
1960:
Bloodgood, RA (15 February 2010). "Sensory reception is an attribute of both primary cilia and motile cilia".
6173:
3356:
Lindemann, CB; Lesich, KA (15 February 2010). "Flagellar and ciliary beating: the proven and the possible".
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Although the primary cilium was discovered in 1898, it was largely ignored for a century and considered a
426:
287:
71:
3783:"New discovery: Synapse hiding in the mice brain may advance our understanding of neuronal communication"
275:
possess a great many non-motile cilia. Non-motile cilia that have a central pair of microtubules are the
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4724:
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2063:
891:
795:
678:
556:
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610:
4370:
Horne AW, Critchley HO (March 2012). "Mechanisms of disease: the endocrinology of ectopic pregnancy".
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that are usually present on a cell's surface in large numbers (multiciliate), and beat in coordinated
122:
6314:
4971:
3966:
1748:
1184:
There is an association of primary ciliary dyskinesia with left-right anatomic abnormalities such as
1024:
746:
528:
466:. The axoneme of a primary cilium typically has a ring of nine outer microtubule doublets (called a
351:
6430:
6258:
4597:
4122:
McGrath J, Brueckner M (August 2003). "Cilia are at the heart of vertebrate left-right asymmetry".
3551:
1189:
1109:
1048:
709:
307:
31:
4160:"Hypomorphic mutations in syndromic encephalocele genes are associated with Bardet-Biedl syndrome"
2577:
Brueckner M (June 2007). "Heterotaxia, congenital heart disease, and primary ciliary dyskinesia".
723:(ENaCs) are specifically expressed along the entire length of cilia in the respiratory tract, and
639:
342:. Motile cilia that lack the central pair of microtubules are found in the cells of the embryonic
62:
5339:
4395:
4195:
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3855:
3595:
3505:"Intraflagellar transport delivers tubulin isotypes to sensory cilium middle and distal segments"
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1985:
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regulate their function and energy metabolism. Cilia deletion can lead to islet dysfunction and
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3810:"A serotonergic axon-cilium synapse drives nuclear signaling to alter chromatin accessibility"
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The functioning of motile cilia is strongly dependent on the maintenance of optimal levels of
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are used to direct the flow of extracellular fluid. This leftward movement is to generate
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Immotile cilia mechanically sense the direction of fluid flow for left-right determination
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in a leftward direction that initiates the left-right asymmetry in the developing embryo.
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To achieve its distinct composition, the proximal-most region of the cilium consists of a
303:
2010:"Incidence, diagnosis and management of tubal and nontubal ectopic pregnancies: a review"
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2199:"Open Sesame: How Transition Fibers and the Transition Zone Control Ciliary Composition"
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and are disassembled before mitosis occurs. Disassembly of cilia requires the action of
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3771:, Science, 5 January 2023, Vol 379, Issue 6627, pp. 66-71; DOI: 10.1126/science.abq8148
3759:, Science, 5 January 2023, Vol 379, Issue 6627, pp. 71-78; DOI: 10.1126/science.abq7317
3703:"Recent advances in the molecular pathology, cell biology and genetics of ciliopathies"
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2009:
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1626:"Intraflagellar transport: mechanisms of motor action, cooperation, and cargo delivery"
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1278: – Self-stable region of a protein's chain that folds independently from the rest
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Cilia function as calcium-mediated mechanosensors that instruct left-right asymmetry
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1675:"Sending mixed signals: Cilia-dependent signaling during development and disease"
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4501:"Electron microscopic observation of the primary cilia in the pancreatic islets"
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4323:"Biofilms in chronic rhinosinusitis: Pathophysiology and therapeutic strategies"
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586:. The current scientific understanding of primary cilia views them as "sensory
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2064:"Left-right asymmetry in heart development and disease: forming the right loop"
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244:, determines the cilium class. Most motile cilia have a central pair of single
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2935:"HEF1-dependent Aurora A activation induces disassembly of the primary cilium"
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Chen, Holly Y.; Kelley, Ryan A.; Li, Tiansen; Swaroop, Anand (31 July 2020).
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have a single cilium called a monocilium. They are present in the very early
489:
of kinesin and dynein. The transport of ciliary components is carried out by
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2142:"How the Ciliary Membrane Is Organized Inside-Out to Communicate Outside-In"
1760:
1737:"The primary cilium as the cell's antenna: signaling at a sensory organelle"
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478:. The axoneme in a motile cilium acts as a scaffold for the inner and outer
475:
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3682:
3591:
3538:
3471:
3440:
3377:
3296:
3217:
3179:
3144:"The Kinocilia of Cochlear Hair Cells: Structures, Functions, and Diseases"
3128:
3077:
3020:
2968:
2933:
Pugacheva EN, Jablonski SA, Hartman TR, Henske EP, Golemis EA (June 2007).
2911:
2870:
2822:
2758:
2716:
2657:
2598:
2563:
2532:
2473:
2438:
2389:
2356:"Intraflagellar transport motors in cilia: moving along the cell's antenna"
2332:
2297:
2240:
2183:
2090:
2045:
1981:
1938:
1892:
1838:
1776:
1716:
1659:
1602:
1558:
1509:
1166:
level. Mutations that decrease the activity of ENaCs result in multisystem
933:
connected by them to recruit their binding partners and induce long-range
4526:
4321:
Fastenberg JH, Hsueh WD, Mustafa A, Akbar NA, Abuzeid WM (December 2016).
3489:
3421:
2371:
1819:
1411:
1393:
1216:
Reduction of cilia function can also result from infection. Research into
6273:
6268:
6180:
6145:
6074:
6059:
6049:
5928:
5851:
5802:
5766:
5733:
5647:
5559:
5456:
5411:
5291:
5271:
5131:
5126:
5074:
5069:
5040:
4982:
4911:
4667:
4652:
4647:
2256:"The Ciliary Transition Zone: Finding the Pieces and Assembling the Gate"
2119:
1490:
998:
881:, are added at the ciliary tips through a process that depends partly on
878:
832:
697:
575:
331:
218:
206:
45:
4517:
4500:
3808:
Yulong; Chaumont-Dubel, SĂ©verine; Clapham, David E. (1 September 2022).
2852:
2796:
776:
6209:
6190:
5709:
5663:
5302:
5255:
5121:
4933:
4833:
4786:
4662:
4544:
Brief summary of importance of cilia to many organs in human physiology
4383:
3979:
3954:
3614:
3369:
2082:
1973:
1641:
1593:
1576:
1217:
1141:
1037:
843:
831:
enables swimming through liquids and are traditionally referred to as "
729:
685:. Each cell in the respiratory epithelium has around 200 motile cilia.
643:
463:
319:
241:
210:
187:
75:
4435:
4414:
4059:
3036:"The primary cilium at the crossroads of mammalian hedgehog signaling"
147:
30:
This article is about organelles. For fine hairs on insect wings, see
5970:
5549:
5329:
5281:
2311:
Rosenbaum JL, Witman GB (November 2002). "Intraflagellar transport".
1229:
1225:
1054:
950:
915:
907:
764:
Motile, multiple, 9+0 cilia are found on the epithelial cells of the
658:
339:
327:
257:
179:
17:
3583:
3520:
2140:
Garcia, Galo; Raleigh, David R.; Reiter, Jeremy F. (23 April 2018).
898:
At the base of the cilium where it attaches to the cell body is the
733:
that apparently serve as sensors to regulate the periciliary fluid.
2324:
6084:
5652:
5314:
4175:
2197:
Garcia-Gonzalo, Francesc R.; Reiter, Jeremy F. (1 February 2017).
1124:. Genetic mutations compromising the proper functioning of cilia,
962:
918:, are required for the formation and the stability of the cilium.
784:
775:
638:
609:
335:
315:
93:
3742:
Wolpert, Lewis; Tickle, Cheryll; Martinez Arias, Alfonso (2015).
5204:
4458:
Zhang Q, Davenport JR, Croyle MJ, Haycraft CJ, Yoder BK (2005).
3869:"Scientists discover new kind of synapse in neurons' tiny hairs"
2466:
10.1002/1097-0169(200006)46:2<95::AID-CM2>3.0.CO;2-Q
1044:
911:
682:
498:
5220:
4986:
4557:
4548:
4906:
2673:"Primary cilia biogenesis and associated retinal ciliopathies"
1200:). These left-right anatomic abnormalities can also result in
1162:(ENaCs) that are expressed along the length of cilia regulate
957:
forms bridges between neighbouring microtubule doublets. When
895:
flagella formation, in which cilia assemble in the cytoplasm.
3616:
Functional characterisation of the centrosomal protein Cep170
2548:"News from the cyst: insights into polycystic kidney disease"
2062:
Desgrange, A; Le Garrec, JF; Meilhac, SM (22 November 2018).
1472:
Falk, N; Lösl, M; Schröder, N; Gießl, A (11 September 2015).
4327:
World
Journal of Otorhinolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery
1577:"Ultrastructure of cilia and flagella - back to the future!"
1088:
nature of diverse ciliopathies. Known ciliopathies include
3895:
Braun, Daniela A.; Hildebrandt, Friedhelm (1 March 2017).
1673:
Elliott, Kelsey H.; Brugmann, Samantha A. (1 March 2019).
802:. There are two areas of the node with different types of
3552:
Of cilia and silliness (more on Behe) – The Panda's Thumb
696:
contractions help the beating of the cilia in moving the
248:
surrounded by nine pairs of double microtubules called a
2886:"The primary cilium: keeper of the key to cell division"
2781:"Genes and molecular pathways underpinning ciliopathies"
1859:"Advances in the Genetics of Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia"
4045:
Worsley, Calum; Weerakkody, Yuranga (1 November 2009).
2779:
Reiter, Jeremy F.; Leroux, Michel R. (September 2017).
1624:
Prevo, B; Scholey, JM; Peterman, EJG (September 2017).
1266: – Molecular-scale artificial or biological device
646:
respiratory epithelium showing cilia and much smaller
3746:(5th ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 227.
2622:"Primary cilia defects causing mitral valve prolapse"
1803:"Insights into the Regulation of Ciliary Disassembly"
1270:
Protein dynamics#Global flexibility: multiple domains
1140:. In addition, a defect of the primary cilium in the
3701:
Adams M, Smith UM, Logan CV, Johnson CA (May 2008).
2841:
Reviews of
Physiology, Biochemistry and Pharmacology
1286:
Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
1174:
that results from mutations in the chloride channel
290:– around 200 cilia per cell, where they function in
6295:
6229:
6154:
6131:
6098:
6031:
5905:
5898:
5873:
5864:
5834:
5825:
5800:
5774:
5765:
5741:
5732:
5697:
5661:
5630:
5607:
5598:
5568:
5547:
5529:
5520:
5490:
5464:
5455:
5425:
5399:
5364:
5355:
5348:
5262:
5180:
5142:
5021:
4959:
4894:
4819:
4710:
4596:
2254:Gonçalves, João; Pelletier, Laurence (April 2017).
1272: – Study of how proteins move and change shape
128:
116:
104:
92:
87:
82:
55:
1735:Singla, Veena; Reiter, Jeremy F. (4 August 2006).
482:that move the cilium, and provides tracks for the
3456:"Polarity of flagellar assembly in Chlamydomonas"
3399:Valentine, M; Van Houten, J (24 September 2021).
3256:
3254:
2774:
2772:
2770:
2768:
1730:
1728:
1726:
1371:
1369:
1170:, that is associated with fertility problems. In
4413:Cano DA, Murcia NS, Pazour GJ, Hebrok M (2004).
3619:(Ph.D.). Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München.
3321:(Fifth ed.). Philadelphia, PA. p. 64.
1474:"Specialized Cilia in Mammalian Sensory Systems"
753:. While lacking the central apparatus there are
1264:Molecular machine#Biological molecular machines
1240:where the embryo is implanted (usually) in the
681:sweeping mucus containing debris away from the
401:a coiled coil rootlet protein coded for by the
4549:The Ciliary Proteome Web Page at Johns Hopkins
3237:. Jones & Bartlett Learning. p. 359.
1432:(6 ed.). New York, NY. pp. 941–942.
1276:Protein domain#Domains and protein flexibility
5232:
4998:
4569:
4124:Current Opinion in Genetics & Development
2732:
2730:
2728:
2726:
2008:Panelli, DM; Phillips, CH; Brady, PC (2015).
1912:
1910:
1908:
1906:
1904:
1902:
8:
3873:Howard Hughes Medical Institute via phys.org
3696:
3694:
3692:
2980:
2978:
2739:Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics
2677:Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology
2057:
2055:
350:, these nodal cilia are responsible for the
3630:Alberts, Bruce (2002). "Molecular Motors".
3148:Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology
3097:Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology
2987:"Structure and function of mammalian cilia"
1529:Journal of Cell Communication and Signaling
1334:
1332:
1330:
1328:
1326:
1016:cause such a wide range of human diseases.
286:Motile cilia are found in large numbers on
70:micrograph of motile cilia projecting from
5902:
5870:
5831:
5771:
5738:
5604:
5526:
5461:
5361:
5352:
5239:
5225:
5217:
5005:
4991:
4983:
4576:
4562:
4554:
3901:Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology
3653:Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology
3454:Johnson KA, Rosenbaum JL (December 1992).
3341:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3091:Wheway G, Nazlamova L, Hancock JT (2018).
3034:Wong, Sunny Y.; Reiter, Jeremy F. (2008).
2203:Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology
2003:
2001:
1999:
1575:Fisch, C; Dupuis-Williams, P (June 2011).
1452:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1423:
1421:
1148:(PKD). In another genetic disorder called
61:
4516:
4475:
4434:
4346:
4297:
4248:
4230:
4098:
4058:
3978:
3928:
3841:
3718:
3672:
3528:
3479:
3430:
3420:
3312:
3310:
3308:
3306:
3286:
3191:
3189:
3169:
3159:
3118:
3108:
3067:
3010:
2958:
2901:
2812:
2706:
2688:
2647:
2637:
2522:
2504:
2428:
2379:
2287:
2230:
2173:
2035:
2025:
1882:
1852:
1850:
1848:
1828:
1818:
1801:Patel, MM; Tsiokas, L (1 November 2021).
1706:
1649:
1592:
1548:
1499:
1489:
1401:
330:) mammals, where they function in moving
2834:
2832:
1796:
1794:
1376:Haimo LT, Rosenbaum JL (December 1981).
873:Cilia are formed through the process of
474:). This is the same axoneme type of the
365:
3261:Hanukoglu I, Hanukoglu A (April 2016).
3040:Current Topics in Developmental Biology
1570:
1568:
1297:
1188:(a combination of findings is known as
614:Illustration depicting motile cilia on
374:A cilium is assembled and built from a
318:. Motile cilia are also present in the
3334:
3093:"Signaling through the Primary Cilium"
2785:Nature Reviews. Molecular Cell Biology
2313:Nature Reviews. Molecular Cell Biology
1467:
1465:
1463:
1445:
1128:, can cause chronic disorders such as
745:. Nodal cells are responsible for the
232:There are two major classes of cilia:
145:
52:
2985:Satir P, Christensen ST (June 2008).
2751:10.1146/annurev.genom.7.080505.115610
969:Sensing the extracellular environment
700:from the ovary to the uterus. In the
182:'; in Medieval Latin and in anatomy,
7:
4372:Expert Reviews in Molecular Medicine
2108:from the original on 9 October 2022.
559:, and retinal degeneration, called
2403:Rohatgi R, Snell WJ (August 2010).
1378:"Cilia, flagella, and microtubules"
599:. Other forms of signaling include
163:
27:Organelle found on eukaryotic cells
2454:Cell Motility and the Cytoskeleton
25:
4100:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.649038
2591:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.699256
1857:Horani, A; Ferkol, T (May 2018).
1249:Primary cilia in pancreatic cells
1040:, there is communication between
547:or dysfunction of cilia, such as
501:. Transport is bidirectional and
3781:Tamim, Baba (4 September 2022).
673:. Multiciliated cells are found
142:Anatomical terms of microanatomy
4505:Archivum Histologicum Japonicum
2991:Histochemistry and Cell Biology
2620:Toomer KA, et al. (2019).
2409:Current Opinion in Cell Biology
2014:Fertility Research and Practice
1919:Histochemistry and Cell Biology
1523:Wheatley, DN (September 2021).
1341:"The Importance of Being Cilia"
574:Cilia are assembled during the
252:. Most non-motile cilia have a
5986:Membranous/thalloid/foliaceous
4499:Yamamoto M, Kataoka K (1986).
4272:Cavalier-Smith, T (May 2022).
1339:Gardiner MB (September 2005).
906:. Some basal body proteins as
493:(IFT) which is similar to the
263:Most non-motile cilia, termed
1:
5956:Tetrasporal/capsal/palmelloid
4740:Microtubule organizing center
4136:10.1016/S0959-437X(03)00091-1
4024:10.1016/j.urology.2006.01.072
3633:Molecular Biology of the Cell
3052:10.1016/S0070-2153(08)00809-0
1430:Molecular biology of the cell
900:microtubule organizing center
4232:10.1371/journal.pgen.1005627
3647:King, SM (1 November 2016).
3405:as a Model for Ciliopathies"
3317:Schoenwolf, Gary C. (2015).
2884:Pan J, Snell W (June 2007).
2690:10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.07.013
2639:10.1126/scitranslmed.aax0290
819:Flagellum § Terminology
781:Scanning electron micrograph
675:lining the respiratory tract
652:scanning electron micrograph
444:Hedgehog signal transduction
288:respiratory epithelial cells
4339:10.1016/j.wjorl.2016.03.002
3913:10.1101/cshperspect.a028191
3707:Journal of Medical Genetics
3665:10.1101/cshperspect.a028100
3613:Lamla S (22 January 2009).
3460:The Journal of Cell Biology
2360:The Journal of Cell Biology
2354:Scholey JM (January 2008).
2272:10.14348/molcells.2017.0054
2215:10.1101/cshperspect.a028134
1875:10.1016/j.chest.2018.05.007
1691:10.1016/j.ydbio.2018.03.007
1382:The Journal of Cell Biology
1069:which also is longer-term.
977:cells in eukaryotes act as
921:In effect, the cilium is a
601:G protein-coupled receptors
503:cytoskeletal motor proteins
302:functions. Motile cilia on
6447:
4290:10.1007/s00709-021-01665-7
3866:University press release:
3826:10.1016/j.cell.2022.07.026
3787:interestingengineering.com
3279:10.1016/j.gene.2015.12.061
3210:10.1016/j.diff.2011.11.002
2951:10.1016/j.cell.2007.04.035
2903:10.1016/j.cell.2007.06.018
1541:10.1007/s12079-021-00615-5
1224:The transportation of the
1160:Epithelial sodium channels
1130:primary ciliary dyskinesia
1090:primary ciliary dyskinesia
1076:
885:(IFT). Exceptions include
866:
816:
721:Epithelial sodium channels
543:of diseases caused by the
43:
36:
29:
4477:10.1038/labinvest.3700207
4464:Laboratory Investigations
3744:Principles of Development
3319:Larsen's human embryology
3161:10.3389/fcell.2021.715037
3142:Wang, D; Zhou, J (2021).
3003:10.1007/s00418-008-0416-9
2506:10.1186/s13630-017-0046-8
2489:"CILIA: before and after"
2421:10.1016/j.ceb.2010.03.010
2158:10.1016/j.cub.2018.03.010
2027:10.1186/s40738-015-0008-z
1931:10.1007/s00418-011-0904-1
1146:polycystic kidney disease
1057:that alters the neuron's
796:development of the embryo
650:on non-ciliated cells in
623:Modified non-motile cilia
549:polycystic kidney disease
529:olfactory sensory neurons
439:Chlamydomonas reinhardtii
140:
60:
5277:Mastigophora/Flagellates
4735:Prokaryotic cytoskeleton
3110:10.3389/fcell.2018.00008
1228:, and the embryo to the
1202:congenital heart disease
883:intraflagellar transport
553:congenital heart disease
491:intraflagellar transport
370:Eukaryotic motile cilium
44:Not to be confused with
37:Not to be confused with
6426:Eukaryotic cell anatomy
6315:Baas-Becking hypothesis
5032:Cell adhesion molecules
3720:10.1136/jmg.2007.054999
3557:17 October 2007 at the
3358:Journal of Cell Science
3231:Benjamin Lewin (2007).
1962:Journal of Cell Science
1761:10.1126/science.1124534
1428:Alberts, Bruce (2015).
1310:www.merriam-webster.com
1168:pseudohypoaldosteronism
939:protein domain dynamics
702:ventricles of the brain
677:where they function in
605:somatostatin receptor 3
523:In animals, non-motile
433:Drosophila melanogaster
205:. (Cilia are absent in
198:found on most types of
6310:Microbial biogeography
3649:"Axonemal Dynein Arms"
3472:10.1083/jcb.119.6.1605
2405:"The ciliary membrane"
1306:"Definition of CILIUM"
1284: – cell structure
1118:Sensenbrenner syndrome
1114:Meckel–Gruber syndrome
973:Some primary cilia on
931:mobile protein domains
788:
655:
619:
616:respiratory epithelium
427:Caenorhabditis elegans
371:
72:respiratory epithelium
5330:Fungus-like organisms
4725:Intermediate filament
4618:Endoplasmic reticulum
4047:"Heterotaxy syndrome"
3959:Nature Communications
3820:(18): 3390–3407.e18.
3422:10.3390/genes12101493
2552:Journal of Nephrology
2487:Satir, Peter (2017).
2372:10.1083/jcb.200709133
1820:10.3390/cells10112977
1679:Developmental Biology
1394:10.1083/jcb.91.3.125s
1388:(3 Pt 2): 125s–130s.
1212:Extracellular changes
1150:Bardet–Biedl syndrome
1138:Senior–Løken syndrome
1094:Bardet–Biedl syndrome
1073:Clinical significance
1047:and primary cilia of
892:Plasmodium falciparum
813:Cilia versus flagella
779:
737:Modified motile cilia
679:mucociliary clearance
642:
613:
557:mitral valve prolapse
454:Inside a cilium is a
369:
292:mucociliary clearance
6045:Simple cell membrane
5981:Pseudoparenchymatous
5969:Filamentous/trichal/
5953:Colonial flagellated
5886:Collar of microvilli
4972:Extracellular matrix
1491:10.3390/cells4030500
1122:retinal degeneration
1025:left-right asymmetry
823:The motile cilia on
783:of nodal cilia on a
747:left-right asymmetry
420:, also known as the
352:left-right asymmetry
6259:Contractile vacuole
6210:Meiosis in protists
6191:Mitosis in protists
6169:Multinucleate cells
5391:Flagellar apparatus
5340:Ambiregnal protists
5282:Sarcodina/Amoeboids
4675:Cytoplasmic granule
4518:10.1679/aohc.49.449
3971:2014NatCo...5.5308G
3572:Nature Cell Biology
3509:Nature Cell Biology
2853:10.1007/112_2013_14
2797:10.1038/nrm.2017.60
2260:Molecules and Cells
1753:2006Sci...313..629S
1581:Biology of the Cell
1198:Heterotaxy syndrome
1190:Kartagener syndrome
1032:Axo-ciliary synapse
719:bathing the cilia.
710:cerebrospinal fluid
308:cerebrospinal fluid
32:Cilium (entomology)
6090:Periplast/pellicle
5813:Periplast/pellicle
5753:Cruciform division
4700:Weibel–Palade body
4584:Structures of the
4384:10.1017/erm.2011.2
3980:10.1038/ncomms6308
3636:. Garland Science.
3370:10.1242/jcs.051326
2546:Wagner CA (2008).
2083:10.1242/dev.162776
1974:10.1242/jcs.066308
1642:10.1111/febs.14068
1594:10.1042/BC20100139
1144:cells can lead to
1120:and some forms of
789:
690:reproductive tract
656:
620:
597:Hedgehog signaling
372:
312:ventricular system
123:H1.00.01.1.01014
39:Cilium (computing)
6408:
6407:
6305:Microbial ecology
6291:
6290:
6287:
6286:
6264:Eyespot apparatus
5894:
5893:
5876:Choanoflagellates
5860:
5859:
5821:
5820:
5761:
5760:
5728:
5727:
5594:
5593:
5516:
5515:
5451:
5450:
5214:
5213:
5113:membrane proteins
5036:Adherens junction
4980:
4979:
4760:Spindle pole body
4436:10.1242/dev.01189
4429:(14): 3457–3467.
4060:10.53347/rID-7420
3244:978-0-7637-3905-8
2862:978-3-319-00998-8
2632:(493): eaax0290.
1747:(5787): 629–633.
1636:(18): 2905–2931.
1254:highly ciliated.
1238:ectopic pregnancy
1226:immature egg cell
1164:periciliary fluid
1098:polycystic kidney
1036:With axo-ciliary
979:cellular antennae
953:in the axoneme –
751:bilateral animals
717:periciliary fluid
671:metachronal waves
533:odorant receptors
484:microtubule motor
460:cytoskeletal core
273:Olfactory neurons
156:
155:
151:
16:(Redirected from
6438:
6279:Mastigont system
6232:
6157:
6134:
6123:Gliding motility
6101:
6038:
5983:/plektenchymatic
5939:Amoeboflagellate
5912:
5903:
5879:
5871:
5840:
5832:
5806:
5780:
5772:
5746:
5739:
5703:
5667:
5636:
5610:
5605:
5574:
5553:
5532:
5527:
5496:
5470:
5462:
5431:
5405:
5369:
5362:
5353:
5241:
5234:
5227:
5218:
5007:
5000:
4993:
4984:
4578:
4571:
4564:
4555:
4531:
4530:
4520:
4496:
4490:
4489:
4479:
4455:
4449:
4448:
4438:
4410:
4404:
4403:
4367:
4361:
4360:
4350:
4318:
4312:
4311:
4301:
4269:
4263:
4262:
4252:
4234:
4225:(11): e1005627.
4210:
4204:
4203:
4154:
4148:
4147:
4119:
4113:
4112:
4102:
4078:
4072:
4071:
4069:
4067:
4062:
4042:
4036:
4035:
4007:
4001:
4000:
3982:
3949:
3943:
3942:
3932:
3892:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3879:
3863:
3845:
3804:
3798:
3797:
3795:
3793:
3778:
3772:
3766:
3760:
3754:
3748:
3747:
3739:
3733:
3732:
3722:
3698:
3687:
3686:
3676:
3644:
3638:
3637:
3627:
3621:
3620:
3610:
3604:
3603:
3567:
3561:
3549:
3543:
3542:
3532:
3500:
3494:
3493:
3483:
3451:
3445:
3444:
3434:
3424:
3396:
3390:
3389:
3364:(Pt 4): 519–28.
3353:
3347:
3346:
3340:
3332:
3314:
3301:
3300:
3290:
3258:
3249:
3248:
3228:
3222:
3221:
3193:
3184:
3183:
3173:
3163:
3139:
3133:
3132:
3122:
3112:
3088:
3082:
3081:
3071:
3031:
3025:
3024:
3014:
2982:
2973:
2972:
2962:
2930:
2924:
2923:
2905:
2881:
2875:
2874:
2836:
2827:
2826:
2816:
2776:
2763:
2762:
2734:
2721:
2720:
2710:
2692:
2668:
2662:
2661:
2651:
2641:
2626:Sci. Transl. Med
2617:
2611:
2610:
2574:
2568:
2567:
2543:
2537:
2536:
2526:
2508:
2484:
2478:
2477:
2449:
2443:
2442:
2432:
2400:
2394:
2393:
2383:
2351:
2345:
2344:
2308:
2302:
2301:
2291:
2251:
2245:
2244:
2234:
2194:
2188:
2187:
2177:
2152:(8): R421–R434.
2137:
2131:
2130:
2128:
2126:
2116:
2110:
2109:
2107:
2068:
2059:
2050:
2049:
2039:
2029:
2005:
1994:
1993:
1957:
1951:
1950:
1914:
1897:
1896:
1886:
1854:
1843:
1842:
1832:
1822:
1798:
1789:
1788:
1732:
1721:
1720:
1710:
1670:
1664:
1663:
1653:
1630:The FEBS Journal
1621:
1615:
1614:
1596:
1572:
1563:
1562:
1552:
1520:
1514:
1513:
1503:
1493:
1469:
1458:
1457:
1451:
1443:
1425:
1416:
1415:
1405:
1373:
1364:
1363:
1361:
1359:
1345:
1336:
1321:
1320:
1318:
1316:
1302:
1287:
1134:nephronophthisis
1110:Alström syndrome
1106:nephronophthisis
991:mechanosensation
927:Flexible linkers
519:Non-motile cilia
495:axonal transport
294:, and also have
165:
148:edit on Wikidata
65:
53:
21:
6446:
6445:
6441:
6440:
6439:
6437:
6436:
6435:
6411:
6410:
6409:
6404:
6297:
6283:
6230:
6225:
6155:
6150:
6132:
6127:
6099:
6094:
6035:
6032:
6027:
5909:
5906:
5890:
5874:
5856:
5835:
5817:
5801:
5796:
5775:
5757:
5742:
5724:
5698:
5693:
5662:
5657:
5633:Dinoflagellates
5631:
5626:
5608:
5590:
5569:
5564:
5548:
5543:
5530:
5512:
5491:
5486:
5465:
5447:
5426:
5421:
5400:
5395:
5365:
5344:
5265:classifications
5264:
5258:
5245:
5215:
5210:
5176:
5138:
5017:
5011:
4981:
4976:
4955:
4890:
4815:
4706:
4623:Golgi apparatus
4599:
4592:
4582:
4540:
4535:
4534:
4498:
4497:
4493:
4457:
4456:
4452:
4412:
4411:
4407:
4369:
4368:
4364:
4320:
4319:
4315:
4271:
4270:
4266:
4212:
4211:
4207:
4164:Nature Genetics
4156:
4155:
4151:
4121:
4120:
4116:
4093:(22): 2814–21.
4080:
4079:
4075:
4065:
4063:
4051:Radiopaedia.org
4044:
4043:
4039:
4018:(1): 204.e5–7.
4009:
4008:
4004:
3951:
3950:
3946:
3894:
3893:
3889:
3877:
3875:
3867:
3806:
3805:
3801:
3791:
3789:
3780:
3779:
3775:
3767:
3763:
3755:
3751:
3741:
3740:
3736:
3700:
3699:
3690:
3659:(11): a028100.
3646:
3645:
3641:
3629:
3628:
3624:
3612:
3611:
3607:
3584:10.1038/ncb1251
3569:
3568:
3564:
3559:Wayback Machine
3550:
3546:
3521:10.1038/ncb2268
3502:
3501:
3497:
3453:
3452:
3448:
3398:
3397:
3393:
3355:
3354:
3350:
3333:
3329:
3316:
3315:
3304:
3260:
3259:
3252:
3245:
3230:
3229:
3225:
3198:Differentiation
3195:
3194:
3187:
3141:
3140:
3136:
3090:
3089:
3085:
3033:
3032:
3028:
2984:
2983:
2976:
2932:
2931:
2927:
2883:
2882:
2878:
2863:
2838:
2837:
2830:
2778:
2777:
2766:
2736:
2735:
2724:
2670:
2669:
2665:
2619:
2618:
2614:
2585:(22): 2793–95.
2576:
2575:
2571:
2545:
2544:
2540:
2486:
2485:
2481:
2451:
2450:
2446:
2402:
2401:
2397:
2353:
2352:
2348:
2310:
2309:
2305:
2253:
2252:
2248:
2196:
2195:
2191:
2146:Current Biology
2139:
2138:
2134:
2124:
2122:
2118:
2117:
2113:
2105:
2066:
2061:
2060:
2053:
2007:
2006:
1997:
1968:(Pt 4): 505–9.
1959:
1958:
1954:
1916:
1915:
1900:
1856:
1855:
1846:
1800:
1799:
1792:
1734:
1733:
1724:
1672:
1671:
1667:
1623:
1622:
1618:
1574:
1573:
1566:
1522:
1521:
1517:
1471:
1470:
1461:
1444:
1440:
1427:
1426:
1419:
1375:
1374:
1367:
1357:
1355:
1343:
1338:
1337:
1324:
1314:
1312:
1304:
1303:
1299:
1294:
1285:
1260:
1251:
1214:
1196:(also known as
1172:cystic fibrosis
1154:type 2 diabetes
1081:
1075:
1067:plasma membrane
1034:
1019:In the embryo,
1014:ciliary defects
987:thermosensation
971:
955:axonemal dynein
947:
871:
865:
841:
821:
815:
774:
739:
706:ependymal cells
667:secondary cilia
637:
625:
584:aurora kinase A
579:
569:type 2 diabetes
521:
516:
452:
418:transition zone
414:
412:Transition zone
394:
392:Ciliary rootlet
385:
364:
324:fallopian tubes
304:ependymal cells
152:
78:
49:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6444:
6442:
6434:
6433:
6428:
6423:
6413:
6412:
6406:
6405:
6403:
6402:
6397:
6392:
6391:
6390:
6389:
6388:
6383:
6373:
6368:
6363:
6353:
6352:
6351:
6340:
6339:
6338:
6333:
6319:
6318:
6317:
6312:
6301:
6299:
6293:
6292:
6289:
6288:
6285:
6284:
6282:
6281:
6276:
6271:
6266:
6261:
6256:
6251:
6246:
6241:
6235:
6233:
6227:
6226:
6224:
6223:
6222:
6221:
6218:
6215:
6207:
6206:
6205:
6202:
6199:
6196:
6188:
6183:
6178:
6177:
6176:
6166:
6160:
6158:
6152:
6151:
6149:
6148:
6143:
6137:
6135:
6129:
6128:
6126:
6125:
6120:
6115:
6110:
6104:
6102:
6096:
6095:
6093:
6092:
6087:
6082:
6077:
6072:
6067:
6062:
6057:
6052:
6047:
6041:
6039:
6029:
6028:
6026:
6025:
6012:
6011:
6010:
6009:
6008:
6007:Siphonocladous
6005:
5997:
5990:Multinucleated
5987:
5984:
5978:
5976:Parenchymatous
5973:
5967:
5966:
5965:
5960:
5957:
5954:
5943:
5942:
5941:
5936:
5931:
5926:
5915:
5913:
5900:
5896:
5895:
5892:
5891:
5889:
5888:
5882:
5880:
5868:
5862:
5861:
5858:
5857:
5855:
5854:
5849:
5843:
5841:
5829:
5823:
5822:
5819:
5818:
5816:
5815:
5809:
5807:
5798:
5797:
5795:
5794:
5789:
5783:
5781:
5777:Kinetoplastids
5769:
5763:
5762:
5759:
5758:
5756:
5755:
5749:
5747:
5736:
5730:
5729:
5726:
5725:
5723:
5722:
5717:
5712:
5706:
5704:
5695:
5694:
5692:
5691:
5686:
5681:
5676:
5670:
5668:
5659:
5658:
5656:
5655:
5650:
5645:
5639:
5637:
5628:
5627:
5625:
5624:
5619:
5613:
5611:
5602:
5596:
5595:
5592:
5591:
5589:
5588:
5583:
5577:
5575:
5566:
5565:
5563:
5562:
5556:
5554:
5545:
5544:
5542:
5541:
5535:
5533:
5524:
5518:
5517:
5514:
5513:
5511:
5510:
5505:
5499:
5497:
5488:
5487:
5485:
5484:
5479:
5473:
5471:
5459:
5453:
5452:
5449:
5448:
5446:
5445:
5443:Phycobilisomes
5440:
5438:Pit connection
5434:
5432:
5423:
5422:
5420:
5419:
5417:Phycobilisomes
5414:
5408:
5406:
5397:
5396:
5394:
5393:
5388:
5383:
5372:
5370:
5367:Chloroplastida
5359:
5357:Archaeplastida
5350:
5346:
5345:
5343:
5342:
5337:
5332:
5327:
5322:
5317:
5312:
5311:
5310:
5305:
5296:
5295:
5294:
5289:
5279:
5268:
5266:
5260:
5259:
5246:
5244:
5243:
5236:
5229:
5221:
5212:
5211:
5209:
5208:
5194:
5184:
5182:
5178:
5177:
5175:
5174:
5169:
5167:Focal adhesion
5164:
5155:
5149:
5147:
5140:
5139:
5137:
5136:
5135:
5134:
5129:
5124:
5117:Tight junction
5108:
5107:
5106:
5105:
5100:
5095:
5080:
5079:
5078:
5077:
5058:
5057:
5056:
5055:
5045:
5044:
5043:
5028:
5026:
5019:
5018:
5012:
5010:
5009:
5002:
4995:
4987:
4978:
4977:
4975:
4974:
4969:
4963:
4961:
4957:
4956:
4954:
4953:
4948:
4943:
4942:
4941:
4936:
4926:
4925:
4924:
4919:
4914:
4904:
4898:
4896:
4895:Other internal
4892:
4891:
4889:
4888:
4883:
4882:
4881:
4876:
4871:
4866:
4861:
4856:
4851:
4846:
4841:
4831:
4825:
4823:
4817:
4816:
4814:
4813:
4812:
4811:
4806:
4796:
4795:
4794:
4789:
4784:
4779:
4769:
4764:
4763:
4762:
4757:
4752:
4747:
4737:
4732:
4727:
4722:
4716:
4714:
4708:
4707:
4705:
4704:
4703:
4702:
4697:
4692:
4687:
4682:
4672:
4671:
4670:
4665:
4660:
4655:
4650:
4645:
4635:
4630:
4625:
4620:
4615:
4610:
4604:
4602:
4594:
4593:
4583:
4581:
4580:
4573:
4566:
4558:
4552:
4551:
4546:
4539:
4538:External links
4536:
4533:
4532:
4511:(4): 449–457.
4491:
4450:
4405:
4362:
4313:
4284:(3): 487–593.
4264:
4205:
4170:(4): 443–448.
4149:
4114:
4073:
4037:
4002:
3944:
3907:(3): a028191.
3897:"Ciliopathies"
3887:
3885:
3884:
3799:
3773:
3761:
3749:
3734:
3688:
3639:
3622:
3605:
3562:
3544:
3495:
3466:(6): 1605–11.
3446:
3391:
3348:
3327:
3302:
3250:
3243:
3223:
3185:
3134:
3083:
3026:
2974:
2945:(7): 1351–63.
2925:
2896:(7): 1255–57.
2876:
2861:
2828:
2791:(9): 533–547.
2764:
2722:
2663:
2612:
2569:
2538:
2479:
2444:
2395:
2346:
2325:10.1038/nrm952
2319:(11): 813–25.
2303:
2266:(4): 243–253.
2246:
2209:(2): a028134.
2189:
2132:
2111:
2051:
1995:
1952:
1898:
1869:(3): 645–652.
1844:
1790:
1722:
1665:
1616:
1564:
1535:(3): 291–297.
1515:
1459:
1438:
1417:
1365:
1322:
1296:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1289:
1288:
1279:
1273:
1267:
1259:
1256:
1250:
1247:
1242:fallopian tube
1213:
1210:
1194:situs ambiguus
1186:situs inversus
1077:Main article:
1074:
1071:
1033:
1030:
983:chemosensation
970:
967:
946:
943:
867:Main article:
864:
861:
851:microorganisms
840:
839:Microorganisms
837:
814:
811:
800:primitive node
773:
770:
766:choroid plexus
743:primitive node
738:
735:
725:fallopian tube
708:circulate the
636:
633:
624:
621:
603:including the
577:
520:
517:
515:
512:
451:
448:
413:
410:
393:
390:
384:
381:
363:
360:
344:primitive node
296:mechanosensory
154:
153:
144:
138:
137:
132:
126:
125:
120:
114:
113:
108:
102:
101:
96:
90:
89:
85:
84:
80:
79:
66:
58:
57:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6443:
6432:
6429:
6427:
6424:
6422:
6421:Cell movement
6419:
6418:
6416:
6401:
6398:
6396:
6393:
6387:
6384:
6382:
6379:
6378:
6377:
6374:
6372:
6369:
6367:
6364:
6362:
6359:
6358:
6357:
6354:
6350:
6347:
6346:
6345:
6341:
6337:
6336:Fertilization
6334:
6332:
6329:
6328:
6327:
6323:
6320:
6316:
6313:
6311:
6308:
6307:
6306:
6303:
6302:
6300:
6294:
6280:
6277:
6275:
6272:
6270:
6267:
6265:
6262:
6260:
6257:
6255:
6252:
6250:
6247:
6245:
6242:
6240:
6237:
6236:
6234:
6228:
6219:
6216:
6213:
6212:
6211:
6208:
6204:Pleuromitosis
6203:
6200:
6197:
6194:
6193:
6192:
6189:
6187:
6184:
6182:
6179:
6175:
6172:
6171:
6170:
6167:
6165:
6162:
6161:
6159:
6153:
6147:
6144:
6142:
6141:Hydrogenosome
6139:
6138:
6136:
6130:
6124:
6121:
6119:
6116:
6114:
6111:
6109:
6106:
6105:
6103:
6097:
6091:
6088:
6086:
6083:
6081:
6078:
6076:
6073:
6071:
6068:
6066:
6063:
6061:
6058:
6056:
6053:
6051:
6048:
6046:
6043:
6042:
6040:
6037:
6030:
6023:
6019:
6016:
6015:Multicellular
6013:
6006:
6003:
6002:
6001:
5998:
5996:
5993:
5992:
5991:
5988:
5985:
5982:
5979:
5977:
5974:
5972:
5968:
5964:
5961:
5958:
5955:
5952:
5951:
5950:
5947:
5944:
5940:
5937:
5935:
5932:
5930:
5927:
5925:
5922:
5921:
5920:
5917:
5916:
5914:
5911:
5904:
5901:
5897:
5887:
5884:
5883:
5881:
5877:
5872:
5869:
5867:
5863:
5853:
5850:
5848:
5845:
5844:
5842:
5838:
5837:Dictyostelids
5833:
5830:
5828:
5824:
5814:
5811:
5810:
5808:
5804:
5799:
5793:
5790:
5788:
5785:
5784:
5782:
5778:
5773:
5770:
5768:
5764:
5754:
5751:
5750:
5748:
5745:
5740:
5737:
5735:
5731:
5721:
5718:
5716:
5713:
5711:
5708:
5707:
5705:
5701:
5700:Apicomplexans
5696:
5690:
5687:
5685:
5682:
5680:
5677:
5675:
5672:
5671:
5669:
5665:
5660:
5654:
5651:
5649:
5646:
5644:
5641:
5640:
5638:
5634:
5629:
5623:
5620:
5618:
5615:
5614:
5612:
5606:
5603:
5601:
5597:
5587:
5584:
5582:
5579:
5578:
5576:
5572:
5567:
5561:
5558:
5557:
5555:
5551:
5546:
5540:
5537:
5536:
5534:
5528:
5525:
5523:
5522:Stramenopiles
5519:
5509:
5506:
5504:
5501:
5500:
5498:
5494:
5489:
5483:
5480:
5478:
5475:
5474:
5472:
5468:
5463:
5460:
5458:
5454:
5444:
5441:
5439:
5436:
5435:
5433:
5429:
5424:
5418:
5415:
5413:
5410:
5409:
5407:
5403:
5398:
5392:
5389:
5387:
5384:
5382:
5378:
5374:
5373:
5371:
5368:
5363:
5360:
5358:
5354:
5351:
5347:
5341:
5338:
5336:
5333:
5331:
5328:
5326:
5323:
5321:
5318:
5316:
5313:
5309:
5306:
5304:
5300:
5297:
5293:
5290:
5288:
5285:
5284:
5283:
5280:
5278:
5275:
5274:
5273:
5270:
5269:
5267:
5261:
5257:
5253:
5249:
5242:
5237:
5235:
5230:
5228:
5223:
5222:
5219:
5206:
5202:
5198:
5195:
5193:
5189:
5186:
5185:
5183:
5179:
5173:
5170:
5168:
5165:
5163:
5159:
5158:Hemidesmosome
5156:
5154:
5151:
5150:
5148:
5146:
5141:
5133:
5130:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5120:
5119:
5118:
5114:
5110:
5109:
5104:
5101:
5099:
5096:
5094:
5091:
5090:
5089:
5085:
5082:
5081:
5076:
5073:
5072:
5071:
5067:
5063:
5060:
5059:
5054:
5051:
5050:
5049:
5046:
5042:
5039:
5038:
5037:
5033:
5030:
5029:
5027:
5025:
5020:
5016:
5008:
5003:
5001:
4996:
4994:
4989:
4988:
4985:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4965:
4964:
4962:
4958:
4952:
4949:
4947:
4944:
4940:
4937:
4935:
4932:
4931:
4930:
4927:
4923:
4920:
4918:
4915:
4913:
4910:
4909:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4899:
4897:
4893:
4887:
4884:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4869:Proteinoplast
4867:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4837:
4836:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4829:Mitochondrion
4827:
4826:
4824:
4822:
4821:Endosymbionts
4818:
4810:
4807:
4805:
4804:Lamellipodium
4802:
4801:
4800:
4797:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4774:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4743:
4742:
4741:
4738:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4720:Microfilament
4718:
4717:
4715:
4713:
4709:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4678:
4677:
4676:
4673:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4640:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4633:Autophagosome
4631:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4608:Cell membrane
4606:
4605:
4603:
4601:
4598:Endomembrane
4595:
4591:
4587:
4579:
4574:
4572:
4567:
4565:
4560:
4559:
4556:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4541:
4537:
4528:
4524:
4519:
4514:
4510:
4506:
4502:
4495:
4492:
4487:
4483:
4478:
4473:
4469:
4465:
4461:
4454:
4451:
4446:
4442:
4437:
4432:
4428:
4424:
4420:
4418:
4409:
4406:
4401:
4397:
4393:
4389:
4385:
4381:
4377:
4373:
4366:
4363:
4358:
4354:
4349:
4344:
4340:
4336:
4333:(4): 219–29.
4332:
4328:
4324:
4317:
4314:
4309:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4291:
4287:
4283:
4279:
4275:
4268:
4265:
4260:
4256:
4251:
4246:
4242:
4238:
4233:
4228:
4224:
4220:
4219:PLOS Genetics
4216:
4209:
4206:
4201:
4197:
4193:
4189:
4185:
4181:
4177:
4176:10.1038/ng.97
4173:
4169:
4165:
4161:
4153:
4150:
4145:
4141:
4137:
4133:
4130:(4): 385–92.
4129:
4125:
4118:
4115:
4110:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4092:
4088:
4084:
4077:
4074:
4061:
4056:
4052:
4048:
4041:
4038:
4033:
4029:
4025:
4021:
4017:
4013:
4006:
4003:
3998:
3994:
3990:
3986:
3981:
3976:
3972:
3968:
3964:
3960:
3956:
3948:
3945:
3940:
3936:
3931:
3926:
3922:
3918:
3914:
3910:
3906:
3902:
3898:
3891:
3888:
3874:
3870:
3865:
3864:
3861:
3857:
3853:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3835:
3831:
3827:
3823:
3819:
3815:
3811:
3803:
3800:
3788:
3784:
3777:
3774:
3770:
3765:
3762:
3758:
3753:
3750:
3745:
3738:
3735:
3730:
3726:
3721:
3716:
3713:(5): 257–67.
3712:
3708:
3704:
3697:
3695:
3693:
3689:
3684:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3666:
3662:
3658:
3654:
3650:
3643:
3640:
3635:
3634:
3626:
3623:
3618:
3617:
3609:
3606:
3601:
3597:
3593:
3589:
3585:
3581:
3578:(5): 517–24.
3577:
3573:
3566:
3563:
3560:
3556:
3553:
3548:
3545:
3540:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3522:
3518:
3515:(7): 790–98.
3514:
3510:
3506:
3499:
3496:
3491:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3473:
3469:
3465:
3461:
3457:
3450:
3447:
3442:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3414:
3410:
3406:
3404:
3395:
3392:
3387:
3383:
3379:
3375:
3371:
3367:
3363:
3359:
3352:
3349:
3344:
3338:
3330:
3328:9781455706846
3324:
3320:
3313:
3311:
3309:
3307:
3303:
3298:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3280:
3276:
3273:(2): 95–132.
3272:
3268:
3264:
3257:
3255:
3251:
3246:
3240:
3236:
3235:
3227:
3224:
3219:
3215:
3211:
3207:
3204:(2): S4–S11.
3203:
3199:
3192:
3190:
3186:
3181:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3153:
3149:
3145:
3138:
3135:
3130:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3094:
3087:
3084:
3079:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3037:
3030:
3027:
3022:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2997:(6): 687–93.
2996:
2992:
2988:
2981:
2979:
2975:
2970:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2929:
2926:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2880:
2877:
2872:
2868:
2864:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2835:
2833:
2829:
2824:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2775:
2773:
2771:
2769:
2765:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2733:
2731:
2729:
2727:
2723:
2718:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2674:
2667:
2664:
2659:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2616:
2613:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2573:
2570:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2542:
2539:
2534:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2483:
2480:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2460:(2): 95–107.
2459:
2455:
2448:
2445:
2440:
2436:
2431:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2415:(4): 541–46.
2414:
2410:
2406:
2399:
2396:
2391:
2387:
2382:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2350:
2347:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2307:
2304:
2299:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2250:
2247:
2242:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2193:
2190:
2185:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2136:
2133:
2121:
2115:
2112:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2065:
2058:
2056:
2052:
2047:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2004:
2002:
2000:
1996:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1956:
1953:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1925:(3): 339–53.
1924:
1920:
1913:
1911:
1909:
1907:
1905:
1903:
1899:
1894:
1890:
1885:
1880:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1853:
1851:
1849:
1845:
1840:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1797:
1795:
1791:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1731:
1729:
1727:
1723:
1718:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1669:
1666:
1661:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1620:
1617:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1587:(6): 249–70.
1586:
1582:
1578:
1571:
1569:
1565:
1560:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1519:
1516:
1511:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1484:(3): 500–19.
1483:
1479:
1475:
1468:
1466:
1464:
1460:
1455:
1449:
1441:
1439:9780815344643
1435:
1431:
1424:
1422:
1418:
1413:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1372:
1370:
1366:
1353:
1349:
1348:HHMI Bulletin
1342:
1335:
1333:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1323:
1311:
1307:
1301:
1298:
1291:
1283:
1280:
1277:
1274:
1271:
1268:
1265:
1262:
1261:
1257:
1255:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1222:
1219:
1211:
1209:
1205:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1102:liver disease
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1086:multi-symptom
1080:
1072:
1070:
1068:
1064:
1061:state in the
1060:
1056:
1053:
1050:
1046:
1043:
1039:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1022:
1017:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1002:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
980:
976:
968:
966:
964:
960:
956:
952:
944:
942:
940:
936:
932:
928:
924:
919:
917:
913:
909:
905:
901:
896:
894:
893:
888:
884:
880:
876:
870:
862:
860:
858:
857:
852:
849:
845:
838:
836:
834:
830:
826:
820:
812:
810:
807:
805:
801:
797:
793:
786:
782:
778:
771:
769:
767:
762:
760:
759:nodal surface
756:
752:
748:
744:
736:
734:
732:
731:
726:
722:
718:
713:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
694:smooth muscle
691:
686:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
653:
649:
645:
641:
634:
632:
629:
622:
617:
612:
608:
606:
602:
598:
594:
589:
585:
581:
572:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
541:
536:
534:
530:
526:
525:primary cilia
518:
513:
511:
509:
508:cell membrane
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
449:
447:
445:
441:
440:
435:
434:
429:
428:
423:
419:
411:
409:
407:
405:
400:
391:
389:
382:
380:
377:
368:
361:
359:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
326:) of female (
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
284:
282:
278:
274:
270:
269:sensory cilia
266:
265:primary cilia
261:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
230:
228:
224:
220:
217:. Eukaryotic
216:
212:
208:
204:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
161:
149:
143:
139:
136:
133:
131:
127:
124:
121:
119:
115:
112:
109:
107:
103:
100:
97:
95:
91:
86:
81:
77:
73:
69:
64:
59:
54:
51:
47:
40:
33:
19:
6356:Heterotrophy
6326:Reproduction
6201:Orthomitosis
6186:Heterokaryon
6133:Mitochondria
6112:
6034:Cell surface
5910:organization
5866:Opisthokonta
5689:Micronucleus
5684:Macronucleus
5673:
5586:Pneumatocyst
5402:Glaucophytes
5386:Phragmoplast
5325:Thallophytes
5252:Protistology
5248:Microbiology
5187:
5153:Basal lamina
5084:Cytoskeleton
5066:Gap junction
5062:Ion channels
5013:Proteins of
4849:Gerontoplast
4799:Pseudopodium
4792:Radial spoke
4776:
4772:Undulipodium
4712:Cytoskeleton
4628:Parenthesome
4508:
4504:
4494:
4470:(1): 45–64.
4467:
4463:
4453:
4426:
4422:
4416:
4408:
4375:
4371:
4365:
4330:
4326:
4316:
4281:
4277:
4267:
4222:
4218:
4208:
4167:
4163:
4152:
4127:
4123:
4117:
4090:
4086:
4076:
4064:. Retrieved
4050:
4040:
4015:
4011:
4005:
3962:
3958:
3947:
3904:
3900:
3890:
3876:. Retrieved
3872:
3817:
3813:
3802:
3790:. Retrieved
3786:
3776:
3764:
3752:
3743:
3737:
3710:
3706:
3656:
3652:
3642:
3632:
3625:
3615:
3608:
3575:
3571:
3565:
3547:
3512:
3508:
3498:
3463:
3459:
3449:
3415:(10): 1493.
3412:
3408:
3402:
3394:
3361:
3357:
3351:
3318:
3270:
3266:
3233:
3226:
3201:
3197:
3151:
3147:
3137:
3100:
3096:
3086:
3043:
3039:
3029:
2994:
2990:
2942:
2938:
2928:
2893:
2889:
2879:
2844:
2840:
2788:
2784:
2742:
2738:
2680:
2676:
2666:
2629:
2625:
2615:
2582:
2578:
2572:
2558:(1): 14–16.
2555:
2551:
2541:
2496:
2492:
2482:
2457:
2453:
2447:
2412:
2408:
2398:
2366:(1): 23–29.
2363:
2359:
2349:
2316:
2312:
2306:
2263:
2259:
2249:
2206:
2202:
2192:
2149:
2145:
2135:
2123:. Retrieved
2114:
2074:
2070:
2017:
2013:
1965:
1961:
1955:
1922:
1918:
1866:
1862:
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1810:
1806:
1744:
1740:
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1682:
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1429:
1385:
1381:
1356:. Retrieved
1351:
1347:
1313:. Retrieved
1309:
1300:
1252:
1234:implantation
1223:
1215:
1206:
1197:
1183:
1180:
1158:
1142:renal tubule
1126:ciliopathies
1082:
1042:serotonergic
1035:
1018:
1003:
981:, providing
978:
972:
948:
920:
897:
890:
886:
875:ciliogenesis
872:
869:Ciliogenesis
863:Ciliogenesis
854:
842:
822:
808:
803:
791:
790:
763:
740:
728:
714:
687:
666:
663:motile cilia
662:
657:
635:Motile cilia
626:
607:in neurons.
573:
561:ciliopathies
537:
531:, where the
524:
522:
453:
437:
431:
425:
422:ciliary gate
421:
417:
415:
403:
395:
386:
373:
347:
310:through the
300:chemosensory
285:
268:
264:
262:
246:microtubules
237:
233:
231:
183:
175:
167:
159:
157:
98:
50:
6386:Necrotrophy
6371:Saprotrophy
6361:Phagotrophy
6349:Phototrophy
6342:Nutrition:
6331:Life cycles
6322:Development
6296:Ecology and
6164:Nucleomorph
6118:Pseudopodia
5919:Unicellular
5803:Euglenoidea
5787:Kinetoplast
5571:Brown algae
5539:Mastigoneme
5477:Mastigoneme
5467:Cryptophyta
5377:green algae
5335:Slime molds
5201:Stereocilia
5145:cell–matrix
5098:Plakoglobin
5093:Desmoplakin
4951:Magnetosome
4917:Spliceosome
4844:Chromoplast
4839:Chloroplast
4730:Microtubule
4423:Development
4278:Protoplasma
4087:Circulation
3046:: 225–260.
2579:Circulation
2071:Development
1282:Stereocilia
1021:nodal cilia
929:allow the
923:nanomachine
825:sperm cells
804:nodal cilia
792:Nodal cells
772:Nodal cilia
755:dynein arms
591:cilia, the
499:nerve fibre
480:dynein arms
472:9+2 axoneme
468:9+0 axoneme
462:called the
456:microtubule
356:bilaterians
348:nodal cells
279:present on
254:9+0 axoneme
250:9+2 axoneme
223:sperm cells
170:; from
88:Identifiers
6431:Organelles
6415:Categories
6400:Auxotrophy
6395:Mixotrophy
6376:Parasitism
6366:Osmotrophy
6344:Autotrophy
6298:physiology
6174:Plasmodium
6100:Locomotion
6036:structures
6000:Coenocytic
5744:Phytomyxea
5715:Apicoplast
5643:Dinokaryon
5622:Trichocyst
5493:Haptophyte
5381:Phycoplast
5349:Morphology
5320:Cryptogams
5197:Microvilli
5192:Kinocilium
5162:Tonofibril
5103:Tonofibril
5053:Desmoglein
5015:epithelium
4946:Proteasome
4939:Inclusions
4886:Nitroplast
4879:Apicoplast
4864:Elaioplast
4859:Amyloplast
4854:Leucoplast
4809:Filopodium
4755:Basal body
4745:Centrosome
4695:Peroxisome
4690:Glyoxysome
4680:Melanosome
4590:organelles
3878:19 October
3792:19 October
3403:Paramecium
3154:: 715037.
2745:: 125–48.
2120:"Rootelin"
1292:References
1079:Ciliopathy
1059:epigenetic
1006:epithelial
975:epithelial
904:basal body
889:sperm and
887:Drosophila
856:Paramecium
848:eukaryotic
829:protozoans
817:See also:
661:also have
648:microvilli
593:basal body
565:beta cells
545:dysgenesis
383:Basal body
376:basal body
281:hair cells
238:non-motile
227:protozoans
200:eukaryotic
6381:Biotrophy
6254:Extrusome
6244:Cytostome
6108:Flagellum
6065:Cell wall
6024:/histonal
6004:Siphonous
5995:Syncytial
5963:Coenobial
5959:Sarcinoid
5908:Levels of
5847:Macrocyst
5827:Amoebozoa
5792:Glycosome
5720:Microneme
5600:Alveolata
5508:Haptonema
5503:Coccolith
5482:Periplast
5428:Red algae
5412:Cyanelles
5299:Infusoria
5172:Costamere
5088:Desmosome
5048:Desmosome
5024:cell–cell
4967:Cell wall
4929:Cytoplasm
4902:Nucleolus
4874:Tannosome
4782:Flagellum
4767:Myofibril
4750:Centriole
4685:Microbody
4658:Phagosome
4241:1553-7404
4184:1546-1718
3921:1943-0264
3860:251958800
3834:0092-8674
3337:cite book
3060:0070-2153
2805:1471-0080
2699:1096-3634
2683:: 70–88.
2515:2046-2530
2280:0219-1032
2223:1943-0264
2166:1879-0445
1990:207165576
1769:1095-9203
1699:1095-564X
1448:cite book
1052:pyramidal
995:secretory
935:allostery
827:and many
704:ciliated
628:Kinocilia
540:vestigial
476:flagellum
399:rootletin
362:Structure
346:; termed
334:from the
332:egg cells
306:move the
277:kinocilia
225:and many
221:found on
215:cell body
196:organelle
6274:Axostyle
6269:Pyrenoid
6249:Fimbriae
6181:Dikaryon
6146:Mitosome
6075:Skeleton
6060:Frustule
6050:Mucilage
6022:tissular
5946:Colonial
5929:Amoeboid
5924:Monadoid
5852:Sorocarp
5767:Excavate
5734:Rhizaria
5664:Ciliates
5648:Dinocyst
5609:General:
5560:Frustule
5531:General:
5457:Hacrobia
5308:Sporozoa
5303:Ciliates
5292:Heliozoa
5272:Protozoa
5256:Protists
5132:MARVELD2
5127:Occludin
5075:Connexin
5070:Connexon
5041:Cadherin
5022:Lateral/
4960:External
4912:Ribosome
4668:Acrosome
4653:Endosome
4648:Lysosome
4486:15580285
4445:15226261
4400:10039212
4392:22380790
4357:29204570
4308:34940909
4259:26540106
4192:18327255
4144:12888012
4109:17515466
4032:16850538
3997:41645398
3989:25374274
3965:: 5308.
3939:27793968
3852:36055200
3729:18178628
3683:27527589
3600:35443570
3592:15852003
3555:Archived
3539:21642982
3441:34680887
3386:18673550
3378:20145000
3297:26772908
3218:22118931
3180:34422834
3129:29473038
3078:19147008
3021:18365235
2969:17604723
2920:17712155
2912:17604715
2871:23881310
2847:: 1–30.
2823:28698599
2759:16722803
2717:32747192
2658:31118289
2607:14405881
2599:17548739
2564:18264930
2533:28293419
2474:10891855
2439:20399632
2390:18180368
2341:12130216
2333:12415299
2298:28401750
2241:27770015
2184:29689227
2125:28 March
2103:Archived
2099:53719458
2091:30467108
2046:28620520
1982:20144998
1947:15178940
1939:22207244
1893:29800551
1839:34831200
1785:29885142
1777:16888132
1717:29548942
1660:28342295
1603:21728999
1559:33970456
1510:26378583
1315:15 April
1258:See also
1218:biofilms
1156:models.
1038:synapses
945:Function
879:tubulins
844:Ciliates
833:flagella
698:egg cell
644:Tracheal
588:cellular
487:proteins
320:oviducts
219:flagella
207:bacteria
192:membrane
46:Psyllium
6217:Zygotic
6214:Gametic
6156:Nucleus
5934:Coccoid
5899:General
5710:Rhoptry
5617:Alveoli
5550:Diatoms
5287:Testate
5122:Claudin
4934:Cytosol
4834:Plastid
4787:Axoneme
4663:Vacuole
4643:Exosome
4638:Vesicle
4613:Nucleus
4527:3545133
4348:5698538
4299:9010356
4250:4635004
4200:5282929
4066:10 June
4012:Urology
3967:Bibcode
3930:5334254
3843:9789380
3674:5088525
3530:3129367
3490:1281816
3481:2289744
3432:8535419
3401:"Using
3288:4756657
3171:8374625
3120:5809511
3069:2653622
3012:2386530
2960:2504417
2814:5851292
2708:7855621
2649:7331025
2524:5343305
2430:2910237
2381:2213603
2289:5424270
2232:5287074
2175:6434934
2037:5424401
1884:6130327
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1651:5603355
1611:7636387
1550:8222448
1501:4588048
1412:6459327
1403:2112827
1358:26 July
1192:), and
1132:(PCD),
1063:nucleus
1055:neurons
798:on the
730:oviduct
688:In the
659:Mammals
464:axoneme
458:-based
450:Axoneme
338:to the
328:therian
314:of the
242:axoneme
211:archaea
194:-bound
190:) is a
188:eyelash
178: '
111:D002923
83:Details
76:trachea
74:in the
6220:Sporic
6198:Closed
6113:Cilium
6070:Lorica
5971:hyphal
5679:Cirrus
5674:Cilium
5581:Lamina
5263:Former
5181:Apical
5143:Basal/
5111:other
4777:Cilium
4600:system
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1136:, and
999:motile
951:dynein
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908:CEP164
902:, the
787:embryo
631:arms.
340:uterus
258:dynein
234:motile
186:is an
184:cilium
180:eyelid
176:cilium
160:cilium
99:cilium
56:Cilium
6231:Other
6085:Theca
6055:Scale
5653:Theca
5315:Algae
5188:Cilia
4922:Vault
4396:S2CID
4196:S2CID
3993:S2CID
3856:S2CID
3596:S2CID
3409:Genes
3382:S2CID
3234:Cells
3103:: 8.
2916:S2CID
2603:S2CID
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2337:S2CID
2106:(PDF)
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2067:(PDF)
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1943:S2CID
1863:Chest
1807:Cells
1781:S2CID
1607:S2CID
1478:Cells
1344:(PDF)
1045:axons
1010:lumen
1004:Some
963:nexin
937:via
785:mouse
683:lungs
580:phase
514:Types
497:in a
404:CROCC
336:ovary
316:brain
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172:Latin
168:cilia
146:[
135:67181
94:Latin
18:Cilia
6239:Cyst
6195:Open
6080:Test
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5949:s.s.
5205:STRC
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