Homosexuality in ancient Rome

1223: 360: 36: 1356: 841: 798: 2019: 884: 2481:. Ovid finds it "a desire known to no one, freakish, novel ... among all animals no female is seized by desire for female". During the Roman Imperial era, sources for same-sex relations among women, though still rare, are more abundant, in the form of love spells, medical writing, texts on astrology and the interpretation of dreams, and other sources. While graffiti written in Latin by men in Roman ruins commonly express desire for both males and females, graffiti imputed to women overwhelmingly express desire only for males, though one graffito from Pompeii may be an exception, and has been read by many scholars as depicting the desire of one woman for another: 1711: 2600: 2470: 963:(1st century AD), that depicts two scenes of male–male sex. It has been argued that the two sides of this cup represent the duality of pederastic tradition at Rome, the Greek in contrast to the Roman. On the "Greek" side, a bearded, mature man is penetrating a young but muscularly developed male in a rear-entry position. The young man, probably meant to be 17 or 18, holds on to a sexual apparatus for maintaining an otherwise awkward or uncomfortable sexual position. A child-slave watches the scene furtively through a door ajar. The "Roman" side of the cup shows a 321: 510: 352: 492:(a literary style seen as originally Roman), it is said by one of the characters that "everyone knows that a boy is superior to a woman"; the character goes on to list physical attributes, most of which denoting the onset of puberty, that mark boys when they are at their most attractive in the character's view. Also remarked elsewhere in Novius' fragments is that the sexual use of boys ceases after "their butts become hairy". A preference for smooth male bodies over hairy ones is also avowed elsewhere in Roman literature (e.g., in 560: 656: 1096: 309: 1585: 1003: 2540: 437: 1119:, specifically refer to an adult; Romans who were socially marked as "masculine" did not confine their same-sex penetration of male prostitutes or slaves to those who were "boys" under the age of 20. Some older men may have at times preferred the passive role. Martial describes, for example, the case of an older man who played the passive role and let a younger slave occupy the active role. An adult male's desire to be penetrated was considered a sickness ( 1405:

grew facial hair. As such, when Martial celebrates in two of his epigrams (1.31 and 5.48) the relationship of his friend, the centurion Aulens Pudens, with his slave Encolpos, the poet more than once gives voice to the hope that the latter's beard come late, so that the romance between the pair may last long. Continuing the affair beyond that point could result in damage to the master's repute. Some men, however, insisted on ignoring this convention.

668:, Rome's leading literary figure, was alone among Roman figures in proposing a radically new agenda focused on love between men and women: making love with a woman is more enjoyable, he says, because unlike the forms of same-sex behavior permissible within Roman culture, the pleasure is mutual. Even Ovid himself, however, did not claim exclusive heterosexuality and he does include mythological treatments of homoeroticism in the 45: 1443: 8145: 7982: 2794:, from which derives the now-perjorative term "hermaphrodite". The myth relates how a beautiful youth on the cusp of adulthood is sexually assaulted by a nymph; their identities became fused into one. Hermaphroditus was a popular subject of Roman art as a subversion of binary gender roles, represented often in sculpture and wall painting. The biological reality of intersex persons was also observed. For example, 2188: 2110: 2887: 544:). Other works in the genre (e.g., Juvenal 2 and 9, and one of Martial's satires) also give the impression that passive homosexuality was becoming a fad increasingly popular among Roman men of the first century AD, something which is the target of invective from the authors of the satires. The practice itself, however, was perhaps not new, as over a hundred years before these authors, the dramatist 344:. Gender did not determine whether a sexual partner was acceptable, as long as a man's enjoyment did not encroach on another man's integrity. It was immoral to have sex with another freeborn man's wife, his marriageable daughter, his underage son, or with the man himself; sexual use of another man's slave was subject to the owner's permission. Lack of self-control, including in managing one's 2396:

assault and drew his sword, killing Lusius. A conviction for killing an officer typically resulted in execution. When brought to trial, he was able to produce witnesses to show that he had repeatedly had to fend off Lusius, and "had never prostituted his body to anyone, despite offers of expensive gifts". Marius not only acquitted Trebonius in the killing of his kinsman, but gave him a

210: 985:

represents perceptions of Greco-Roman homosexuality from that time, whereas defenders of the legitimacy of the cup have highlighted certain signs of ancient corrosion and the fact that a vessel manufactured in the 19th century, would have been made of pure silver, whereas the Warren Cup has a level of purity equal to that of other Roman vessels. To address this issue, the

2696:, the subordinates in a household, including the staff and slaves. A man who wore women's clothes, Ulpian notes, would risk making himself the object of scorn. Female prostitutes were the only women in ancient Rome who wore the distinctively masculine toga. The wearing of the toga may signal that prostitutes were outside the normal social and legal category of "woman". 433:

Plautus. He notes that the homo- and heterosexual exploitation of slaves, to which there are so many references in Plautus' works, is rarely mentioned in Greek New Comedy, and that many of the puns that make such a reference (and Plautus' oeuvre, being comic, is full of them) are only possible in Latin, and can not therefore have been mere translations from the Greek.

2409: 1222: 779:, seems physically unaroused and, at times, emotionally distant. It is now believed that this may be an artistic convention provoked by reluctance on the part of the Greeks to openly acknowledge that Greek males could enjoy taking on a "female" role in an erotic relationship; reputation for such pleasure could have consequences to the future image of the former 6849: 292:" was part of a "cult of virility" that particularly shaped Roman homosexual practices. Roman ideals of masculinity were thus premised on taking an active role that was also, as Craig A. Williams has noted, "the prime directive of masculine sexual behavior for Romans". In the late 20th and early 21st centuries, scholars have tended to view expressions of Roman 731: 480:

of love poetry gave their beloveds Greek pseudonyms no matter the sex of the beloved. Thus, the use of Greek names in homoerotic Roman poems does not mean that the Romans attributed a Greek origin to their homosexual practices or that homosexual love only appeared as a subject of poetic celebration among the Romans under the influence of the Greeks.

969:, age 12 to 13, held for intercourse in the arms of an older male, clean-shaven and fit. The bearded pederast may be Greek, with a partner who participates more freely and with a look of pleasure. His counterpart, who has a more severe haircut, appears to be Roman, and thus uses a slave boy; the myrtle wreath he wears symbolizes his role as an " 7108: 1385:, which means "to grow up" or "to grow old". The term denotes a male prostitute who services another sexually despite the fact that he himself is past his prime according to the ephebic tastes of Roman homoerotism. Though adult men were expected to take on the role of "penetrator" in their love affairs, such a restriction did not apply to 521:, a second-century BC poet, draws comparisons between anal sex with boys and vaginal sex with females; it is speculated that he may have written a whole chapter in one of his books with comparisons between lovers of both sexes, though nothing can be stated with certainty as what remains of his oeuvre are just fragments. 2297:(a man young enough not to have begun his formal career) was gang-raped by ten of his peers; although the case is hypothetical, Seneca assumes that the law permitted the successful prosecution of the rapists. Another hypothetical case imagines the extremity to which a rape victim might be driven: the freeborn male ( 2489:

Other readings, unrelated to female homosexual desire, are also possible. According to Roman studies scholar Craig Williams, the verses can also be read as, "a poetic soliloquy in which a woman ponders her own painful experiences with men and addresses herself in Catullan manner; the opening wish for

408:

In the Imperial era, a perceived increase in passive homosexual behavior among free males was associated with anxieties about the subordination of political liberty to the emperor, and led to an increase in executions and corporal punishment. The sexual license and decadence under the empire was seen

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Despite the best efforts of scholars, we have essentially no direct evidence of female homoerotic love in Rome: the best we can do is a collection of hostile literary and technical treatments ranging from Phaedrus to Juvenal to the medical writers and Church fathers, all of which condemn sex between

2590:

Martial describes women acting sexually actively with other women as having outsized sexual appetites and performing penetrative sex on both women and boys. Imperial portrayals of women who sodomize boys, drink and eat like men, and engage in vigorous physical regimens may reflect cultural anxieties

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over a period of time by his superior officer, who happened to be Marius's nephew, Gaius Lusius. One night, after having fended off unwanted advances on numerous occasions, Trebonius was summoned to Lusius's tent. Unable to disobey the command of his superior, he found himself the object of a sexual

2238:

of Julius Caesar, defined rape as forced sex against "boy, woman, or anyone"; the rapist was subject to execution, a rare penalty in Roman law. Men who had been raped were exempt from the loss of legal or social standing suffered by those who submitted their bodies to use for the pleasure of others;

848:

Contrary to the art of the vessels discussed above, all sixteen images on the mural portray sexual acts considered unusual or debased according to Roman customs: e.g., female sexual domination of men, heterosexual oral sex, passive homosexuality by an adult man, lesbianism, and group sex. Therefore,

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for penetration, and that she would be the one experiencing pleasure. Dildos are rarely mentioned in Roman sources, but were a popular comic item in Classical Greek literature and art. There is only one known depiction of a woman penetrating another woman in Roman art, whereas women using dildos is

789:

as a respectable citizen. Because, among the Romans, normative homosexuality took place, not between freeborn males or social equals as among the Greeks, but between master and slave, client and prostitute or, in any case, between social superior and social inferior, Roman artists may paradoxically

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as models of expression promoted the celebration of homoeroticism as the mark of an urbane and sophisticated person. The opposite view is sustained by Craig Williams, who is critical of Macmullen's discussion on Roman attitudes toward homosexuality: he draws attention to the fact that Roman writers

1404:

and his partner could begin when he was still a boy and the affair then extended into his adulthood. It is impossible to say how often this happened. For even if there was a tight bond between the couple, the general social expectation was that pederastic affairs would end once the younger partner

984:

More recently, academic Maria Teresa Marabini Moevs has questioned the authenticity of the cup, while others have published defenses of its authenticity. Marabini Moevs has argued, for example, that the Cup was probably manufactured by the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries and that it supposedly

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Roman historians record cautionary tales of officers who abuse their authority to coerce sex from their soldiers, and then suffer dire consequences. The youngest officers, who still might retain some of the adolescent attraction that Romans favored in male–male relations, were advised to beef up

747:

Homosexuality appears with much less frequency in the visual art of Rome than in its literature. Out of several hundred objects depicting images of sexual contact—from wall paintings and oil lamps to vessels of various types of material—only a small minority exhibits acts between males, and even

2179:", the traditional garment of a married woman. Although Cicero's sexual implications are clear, the point of the passage is to cast Antony in the submissive role in the relationship and to impugn his manhood in various ways; there is no reason to think that actual marriage rites were performed. 2105:

did not recognize marriage between males, but one of the grounds for disapproval expressed in Juvenal's satire is that celebrating the rites would lead to expectations for such marriages to be registered officially. As the empire was becoming Christianized in the 4th century, legal prohibitions

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Sex between two females and two males. On the right are two females and the figure furthest to the right has raised their legs around the person next to them. On the left is anal sex between two males.Fragment of a terracotta vessel. Stamped with the name Vitalis. 65 - 80 CE. Vorarlberg museum,

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are the earliest to survive in full to modernity, and also the first to mention homosexuality. Their use to draw conclusions about Roman customs or morals, however, is controversial because these works are all based on Greek originals. However, Craig A. Williams defends such use of the works of

762:

When whole objects rather than mere fragments are unearthed, homoerotic scenes are usually found to share space with pictures of opposite-sex couples, which can be interpreted to mean that heterosexuality and homosexuality (or male homosexuality, in any case) are of equal value. The Warren Cup

4751:

43: secessu vero Caprensi etiam sellaria excogitavit, sedem arcanarum libidinum, in quam undique conquisiti puellarum et exoletorum greges monstrosique concubitus repertores, quos spintrias appellabat, triplici serie conexi, in vicem incestarent coram ipso, ut aspectu deficientis libidines

1855:"). Although the sexual inviolability of underage male citizens is usually emphasized, this anecdote is among the evidence that even the most well-born youths might go through a phase in which they could be viewed as "sex objects". Perhaps tellingly, this same member of the illustrious 766:

The treatment given to the subject in such vessels is idealized and romantic, similar to that dispensed to heterosexuality. The artist's emphasis, regardless of the sex of the couple being depicted, lies in the mutual affection between the partners and the beauty of their bodies.

1502:

was not a "homosexual" as such. His sexuality was not defined by the gender of the person using him as a receptacle for sex, but rather his desire to be so used. Because in Roman culture a man who penetrates another adult male almost always expresses contempt or revenge, the

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as anxious about his future and fearful of abandonment. His long hair will be cut, and he will have to resort to the female slaves for sexual gratification—indicating that he is expected to transition from being a receptive sex object to one who performs penetrative sex. The

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in the presence of friends. Male–male weddings are reported by sources that mock them; the feelings of the participants are not recorded. Both Martial and Juvenal refer to marriage between males as something that occurs not infrequently, although they disapprove of it.

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appear with certain frequency in Latin texts, both fictional and historical, unlike in Greek literature, suggesting perhaps that adult male-male sex was more common among the Romans than among the Greeks. Ancient sources impute the love of, or the preference for,

1565:

might be "functionally interchangeable" with women as receptacles for sex, but freeborn male minors were strictly off-limits. To accuse a Roman man of being someone's "boy" was an insult that impugned his manhood, particularly in the political arena. The aging

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purpose, but in art it is frequently laughter-provoking or grotesque. Hellenization, however, influenced the depiction of male nudity in Roman art, leading to more complex signification of the male body shown nude, partially nude, or costumed in a

2360:

In warfare, rape symbolized defeat, a motive for the soldier not to make his body sexually vulnerable in general. During the Republic, homosexual behavior among fellow soldiers was subject to harsh penalties, including death, as a violation of

855:

in Roman art typically show two men penetrating a woman, but one of the Suburban scenes has one man entering a woman from the rear while he in turn receives anal sex from a man standing behind him. This scenario is described also by Catullus,

7718: 2327:(reigned 27 BC – 14 AD) even prohibited soldiers from marrying, a ban that remained in force for the Imperial army for nearly two centuries. Other forms of sexual gratification available to soldiers were prostitutes of any gender, 790:

have felt more at ease than their Greek colleagues to portray mutual affection and desire between male couples. This may also explain why anal penetration is seen more often in Roman homoerotic art than in its Greek counterpart, where

2022:

Perfume bottle made of cameo glass found in the Roman necropolis of Ostippo (Spain). Side B of the bottle, shown above, shows two young men in bed. Side A, not shown, shows a man and a woman.The George Ortiz Collection 25 BCE - 14

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It was socially acceptable for a freeborn Roman man to want sex with both female and male partners, as long as he took the penetrative role. The morality of the behavior depended on the social standing of the partner, not gender

300:; that is, the proper way for a Roman male to seek sexual gratification was to insert his penis into his partner. Allowing himself to be penetrated threatened his liberty as a free citizen as well as his sexual integrity. 2031:

at Rome; that is, although the noun "homosexual" has no straightforward equivalent in Latin, literary sources reveal a pattern of behaviors among a minority of free men that indicate same-sex preference or orientation.

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upon the death of the latter. These poems have been argued to demonstrate that such relationships could have an emotional dimension, and it is known from inscriptions in Roman ruins that men could be buried with their

483:

References to homosexual desire or practice, in fact, also appear in Roman authors who wrote in literary styles seen as originally Roman, that is, where the influence of Greek fashions or styles is less likely. In an

2143:

is reported to have been the bride in a wedding to his male partner. Other mature men at his court had husbands, or said they had husbands in imitation of the emperor. Although the sources are in general hostile,

659:

A mold for an Arretine bowl that shows sex between a female and a male on the left side. On the right is sex between two males. In the middle is an ithyphallic herm. Vase, mold for Arretine bowl. Late 1st century

759:. This may be evidence that sexual relations between males had the acceptance not only of the elite, but was also openly celebrated or indulged in by the less illustrious, as suggested also by ancient graffiti. 2357:. Sex among fellow soldiers, however, violated the Roman decorum against intercourse with another freeborn male. A soldier maintained his masculinity by not allowing his body to be used for sexual purposes. 2040:

states that such men scratched their heads with a finger to identify themselves. In his 9th satire, Juvenal describes the life of a male gigolo who earned his living servicing rich passive homosexual men.

397:. Since Roman women were active in educating their sons and mingled with men socially, and women of the governing classes often continued to advise and influence their sons and husbands in political life, 1389:. In their texts, Pomponius and Juvenal both included characters who were adult male prostitutes and had as clients male citizens who sought their services so they could take a "female" role in bed (see 770:

Such a trend distinguishes Roman homoerotic art from that of the Greeks. With some exceptions, Greek vase painting attributes desire and pleasure only to the active partner of homosexual encounters, the

2719:) was gang-raped while wearing women's clothes in public, but his attire is explained as his acting on a dare by his friends, not as a choice based on gender identity or the pursuit of erotic pleasure. 7708: 359: 2278:, and was a form of masculine braggadocio. Rape was one of the traditional punishments inflicted on a male adulterer by the wronged husband, though perhaps more in revenge fantasy than in practice. 7368: 7142: 4157:(University of California Press, 1998, 2001), p. 61, asserts that the Warren cup is valuable for art history and as a document of Roman sexuality precisely because of its "relatively secure date." 7210: 2451:

In other words, a 'train' is being alluded to: the first man penetrates the second, who in turn penetrates the third. The first two are "sinning", while the last two are being "sinned against".

338:. Both women and young men were considered normal objects of desire, but outside marriage a man was supposed to act on his desires with only slaves, prostitutes (who were often slaves), and the 1271:

are treated as significant enough to occupy five stanzas of Catullus's wedding poem. He plays an active role in the ceremonies, distributing the traditional nuts that boys threw (rather like

989:, which holds the utensil, performed a chemical analysis in 2015 to determine the date of its production. The analysis concluded that the silverware was indeed made in classical antiquity. 880:

marked a Roman man as a free citizen. Negative connotations of nudity include defeat in war, since captives were stripped, and slavery, since slaves for sale were often displayed naked.

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I wish I could hold to my neck and embrace the little arms, and bear kisses on the tender lips. Go on, doll, and trust your joys to the winds; believe me, light is the nature of men.

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7: praeter saevitiam suspecta in eo etiam luxuria erat, quod ad mediam noctem comissationes cum profusissimo quoque familiarium extenderet; nec minus libido propter exoletorum … .

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Christopher Records, "When Sex Has Lost its Significance: Homosexuality, Society, and Roman Law in the 4th Century", in UCR Undergraduate Research Journal, Volume IV (June 2010)

2536:(2nd century CE): "They say there are women like that in Lesbos, masculine-looking, but they don't want to give it up for men. Instead, they consort with women, just like men." 7703: 2010:

is a crime for the freeborn, a necessity in a slave, a duty for the freedman": male–male sex in Rome asserted the power of the citizen over slaves, confirming his masculinity.

1136:

is a derogatory word denoting a male who was gender-deviant; his choice of sex acts, or preference in sexual partner, was secondary to his perceived deficiencies as a "man" (

763:(discussed below) is an exception among homoerotic objects: it shows only male couples and may have been produced in order to celebrate a world of exclusive homosexuality. 348:, indicated that a man was incapable of governing others; too much indulgence in "low sensual pleasure" threatened to erode the elite male's identity as a cultured person. 7497: 7363: 2428:

describes a man with a large penis in a public bathroom. Several emperors are reported in a negative light for surrounding themselves with men with large sexual organs.

1990:

might be associated with behaviors in young men who retained a degree of boyish attractiveness but were old enough to be expected to behave according to masculine norms.

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with two men and a woman, intercourse by a female couple using a strap-on, and a foursome with two men and two women participating in homosexual anal sex, heterosexual

7449: 2871:: all male–male sex, passive or active, no matter who the partners, was declared contrary to nature and punishable by death. Male–male sex was pointed to as cause for 2828:

Attitudes toward same-sex behavior changed as Christianity became more prominent in the Empire. The modern perception of Roman sexual decadence can be traced to early

2768:. In several surviving examples of Greek and Roman sculpture, the love goddess pulls up her garments to reveal her male genitalia, a gesture that traditionally held 2752:; she had a beard and male genitals, but wore women's clothing. The deity's worshippers cross-dressed, men wearing women's clothes, and women men's. The Latin poet 7965: 7960: 7955: 7950: 7824: 7409: 7373: 1167:", except that both words can be used to deride a male considered deficient in manhood or with androgynous characteristics whom women may find sexually alluring. 7421: 5965:: Roman law recognized that a soldier might be raped by the enemy, and specified that a man raped in war should not suffer the loss of social standing that an 556:), which today only exists in fragments, where the main character, a male prostitute, proclaims that he has sex with male clients also in the active position. 6212:, a sex crime; "sin" is generally a Christian concept, but since Ausonius was at least nominally a Christian, "sin" may capture the intention of the wordplay. 7752: 7487: 1688:

might be idealized in poetry and the relationship between him and his master may be painted in what his master viewed as strongly romantic colors. In the

7725: 7624: 2397: 264:) was defined in part by the right to preserve his body from physical compulsion, including both corporal punishment and sexual abuse. Roman society was 7814: 7444: 7426: 7215: 2018: 1355: 1246:

has described this form of concubinage as "a stable sexual relationship, not exclusive but privileged". Within the hierarchy of household slaves, the

840: 797: 2707:

is noted in a legal case, in which "a certain senator accustomed to wear women's evening clothes" was disposing of the garments in his will. In the "

8105: 7819: 7399: 4391:", in which a singer referred to as "that little faggot with the earring and the make-up" also "gets his money for nothing and his chicks for free." 393:"). An attachment to a male outside the family, seen as a positive influence among the Greeks, within Roman society threatened the authority of the 7678: 685:

Several other Roman writers, however, expressed a bias in favor of males when sex or companionship with males and females were compared, including

8077: 8020: 7945: 7693: 7629: 6366:

Jonathan Walters, "Invading the Roman Body: Manliness and Impenetrability in Roman Thought," pp. 30–31, and Pamela Gordon, "The Lover's Voice in

2984: 1980:, "sexual morality, chastity". As a characteristic of males, it often implies the willingness to be penetrated. Dancing was an expression of male 99: 6677:

Christianity, Social Tolerance, and Homosexuality: Gay People in Western Europe from the Beginning of the Christian Era to the Fourteenth Century

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addressed the rape of a male citizen as early as the 2nd century BC, when it was ruled that even a man who was "disreputable and questionable" (

719:

is so permeated with the culture of male–male sex that in 18th-century European literary circles, his name became "a byword for homosexuality".

7414: 7345: 7340: 7335: 7180: 6881: 2852: 2166: 883: 6128: 1851:), since the characteristic instrument of the king of the gods was the lightning bolt (see also the relation of Jove's cupbearer Ganymede to " 1744:

standards, especially in regard to his long hair, which was supposed to be wavy, fair, and scented with perfume. The mythological type of the

180:) defined himself. The conquest mentality and "cult of virility" shaped same-sex relations. Roman men were free to enjoy sex with other males 7849: 7220: 6351: 5061: 4994: 3794: 2906: 1609: 1515:, but showed no desire for penetrating nor having his own penis stimulated. He might also be dominated by a woman who compels him to perform 742: 2832:. Apart from measures to protect the liberty of citizens, the prosecution of male–male sex as a general crime began in the 3rd century when 1707:, which is evidence of the degree of control that masters would not relinquish, even in death, as well as of a sexual relationship in life. 540:

In other satire, as well as in Martial's erotic and invective epigrams, at times boys' superiority over women is remarked (for example, in

471:, who is of the opinion that, before the flood of Greek influence, the Romans were against the practice of homosexuality, the elevation of 6138:. 20th Conference of the History of Economic Thought Society of Australia. Brisbane: University of Queensland Printery. pp. 225–236. 751:

Male homosexuality occasionally appears on vessels of numerous kinds, from cups and bottles made of expensive material such as silver and

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1292, as noted by Richard P. Saller, "The Social Dynamics of Consent to Marriage and Sexual Relations: The Evidence of Roman Comedy," in

2738:. The complexities of gender identity in the religion of Cybele and the Attis myth are explored by Catullus in one of his longest poems, 2387:

illustrates the soldier's right to maintain his sexual integrity despite pressure from his superiors. A good-looking young recruit named

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their portrayal may have been intended to provide a source of ribald humor rather than sexual titillation to visitors of the building.

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may denote an anally passive man and is the most frequent word for a male who allowed himself to be penetrated anally, a man called

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for the purpose of producing children, a few scholars believe that in the early Imperial period some male couples were celebrating

1630:

was in a physically and morally vulnerable position. The "coercive and exploitative" relationship between the Roman master and the

5083:

Christian Laes (2003). "Desperately Different? Delicia Children in the Roman Household". In David L. Balch; Carolyn Osiek (eds.).

2078:, maintain that there is not an identifiable social group of males who would have self-identified as "homosexual" as a community. 1710: 589:, which can designate an acceptable submissive partner and not specifically age). Homoerotic themes occur throughout the works of 7935: 7930: 7775: 7608: 240:, in the Augustine era describes it as "unheard-of". However, there is scattered evidence—for example, a couple of spells in the 7780: 7940: 7591: 7514: 7461: 7456: 7073: 6853: 2936: 2543: 2323:

The Roman soldier, like any free and respectable Roman male of status, was expected to show self-discipline in matters of sex.

2027:

Latin had such a wealth of words for men outside the masculine norm that some scholars argue for the existence of a homosexual

678:

has pointed out that the significance of Ovid's rupture of human erotics into categorical preferences has been obscured in the

380: 4974: 2254:

Fears of mass rape following a military defeat extended equally to male and female potential victims. According to the jurist

8174: 7792: 7576: 7477: 1810: 1294:

might pass from father to son as an especially coveted inheritance. A military officer on campaign might be accompanied by a

284:, "valor" as that which made a man most fully a man, was among the active virtues. Sexual conquest was a common metaphor for 7673: 4484:

Richlin, "Not before Homosexuality," p. 534; Ronnie Ancona, "(Un)Constrained Male Desire: An Intertextual Reading of Horace

3250:

For further discussion of how sexual activity defines the free, respectable citizen from the slave or "un-free" person, see

1250:

seems to have been regarded as holding a special or elevated status that was threatened by the introduction of a wife. In a

1185:

thus represented the absence of what Romans considered true manhood, and the word is virtually untranslatable into English.

2599: 2469: 8179: 7787: 7541: 7492: 7313: 467:

fashionable. One of his few surviving fragments is a poem of desire addressed to a male with a Greek name. In the view of

7504: 7482: 7308: 4793: 4747: 2926: 2611:

Cross-dressing appears in Roman literature and art in various ways to mark the uncertainties and ambiguities of gender:

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Both Martial and Statius in a number of poems celebrate the freedman Earinus, a eunuch, and his devotion to the emperor

924: 189: 8122: 8013: 7844: 7698: 7601: 7509: 7320: 7248: 7165: 7132: 6987: 6801: 3637: 3191:

Davina C. Lopez, "Before Your Very Eyes: Roman Imperial Ideology, Gender Constructs and Paul's Inter-Nationalism," in

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were kept in the palace and that some slaves, male and female, worked as beauticians for these boys. One of Augustus'

1640: 914:, a magic charm thought to ward off malevolent forces; it became a customary decoration, found widely in the ruins of 390: 326:

A fragment of a glass vessel showing a homosexual scene. Cameo. Around 15 BCE - 1st Century CE. British Museum, London

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quartus cinaeda fronte, candido voltu / ex concubino natus est tibi Lygdo: / percide, si vis, filium: nefas non est.

4212: 2036:

mentions a street known for male prostitutes. Public baths are also referred to as a place to find sexual partners.

425:, out of the poems preserved to this day, those addressed by men to boys are as common as those addressed to women. 8100: 8051: 7924: 7551: 7149: 6942: 6874: 6075: 320: 7797: 7659: 5704: 1196:) was a professional dancer, characterized as non-Roman or "Eastern"; the word itself may come from a language of 7859: 7293: 7264: 7238: 6982: 6452: 3569: 3251: 2979: 2785: 2579: 2571: 2379:

their masculine qualities by not wearing perfume, nor trimming nostril and underarm hair. An incident related by

2328: 2263: 2244: 2135:); there may have been a third in which he was the bride. The ceremonies included traditional elements such as a 2093: 1667: 1546: 1516: 1174: 1089: 970: 873: 826: 289: 203: 181: 123: 5422: 4282: 2439:(4th century AD) makes a joke about a male threesome that depends on imagining the configurations of group sex: 2412:

Spintria token with sex between two males on a bed. On the reverse side is the numeral XV. Around 22 to 79 CE.

1698:

composed two epitaphs (2.1 and 2.6) to commemorate the relationship of two of his friends with their respective

876:

differ from those of the ancient Greeks, who regarded idealized portrayals of the nude male. The wearing of the

817:, where there were found the only examples known so far of Roman art depicting sexual congress between women. A 351: 7685: 7561: 7185: 7088: 6997: 6977: 6404:

before Sexuality: 'Greek' Androgyny, the Roman Imperial Politics of Masculinity and the Roman Invention of the

6000: 4388: 2931: 2661: 2097: 2087: 1999: 1212:

tribe recorded in Greco-Roman sources of the 2nd and 3rd centuries, may have a name derived from this meaning.

822: 472: 460: 143: 132: 202:, so they were excluded from the normal protections accorded to a citizen even if they were technically free. 7911: 7802: 7190: 7093: 7058: 7053: 7043: 7033: 7028: 7018: 5241: 5057: 1417: 572: 185: 4011: 655: 509: 8148: 8006: 7986: 7744: 7269: 7195: 7170: 7127: 7117: 7098: 7083: 7078: 7068: 7048: 7038: 7002: 6992: 6967: 6926: 5237: 4628: 2951: 2946: 2941: 2369:(2nd century BC) reports that the punishment for a soldier who willingly submitted to penetration was the 2075: 1936:("asshole-bestower") was rare and "florid" slang that appears in a fragment from the early Roman satirist 1806: 1457:

was a "blunt" word for a male who was penetrated sexually. It derived from the unattested Greek adjective

960: 6004: 2258:, "whatever man has been raped by the force of robbers or the enemy in wartime" ought to bear no stigma. 1909:

was more desirable than women because he was less quarrelsome and would not demand gifts from his lover.

8041: 7647: 7639: 7274: 7243: 7122: 7063: 6972: 6952: 6947: 6921: 6916: 6911: 6867: 6550:

Priests and Eastern Mediterranean Returning Gods: Tragic Lamentation in Cross-Cultural Perspective," in

4798: 3642: 2964: 2726:

known as Galli, whose ritual attire included items of women's clothing. They are sometimes considered a

2645: 2460: 2447:"You're mistaken: the man on either end is implicated once, but the one in the middle does double duty." 2128: 1541:, "girl", could refer to a man's sexual partner, regardless of age. As an age designation, the freeborn 2342: 1553:, but he was 17 or 18 before he began to take part in public life. A slave would never be considered a 825:, in Pompeii, shows a series of sixteen sex scenes, three of which display homoerotic acts: a bisexual 813:

A wealth of wall paintings of a sexual nature have been spotted in ruins of some Roman cities, notably

783:

when he turned into an adult, and hinder his ability to participate in the socio-political life of the

232:

Same-sex relations among women are far less documented and, if Roman writers are to be trusted, female

4598: 3276:

Catharine Edwards, "Unspeakable Professions: Public Performance and Prostitution in Ancient Rome," in

2798:

notes that "there are even those who are born of both sexes, whom we call hermaphrodites, at one time

579:). The Latin name and freeborn status of the beloved subvert Roman tradition. Catullus's contemporary 8184: 8072: 7279: 7175: 6962: 6957: 4603: 4426: 2563: 2337: 2243:

and excluded from the legal protections extended to citizens in good standing. As a matter of law, a

1749: 1511:

in his experience of pleasure. He might be penetrated orally or anally by a man or by a woman with a

1309: 1201: 867: 844:

Cunnilingus, fellatio and anal sex between two females and two males - mural. Suburban baths, Pompeii

679: 241: 87: 7877: 5278:, p. 289, finds Eburnus's reputation as "Jove's chick" and his later excessive severity against the 559: 7836: 7767: 6149: 6101: 4548: 3829: 3493: 3361:, p. 33. "Whatever the relationship between the poetry and the reality, it is a fact that poems to 3106:

9.12. 1 that " it was an injustice to bring force to bear against the body of those who are free" (

2781: 2584: 2551: 2432: 2362: 2148:

implies that Nero's stage performances were regarded as more scandalous than his marriages to men.

1757: 1584: 1002: 887: 445: 2539: 1095: 436: 314:

A drawing based on a fragment of an ancient Roman glass vessel. 1826 - 1827 British Museum, London

7906: 7652: 6813: 6809: 6293: 6254: 4933:

As analyzed by John Pollini, "The Warren Cup: Homoerotic Love and Symposial Rhetoric in Silver,"

4587:

and your mourning son, whether you wish it or not, will lie first night sleep with your favourite

2872: 2619: 2477:

References to sex between women are infrequent in the Roman literature of the Republic and early

2388: 1941: 974: 631: 464: 441: 6634: 2703:(170–86 BC) seems to refer to a father who secretly wore "virgin's finery". An instance of 870:

also appear in Roman art, typically with two men and two women, sometimes in same-sex pairings.

801:

Threesome from the Suburban Baths in Pompeii, depicting a sexual scenario as described also by

421:

Love or desire between males is a very frequent theme in Roman literature. In the estimation of

2051:

might form social alliances for mutual enjoyment, such as hosting dinner parties. In his novel

1839:). Eburnus was said to have been struck by lightning on his buttocks, perhaps a reference to a 7917: 6791: 6773: 6714: 6447:

Ovid adduces the story of Hercules and Omphale as an explanation for the ritual nudity of the

6347: 6139: 6107: 5641: 5088: 4990: 4700: 4430: 3991: 3986: 3835: 3790: 3763: 3234: 3079: 3037: 2833: 2829: 2547: 2532:. An early reference to same-sex relations among women is found in the Roman-era Greek writer 2392: 2354: 2204: 694: 476: 389:

between freeborn male citizens of equal status, though usually with a difference of age (see "

297: 157: 6421:

Martial 1.90 and 7.67, 50; Richlin, "Sexuality in the Roman Empire," p. 347; John R. Clarke,

4197:

Maria Teresa Marabini Moevs, “Per una storia del gusto: riconsiderazioni sul Calice Warren,”

2615:

as political invective, when a politician is accused of dressing seductively or effeminately;

8129: 7757: 6526: 6194: 5864: 5311: 5299: 4982: 4561: 3404: 2856: 2712: 2290: 2282: 2255: 2196: 2003: 545: 468: 402: 368: 308: 4213:"German archaeologist suggests British Museum's Warren Cup could be forgery | Science" 2416:

In addition to repeatedly described anal intercourse, oral sex was common. A graffito from

652:

himself, and endorsing it as "honorable, dignified and connected to central Roman values".

7867: 7730: 5946:

Roman Military Service: Ideologies of Discipline in the Late Republic and Early Principate

5604: 5367: 3868: 2860: 2837: 2795: 1901:

and means "boy, lad". It often had a distinctly sexual or sexually demeaning connotation.

1472:, "undergo, submit to, endure, suffer". The English word "passive" derives from the Latin 1416:(using this or equivalent terms) to various figures of Roman history, such as the tribune 1272: 1205: 791: 756: 280: 244:—which attests to the existence of individual women in Roman-ruled provinces in the later 172: 103: 6230:

The Manly Eunuch: Masculinity, Gender Ambiguity, and Christian Ideology in Late Antiquity

4900:

Roman Readings: Roman Response to Greek Literature from Plautus to Statius and Quintilian

1060:("soft", used more generally as an aesthetic quality counter to aggressive masculinity), 2676:

is clothing that serves no purpose other than to mark its wearer as a "child" or minor;

2424:). In contrast to ancient Greece, a large penis was a major element in attractiveness. 1670:

in an effort to preserve his youthful qualities; Caroline Vout asserts that the emperor

7872: 5697: 5354: 5053: 4891: 3876: 3741: 3135: 3119: 2845: 2791: 2758: 2235: 2230:

had the same right as other free men not to have his body subjected to forced sex. The

2053: 1998:

upon himself, both when he was about 19, for taking the passive role in an affair with

1937: 1881: 1597: 1446:

A young aristocrat by the name of Valerius Catullus boasted of penetrating the emperor

1263:

might father children with women of the household, not excluding the wife (at least in

1243: 1164: 986: 938: 866:, a male who liked to receive anal sex but who was also considered seductive to women. 675: 518: 489: 385: 293: 257: 68: 44: 5920:

The Marriage of Roman Soldiers (13 B.C.–A.D. 235): Law and Family in the Imperial Army

1442: 575:, whose work include expressing desire for a freeborn youth explicitly named "Youth" ( 409:

as a contributing factor and symptom of the loss of the ideals of physical integrity (

8163: 7882: 6890: 6339: 5701: 5045: 4625: 4236: 3931:

James L. Butrica (2005). "Some Myths and Anomalies in the Study of Roman Sexuality".

3103: 2957: 2921: 2700: 2555: 2281:

In a collection of twelve anecdotes dealing with assaults on chastity, the historian

2151:

The earliest reference in Latin literature to a marriage between males occurs in the

2124:

celebrated two public weddings with males, once taking the role of the bride (with a

1991: 1914: 1803: 1608:

was an "exquisite" or "dainty" child-slave chosen by his master for his beauty as a "

1508: 1466: 977:

to provoke the kind of dialogue on ideals of love and sex that took place at a Greek

670: 485: 398: 376: 372: 270: 233: 217: 193: 184:

as long as they took the dominant or penetrative role. Acceptable male partners were

166: 57: 2187: 2109: 536:

enthused about the love of boys, but were hostile to homosexually passive adult men.

405:, where it is thought to have contributed to the particulars of pederastic culture. 7546: 6750: 6672: 5901:

Richlin, "Not before Homosexuality," p. 565, citing the same passage by Quintilian.

5318:(American Philological Association, 1951, 1986), vol. 1, p. 549; Gordon P. Kelly, 4384: 3970:, edited by Thomas K. Hubbard, 102–127 (Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2014), p: 107. 3700: 3548: 2892: 2813: 2704: 2384: 2312: 2248: 2139:

and the wearing of the Roman bridal veil. In the early 3rd century AD, the emperor

1818: 1814: 1550: 1333: 1251: 1092:' misleadingly connotes inaction" in translating this group of words into English. 706: 457: 245: 119: 5107:

Alison Keith, "Sartorial Elegance and Poetic Finesse in the Sulpician Corpus," in

4475:

Butrica, "Some Myths and Anomalies in the Study of Roman Sexuality," pp. 218, 224.

4149:

John Pollini, "The Warren Cup: Homoerotic Love and Symposial Rhetoric in Silver,"

3126:(Yale University Press, 1992, 2002, originally published 1988 in Italian), p. xii. 2961:, a poorly documented Roman law that regulated erotic affairs between freeborn men 2859:. "Death by sword" was the punishment for a "man coupling like a woman" under the 6631:

gignuntur et utriusque sexus quos hermaphroditos vocamus, olim androgynos vocatos

4375:

James L. Butrica, "Some Myths and Anomalies in the Study of Roman Sexuality," in

3784: 6614:

Looking at Lovemaking: Constructions of Sexuality in Roman Art 100 B.C.–A.D. 250

6546:(University of Chicago Press, 2000), pp. 298–303; Mary R. Bachvarova, "Sumerian 6423:

Looking at Lovemaking: Constructions of Sexuality in Roman Art 100 B.C.–A.D. 250

6206:

The Latin joke is hard to translate: Ausonius says that two men are committing

5600: 5221: 5208:

may derive from the same Indo-European root; see Martin Huld, entry on "child,"

5016:

Same-Sex Desire and Love in Greco-Roman Antiquity and in the Classical Tradition

4155:

Looking at Lovemaking: Constructions of Sexuality in Roman Art 100 B.C.–A.D. 250

4043:

Looking at Lovemaking: Constructions of Sexuality in Roman Art 100 B.C.–A.D. 250

3963: 3933:

Same-Sex Desire and Love in Greco-Roman Antiquity and in the Classical Tradition

2731: 2727: 2634: 2604: 2574:", male writers imagined that in female–female sex one of the women would use a 2346: 2272: 2162: 2153: 2145: 1869: 1145: 834: 752: 422: 285: 275: 111: 79: 2570:

Since Romans thought a sex act required an active or dominant partner who was "

6448: 6297: 5885: 4986: 4692: 4543: 3610: 3488: 2994: 2911: 2882: 2769: 2764: 2708: 2478: 2473:

Female couple from a series of erotic paintings at the Suburban Baths, Pompeii

2371: 2286: 2251:. The slave's owner, however, could prosecute the rapist for property damage. 2140: 2028: 1856: 1771: 1635: 1589: 1425: 1360: 1197: 1007: 950: 933: 919: 598: 265: 209: 149: 115: 5910:

Men of the governing classes, who would have been officers above the rank of

4898:: Public Attitudes and Penalties for Sexual Offences in Republican Rome," in 278:

was premised on a capacity for governing oneself and others of lower status.

6688:

Michael Groneberg, "Reasons for Homophobia: Three Types of Explanation," in

6563: 6374:; John R. Clarke, "Look Who's Laughing at Sex: Men and Women Viewers in the 6008: 5911: 5592: 5461: 5374:(Johns Hopkins University Press, 1982), pp. 191–192; Katherine A. Geffcken, 5168: 5073:

Butrica, "Some Myths and Anomalies in the Study of Roman Sexuality," p. 231.

3981: 2969: 2868: 2864: 2745: 2464: 2425: 2308: 2215: 2192: 2102: 1976: 1840: 1832: 1766: 1725:. Statius goes as far as to describe this relationship as a marriage (3.4). 1498:

specifically denotes an adult male who takes the sexually receptive role. A

1338: 1337:, a female concubine who might be free, held a protected legal status under 1325: 1283: 1264: 1204:-playing and movements of the buttocks that suggested anal intercourse. The 978: 956: 852: 716: 711: 623: 580: 6279:, edited by Thomas K. Hubbard, 493–508 (Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2014). 6245:

9.727, 733–4, as cited by Richlin, "Sexuality in the Roman Empire," p. 346.

5707:.7), as noted and discussed by Richlin, "Not before Homosexuality," p. 561. 2408: 517:

In a work of satires, another literary genre that Romans saw as their own,

6848: 6733:

Michael Brinkschröde, "Christian Homophobia: Four Central Discourses," in

5189:

Consent and Coercion to Sex and Marriage in Ancient and Medieval Societies

4032:, edited by Thomas K. Hubbard, 509–33 (Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2014). 1428:, besides other figures encountered in anecdotes, told by writers such as 701:, who often derided women as sexual partners and celebrated the charms of 6764:, edited by Thomas K. Hubbard, 509–33. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2014. 6221: 5995: 5349: 3598: 3532: 2989: 2901: 2800: 2623: 2516: 2436: 2380: 2366: 2332: 2324: 2268: 2125: 2044: 1919: 1873: 1852: 1823: 1729: 1722: 1715: 1652: 1648: 1622: 1490:

may be a more general term for a male not in conformity with the role of

1447: 1373: 1365: 1299: 1227: 1024: 910: 892: 830: 802: 603: 594: 568: 541: 502: 363:

Arretine earthenware with an erotic scene. Artist Unknown. 1st century CE

345: 221: 64: 4644:

Butrica, "Some Myths and Anomalies in the Study of Roman Sexuality," in

3102:(Oxford University Press, 1998), p. 326. See the statement preserved by 2840:. A series of laws regulating male–male sex were promulgated during the 2490:

an embrace and kisses express a backward-looking yearning for her man."

1647:

Funeral inscriptions found in the ruins of the imperial household under

730: 17: 8095: 6208: 6129:"Is that a Spintria in your Pocket, or Are You Just Pleased to See Me?" 5839: 5596: 5307: 5180: 4431:"Des Kinaidokolpites dans un ostracon grec du désert oriental (Égypte)" 2753: 2748:

describes a masculine form of "Venus" (Aphrodite) who received cult on

2627: 2499: 2417: 2299: 2037: 2033: 1902: 1792: 1695: 1429: 1287: 1231: 1159:

might also have sex with and be considered highly attractive to women.

1014:

A man or boy who took the "receptive" role in sex was variously called

929: 915: 905: 814: 698: 686: 563:

Sex between two males. Vase, fragment of Arretine bowl. 1 CE to 375 CE

533: 529: 497: 429: 340: 225: 198: 153: 60: 6690:

Combatting Homophobia: Experiences and Analyses Pertinent to Education

4583:

tuoque tristis filius, velis nolis, cum concubino nocte dormiet prima.

3551:, "The Warren Cup: Homoerotic Love and Symposial Rhetoric in Silver," 2303:) who was raped commits suicide. The Romans considered the rape of an 1778:

serving both the master and, secretly, the mistress of the household.

524: 6828:

Roman Homosexuality: Ideologies of Masculinity in Classical Antiquity

6704:

9.7.3 (4 December 342), introduced by the sons of Constantine in 342.

6259:

Love between Women: Early Christian Responses to Female Homoeroticism

5973:

3.1.1.6, as discussed by Richlin, "Not before Homosexuality," p. 559.

5359: 5291: 5160: 2916: 2867:, that legal and moral discourse on male–male sex becomes distinctly 2817: 2749: 2734:

priesthood, since they were required to be castrated in imitation of

2723: 2657: 2533: 2528: 2443:"Three men in bed together: two are sinning, two are sinned against." 2158: 2132: 1741: 1690: 1675: 1209: 1108: 897: 818: 690: 649: 644: 617: 612: 608: 513:

Sex between two males. Ceramic bowl. Terracotta. Late 1st century BCE

428:

Among the works of Roman literature that can be read today, those of

75: 4829:

Parker, "The Teratogenic Grid," p. 57, citing Martial 5.61 and 4.43.

4080:

Habinek, "The Invention of Sexuality in the World-City of Rome," in

2722:

Gender ambiguity was a characteristic of the priests of the goddess

2234:, recorded in the early 3rd century AD but probably dating from the 2064: 6601:

Experiencing Rome: Culture, Identity, and Power in the Roman Empire

6471:

34.2.23.2, as cited by Richlin, "Not before Homosexuality," p. 540.

6275:

Craig A. Williams, “Sexual Themes in Greek and Latin Graffiti,” in

3018:(Oxford University Press, 1999, 2010), p. 304, citing Saara Lilja, 2493:

Greek words for a woman who prefers sex with another woman include

1859:

ended his life in exile, as punishment for killing his own son for

1282:

might be discreet or more open: male concubines sometimes attended

1234:(both pictured above), despite the fact that the latter was married 5085:

Early Christian Families in Context: An Interdisciplinary Dialogue

2735: 2638: 2598: 2575: 2538: 2468: 2407: 2208: 2175: 2136: 2108: 2074:

Other scholars, primarily those who argue from the perspective of

1828: 1709: 1583: 1512: 1441: 1421: 1354: 1221: 1177:, but the same effeminacy that Roman men might find alluring in a 1100: 1094: 1001: 882: 839: 796: 785: 729: 654: 558: 523: 508: 435: 358: 350: 208: 107: 6788:

Homosexuality in Greece and Rome: A Sourcebook of Basic Documents

6508:

34.2.33, as cited by Richlin, "Not before Homosexuality," p. 540.

5783:

3.1.1.6, as noted by Richlin, "Not before Homosexuality," p. 559.

4697:

A History of Private Life, Volume I: From Pagan Rome to Byzantium

2307:

to be among the worst crimes that could be committed, along with

1880:, "chick-squeezer", which he says was used by the early satirist 1010:, portraying a mature bearded man and a youth on its "Greek" side 355:

Sex between two males. Fragment of Arretine bowl. 1st century BCE

7998: 6859: 5391:

6.36–37; Erik Gunderson, "The Libidinal Rhetoric of Satire," in

5252:(Jérôme Millon, 2003 reprint, originally published 1883), p. 47. 4012:"The monuments of the ancient Pompeii - SUBURBAN BATH - POMPEII" 3744:, "The Invention of Sexuality in the World-City of Rome," p. 31 3695: 3346:

The Sorrows of the Ancient Romans: The Gladiator and the Monster

3158:

87 (1997), p. 9; Edwin S. Ramage, "Aspects of Propaganda in the

2121: 2114: 1844: 1761: 1753: 1736:

Marathus wears lavish and expensive clothing. The beauty of the

1671: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1242:, "one who lies with; a bed-mate") before they married a woman. 1123:); the desire to penetrate a handsome youth was thought normal. 877: 665: 237: 83: 8002: 6863: 6344:

Travel & See: Black Diasporic Art Practices Since the 1980s

6303:, as cited by Richlin, "Sexuality in the Roman Empire," p. 347. 3783:

Potter, David S., ed. (2009). "Sexuality in the Roman Empire".

3581:

Amy Richlin, "Not before Homosexuality: The Materiality of the

3365:

are as common as poems to mistresses, and are similar in tone."

2756:

wrote of worshipping "nurturing Venus" whether female or male (

2261:

The threat of one man to subject another to anal or oral rape (

5226:

The Garden of Priapus: Sexuality and Aggression in Roman Humor

3265:

The Garden of Priapus: Sexuality and Aggression in Roman Humor

3180:

Utopia Antiqua: Readings of the Golden Age and Decline at Rome

2786:

Sexuality in ancient Rome § Hermaphroditism and androgyny

1308:, the role of the concubine was regularly compared to that of 1085: 860:

56, who considers it humorous. The man in the center may be a

196:, whose lifestyle placed them in the nebulous social realm of 6790:. Los Angeles, London: University of California Press, 2003. 6757:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1980. Esp. pp. 61–87. 6459:(Ohio State University Press, 2006), pp. 185, 195, 200, 204. 5122:

Lygdamus. Corpus Tibullianum III.1–6: Lygdami Elegiarum Liber

4492:(Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005), p. 47; Mark Petrini, 2071:) to their party, and took turns performing oral sex on him. 1809:

provides a definition and illustrates with a comic anecdote.

6599:

Dominic Montserrat, "Reading Gender in the Roman World," in

6492:: Kelly Olson, "The Appearance of the Young Roman Girl," in 4494:

The Child and the Hero: Coming of Age in Catullus and Vergil

3671:

The Child and the Hero: Coming of Age in Catullus and Vergil

2851:

By the end of the 4th century, anally passive men under the

2688:, those that are "common", that is, worn by either sex; and 2057:, he describes one group who jointly purchased and shared a 1795:. It was an affectionate word traditionally used for a boy ( 1570:

or an anally passive man might wish to present himself as a

571:" introduced at the end of the 2nd century included that of 6570:

3.8.2. Macrobius says that Aristophanes called this figure

5918:(Oxford University Press, 2006), p. 144; Sara Elise Phang, 5728:

Richlin, "Not before Homosexuality," pp. 562–563. See also

4136:(University of Michigan Press, 1988), pp. 239–240, 249–250 2558:

as depicting an interracial lesbian couple, likening it to

1626:("beloved"), who was protected by social custom, the Roman 1486:

are often not distinguished in usage by Latin writers, but

6760:

Clarke, John R. “Sexuality and Visual Representation.” In

5563:(Cambridge University Press, 2010), p. 36; Caroline Vout, 5322:(Cambridge University Press, 2006), pp. 172–173; Richlin, 5052:(Cambridge University Press, 2007), p. 136 (for Sporus in 5014:

Beert C. Verstraete and Vernon Provencal, introduction to

4028:

John R. Clarke, “Sexuality and Visual Representation,” in

3154:

3; Andrew J.E. Bell, "Cicero and the Spectacle of Power,"

2790:

The Romans explored intersex identity through the myth of

2420:

is unambiguous: "Secundus is a fellator of rare ability" (

383:

differed from those of the Romans primarily in idealizing

6457:

Desiring Rome: Male Subjectivity and Reading Ovid's Fasti

5732:

48.5.35 on legal definitions of rape that included boys.

5538:

As summarized by John R. Clarke, "Representation of the

5503:

Primarily Amy Richlin, as in "Not before Homosexuality."

5177:

Feminine Discourse in Roman Comedy: On Echoes and Voices

634:, whose military valor marks them as solidly Roman men ( 506:), and was likely shared by most Roman men of the time. 182:

without a perceived loss of masculinity or social status

164:) and the right to rule both himself and his household ( 6837:. 2nd edition. New York: Oxford University Press, 2010. 6584:

Venerem igitur almum adorans, sive femina sive mas est,

6552:

Lament: Studies in the Ancient Mediterranean and Beyond

5892:

4.2.69–71; Richlin, "Not before Homosexuality," p. 565.

5087:. William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. p. 318. 4869:

Richlin, "Not before Homosexuality," p. 536; Williams,

4699:. Belknap Press, Harvard University Press. p. 79. 4607:

33; MacMullen, "Roman Attitudes to Greek Love," p. 490.

4239:, “Der Warren-Kelch im British Museum: Eine Revision.” 3049:

women as low-class, immoral, barbarous, and disgusting.

2285:

features male victims in equal number to female. In a "

2247:

could not be raped; he was considered property and not

2063:. On one occasion, they invited a "well-endowed" young 1181:

became unattractive in the physically mature male. The

626:, had a marked sexual preference for boys—draws on the 4973:

Manwell, Elizabeth (2007), Skinner, Marilyn B. (ed.),

4045:(University of California Press, 1998, 2001), p. 234. 8057:

Diritti e doveri delle persone stabilmente conviventi

6425:(University of California Press, 1998, 2001), p. 228. 4530:(Cambridge University Press, 2010), p. 181; Petrini, 3892:

Clarke, “Sexuality and Visual Representation,” p. 514

1634:, who might be prepubescent, can be characterized as 176:) was seen as an active quality through which a man ( 5555:

Martial 1.24 and 12.42; Juvenal 2.117–42. Williams,

3331:) were subject to harsher penalties than the elite ( 3034:

Graffiti and the Literary Landscape in Roman Pompeii

2875:

following a series of disasters around 542 and 559.

2668:, "men's clothing", is defined as the attire of the 2002:, and later for many adulterous affairs with women. 1620:("sweets" or "delights"). Unlike the freeborn Greek 1170:

The clothing, use of cosmetics, and mannerisms of a

8114: 8088: 8065: 8034: 7899: 7858: 7835: 7766: 7743: 7638: 7617: 7569: 7560: 7534: 7527: 7470: 7437: 7382: 7356: 7301: 7292: 7257: 7231: 7158: 7011: 6935: 6904: 6897: 5984:

Prostitution, Sexuality and the Law in Ancient Rome

3100:

Prostitution, Sexuality and the Law in Ancient Rome

1948:, that is, their anal orifice, which is called the 1764:) to be his divine companion and cupbearer. In the 1088:' is not exact, 'penetrated' is not self-defined, ' 6616:(University of California Press, 2001), pp. 50–55. 5916:The Roman Army: A Social and Institutional History 5561:The Roman Wedding: Ritual and Meaning in Antiquity 5468:52.3; Richlin, "Not before Homosexuality," p. 532. 2267:) is a theme of invective poetry, most notably in 1799:) who was loved by someone "in an obscene sense". 1791:was a term for a young animal, and particularly a 1390: 628:Greek tradition of pederasty in a military setting 463:was among a circle of poets who made short, light 6823:. 2nd edition. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2014. 6755:Christianity, Social Tolerance, and Homosexuality 6533:5.6; Richlin, "Not before Homosexuality," p. 564. 6391:Richlin, "Sexuality in the Roman Empire," p. 351. 5867:6.1; Richlin, "Not before Homosexuality," p. 564. 5741:Richlin, "Not before Homosexuality," pp. 558–561. 5544:Same-sex Desire and Love in Greco-Roman Antiquity 5179:(Oxford University Press, 2008), p. 55. See also 4646:Same-Sex Desire and Love in Greco-Roman Antiquity 4552:1.2.8, who disapproves of consorting with either 4377:Same-Sex Desire and Love in Greco-Roman Antiquity 3714:Judith P. Hallett; Marilyn Skinner, eds. (1997). 3323:Amy Richlin, "Sexuality in the Roman Empire," in 2550:depicts two Roman Christians in the eve of their 2169:"established you in a fixed and stable marriage ( 1678:, whom he castrated and married, may have been a 1533:("boy") was a role as well as an age group. Both 682:by a later heterosexual bias in Western culture. 6554:(Oxford University Press, 2008), pp. 19, 33, 36. 5542:in Roman Art: Evidence of 'Gay' Subculture," in 4946:Elizabeth Manwell, "Gender and Masculinity," in 4496:(University of Michigan Press, 1997), pp. 19–20. 3673:(University of Michigan Press, 1997), pp. 24–25. 2603:Hercules and Omphale cross-dressed (mosaic from 2349:, mentions an officer who has a male concubine ( 2106:against marriage between males began to appear. 1144:at his friend Furius in his notoriously obscene 622:Vergil—who, according to a biography written by 6637:, "Multiple Births in Graeco-Roman Antiquity," 6370:15: Or, Why Is Sappho a Man?," p. 283, both in 6106:. University of California Press. p. 244. 4123:(Johns Hopkins University Press, 2002), p. 156. 3873:Sex or Symbol? Erotic Images of Greece and Rome 3834:. University of California Press. p. 244. 2664:on the basis of who may appropriately wear it: 2591:about the growing independence of Roman women. 2120:Various ancient sources state that the emperor 1592:, with the wreathed "erotic conqueror" and his 401:was not as pervasive in Rome as it had been in 248:who fell in love with members of the same sex. 6661:Sex: Vice and Love from Antiquity to Modernity 6410:Mapping Gender in Ancient Religious Discourses 6037:, p. 97, citing among other examples Juvenal, 5855:(Cambridge University Press, 1993), pp. 55–56. 5567:(Cambridge University Press, 2007), pp. 151ff. 5228:(Oxford University Press, 1983, 1992), p. 289. 3327:(Blackwell, 2006), p. 329. The lower classes ( 3267:(Oxford University Press, 1983, 1992), p. 225. 3193:Mapping Gender in Ancient Religious Discourses 1230:was likely the primary partner of the emperor 908:was displayed ubiquitously in the form of the 8014: 6875: 3823: 3821: 3819: 3585:and the Roman Law against Love between Men," 3570:Sexuality in ancient Rome#Epicurean sexuality 3344:This is a theme throughout Carlin A. Barton, 3208:, p. xi; Marilyn B. Skinner, introduction to 3022:(Societas Scientiarum Fennica, 1983), p. 122. 3020:Homosexuality in Republican and Augustan Rome 2816:offers a historical account of a congenital " 2311:, the rape of a female virgin, and robbing a 8: 6724:Groneberg, "Reasons for Homophobia," p. 193. 6496:(University of Toronto Press, 2008), p. 147. 6494:Roman Dress and the Fabrics of Roman Culture 6066:; see also Valerius Maximus 6.1.12; Cicero, 5876:Richlin, "Not before Homosexuality," p. 564. 5683:Richlin, "Not before Homosexuality," p. 561. 5439:RIchlin, "Not before Homosexuality," p. 531. 5109:Roman Dress and the Fabrics of Roman Culture 4911:Richlin, "Not before Homosexuality," p. 538. 4882:Richlin, "Not before Homosexuality," p. 536. 4860:Richlin, "Not before Homosexuality," p. 547. 4838:Richlin, "Not before Homosexuality," p. 535. 4255:Richlin, "Not before Homosexuality," p. 531. 3888: 3886: 3166:91 (2003) 331–372; Myles Anthony McDonnell, 1163:is not equivalent to the English vulgarism " 755:to mass-produced and low-cost bowls made of 206:were off limits at certain periods in Rome. 6679:(University of Chicago Press, 1980), p. 70. 6378:of the Suburban Baths at Pompeii," both in 6232:(University of Chicago Press, 2001), p. 92. 5969:did when willingly undergoing penetration; 5395:(Cambridge University Press, 2005), p. 231. 4812:Holt N. Parker, "The Teratogenic Grid," in 4121:The Roman Gaze: Vision, Power, and the Body 3966:, “Ancient Pederasty: An Introduction,” in 3946: 3944: 3942: 3686:(Cambridge University Press, 2008), p. 162. 3108:vim in corpus liberum non aecum ... adferri 611:, especially the second, and some poems by 236:may have been very rare, to the point that 8021: 8007: 7999: 7566: 7531: 7298: 6901: 6882: 6868: 6860: 6830:. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999. 6770:Searching for the cinaedus in ancient Rome 6762:A Companion to Greek and Roman Sexualities 6659:Alastair J.L. Blanshard, "Roman Vice," in 6480:Edwards, "Unspeakable Professions," p. 81. 6277:A Companion to Greek and Roman Sexualities 6261:(University of Chicago Press, 1996), p. 1. 5948:(Cambridge University Press, 2008), p. 93. 5853:The Politics of Immorality in Ancient Rome 5250:Histoire de la divination dans l'antiquité 5150:(Cambridge University Press, 2000), p. 54. 5148:Slavery and the Roman Literary Imagination 5028: 5026: 5024: 4134:The Power of Images in the Age of Augustus 4030:A Companion to Greek and Roman Sexualities 3968:A Companion to Greek and Roman Sexualities 3913: 3911: 3241:(Cambridge University Press, 2006), p. 13. 3212:(Princeton University Press, 1997), p. 11. 2201:Factorum ac dictorum memorabilium libri IX 1381:) is the past-participle form of the verb 591:poets writing during the reign of Augustus 583:also recognizes the attraction of "boys" ( 86:in the form of an eagle abducting the boy 6768:Gazzarri, Tommaso; Weiner, Jesse (2023). 6271: 6269: 6267: 5619: 5617: 5575: 5573: 5403: 5401: 3718:. Princeton University Press. p. 55. 3078:. Harvard University Press. p. 148. 2165:for being promiscuous in his youth until 1994:was accused of bringing the notoriety of 1821:known for his moral severity, earned his 1774:says that as a child-slave he had been a 1507:might be seen as more akin to the sexual 1450:(above) during a lengthy intimate session 1345:did not, since he was typically a slave. 959:silver, usually dated to the time of the 8106:Circle of Homosexual Culture Mario Mieli 5692:As recorded in a fragment of the speech 5320:A History of Exile in the Roman Republic 4658: 4656: 4654: 4509:, p. 229. note 260: Martial 6.39.12-4: " 4345: 4343: 4341: 4339: 4337: 4310: 4308: 4306: 4304: 3704:2.683–684; Pollini, "Warren Cup," p. 36. 3036:. Oxford University Press. p. 212. 2186: 2092:Although in general the Romans regarded 2017: 1286:with the man whose companion they were. 6050:The name is given elsewhere as Plotius. 5986:(Oxford University Press, 1998), p. 40. 5393:The Cambridge Companion to Roman Satire 5366:36 (in reference to his personal enemy 4687: 4685: 4251: 4249: 3395:(Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1992), p. 75. 3310:, pp. xi–xii; Skinner, introduction to 3225:(Oxford University Press, 1999), p. 18. 3007: 2985:Societal attitudes toward homosexuality 1952:as if from the inner parts of whores" ( 1363:, said to have surrounded himself with 973:". The cup may have been designed as a 496:4.10 by Horace and in some epigrams by 260:, a Roman citizen's political liberty ( 5817:, p. 12; Amy Richlin, "The Meaning of 5640:, pp. 278–279, citing Dio Cassius and 4490:Gendered Dynamics in Latin Love Poetry 3789:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 335. 3445: 3443: 3252:Master-slave relations in ancient Rome 1843:. It was joked that he was marked as " 1549:at around age 14, when he assumed the 1238:Some Roman men kept a male concubine ( 1084:("sick"). As Amy Richlin has noted, "' 642:, linking it to the supreme virtue of 296:in terms of a "penetrator-penetrated" 5316:The Magistrates of the Roman Republic 5282:of his son to be "thought-provoking". 5210:Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture 4179:Pollini, "Warren Cup," pp. 35–37, 42. 4106:Amy Richlin, "Pliny's Brassiere," in 2907:Erotic art in Pompeii and Herculaneum 2848:of minors to marriage between males. 2680:are the garments that characterize a 2554:. The painting has been described by 2239:a male prostitute or entertainer was 1267:). The feelings and situation of the 743:Erotic art in Pompeii and Herculaneum 7: 6821:Sexuality in Greek and Roman Culture 5565:Power and Eroticism in Imperial Rome 5062:Who breaks a butterfly upon a wheel? 5050:Power and Eroticism in Imperial Rome 3919:Sexuality in Greek and Roman Culture 3162:: Caesar’s Virtues and Attributes," 3062:Sexuality in Greek and Roman Culture 1944:as "Those who bestow for free their 367:Homoerotic themes are introduced to 7946:History of LGBT animated characters 7369:Asian and Pacific Islander diaspora 6806:The Age of Marriage in Ancient Rome 6168:4, 9027; translation from Hubbard, 6127:Fishburn, Geoffrey (11 July 2007). 5962: 5838:, pp. 27, 76 (with an example from 5756:Prostitution, Sexuality and the Law 5607:are the sources cited by Williams, 4581:, p. 24, citing Martial 8.44.16-7: 4564:, "Roman Attitudes to Greek Love," 4153:81.1 (1999) 21–52. John R. Clarke, 3587:Journal of the History of Sexuality 3407:, "Roman Attitudes to Greek Love," 3348:(Princeton University Press, 1993). 3174:(Cambridge University Press, 2006) 2762:). The figure was sometimes called 1835:") because of his fair good looks ( 1831:" (the modern equivalent might be " 1770:, the tastelessly wealthy freedman 1557:, a "real man"; he would be called 1304: 965: 928:). The outsized phallus of the god 148: feminine. Roman society was 6663:(Wiley-Blackwell, 2010), pp. 1–88. 5813:, p. 20; Skinner, introduction to 5796:, pp. 27–28, 43 (on Martial), 58, 5248:, p. 17; Auguste Bouché-Leclercq, 5175:13, as noted by Dorota M. Dutsch, 4981:(1 ed.), Wiley, p. 118, 4902:(Walter de Gruyter, 2011), p. 130. 4723:, 2nd ed., pp. 89, 90, 92, and 93. 3293:, p. xi; Skinner, introduction to 2863:. It is in the 6th century, under 2319:Same-sex relations in the military 1275:in the modern Western tradition). 874:Roman attitudes toward male nudity 664:By the end of the Augustan period 638:). Vergil describes their love as 25: 6517:See above under "male–male rape." 6346:. Durham: Duke University Press. 5378:(Bolchazy-Carducci, 1995), p. 78. 5212:(Fitzroy Dearborn, 1997), p. 107. 448:: Vergil described their love as 110:lacks words that would precisely 8144: 8143: 7981: 7980: 7936:Bloomsbury Group in LGBT history 7931:Transgender Oral History Project 6847: 6228:43 Green (39); Matthew Kuefler, 6088:Bisexuality in the Ancient World 5752:Bisexuality in the Ancient World 5492:Bisexuality in the Ancient World 5479:Bisexuality in the Ancient World 4524:Bisexuality in the Ancient World 4451:Bisexuality in the Ancient World 3601:, Book One, elegies 4, 8, and 9. 3508:Bisexuality in the Ancient World 3389:Bisexuality in the Ancient World 3308:Bisexuality in the Ancient World 3291:Bisexuality in the Ancient World 3206:Bisexuality in the Ancient World 3124:Bisexuality in the Ancient World 2885: 2842:social crisis of the 3rd century 2812:, "woman", from the Greek), and 1861: 1254:, Catullus portrays the groom's 1099:According to Suetonius, emperor 1056:, "exquisite" or "dainty boy"), 319: 307: 43: 34: 7941:List of LGBTQ awareness periods 7488:Sexual orientation and medicine 6603:(Routledge, 2000), pp. 172–173. 5653:Dio Cassius 63.22.4; Williams, 5559:, pp. 28, 280; Karen K. Hersh, 5191:(Dumbarton Oaks, 1993), p. 101. 4961:Martial, Book VII: A Commentary 4526:, pp. 125–126; Robinson Ellis, 4241:Zeitschrift für Ideengeschichte 4211:Dalya Alberge (12 March 2014). 3990:. Clarendon Press. p. 50. 3786:A Companion to the Roman Empire 3325:A Companion to the Roman Empire 3239:Sexual Morality in Ancient Rome 3182:(Routledge, 2008), pp. 156–157. 3074:Christopher A. Faraone (2001). 2937:Homosexuality in ancient Greece 2699:A fragment from the playwright 2637:, as for the priesthood of the 2578:or have an exceptionally large 2503:, "courtesan" or "companion"), 2094:marriage as a male–female union 2059: 1529:In the discourse of sexuality, 1103:(above) kept a great number of 630:by portraying the love between 8078:Recognition of same-sex unions 6490:Cum virginali mundo clam pater 6084:The Marriage of Roman Soldiers 6022:The Marriage of Roman Soldiers 5961:, p. 94. See section above on 5933:The Marriage of Roman Soldiers 5244:edition of Lindsay; Williams, 4631:(38.22, as cited by Williams, 4560:) in front of one's children. 4488:2.8 and Catullus Poem 61," in 2335:, and same-sex relations. The 2203:, printed in red and black by 1811:Quintus Fabius Maximus Eburnus 1561:, "boy", throughout his life. 932:may originally have served an 726:Sex, art, and everyday objects 452:in keeping with Roman morality 371:during a period of increasing 1: 8047:Homosexuality in ancient Rome 6639:Oxford Journal of Archaeology 6453:"Male nudity in ancient Rome" 6288:The Latin indicates that the 5914:, were exempt. Pat Southern, 5670:2.44, as quoted by Williams, 5426:IV p. xviii; see Georg Götz, 5420:Glossarium codicis Vatinici, 4188:Pollini, "Warren Cup," p. 37. 4082:The Roman Cultural Revolution 3935:. Haworth Press. p. 210. 2644:and rarely or ambiguously as 2445:"Doesn't that make four men?" 1897:is etymologically related to 1663:is known by name: Sarmentus. 1432:, on more ordinary citizens. 1400:The relationship between the 1140:). Catullus directs the slur 955:The Warren Cup is a piece of 862: 417:Homoerotic literature and art 288:in Roman discourse, and the " 160:possessed political liberty ( 96:Homosexuality in ancient Rome 7309:List of years in LGBT rights 5302:6.1.5–6; Pseudo-Quintilian, 5018:(Haworth Press, 2005), p. 3. 4695:(1992). "The Roman Empire". 3424:, 2nd ed., pp. 16, 327, 328. 2927:History of erotic depictions 2630:exchanging roles and attire; 2173:), as if he had given you a 2131:), and once the groom (with 1537:and the feminine equivalent 1397:adopt a receptive position. 1393:). In other texts, however, 1290:even suggests that a prized 1151:. Although in some contexts 918:, especially in the form of 821:at a brothel annexed to the 122:". The primary dichotomy of 8123:In Italia Sono Tutti Maschi 7221:at Brigham Young University 6804:, and Beert C. Verstraete. 6692:(LIT Verlag, 2011), p. 193. 6327:Dialogues of the Courtesans 6078:16.4. Discussion by Phang, 5372:The Latin Sexual Vocabulary 5124:(Brill, 1996), pp. 304–307. 4624:of Jove," according to the 4440:–2 (1996): 697–720, at 701. 4166:Pollini, "The Warren Cup," 3393:The Fragmentary Latin Poets 3391:, p. 120; Edward Courtney, 3195:(Brill, 2007), pp. 135–138. 2975:Pederasty in ancient Greece 1200:. His performance featured 792:non-penetrative intercourse 391:Pederasty in ancient Greece 224:, made during the reign of 214:Statue of Antinous (Delphi) 8201: 8052:Oliari and Others v. Italy 6076:Dionysius of Halicarnassus 6070:9, in Dillon and Garland, 5821:in Catullus and Martial," 5423:Corpus Glossarum Latinarum 5120:Fernando Navarro Antolín, 4950:(Blackwell, 2007), p. 118. 4620:for Ganymede, who was the 3858:, 2nd ed., p. 351, n. 150. 3626:, 2nd ed., pp. 35 and 189. 2779: 2515:; Latin words include the 2458: 2098:traditional marriage rites 2085: 2000:King Nicomedes of Bithynia 1465:, equivalent to the Latin 1052:(especially in the phrase 948: 740: 228:(r. 117–138 AD), his lover 63:(left) and his male lover 8170:Sexuality in ancient Rome 8139: 7976: 6772:. Leiden; Boston: Brill. 6412:(Brill, 2007), pp. 11–12. 5477:As quoted by Cantarella, 5466:Life of the Divine Julius 4987:10.1002/9780470751565.ch7 3411:31.4 (1982), pp. 484–502. 2980:Sexuality in ancient Rome 1728:In the erotic elegies of 1547:transition from childhood 1420:, the emperors Tiberius, 648:as possessed by the hero 585: 27:Sexuality in ancient Rome 7364:South Asian and diaspora 6786:Hubbard, Thomas K., ed. 6586:as quoted by Macrobius, 6195:Scripta Historia Augusta 5376:Comedy in the Pro Caelio 4975:"Gender and Masculinity" 4959:Guillermo Galán Vioque, 4528:A Commentary on Catullus 4243:9, no. 3 (2015): 89–110. 3156:Journal of Roman Studies 3076:Ancient Greek Love Magic 2932:History of homosexuality 2711:" exercise presented by 2088:Marriage in ancient Rome 1278:The relationship with a 1175:marked him as effeminate 1068:("weak" or "disabled"), 775:, while the passive, or 461:Quintus Lutatius Catulus 381:Greek cultural attitudes 82:, depicting the myth of 7912:GLBT Historical Society 7694:Spanish Second Republic 5754:, pp. 99, 103; McGinn, 5058:Epistle to Dr Arbuthnot 4979:A Companion to Catullus 4948:A Companion to Catullus 3762:. Amberley Publishing. 3568:4.1052–1056). See also 3032:Kristina Minor (2014). 2672:, "head of household"; 2633:as a form of religious 2232:Lex Julia de vi publica 1638:, in contrast to Greek 1612:", also referred to as 890:bronze examples of the 705:. In literature of the 593:, including elegies by 573:Gaius Valerius Catullus 379:in the 2nd century BC. 124:ancient Roman sexuality 7674:Medieval Islamic world 6100:John R Clarke (1998). 6086:, p. 281; Cantarella, 6080:Roman Military Service 6035:Roman Military Service 5959:Roman Military Service 5719:48.6.3.4 and 48.6.5.2. 4963:(Brill, 2002), p. 120. 4532:The Child and the Hero 4435:Topoi. Orient-Occident 3828:John R Clarke (1998). 3813:(London, 1998), p. 93. 3760:In Bed with the Romans 3758:Paul Chrystal (2017). 3172:and the Roman Republic 2952:Homosexuality in Japan 2947:Homosexuality in India 2942:Homosexuality in China 2608: 2567: 2526:("she who rubs"), and 2487: 2474: 2449: 2422:Secundus felator rarus 2413: 2212: 2117: 2082:Marriage between males 2076:social constructionism 2024: 1974:) was the negation of 1817:in 116 BC and later a 1718: 1666:The boy was sometimes 1601: 1494:, a "real man", while 1451: 1369: 1235: 1112: 1011: 961:Julio-Claudian dynasty 904:At the same time, the 901: 845: 810: 738: 661: 564: 537: 514: 453: 413:) under the Republic. 364: 356: 229: 102:from the contemporary 8175:LGBT history in Italy 7704:Democratic transition 6854:LGBT history in Italy 6735:Combatting Homophobia 6455:and Richard J. King, 6436:Looking at Lovemaking 6255:Bernadette J. Brooten 6103:Looking at Lovemaking 5794:The Garden of Priapus 5450:The Garden of Priapus 5409:The Garden of Priapus 5324:The Garden of Priapus 5276:The Garden of Priapus 5263:The Garden of Priapus 4799:University of Chicago 4679:, 2nd ed., pp. 91–92. 4331:, pp. 181ff. and 193. 4069:Looking at Lovemaking 4056:Looking at Lovemaking 3952:Looking at Lovemaking 3903:The Garden of Priapus 3831:Looking at Lovemaking 3682:James Anderson Winn, 3643:University of Chicago 3437:, 2nd ed., pp. 70–78. 3378:, 2nd ed., pp. 36–39. 3359:The Garden of Priapus 2965:LGBT history in Italy 2646:transvestic fetishism 2622:, as in the story of 2602: 2542: 2483: 2472: 2461:History of lesbianism 2441: 2411: 2375:, clubbing to death. 2190: 2112: 2021: 1713: 1587: 1445: 1358: 1225: 1098: 1005: 886: 843: 800: 748:fewer among females. 733: 658: 562: 527: 512: 439: 362: 354: 212: 137: masculine and 8180:Ancient LGBT history 7498:in the United States 7374:African and diaspora 6856:at Wikimedia Commons 6819:Skinner, Marilyn B. 6650:Philostratus, VS 489 6400:Diana M. Swancutt, " 5982:Thomas A.J. McGinn, 5922:(Brill, 2001), p. 2. 5146:William Fitzgerald, 3811:Byron and Greek Love 3638:"The Life of Vergil" 3138:, "The Ambiguity of 3098:Thomas A.J. McGinn, 2824:Under Christian rule 2759:sive femina sive mas 2564:Jules Robert Auguste 2544:The Victory of Faith 2383:in his biography of 2289:" case described by 1588:"Roman" side of the 1470:patior, pati, passus 1115:Some terms, such as 680:history of sexuality 440:Heroic portrayal of 242:Greek Magical Papyri 204:Freeborn male minors 7925:Transgender History 7719:Zapatero government 7709:González government 6835:Roman Homosexuality 6641:16.1 (1997), p. 61. 6542:Stephen O. Murray, 6314:Love between Women, 6193:Aelius Lampridius: 5890:Institutio oratoria 5851:Catharine Edwards, 5836:Roman Homosexuality 5823:Classical Philology 5811:Roman Homosexuality 5769:Roman Homosexuality 5672:Roman Homosexuality 5655:Roman Homosexuality 5638:Roman Homosexuality 5625:Roman Homosexuality 5609:Roman Homosexuality 5581:Roman Homosexuality 5557:Roman Homosexuality 5527:Roman Homosexuality 5246:Roman Homosexuality 5240:p. 285 in the 1997 5034:Roman Homosexuality 4922:Roman Homosexuality 4871:Roman Homosexuality 4849:Roman Homosexuality 4818:Roman Homosexuality 4816:, p. 56; Williams, 4721:Roman Homosexuality 4677:Roman Homosexuality 4664:Roman Homosexuality 4635:, p. 332, note 230. 4633:Roman Homosexuality 4616:"They use the word 4579:Roman Homosexuality 4549:Institutio Oratoria 4507:Roman Homosexuality 4415:Roman Homosexuality 4402:Roman Homosexuality 4383:to "faggot" in the 4379:, p. 223, compares 4364:Roman Homosexuality 4351:Roman Homosexuality 4329:Roman Homosexuality 4316:Roman Homosexuality 4296:Roman Homosexuality 4266:Roman Homosexuality 4095:Roman Homosexuality 3879:. pp. 102–104. 3856:Roman Homosexuality 3658:Roman Homosexuality 3624:Roman Homosexuality 3589:3.4 (1993), p. 536. 3555:81.1 (1999), p. 28. 3521:Roman Homosexuality 3494:Institutio Oratoria 3477:Roman Homosexuality 3464:Roman Homosexuality 3451:Roman Homosexuality 3435:Roman Homosexuality 3422:Roman Homosexuality 3376:Roman Homosexuality 3223:Roman Homosexuality 3221:Craig A. Williams, 3016:Roman Homosexuality 2857:punished by burning 2782:Intersex in history 2692:, clothing for the 2595:Gender presentation 2585:Greek vase painting 2552:damnatio ad bestias 2363:military discipline 1913:was also used as a 1748:was represented by 1655:also indicate that 1316:prince abducted by 446:Jean-Baptiste Roman 188:and former slaves, 7907:LGBT History Month 7542:Conversion therapy 7181:Dominican Republic 6814:Edwin Mellen Press 6810:Lewiston, New York 6800:Lelis, Arnold A., 6702:Codex Theodosianus 6136:Regarding the Past 5944:Sara Elise Phang, 5825:76.1 (1981) 40–46. 5700:(frg. 57 Jordan = 5452:, pp. 92, 98, 101. 5430:40 (1885), p. 327. 5428:Rheinisches Museum 4937:81.1 (1999) 21–52. 4794:"Life of Caligula" 4568:31 (1982), p. 496. 4556:or "girlfriends" ( 4466:61, lines 119–143. 4016:www.pompeii.org.uk 3178:; Rhiannon Evans, 2772:or magical power. 2666:vestimenta virilia 2618:as a mythological 2609: 2568: 2475: 2414: 2343:Caesar's civil war 2338:Bellum Hispaniense 2213: 2118: 2069:rusticanus iuvenis 2025: 1966:The abstract noun 1756:youth abducted by 1719: 1602: 1452: 1370: 1324:) to serve as his 1236: 1113: 1076:("loose-belted"), 1032:(male concubine), 1012: 975:conversation piece 902: 846: 811: 739: 662: 632:Nisus and Euryalus 565: 538: 515: 454: 442:Nisus and Euryalus 365: 357: 290:conquest mentality 230: 8157: 8156: 7996: 7995: 7918:Queers in History 7895: 7894: 7739: 7738: 7523: 7522: 7493:Same-sex marriage 7288: 7287: 6852:Media related to 6833:Williams, Craig. 6826:Williams, Craig. 6372:Roman Sexualities 6353:978-0-8223-7451-0 6155:on 17 April 2022. 6082:, pp. 93–94, and 5815:Roman Sexualities 5642:Aelius Lampridius 5135:Martial, Book VII 5036:, 2nd ed., p. 35. 4996:978-1-4051-3533-7 4814:Roman Sexualities 4666:, 2nd ed., p. 91. 4429:and C. J. Robin, 4389:Money for Nothing 4201:146 (2008): 1-16. 4199:Bollettino d’Arte 4108:Roman Sexualities 3987:Against Timarchus 3796:978-1-4051-9918-6 3716:Roman Sexualities 3684:The Poetry of War 3523:, 2nd ed., p. 12. 3479:, 2nd ed., p. 19. 3466:, 2nd ed., p. 24. 3453:, 2nd ed., p. 23. 3312:Roman Sexualities 3295:Roman Sexualities 3278:Roman Sexualities 3235:Rebecca Langlands 3210:Roman Sexualities 2834:male prostitution 2830:Christian polemic 2715:, the young man ( 2652:A section of the 2607:, 3rd century AD) 2548:Saint George Hare 2398:crown for bravery 2393:sexually harassed 1876:records the word 1551:"toga of manhood" 833:, and homosexual 737: 465:Hellenistic poems 16:(Redirected from 8192: 8147: 8146: 8130:Some Prefer Cake 8023: 8016: 8009: 8000: 7984: 7983: 7886: 7806: 7784: 7714:Aznar government 7682: 7668: 7656: 7567: 7532: 7299: 7206:before Stonewall 7112: 6902: 6884: 6877: 6870: 6861: 6851: 6802:William A. Percy 6783: 6738: 6731: 6725: 6722: 6716: 6711: 6705: 6699: 6693: 6686: 6680: 6670: 6664: 6657: 6651: 6648: 6642: 6623: 6617: 6610: 6604: 6597: 6591: 6581: 6575: 6561: 6555: 6540: 6534: 6527:Seneca the Elder 6524: 6518: 6515: 6509: 6503: 6497: 6487: 6481: 6478: 6472: 6466: 6460: 6445: 6439: 6432: 6426: 6419: 6413: 6398: 6392: 6389: 6383: 6364: 6358: 6357: 6336: 6330: 6323: 6317: 6310: 6304: 6286: 6280: 6273: 6262: 6252: 6246: 6239: 6233: 6219: 6213: 6204: 6198: 6197:, Commodus, 10.9 6191: 6185: 6179: 6173: 6163: 6157: 6156: 6154: 6148:. Archived from 6133: 6124: 6118: 6117: 6097: 6091: 6057: 6051: 6048: 6042: 6031: 6025: 6018: 6012: 5993: 5987: 5980: 5974: 5955: 5949: 5942: 5936: 5929: 5923: 5908: 5902: 5899: 5893: 5883: 5877: 5874: 5868: 5865:Valerius Maximus 5862: 5856: 5849: 5843: 5832: 5826: 5807: 5801: 5790: 5784: 5778: 5772: 5765: 5759: 5748: 5742: 5739: 5733: 5726: 5720: 5714: 5708: 5690: 5684: 5681: 5675: 5664: 5658: 5651: 5645: 5634: 5628: 5621: 5612: 5590: 5584: 5577: 5568: 5553: 5547: 5536: 5530: 5523: 5517: 5510: 5504: 5501: 5495: 5488: 5482: 5475: 5469: 5459: 5453: 5446: 5440: 5437: 5431: 5418: 5412: 5405: 5396: 5385: 5379: 5346: 5340: 5333: 5327: 5312:T.R.S. Broughton 5300:Valerius Maximus 5289: 5283: 5272: 5266: 5259: 5253: 5235: 5229: 5219: 5213: 5198: 5192: 5173:Life of Caligula 5157: 5151: 5144: 5138: 5131: 5125: 5118: 5112: 5105: 5099: 5098: 5080: 5074: 5071: 5065: 5043: 5037: 5030: 5019: 5012: 5006: 5005: 5004: 5003: 4970: 4964: 4957: 4951: 4944: 4938: 4931: 4925: 4918: 4912: 4909: 4903: 4889: 4883: 4880: 4874: 4867: 4861: 4858: 4852: 4845: 4839: 4836: 4830: 4827: 4821: 4810: 4804: 4803: 4789: 4783: 4774: 4768: 4759: 4753: 4743: 4737: 4730: 4724: 4717: 4711: 4710: 4689: 4680: 4673: 4667: 4660: 4649: 4642: 4636: 4614: 4608: 4599:Caesarian Corpus 4596: 4590: 4575: 4569: 4562:Ramsey MacMullen 4541: 4535: 4520: 4514: 4503: 4497: 4482: 4476: 4473: 4467: 4460: 4454: 4447: 4441: 4424: 4418: 4411: 4405: 4398: 4392: 4373: 4367: 4360: 4354: 4347: 4332: 4325: 4319: 4312: 4299: 4292: 4286: 4279: 4273: 4262: 4256: 4253: 4244: 4234: 4228: 4227: 4225: 4223: 4208: 4202: 4195: 4189: 4186: 4180: 4177: 4171: 4164: 4158: 4147: 4141: 4130: 4124: 4119:David Fredrick, 4117: 4111: 4104: 4098: 4091: 4085: 4078: 4072: 4065: 4059: 4052: 4046: 4041:John R. Clarke, 4039: 4033: 4026: 4020: 4019: 4008: 4002: 4001: 3977: 3971: 3961: 3955: 3948: 3937: 3936: 3928: 3922: 3915: 3906: 3899: 3893: 3890: 3881: 3880: 3869:Johns, Catherine 3865: 3859: 3852: 3846: 3845: 3825: 3814: 3809:Louis Crompton, 3807: 3801: 3800: 3780: 3774: 3773: 3755: 3749: 3739: 3733: 3726: 3720: 3719: 3711: 3705: 3693: 3687: 3680: 3674: 3667: 3661: 3654: 3648: 3647: 3633: 3627: 3620: 3614: 3608: 3602: 3596: 3590: 3579: 3573: 3562: 3556: 3546: 3540: 3530: 3524: 3517: 3511: 3504: 3498: 3486: 3480: 3473: 3467: 3460: 3454: 3447: 3438: 3431: 3425: 3418: 3412: 3405:Ramsay MacMullen 3402: 3396: 3385: 3379: 3372: 3366: 3355: 3349: 3342: 3336: 3321: 3315: 3304: 3298: 3287: 3281: 3274: 3268: 3261: 3255: 3248: 3242: 3232: 3226: 3219: 3213: 3202: 3196: 3189: 3183: 3168:Roman manliness: 3160:De bello gallico 3133: 3127: 3117: 3111: 3096: 3090: 3089: 3071: 3065: 3058: 3052: 3051: 3029: 3023: 3014:Craig Williams, 3012: 2895: 2890: 2889: 2888: 2853:Christian Empire 2713:the elder Seneca 2345:on the front in 2291:the elder Seneca 2283:Valerius Maximus 2249:legally a person 2197:Valerius Maximus 2004:Seneca the Elder 1954:scortorum intima 1868:The 4th-century 1740:was measured by 1619: 1618: 1596:("dainty boy"). 1461:, from the verb 1359:Head of Emperor 1273:rice or birdseed 1107:(see below) and 971:erotic conqueror 757:Arretine pottery 734: 546:Lucius Pomponius 473:Greek literature 469:Ramsay MacMullen 403:Classical Athens 369:Latin literature 323: 311: 147: 140: 136: 129: 100:differs markedly 47: 38: 21: 8200: 8199: 8195: 8194: 8193: 8191: 8190: 8189: 8160: 8159: 8158: 8153: 8135: 8110: 8084: 8061: 8030: 8027: 7997: 7992: 7972: 7891: 7880: 7854: 7831: 7800: 7778: 7762: 7735: 7699:Francoist Spain 7676: 7662: 7650: 7634: 7613: 7609:Medieval Europe 7556: 7552:Same-sex unions 7519: 7466: 7450:Catholic Church 7433: 7378: 7352: 7284: 7253: 7227: 7154: 7106: 7007: 6931: 6893: 6888: 6844: 6780: 6767: 6747: 6742: 6741: 6732: 6728: 6723: 6719: 6712: 6708: 6700: 6696: 6687: 6683: 6671: 6667: 6658: 6654: 6649: 6645: 6635:Véronique Dasen 6627:Natural History 6624: 6620: 6611: 6607: 6598: 6594: 6582: 6578: 6562: 6558: 6544:Homosexualities 6541: 6537: 6525: 6521: 6516: 6512: 6504: 6500: 6488: 6484: 6479: 6475: 6467: 6463: 6446: 6442: 6433: 6429: 6420: 6416: 6399: 6395: 6390: 6386: 6365: 6361: 6354: 6338: 6337: 6333: 6324: 6320: 6311: 6307: 6294:feminine gender 6287: 6283: 6274: 6265: 6253: 6249: 6240: 6236: 6220: 6216: 6205: 6201: 6192: 6188: 6180: 6176: 6164: 6160: 6152: 6146: 6131: 6126: 6125: 6121: 6114: 6099: 6098: 6094: 6058: 6054: 6049: 6045: 6032: 6028: 6019: 6015: 6007:(translated as 5994: 5990: 5981: 5977: 5956: 5952: 5943: 5939: 5930: 5926: 5909: 5905: 5900: 5896: 5884: 5880: 5875: 5871: 5863: 5859: 5850: 5846: 5833: 5829: 5808: 5804: 5791: 5787: 5779: 5775: 5766: 5762: 5749: 5745: 5740: 5736: 5727: 5723: 5715: 5711: 5691: 5687: 5682: 5678: 5665: 5661: 5652: 5648: 5635: 5631: 5622: 5615: 5605:Aurelius Victor 5591: 5587: 5578: 5571: 5554: 5550: 5537: 5533: 5524: 5520: 5511: 5507: 5502: 5498: 5489: 5485: 5476: 5472: 5460: 5456: 5447: 5443: 5438: 5434: 5419: 5415: 5406: 5399: 5386: 5382: 5368:Clodius Pulcher 5347: 5343: 5337:Roman Sexuality 5334: 5330: 5290: 5286: 5273: 5269: 5260: 5256: 5236: 5232: 5220: 5216: 5199: 5195: 5158: 5154: 5145: 5141: 5132: 5128: 5119: 5115: 5106: 5102: 5095: 5082: 5081: 5077: 5072: 5068: 5044: 5040: 5031: 5022: 5013: 5009: 5001: 4999: 4997: 4972: 4971: 4967: 4958: 4954: 4945: 4941: 4932: 4928: 4919: 4915: 4910: 4906: 4890: 4886: 4881: 4877: 4868: 4864: 4859: 4855: 4846: 4842: 4837: 4833: 4828: 4824: 4811: 4807: 4791: 4790: 4786: 4775: 4771: 4760: 4756: 4744: 4740: 4731: 4727: 4718: 4714: 4707: 4691: 4690: 4683: 4674: 4670: 4661: 4652: 4643: 4639: 4615: 4611: 4604:The Spanish War 4597: 4593: 4576: 4572: 4542: 4538: 4521: 4517: 4504: 4500: 4483: 4479: 4474: 4470: 4461: 4457: 4448: 4444: 4425: 4421: 4412: 4408: 4399: 4395: 4374: 4370: 4361: 4357: 4348: 4335: 4326: 4322: 4313: 4302: 4293: 4289: 4280: 4276: 4263: 4259: 4254: 4247: 4235: 4231: 4221: 4219: 4210: 4209: 4205: 4196: 4192: 4187: 4183: 4178: 4174: 4165: 4161: 4148: 4144: 4131: 4127: 4118: 4114: 4105: 4101: 4092: 4088: 4079: 4075: 4066: 4062: 4053: 4049: 4040: 4036: 4027: 4023: 4010: 4009: 4005: 3998: 3979: 3978: 3974: 3962: 3958: 3949: 3940: 3930: 3929: 3925: 3916: 3909: 3900: 3896: 3891: 3884: 3867: 3866: 3862: 3853: 3849: 3842: 3827: 3826: 3817: 3808: 3804: 3797: 3782: 3781: 3777: 3770: 3757: 3756: 3752: 3740: 3736: 3727: 3723: 3713: 3712: 3708: 3694: 3690: 3681: 3677: 3668: 3664: 3655: 3651: 3635: 3634: 3630: 3621: 3617: 3609: 3605: 3597: 3593: 3580: 3576: 3566:De rerum natura 3563: 3559: 3547: 3543: 3539:24, 48, 81, 99. 3531: 3527: 3518: 3514: 3505: 3501: 3487: 3483: 3474: 3470: 3461: 3457: 3448: 3441: 3432: 3428: 3419: 3415: 3403: 3399: 3386: 3382: 3373: 3369: 3356: 3352: 3343: 3339: 3322: 3318: 3305: 3301: 3288: 3284: 3275: 3271: 3262: 3258: 3249: 3245: 3233: 3229: 3220: 3216: 3203: 3199: 3190: 3186: 3134: 3130: 3118: 3114: 3097: 3093: 3086: 3073: 3072: 3068: 3059: 3055: 3044: 3031: 3030: 3026: 3013: 3009: 3004: 2999: 2891: 2886: 2884: 2881: 2861:Theodosian Code 2838:Philip the Arab 2826: 2796:Pliny the Elder 2788: 2780:Main articles: 2778: 2597: 2467: 2457: 2446: 2444: 2406: 2321: 2185: 2161:, who insulted 2090: 2084: 2047:indicates that 2016: 1964: 1931: 1892: 1786: 1614: 1613: 1582: 1527: 1440: 1353: 1220: 1206:Cinaedocolpitae 1131: 1111:at his disposal 1000: 995: 953: 947: 745: 728: 722: 707:Imperial period 697:, and the poet 419: 373:Greek influence 331: 330: 329: 328: 327: 324: 316: 315: 312: 254: 246:Imperial period 142: 139:passive / 138: 131: 127: 93: 92: 91: 90: 50: 49: 48: 40: 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8198: 8196: 8188: 8187: 8182: 8177: 8172: 8162: 8161: 8155: 8154: 8152: 8151: 8140: 8137: 8136: 8134: 8133: 8126: 8118: 8116: 8112: 8111: 8109: 8108: 8103: 8098: 8092: 8090: 8086: 8085: 8083: 8082: 8081: 8080: 8069: 8067: 8063: 8062: 8060: 8059: 8054: 8049: 8044: 8038: 8036: 8032: 8031: 8028: 8026: 8025: 8018: 8011: 8003: 7994: 7993: 7991: 7990: 7977: 7974: 7973: 7971: 7970: 7969: 7968: 7963: 7958: 7953: 7943: 7938: 7933: 7928: 7921: 7914: 7909: 7903: 7901: 7897: 7896: 7893: 7892: 7890: 7889: 7888: 7887: 7875: 7864: 7862: 7860:Cross-dressing 7856: 7855: 7853: 7852: 7847: 7841: 7839: 7833: 7832: 7830: 7829: 7828: 7827: 7817: 7815:United Kingdom 7812: 7807: 7795: 7790: 7785: 7772: 7770: 7764: 7763: 7761: 7760: 7755: 7749: 7747: 7741: 7740: 7737: 7736: 7734: 7733: 7728: 7723: 7722: 7721: 7716: 7711: 7706: 7701: 7696: 7688: 7683: 7671: 7670: 7669: 7644: 7642: 7636: 7635: 7633: 7632: 7627: 7621: 7619: 7615: 7614: 7612: 7611: 7606: 7605: 7604: 7599: 7592:Ancient Greece 7589: 7584: 7579: 7573: 7571: 7564: 7558: 7557: 7555: 7554: 7549: 7544: 7538: 7536: 7529: 7525: 7524: 7521: 7520: 7518: 7517: 7512: 7507: 7502: 7501: 7500: 7490: 7485: 7480: 7474: 7472: 7468: 7467: 7465: 7464: 7459: 7454: 7453: 7452: 7441: 7439: 7435: 7434: 7432: 7431: 7430: 7429: 7419: 7418: 7417: 7410:United Kingdom 7407: 7402: 7397: 7392: 7386: 7384: 7380: 7379: 7377: 7376: 7371: 7366: 7360: 7358: 7354: 7353: 7351: 7350: 7349: 7348: 7343: 7338: 7330: 7329: 7328: 7321:Firsts by year 7318: 7317: 7316: 7305: 7303: 7296: 7290: 7289: 7286: 7285: 7283: 7282: 7277: 7272: 7267: 7261: 7259: 7255: 7254: 7252: 7251: 7246: 7241: 7235: 7233: 7229: 7228: 7226: 7225: 7224: 7223: 7218: 7213: 7208: 7198: 7193: 7188: 7183: 7178: 7173: 7168: 7162: 7160: 7156: 7155: 7153: 7152: 7147: 7146: 7145: 7138:United Kingdom 7135: 7130: 7125: 7120: 7115: 7114: 7113: 7096: 7091: 7086: 7081: 7076: 7071: 7066: 7061: 7056: 7051: 7046: 7041: 7036: 7031: 7026: 7024:Czech Republic 7021: 7015: 7013: 7009: 7008: 7006: 7005: 7000: 6995: 6990: 6985: 6980: 6975: 6970: 6965: 6960: 6955: 6950: 6945: 6939: 6937: 6933: 6932: 6930: 6929: 6924: 6919: 6914: 6908: 6906: 6899: 6895: 6894: 6889: 6887: 6886: 6879: 6872: 6864: 6858: 6857: 6843: 6842:External links 6840: 6839: 6838: 6831: 6824: 6817: 6798: 6784: 6778: 6765: 6758: 6746: 6743: 6740: 6739: 6726: 6717: 6706: 6694: 6681: 6665: 6652: 6643: 6618: 6605: 6592: 6576: 6556: 6535: 6519: 6510: 6498: 6482: 6473: 6461: 6440: 6427: 6414: 6393: 6384: 6380:The Roman Gaze 6359: 6352: 6340:Mercer, Kobena 6331: 6318: 6305: 6281: 6263: 6247: 6234: 6214: 6199: 6186: 6174: 6158: 6144: 6119: 6112: 6092: 6090:, pp. 105–106. 6074:, p. 380; and 6062:Life of Marius 6052: 6043: 6026: 6024:, pp. 280–282. 6013: 5988: 5975: 5950: 5937: 5924: 5903: 5894: 5878: 5869: 5857: 5844: 5827: 5802: 5785: 5773: 5771:, pp. 104–105. 5760: 5743: 5734: 5721: 5709: 5698:Cato the Elder 5685: 5676: 5659: 5646: 5629: 5613: 5585: 5569: 5548: 5531: 5518: 5505: 5496: 5483: 5470: 5454: 5441: 5432: 5413: 5397: 5380: 5341: 5328: 5284: 5267: 5254: 5230: 5214: 5193: 5152: 5139: 5126: 5113: 5100: 5094:978-0802839862 5093: 5075: 5066: 5054:Alexander Pope 5038: 5020: 5007: 4995: 4965: 4952: 4939: 4926: 4913: 4904: 4892:Elaine Fantham 4884: 4875: 4862: 4853: 4840: 4831: 4822: 4805: 4784: 4769: 4754: 4738: 4725: 4712: 4706:978-0674399747 4705: 4681: 4668: 4650: 4637: 4609: 4591: 4570: 4536: 4515: 4498: 4477: 4468: 4455: 4442: 4419: 4417:, pp. 55, 202. 4406: 4404:, pp. 203–204. 4393: 4368: 4355: 4333: 4320: 4300: 4287: 4274: 4257: 4245: 4229: 4203: 4190: 4181: 4172: 4159: 4142: 4125: 4112: 4099: 4086: 4073: 4060: 4058:, pp. 234–235. 4047: 4034: 4021: 4003: 3997:978-0198149026 3996: 3972: 3956: 3938: 3923: 3907: 3894: 3882: 3877:British Museum 3860: 3847: 3840: 3815: 3802: 3795: 3775: 3769:978-1445666730 3768: 3750: 3734: 3721: 3706: 3688: 3675: 3669:Mark Petrini, 3662: 3660:, pp. 116–119. 3649: 3628: 3615: 3603: 3591: 3574: 3557: 3541: 3525: 3512: 3499: 3481: 3468: 3455: 3439: 3426: 3413: 3397: 3380: 3367: 3350: 3337: 3316: 3299: 3282: 3269: 3256: 3243: 3227: 3214: 3197: 3184: 3136:Elaine Fantham 3128: 3120:Eva Cantarella 3112: 3091: 3085:978-0674006966 3084: 3066: 3053: 3043:978-0199684618 3042: 3024: 3006: 3005: 3003: 3000: 2998: 2997: 2992: 2987: 2982: 2977: 2972: 2967: 2962: 2954: 2949: 2944: 2939: 2934: 2929: 2924: 2919: 2914: 2909: 2904: 2898: 2897: 2896: 2880: 2877: 2846:statutory rape 2836:was banned by 2825: 2822: 2792:Hermaphroditus 2777: 2774: 2662:Roman clothing 2650: 2649: 2642: 2631: 2616: 2596: 2593: 2456: 2453: 2405: 2402: 2320: 2317: 2205:Peter Schöffer 2184: 2183:Male–male rape 2181: 2083: 2080: 2054:The Golden Ass 2015: 2012: 1963: 1958: 1930: 1925: 1905:indicates the 1891: 1886: 1785: 1780: 1776:puer delicatus 1686:Pueri delicati 1680:puer delicatus 1606:puer delicatus 1598:British Museum 1594:puer delicatus 1581: 1579:Puer delicatus 1576: 1526: 1521: 1439: 1434: 1352: 1347: 1305:puer delicatus 1284:dinner parties 1244:Eva Cantarella 1219: 1214: 1188:Originally, a 1130: 1125: 1064:("delicate"), 1054:puer delicatus 999: 996: 994: 991: 987:British Museum 966:puer delicatus 949:Main article: 946: 943: 939:muscle cuirass 823:Suburban Baths 794:predominates. 727: 724: 676:Thomas Habinek 554:The Prostitute 548:wrote a play, 519:Gaius Lucilius 490:Quintus Novius 418: 415: 325: 318: 317: 313: 306: 305: 304: 303: 302: 294:male sexuality 253: 250: 128:active / 69:British Museum 52: 51: 42: 41: 33: 32: 31: 30: 29: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8197: 8186: 8183: 8181: 8178: 8176: 8173: 8171: 8168: 8167: 8165: 8150: 8142: 8141: 8138: 8132: 8131: 8127: 8125: 8124: 8120: 8119: 8117: 8113: 8107: 8104: 8102: 8099: 8097: 8094: 8093: 8091: 8089:Organizations 8087: 8079: 8076: 8075: 8074: 8071: 8070: 8068: 8064: 8058: 8055: 8053: 8050: 8048: 8045: 8043: 8040: 8039: 8037: 8033: 8029:LGBT in Italy 8024: 8019: 8017: 8012: 8010: 8005: 8004: 8001: 7989: 7988: 7979: 7978: 7975: 7967: 7964: 7962: 7959: 7957: 7954: 7952: 7949: 7948: 7947: 7944: 7942: 7939: 7937: 7934: 7932: 7929: 7927: 7926: 7922: 7920: 7919: 7915: 7913: 7910: 7908: 7905: 7904: 7902: 7898: 7884: 7879: 7876: 7874: 7871: 7870: 7869: 7866: 7865: 7863: 7861: 7857: 7851: 7850:United States 7848: 7846: 7843: 7842: 7840: 7838: 7834: 7826: 7825:legal history 7823: 7822: 7821: 7820:United States 7818: 7816: 7813: 7811: 7808: 7804: 7799: 7796: 7794: 7791: 7789: 7786: 7782: 7777: 7774: 7773: 7771: 7769: 7765: 7759: 7756: 7754: 7753:United States 7751: 7750: 7748: 7746: 7742: 7732: 7729: 7727: 7726:United States 7724: 7720: 7717: 7715: 7712: 7710: 7707: 7705: 7702: 7700: 7697: 7695: 7692: 7691: 7689: 7687: 7684: 7680: 7675: 7672: 7666: 7661: 7658: 7657: 7654: 7649: 7646: 7645: 7643: 7641: 7637: 7631: 7630:United States 7628: 7626: 7623: 7622: 7620: 7616: 7610: 7607: 7603: 7600: 7598: 7597:in militaries 7595: 7594: 7593: 7590: 7588: 7585: 7583: 7580: 7578: 7577:Ancient Egypt 7575: 7574: 7572: 7568: 7565: 7563: 7562:Homosexuality 7559: 7553: 7550: 7548: 7545: 7543: 7540: 7539: 7537: 7533: 7530: 7526: 7516: 7513: 7511: 7508: 7506: 7503: 7499: 7496: 7495: 7494: 7491: 7489: 7486: 7484: 7481: 7479: 7476: 7475: 7473: 7469: 7463: 7460: 7458: 7455: 7451: 7448: 7447: 7446: 7443: 7442: 7440: 7436: 7428: 7427:New York City 7425: 7424: 7423: 7422:United States 7420: 7416: 7413: 7412: 7411: 7408: 7406: 7403: 7401: 7400:South African 7398: 7396: 7393: 7391: 7388: 7387: 7385: 7381: 7375: 7372: 7370: 7367: 7365: 7362: 7361: 7359: 7355: 7347: 7344: 7342: 7339: 7337: 7334: 7333: 7331: 7327: 7324: 7323: 7322: 7319: 7315: 7312: 7311: 7310: 7307: 7306: 7304: 7300: 7297: 7295: 7291: 7281: 7278: 7276: 7273: 7271: 7268: 7266: 7263: 7262: 7260: 7258:South America 7256: 7250: 7247: 7245: 7242: 7240: 7237: 7236: 7234: 7230: 7222: 7219: 7217: 7214: 7212: 7209: 7207: 7204: 7203: 7202: 7201:United States 7199: 7197: 7194: 7192: 7189: 7187: 7184: 7182: 7179: 7177: 7174: 7172: 7169: 7167: 7164: 7163: 7161: 7159:North America 7157: 7151: 7148: 7144: 7141: 7140: 7139: 7136: 7134: 7131: 7129: 7126: 7124: 7121: 7119: 7116: 7110: 7105: 7102: 7101: 7100: 7097: 7095: 7092: 7090: 7087: 7085: 7082: 7080: 7077: 7075: 7072: 7070: 7067: 7065: 7062: 7060: 7057: 7055: 7052: 7050: 7047: 7045: 7042: 7040: 7037: 7035: 7032: 7030: 7027: 7025: 7022: 7020: 7017: 7016: 7014: 7010: 7004: 7001: 6999: 6996: 6994: 6991: 6989: 6986: 6984: 6981: 6979: 6976: 6974: 6971: 6969: 6966: 6964: 6961: 6959: 6956: 6954: 6951: 6949: 6946: 6944: 6941: 6940: 6938: 6934: 6928: 6925: 6923: 6920: 6918: 6915: 6913: 6910: 6909: 6907: 6903: 6900: 6896: 6892: 6891:LGBTQ history 6885: 6880: 6878: 6873: 6871: 6866: 6865: 6862: 6855: 6850: 6846: 6845: 6841: 6836: 6832: 6829: 6825: 6822: 6818: 6815: 6811: 6807: 6803: 6799: 6797: 6796:0-520-23430-8 6793: 6789: 6785: 6781: 6779:9789004548374 6775: 6771: 6766: 6763: 6759: 6756: 6752: 6751:Boswell, John 6749: 6748: 6744: 6736: 6730: 6727: 6721: 6718: 6715: 6710: 6707: 6703: 6698: 6695: 6691: 6685: 6682: 6678: 6674: 6669: 6666: 6662: 6656: 6653: 6647: 6644: 6640: 6636: 6632: 6628: 6622: 6619: 6615: 6612:John Clarke, 6609: 6606: 6602: 6596: 6593: 6589: 6585: 6580: 6577: 6573: 6569: 6565: 6560: 6557: 6553: 6549: 6545: 6539: 6536: 6532: 6528: 6523: 6520: 6514: 6511: 6507: 6502: 6499: 6495: 6491: 6486: 6483: 6477: 6474: 6470: 6465: 6462: 6458: 6454: 6450: 6444: 6441: 6437: 6431: 6428: 6424: 6418: 6415: 6411: 6407: 6403: 6397: 6394: 6388: 6385: 6381: 6377: 6373: 6369: 6363: 6360: 6355: 6349: 6345: 6341: 6335: 6332: 6328: 6322: 6319: 6315: 6309: 6306: 6302: 6300: 6295: 6291: 6285: 6282: 6278: 6272: 6270: 6268: 6264: 6260: 6256: 6251: 6248: 6244: 6243:Metamorphoses 6238: 6235: 6231: 6227: 6223: 6218: 6215: 6211: 6210: 6203: 6200: 6196: 6190: 6187: 6184: 6178: 6175: 6171: 6170:Homosexuality 6167: 6162: 6159: 6151: 6147: 6145:9781864998979 6141: 6137: 6130: 6123: 6120: 6115: 6113:9780520229044 6109: 6105: 6104: 6096: 6093: 6089: 6085: 6081: 6077: 6073: 6069: 6065: 6063: 6056: 6053: 6047: 6044: 6040: 6036: 6030: 6027: 6023: 6017: 6014: 6010: 6006: 6003: 6002: 5997: 5992: 5989: 5985: 5979: 5976: 5972: 5968: 5964: 5960: 5954: 5951: 5947: 5941: 5938: 5934: 5928: 5925: 5921: 5917: 5913: 5907: 5904: 5898: 5895: 5891: 5887: 5882: 5879: 5873: 5870: 5866: 5861: 5858: 5854: 5848: 5845: 5841: 5837: 5831: 5828: 5824: 5820: 5816: 5812: 5806: 5803: 5799: 5795: 5789: 5786: 5782: 5777: 5774: 5770: 5764: 5761: 5757: 5753: 5747: 5744: 5738: 5735: 5731: 5725: 5722: 5718: 5713: 5710: 5706: 5703: 5702:Aulus Gellius 5699: 5695: 5689: 5686: 5680: 5677: 5673: 5669: 5663: 5660: 5656: 5650: 5647: 5643: 5639: 5633: 5630: 5626: 5620: 5618: 5614: 5610: 5606: 5602: 5598: 5594: 5589: 5586: 5582: 5576: 5574: 5570: 5566: 5562: 5558: 5552: 5549: 5545: 5541: 5535: 5532: 5528: 5522: 5519: 5515: 5509: 5506: 5500: 5497: 5493: 5487: 5484: 5480: 5474: 5471: 5467: 5463: 5458: 5455: 5451: 5445: 5442: 5436: 5433: 5429: 5425: 5424: 5417: 5414: 5410: 5404: 5402: 5398: 5394: 5390: 5384: 5381: 5377: 5373: 5369: 5365: 5361: 5357: 5356: 5355:Metamorphoses 5351: 5345: 5342: 5338: 5332: 5329: 5325: 5321: 5317: 5313: 5309: 5305: 5301: 5297: 5293: 5288: 5285: 5281: 5277: 5271: 5268: 5264: 5258: 5255: 5251: 5247: 5243: 5239: 5234: 5231: 5227: 5223: 5218: 5215: 5211: 5207: 5203: 5197: 5194: 5190: 5186: 5182: 5178: 5174: 5170: 5166: 5162: 5156: 5153: 5149: 5143: 5140: 5136: 5130: 5127: 5123: 5117: 5114: 5110: 5104: 5101: 5096: 5090: 5086: 5079: 5076: 5070: 5067: 5063: 5059: 5055: 5051: 5047: 5046:Caroline Vout 5042: 5039: 5035: 5029: 5027: 5025: 5021: 5017: 5011: 5008: 4998: 4992: 4988: 4984: 4980: 4976: 4969: 4966: 4962: 4956: 4953: 4949: 4943: 4940: 4936: 4930: 4927: 4923: 4917: 4914: 4908: 4905: 4901: 4897: 4893: 4888: 4885: 4879: 4876: 4872: 4866: 4863: 4857: 4854: 4850: 4844: 4841: 4835: 4832: 4826: 4823: 4819: 4815: 4809: 4806: 4801: 4800: 4795: 4788: 4785: 4781: 4780: 4773: 4770: 4766: 4765: 4758: 4755: 4750: 4749: 4742: 4739: 4735: 4729: 4726: 4722: 4716: 4713: 4708: 4702: 4698: 4694: 4688: 4686: 4682: 4678: 4672: 4669: 4665: 4659: 4657: 4655: 4651: 4647: 4641: 4638: 4634: 4630: 4627: 4626:lexicographer 4623: 4619: 4613: 4610: 4606: 4605: 4600: 4595: 4592: 4588: 4584: 4580: 4574: 4571: 4567: 4563: 4559: 4555: 4551: 4550: 4545: 4540: 4537: 4533: 4529: 4525: 4519: 4516: 4512: 4508: 4502: 4499: 4495: 4491: 4487: 4481: 4478: 4472: 4469: 4465: 4459: 4456: 4452: 4446: 4443: 4439: 4436: 4432: 4428: 4423: 4420: 4416: 4410: 4407: 4403: 4397: 4394: 4390: 4386: 4382: 4378: 4372: 4369: 4365: 4359: 4356: 4352: 4346: 4344: 4342: 4340: 4338: 4334: 4330: 4324: 4321: 4317: 4311: 4309: 4307: 4305: 4301: 4297: 4291: 4288: 4284: 4278: 4275: 4271: 4267: 4261: 4258: 4252: 4250: 4246: 4242: 4238: 4237:Luca Giuliani 4233: 4230: 4218: 4214: 4207: 4204: 4200: 4194: 4191: 4185: 4182: 4176: 4173: 4169: 4163: 4160: 4156: 4152: 4146: 4143: 4139: 4135: 4132:Paul Zanker, 4129: 4126: 4122: 4116: 4113: 4109: 4103: 4100: 4096: 4090: 4087: 4083: 4077: 4074: 4070: 4064: 4061: 4057: 4051: 4048: 4044: 4038: 4035: 4031: 4025: 4022: 4017: 4013: 4007: 4004: 3999: 3993: 3989: 3988: 3983: 3980:Nick Fisher; 3976: 3973: 3969: 3965: 3960: 3957: 3953: 3947: 3945: 3943: 3939: 3934: 3927: 3924: 3920: 3914: 3912: 3908: 3904: 3898: 3895: 3889: 3887: 3883: 3878: 3874: 3870: 3864: 3861: 3857: 3851: 3848: 3843: 3841:9780520229044 3837: 3833: 3832: 3824: 3822: 3820: 3816: 3812: 3806: 3803: 3798: 3792: 3788: 3787: 3779: 3776: 3771: 3765: 3761: 3754: 3751: 3747: 3743: 3738: 3735: 3731: 3730:Metamorphoses 3725: 3722: 3717: 3710: 3707: 3703: 3702: 3697: 3692: 3689: 3685: 3679: 3676: 3672: 3666: 3663: 3659: 3653: 3650: 3645: 3644: 3639: 3632: 3629: 3625: 3619: 3616: 3612: 3607: 3604: 3600: 3595: 3592: 3588: 3584: 3578: 3575: 3571: 3567: 3561: 3558: 3554: 3550: 3545: 3542: 3538: 3534: 3529: 3526: 3522: 3516: 3513: 3509: 3503: 3500: 3496: 3495: 3490: 3485: 3482: 3478: 3472: 3469: 3465: 3459: 3456: 3452: 3446: 3444: 3440: 3436: 3430: 3427: 3423: 3417: 3414: 3410: 3406: 3401: 3398: 3394: 3390: 3384: 3381: 3377: 3371: 3368: 3364: 3360: 3354: 3351: 3347: 3341: 3338: 3334: 3330: 3326: 3320: 3317: 3313: 3309: 3303: 3300: 3296: 3292: 3286: 3283: 3279: 3273: 3270: 3266: 3263:Amy Richlin, 3260: 3257: 3253: 3247: 3244: 3240: 3236: 3231: 3228: 3224: 3218: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3201: 3198: 3194: 3188: 3185: 3181: 3177: 3173: 3169: 3165: 3161: 3157: 3153: 3149: 3146:and Statius' 3145: 3141: 3137: 3132: 3129: 3125: 3121: 3116: 3113: 3109: 3105: 3104:Aulus Gellius 3101: 3095: 3092: 3087: 3081: 3077: 3070: 3067: 3063: 3057: 3054: 3050: 3045: 3039: 3035: 3028: 3025: 3021: 3017: 3011: 3008: 3001: 2996: 2993: 2991: 2988: 2986: 2983: 2981: 2978: 2976: 2973: 2971: 2968: 2966: 2963: 2960: 2959: 2958:Lex Scantinia 2955: 2953: 2950: 2948: 2945: 2943: 2940: 2938: 2935: 2933: 2930: 2928: 2925: 2923: 2922:Homoeroticism 2920: 2918: 2915: 2913: 2910: 2908: 2905: 2903: 2900: 2899: 2894: 2883: 2878: 2876: 2874: 2870: 2866: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2849: 2847: 2843: 2839: 2835: 2831: 2823: 2821: 2819: 2815: 2811: 2808:, "man", and 2807: 2803: 2802: 2797: 2793: 2787: 2783: 2775: 2773: 2771: 2767: 2766: 2761: 2760: 2755: 2751: 2747: 2743: 2741: 2737: 2733: 2729: 2725: 2720: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2706: 2702: 2697: 2695: 2691: 2687: 2683: 2682:materfamilias 2679: 2675: 2671: 2670:paterfamilias 2667: 2663: 2659: 2655: 2647: 2643: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2629: 2625: 2621: 2617: 2614: 2613: 2612: 2606: 2601: 2594: 2592: 2588: 2586: 2581: 2577: 2573: 2565: 2561: 2557: 2556:Kobena Mercer 2553: 2549: 2545: 2541: 2537: 2535: 2531: 2530: 2525: 2521: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2501: 2496: 2491: 2486: 2482: 2480: 2471: 2466: 2462: 2454: 2452: 2448: 2440: 2438: 2434: 2429: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2410: 2403: 2401: 2399: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2376: 2374: 2373: 2368: 2364: 2358: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2340: 2339: 2334: 2330: 2326: 2318: 2316: 2314: 2310: 2306: 2302: 2301: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2279: 2277: 2275: 2271:'s notorious 2270: 2266: 2265: 2259: 2257: 2252: 2250: 2246: 2242: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2210: 2206: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2191:Page from an 2189: 2182: 2180: 2178: 2177: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2155: 2149: 2147: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2127: 2123: 2116: 2111: 2107: 2104: 2099: 2095: 2089: 2081: 2079: 2077: 2072: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2061: 2056: 2055: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2039: 2035: 2030: 2020: 2013: 2011: 2009: 2005: 2001: 1997: 1993: 1992:Julius Caesar 1989: 1985: 1983: 1979: 1978: 1973: 1969: 1962: 1959: 1957: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1934:Scultimidonus 1929: 1928:Scultimidonus 1926: 1924: 1922: 1921: 1916: 1915:personal name 1912: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1896: 1890: 1887: 1885: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1866: 1864: 1863: 1858: 1857:Fabius family 1854: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1825: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1805: 1804:lexicographer 1800: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1784: 1781: 1779: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1768: 1763: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1726: 1724: 1717: 1712: 1708: 1706: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1692: 1687: 1683: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1664: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1645: 1643: 1642: 1637: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1624: 1617: 1611: 1607: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1586: 1580: 1577: 1575: 1573: 1569: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1525: 1522: 1520: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1475: 1471: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1449: 1444: 1438: 1435: 1433: 1431: 1427: 1424:, Titus, and 1423: 1419: 1415: 1410: 1406: 1403: 1398: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1375: 1368: 1367: 1362: 1357: 1351: 1348: 1346: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1335: 1329: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1306: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1276: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1233: 1229: 1224: 1218: 1215: 1213: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1186: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1173: 1168: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1148: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1129: 1126: 1124: 1122: 1118: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1097: 1093: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1036:("analist"), 1035: 1031: 1027: 1026: 1021: 1017: 1009: 1004: 997: 993:Male–male sex 992: 990: 988: 982: 980: 976: 972: 968: 967: 962: 958: 952: 944: 942: 940: 935: 931: 927: 926: 921: 917: 913: 912: 907: 899: 895: 894: 889: 885: 881: 879: 875: 871: 869: 865: 864: 859: 854: 850: 842: 838: 836: 832: 828: 824: 820: 816: 808: 804: 799: 795: 793: 788: 787: 782: 778: 774: 768: 764: 760: 758: 754: 749: 744: 732: 725: 723: 720: 718: 714: 713: 708: 704: 700: 696: 692: 688: 683: 681: 677: 673: 672: 671:Metamorphoses 667: 657: 653: 651: 647: 646: 641: 637: 633: 629: 625: 621: 619: 614: 610: 606: 605: 600: 596: 592: 588: 587: 582: 578: 574: 570: 561: 557: 555: 551: 547: 543: 535: 531: 526: 522: 520: 511: 507: 505: 504: 499: 495: 491: 487: 486:Atellan farce 481: 478: 474: 470: 466: 462: 459: 451: 447: 443: 438: 434: 431: 426: 424: 416: 414: 412: 406: 404: 400: 399:homosociality 396: 395:paterfamilias 392: 388: 387: 382: 378: 377:Roman culture 374: 370: 361: 353: 349: 347: 343: 342: 337: 322: 310: 301: 299: 295: 291: 287: 283: 282: 277: 273: 272: 271:paterfamilias 267: 263: 259: 251: 249: 247: 243: 239: 235: 234:homoeroticism 227: 223: 219: 218:Parian marble 216:, polychrome 215: 211: 207: 205: 201: 200: 195: 191: 187: 183: 179: 175: 174: 170:). "Virtue" ( 169: 168: 163: 159: 155: 151: 145: 134: 125: 121: 117: 113: 109: 105: 101: 97: 89: 85: 81: 77: 73: 70: 67:, now at the 66: 62: 59: 58:Roman emperor 56:Busts of the 55: 46: 37: 19: 8128: 8121: 8046: 7985: 7923: 7916: 7810:Nazi Germany 7686:Nazi Germany 7625:Nazi Germany 7587:Ancient Peru 7582:Ancient Rome 7581: 7547:LGBT erasure 6834: 6827: 6820: 6805: 6787: 6769: 6761: 6754: 6734: 6729: 6720: 6709: 6701: 6697: 6689: 6684: 6676: 6673:John Boswell 6668: 6660: 6655: 6646: 6638: 6630: 6626: 6621: 6613: 6608: 6600: 6595: 6587: 6583: 6579: 6571: 6567: 6559: 6551: 6547: 6543: 6538: 6531:Controversia 6530: 6522: 6513: 6505: 6501: 6493: 6489: 6485: 6476: 6468: 6464: 6456: 6443: 6435: 6430: 6422: 6417: 6409: 6405: 6401: 6396: 6387: 6379: 6375: 6371: 6367: 6362: 6343: 6334: 6326: 6321: 6313: 6308: 6298: 6289: 6284: 6276: 6258: 6250: 6242: 6237: 6229: 6225: 6217: 6207: 6202: 6189: 6182: 6177: 6169: 6165: 6161: 6150:the original 6135: 6122: 6102: 6095: 6087: 6083: 6079: 6072:Ancient Rome 6071: 6067: 6061: 6055: 6046: 6038: 6034: 6029: 6021: 6016: 5999: 5991: 5983: 5978: 5970: 5966: 5958: 5953: 5945: 5940: 5932: 5927: 5919: 5915: 5906: 5897: 5889: 5881: 5872: 5860: 5852: 5847: 5835: 5830: 5822: 5818: 5814: 5810: 5805: 5797: 5793: 5788: 5780: 5776: 5768: 5763: 5755: 5751: 5750:Cantarella, 5746: 5737: 5729: 5724: 5716: 5712: 5694:De Re Floria 5693: 5688: 5679: 5671: 5667: 5662: 5654: 5649: 5637: 5632: 5624: 5608: 5588: 5580: 5564: 5560: 5556: 5551: 5543: 5539: 5534: 5526: 5521: 5513: 5508: 5499: 5491: 5490:Cantarella, 5486: 5478: 5473: 5465: 5457: 5449: 5444: 5435: 5427: 5421: 5416: 5408: 5392: 5388: 5383: 5375: 5371: 5363: 5353: 5344: 5336: 5331: 5323: 5319: 5315: 5303: 5295: 5287: 5279: 5275: 5270: 5262: 5257: 5249: 5245: 5233: 5225: 5217: 5209: 5205: 5201: 5196: 5188: 5184: 5176: 5172: 5164: 5155: 5147: 5142: 5134: 5129: 5121: 5116: 5108: 5103: 5084: 5078: 5069: 5049: 5041: 5033: 5015: 5010: 5000:, retrieved 4978: 4968: 4960: 4955: 4947: 4942: 4935:Art Bulletin 4934: 4929: 4921: 4916: 4907: 4899: 4895: 4887: 4878: 4870: 4865: 4856: 4848: 4843: 4834: 4825: 4817: 4813: 4808: 4797: 4787: 4777: 4772: 4762: 4757: 4746: 4745:Suetonius, 4741: 4733: 4728: 4720: 4715: 4696: 4676: 4671: 4663: 4645: 4640: 4632: 4621: 4617: 4612: 4602: 4594: 4586: 4582: 4578: 4573: 4565: 4557: 4553: 4547: 4539: 4531: 4527: 4523: 4522:Cantarella, 4518: 4510: 4506: 4501: 4493: 4489: 4485: 4480: 4471: 4463: 4458: 4450: 4449:Cantarella, 4445: 4437: 4434: 4422: 4414: 4409: 4401: 4396: 4385:Dire Straits 4380: 4376: 4371: 4363: 4358: 4350: 4328: 4323: 4315: 4295: 4290: 4277: 4269: 4265: 4260: 4240: 4232: 4220:. Retrieved 4217:The Guardian 4216: 4206: 4198: 4193: 4184: 4175: 4167: 4162: 4154: 4151:Art Bulletin 4150: 4145: 4137: 4133: 4128: 4120: 4115: 4107: 4102: 4097:, pp. 69–70. 4094: 4089: 4081: 4076: 4068: 4063: 4055: 4050: 4042: 4037: 4029: 4024: 4015: 4006: 3985: 3975: 3967: 3959: 3951: 3932: 3926: 3918: 3902: 3897: 3872: 3863: 3855: 3850: 3830: 3810: 3805: 3785: 3778: 3759: 3753: 3745: 3737: 3729: 3724: 3715: 3709: 3701:Ars Amatoria 3699: 3691: 3683: 3678: 3670: 3665: 3657: 3652: 3641: 3631: 3623: 3618: 3606: 3594: 3586: 3582: 3577: 3565: 3560: 3553:Art Bulletin 3552: 3549:John Pollini 3544: 3536: 3528: 3520: 3515: 3507: 3506:Cantarella, 3502: 3492: 3484: 3476: 3471: 3463: 3458: 3450: 3434: 3429: 3421: 3416: 3408: 3400: 3392: 3388: 3387:Cantarella, 3383: 3375: 3370: 3362: 3358: 3353: 3345: 3340: 3332: 3328: 3324: 3319: 3314:, pp. 11–12. 3311: 3307: 3306:Cantarella, 3302: 3294: 3290: 3289:Cantarella, 3285: 3280:, pp. 67–68. 3277: 3272: 3264: 3259: 3246: 3238: 3230: 3222: 3217: 3209: 3205: 3204:Cantarella, 3200: 3192: 3187: 3179: 3175: 3171: 3167: 3163: 3159: 3155: 3151: 3147: 3143: 3139: 3131: 3123: 3115: 3107: 3099: 3094: 3075: 3069: 3061: 3056: 3047: 3033: 3027: 3019: 3015: 3010: 2956: 2893:LGBTQ portal 2850: 2827: 2814:Philostratus 2809: 2805: 2799: 2789: 2763: 2757: 2744: 2739: 2721: 2716: 2705:transvestism 2698: 2693: 2689: 2685: 2681: 2677: 2673: 2669: 2665: 2660:categorizes 2653: 2651: 2610: 2589: 2569: 2559: 2527: 2523: 2519: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2498: 2495:hetairistria 2494: 2492: 2488: 2484: 2476: 2450: 2442: 2430: 2421: 2415: 2377: 2370: 2359: 2350: 2336: 2322: 2304: 2298: 2294: 2280: 2273: 2262: 2260: 2253: 2240: 2236:dictatorship 2231: 2228:suspiciosus) 2227: 2223: 2219: 2214: 2200: 2174: 2170: 2152: 2150: 2119: 2091: 2073: 2068: 2058: 2052: 2048: 2043: 2026: 2007: 2006:noted that " 1995: 1987: 1986: 1981: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1965: 1960: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1933: 1932: 1927: 1918: 1910: 1906: 1898: 1894: 1893: 1888: 1877: 1867: 1860: 1849:pullus Iovis 1848: 1836: 1822: 1801: 1796: 1788: 1787: 1782: 1775: 1765: 1745: 1737: 1733: 1727: 1720: 1704: 1699: 1689: 1685: 1684: 1679: 1665: 1660: 1656: 1646: 1641:paiderasteia 1639: 1631: 1627: 1621: 1615: 1605: 1603: 1593: 1578: 1571: 1567: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1528: 1523: 1504: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1478: 1473: 1469: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1453: 1436: 1413: 1408: 1407: 1401: 1399: 1394: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1372: 1371: 1364: 1349: 1342: 1332: 1330: 1303: 1295: 1291: 1279: 1277: 1268: 1260: 1255: 1252:wedding hymn 1247: 1239: 1237: 1216: 1193: 1189: 1187: 1182: 1178: 1171: 1169: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1146: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1132: 1127: 1120: 1116: 1114: 1104: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1023: 1019: 1015: 1013: 983: 964: 954: 925:tintinnabula 923: 909: 903: 896:, a phallic 891: 872: 861: 857: 851: 847: 812: 806: 784: 780: 776: 772: 769: 765: 761: 750: 746: 721: 710: 702: 684: 669: 663: 643: 639: 635: 616: 602: 584: 576: 566: 553: 549: 539: 532:(above) and 516: 501: 493: 488:authored by 482: 455: 449: 427: 420: 410: 407: 394: 384: 366: 339: 335: 332: 298:binary model 279: 269: 261: 255: 231: 197: 194:entertainers 177: 171: 165: 161: 120:heterosexual 95: 94: 71: 53: 8185:Gay history 7881: [ 7801: [ 7779: [ 7768:Transgender 7745:Bisexuality 7677: [ 7663: [ 7651: [ 7515:Transgender 7249:New Zealand 7133:Switzerland 7107: [ 7074:Netherlands 6988:South Korea 6376:Apodyterium 6181:Petronius: 6041:14.194–195. 5668:Phillippics 5601:Dio Cassius 5280:impudicitia 5222:Amy Richlin 5167:1.3.45 and 4792:Suetonius. 4776:Suetonius, 4761:Suetonius, 3964:Andrew Lear 3636:Suetonius. 3564:Lucretius, 3333:honestiores 3142:in Lucan's 2873:God's wrath 2844:, from the 2732:transsexual 2728:transgender 2690:familiarica 2635:investiture 2605:Roman Spain 2455:Lesbian sex 2433:Gallo-Roman 2347:Roman Spain 2329:male slaves 2222:related to 2171:matrimonium 2163:Mark Antony 2146:Dio Cassius 2008:impudicitia 1988:Impudicitia 1982:impudicitia 1970:(adjective 1968:impudicitia 1961:Impudicitia 1870:Gallo-Roman 1862:impudicitia 1847:'s chick" ( 1517:cunnilingus 1298:. Like the 1070:effeminatus 1044:("chick"), 1034:spint(h)ria 920:wind chimes 888:Gallo-Roman 835:cunnilingus 753:cameo glass 550:Prostibulum 528:Poets like 423:Amy Richlin 286:imperialism 276:masculinity 266:patriarchal 256:During the 190:prostitutes 150:patriarchal 80:Susa, Libya 8164:Categories 7660:immigrants 7570:Pre-modern 7478:Journalism 7415:Manchester 7150:Yugoslavia 6943:Bangladesh 6898:By regions 6745:Literature 6588:Saturnalia 6572:Aphroditos 6568:Saturnalia 6449:Lupercalia 6068:Pro Milone 6059:Plutarch, 5886:Quintilian 5834:Williams, 5809:Williams, 5767:Williams, 5636:Williams, 5623:Williams, 5579:Williams, 5525:Williams, 5370:); Adams, 5364:Pro Caelio 5335:Williams, 5200:The words 5032:Williams, 5002:2023-09-22 4920:Williams, 4847:Williams, 4752:excitaret. 4719:Williams, 4693:Paul Veyne 4675:Williams, 4662:Williams, 4622:concubinus 4577:Williams, 4544:Quintilian 4505:Williams, 4462:Catullus, 4427:H. Cuvigny 4413:Williams, 4400:Williams, 4362:Williams, 4349:Williams, 4327:Williams, 4314:Williams, 4294:Williams, 4264:Williams, 4093:Williams, 3854:Williams, 3656:Williams, 3622:Williams, 3611:Propertius 3519:Williams, 3497:, 10.1.93. 3489:Quintilian 3475:Williams, 3462:Williams, 3449:Williams, 3433:Williams, 3420:Williams, 3374:Williams, 3329:humiliores 2912:Greek love 2770:apotropaic 2765:Aphroditos 2717:adulescens 2709:mock trial 2583:common in 2479:Principate 2459:See also: 2372:fustuarium 2351:concubinus 2295:adulescens 2287:mock trial 2154:Philippics 2141:Elagabalus 2129:Pythagoras 2086:See also: 2060:concubinus 2029:subculture 2014:Subculture 1878:pullipremo 1772:Trimalchio 1742:Apollonian 1674:'s eunuch 1636:pedophilic 1590:Warren Cup 1426:Elagabalus 1383:exolescere 1361:Elagabalus 1343:concubinus 1341:, but the 1296:concubinus 1292:concubinus 1280:concubinus 1269:concubinus 1261:concubinus 1256:concubinus 1248:concubinus 1240:concubinus 1226:The young 1217:Concubinus 1202:tambourine 1198:Asia Minor 1078:pisciculi, 1074:discinctus 1030:concubinus 1008:Warren Cup 951:Warren Cup 945:Warren Cup 934:apotropaic 853:Threesomes 741:See also: 601:, several 599:Propertius 569:New poetry 500:or in the 444:(1827) by 220:depicting 152:, and the 144:submissive 116:homosexual 7776:Argentina 7602:pederasty 7445:Christian 7438:Religious 7302:By period 7294:Timelines 7265:Argentina 7239:Australia 6983:Singapore 6737:, p. 166. 6564:Macrobius 6438:, p. 228. 6382:, p. 168. 6312:Brooten, 6183:Satyricon 6009:bastinado 6001:Histories 5963:male rape 5912:centurion 5798:et passim 5792:Richlin, 5758:, p. 314. 5674:, p. 279. 5657:, p. 285. 5627:, p. 279. 5611:, p. 279. 5593:Suetonius 5583:, p. 280. 5546:, p. 272. 5529:, p. 201. 5512:Plautus, 5494:, p. 100. 5462:Suetonius 5448:RIchlin, 5411:, p. 169. 5407:Richlin, 5387:Juvenal, 5326:, p. 289. 5296:Pro Balbo 5274:Richlin, 5265:, p. 289. 5261:Richlin, 5169:Suetonius 5137:, p. 131. 5111:, p. 196. 5056:'s poem " 4924:, p. 199. 4873:, p. 208. 4820:, p. 196. 4648:, p. 212. 4618:Catamitus 4554:concubini 4453:, p. 125. 4353:, p. 193. 4318:, p. 197. 4298:, p. 200. 4281:Martial, 4270:et passim 4138:et passim 4110:, p. 215. 4071:, p. 255. 3982:Aeschines 3917:Skinner, 3905:, p. 223. 3901:Richlin, 3746:et passim 3732:10.155ff. 3510:, p. 154. 3357:Richlin, 3164:Athenaeum 3152:Arachnion 3144:Civil War 3060:Skinner, 2970:Pederasty 2869:Abrahamic 2865:Justinian 2801:androgyni 2746:Macrobius 2678:muliebria 2524:fricatrix 2497:(compare 2465:Tribadism 2426:Petronius 2391:had been 2389:Trebonius 2309:parricide 2264:irrumatio 2256:Pomponius 2216:Roman law 2193:incunable 2103:Roman law 1977:pudicitia 1972:impudicus 1841:birthmark 1833:Porcelain 1827:meaning " 1767:Satyricon 1746:delicatus 1738:delicatus 1734:delicatus 1668:castrated 1632:delicatus 1628:delicatus 1600:, London. 1545:made the 1509:masochist 1339:Roman law 1334:concubina 1326:cupbearer 1265:invective 1050:delicatus 1040:("boy"), 979:symposium 957:convivial 868:Foursomes 827:threesome 717:Petronius 712:Satyricon 624:Suetonius 615:. In the 581:Lucretius 577:Iuventius 542:Juvenal 6 112:translate 8149:Category 8101:Possible 7987:Category 7837:Intersex 7640:Lesbians 7528:By topic 7505:Intersex 7483:Policing 7390:Canadian 7332:Century 7211:violence 7186:Honduras 7143:violence 7104:violence 7089:Portugal 6998:Thailand 6978:Pakistan 6434:Clarke, 6368:Heroides 6342:(2016). 6325:Lucian, 6222:Ausonius 5996:Polybius 5819:irrumare 5666:Cicero, 5540:Cinaedus 5514:Curculio 5481:, p. 99. 5350:Apuleius 5339:, p. 17. 5310:5.16.8; 5185:Poenulus 5133:Vioque, 4851:, p. 75. 4748:Tiberius 4732:Cicero, 4566:Historia 4534:, p. 19. 4381:cinaedus 4268:, p. 85 4084:, p. 39. 4067:Clarke, 4054:Clarke, 3984:(2001). 3954:, p. 78. 3950:Clarke, 3921:, p. 369 3871:(1982). 3599:Tibullus 3583:cinaedus 3533:Catullus 3409:Historia 3297:, p. 11. 2990:Spintria 2902:Catamite 2879:See also 2776:Intersex 2686:communia 2674:puerilia 2624:Hercules 2580:clitoris 2560:Les Amis 2517:loanword 2509:tribades 2507:(plural 2437:Ausonius 2404:Sex acts 2381:Plutarch 2367:Polybius 2355:campaign 2341:, about 2333:war rape 2325:Augustus 2305:ingenuus 2300:ingenuus 2269:Catullus 2220:famosus, 2211:, 1471). 2126:freedman 2113:Emperor 2045:Apuleius 1950:scultima 1946:scultima 1940:. 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Knowledge (XXG)

Homosexuality in ancient Rome

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