268:, dated March 27, 1884, reported that James Bourne, one of the jurors, had spent the previous night at Bremen Street police station after being threatened by a mob. Returning home on the morning of March 27, a crowd threatened to hang him but was dispersed by the police. Later he was severely beaten and was again taken to the police station for his own safety. Another member of the jury, Charles Dollahan, was pelted with rotten eggs and dared not return home. Louis Havemeyer was told he was fired when he went to work. A crowd tore the blinds from the house of L. Phillips on Liberty Street, and threw dead cats and rotten eggs through the windows before discovering they had the wrong Phillips, not a member of the jury. The foreman of the jury, A. F. Shaw, went into hiding.
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The
Hamilton County Sheriff Morton Hawkins was also expecting trouble. He had thirteen deputies helping him guard the jail. The rioters managed to break into the jail through the sheriff's apartment, but left when they were shown that Berner was not present. More rioters then arrived. The sheriff had
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published an editorial saying: "The time has come for taking an account for salvage for three days of destruction and terror. First, we have saved our jailful of murderers. We have killed 45 innocent men and wounded or maimed 45 more, all to save our jailful of murderers..." The editorial went on to
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Many of the guards failed to report for duty. Some of the 1st
Regiment soldiers even participated in the riot. The out-of-town soldiers, who did obey orders, were unable to reach Cincinnati in time to prevent escalating violence by rioters who had been paid that day, and had spent their money in the
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Corruption was a serious problem in
Cincinnati at that time, with local leaders notorious for controlling elections and manipulating judges and juries. In March 1884, the city was still reeling from a devastating flood the previous month when the river crested at 71.9 feet (21.9 m). A full-page
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changed its tune, and in its Sunday morning edition described "Fire and Fury, The Reign of Terror" and "Awful Scenes in
Cincinnati". The riots resumed later on Sunday despite growing numbers of troops. There was one more assault on the militia before calm returned to the city. The secretary of war,
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supported the rioters in its
Saturday morning edition, with a headline saying "At Last The People Are Aroused And Take The Law Into Their Own Hands, Enraged Community Rises In Its Might". The civic leaders, who had at first supported the vigilante action, became alarmed. They suspected that the mob
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The mob, now 10,000 strong, pelted the jail with bricks and stones. They overcame resistance by the guards and police reinforcements and managed to break in again. They were driven out by reinforcements from the militia armory who entered the building through a tunnel from the courthouse. After one
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blamed the riots on the fact that intelligent citizens had ceded politics to venal politicians. The paper called for stronger laws with "swift, sure and solemn" execution, and said that if middle-class
Americans were running government instead of corrupt special interests, incidents like the riots
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In the evening, the mob gathered again in front of the courthouse and the jail. A gunfight broke out, lasting several hours. The crowd managed to set fire to the courthouse and blocked attempts by firemen to put out the blaze. The courthouse was destroyed. Rioters also started breaking into nearby
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During the day, the defenders of the jail erected barriers in the surrounding streets, improvised from vehicles, construction materials, grindstones and barrels of salt. The militia abandoned the armory and moved to the jail with all the arms and ammunition. The jail was now extremely crowded and
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district. After the men had been arrested, 500 potential jurymen were called before Berner's lawyer accepted the jury of twelve. After a prolonged trial, on March 26, 1884, the jury returned a manslaughter verdict despite the testimony of seven different people to whom Berner had admitted his
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Colonel C. B. Hunt, commanding the First
Regiment of the Ohio Militia with 400 men, prepared for trouble, ordering sections from each company to stay on guard at their armory on Court Street, half a block from the courthouse. That evening, several thousand people attended a meeting at
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of the attackers was shot dead the violence escalated. Rioters attempted to set the jail on fire using stolen kerosene. By the time the situation became temporarily under control late on Friday night, five people had died, including one police officer, and many more were wounded.
405:, had called out U.S. troops. When they arrived, there was little for them to do apart from remaining on call in case of further trouble. The rioters had returned to work and calm had been restored. In the course of the riots, 56 people died and over 300 were wounded.
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premeditation and execution of the murder. The judge, who gave a sentence of 20 years in prison, called the verdict "a damned outrage". The next day, the newspapers called for a public meeting to condemn the verdict. Tried separately, Palmer was convicted and hanged.
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on March 9, 1884, said: "Laxity of laws gives the Queen City of the West its crimson record. Preeminence in art, science, and industry avail nothing where murder is rampant and the lives of citizens are unsafe even in broad daylight."
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ill-equipped to feed the occupants. Two to three hundred policemen were present, although they refused to play an active role in the fighting, as well as 117 local militiamen and the criminals resident in the jail.
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On
December 24, 1883, a young white German named William Berner and his accomplice, Joe Palmer, a man of mixed African and European descent, robbed and murdered their employer, William Kirk, a
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the perpetrator. In the violence that followed over the next few days, more than 50 people died and the courthouse was destroyed. It was one of the most destructive riots in
American history.
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to protest the lenient sentence. A large group of protesters then headed to the jail, apparently planning to lynch Berner. Unknown to the rioters, Berner was not there. Having been sent to
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met the crowd three blocks from the jail but then retreated back to the railway station. A more resolute force of 425 militiamen from
Columbus arrived at around 11:00 pm armed with a
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had 300 men and 5 patrol wagons. In this period they arrested 50 people for murder, but only four were hanged. By January 1, 1884, there were 23 accused murderers in the jail.
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Lessons from the Murder of Mrs. McHugh and the Execution of William McHugh, or, What I Saw and Heard in the Cincinnati Jail at the Time of the Riot in 1884. Rev. and Corr
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A statue of John J. Desmond, a lawyer and captain of the militia who was shot dead while trying to protect the courthouse, stands in the lobby of the current courthouse.
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said there was a general feeling that the militia was responsible for the deaths. Their presence alone had excited the mob and they had been too ready to open fire.
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327:, was asked to call for reinforcements, he moved slowly and did not order the deployment of additional militia units until 5:00 pm on March 29.
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describe the riots as a "just, popular impulse against the prostration of laws before criminals". On March 31, reporting on the return of calm,
954:"Courthouse Burning: A Collection of Newspaper Articles and Other Sources concerning the Courthouse Fire of Hamilton County, Ohio, March 1884"
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made the same comparison as Hugo, but not in a flattering sense, when it called the mob a "Commune" and Cincinnati "the Paris of America".
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Cincinnati in the 1880s was an industrial city with a rising crime rate, due partly to general dissatisfaction with labor conditions. The
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Berner, the original cause of the trouble, was recaptured late on Saturday afternoon. He had holed up in a house in the woods near
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Public outrage over the decision of a jury to return a verdict of manslaughter in what was seen as a clear case of murder
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Kwasny, Mark V. (Winter–Spring 1989). "A Test for the Ohio National Guard: The Cincinnati Riot of 1884".
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said of the incident "It tortures the conscience and the self-respect of honest men". The French author
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as the junior prosecutor. However, the attempt failed and Campbell left Cincinnati for New York.
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was led by socialists and anarchists, the "dangerous classes". Although the Governor of Ohio,
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the alarms rung which had the unhelpful effect of drawing yet more people to the scene.
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Eventually, reinforcements started to arrive by train. A force of 300 militiamen from
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A more solid barricade on Main Street using construction materials from a nearby site
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A Frightful and Shameful Story: The Cincinnati Riot of 1884 and the Search for Order
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343:
201:
924:
Nevada Printing History: A Bibliography of Imprints & Publications, 1881–1890
2216:
2049:
450:
347:
1417:. Urban life and urban landscape. Ohio State University Press. pp. 59–62.
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said "For once we find ourselves sympathising with rioters". The editor of the
286:: Attempt to dislodge the besieged in the jail; the first volley in the tunnel.
2844:
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1623:
1372:
1073:
Haber, Samuel (1991). "Cincinnati: Not Porkopolis but Queen City, 1830–1880".
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The public reaction in some quarters was sympathetic to the rioters. The
213:
79:
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Rodabaugh, James Howard (December 1959). "The Cincinnati Riot of 1884".
1075:
The quest for authority and honor in the American professions, 1750–1900
2796:
2517:
2085:
2030:
1180:
West from Appomattox: the reconstruction of America after the Civil War
83:
1363:
Hofstadter, Richard; Wallace, Michael (1970). "Cincinnati Riot 1884".
787:"Patrol Wagon Driver Joseph Sturm, Cincinnati Police Department, Ohio"
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stores. One store owner and his assistants shot three looters dead.
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1956:
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1367:. Vintage international. Vol. 686. Knopf. pp. 466–469.
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75:
55:
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1415:
Boss Cox's Cincinnati: Urban Politics in the Progressive Era
1389:
Bulletin of the Historical and Philosophical Society of Ohio
754:
752:
750:
748:
746:
2881:
List of incidents of civil unrest in Colonial North America
1094:"Behind the Guardsman's Rifle: The Cincinnati Riot of 1884"
769:
767:
875:
873:
1382:. Vol. 2. Henry Howe & Son. pp. 84 et seq.
1300:
Steffens, Lincoln (1906). "Ohio: A Tale of Two Cities".
1056:
Cincinnati: a guide to the queen city and its neighbors
1034:
Faeny, F. H. (April 12, 1884). "The Cincinnati Riots".
457:, calling the rioters champions of justice and heroes.
250:
of the city. The murderers dumped Kirk's body near the
196:, were caused by public outrage over the decision of a
1387:
Kleine, W. Laird (October 1962). "Anatomy of a Riot".
1167:
The life and times of William Howard Taft: a biography
551:
549:
522:
List of incidents of civil unrest in the United States
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Troops outside the Music Hall after peace had returned
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in what was seen as a clear case of murder. A mob in
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1457:. Ohio History Society at Ohio State Museum: 91–94.
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94:
71:
63:
46:
38:
21:
825:
823:
608:Felix Winternitz; Sacha DeVroomen Bellman (2007).
362:The first barricade, hastily built on Court Street
1327:Cincinnati: From River City to Highway Metropolis
33:The Cincinnati Courthouse shortly after the riots
1058:. American guide series. US History Publishers.
280:Illustrations of the 1884 Cincinnati riots from
1276:The Cincinnati subway: history of rapid transit
517:List of incidents of civil unrest in Cincinnati
488:The riots ended the régime of political bosses
421:. Caption: "A Murderer Hung in Time Saves Nine"
303:, for his own safety, he had escaped en route.
1306:(reprinted BiblioBazaar, LLC, 2009 ed.).
1106:"Report of Col. J.D. Norton – Cincinnati Riot"
16:Riots over a court verdict in Cincinnati, Ohio
1579:
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683:
681:
679:
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641:
639:
637:
8:
2765:1885 attack on Squak Valley Chinese laborers
1752:Westmoreland County coal strike of 1910–1911
722:
720:
718:
1464:The Cincinnati Riot: Its Causes and Results
1208:Schlup, Leonard C.; Ryan, James G. (2003).
1110:Executive documents, annual reports, Part 2
829:
2513:
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1796:
1619:
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1572:
1564:
1493:
1479:
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972:"Queen City History: The Violent Old Days"
864:
814:
27:
18:
2886:Mass racial violence in the United States
2297:South Carolina civil disturbances of 1876
1854:Illinois Central shopmen's strike of 1911
1148:"Riot of 1884 among bloodiest in history"
773:
758:
668:
1375:(1891). "The Court-House Riot of 1884".
1365:American Violence: A Documentary History
879:
275:
2579:Pacific Electric Railway strike of 1903
1214:Historical dictionary of the Gilded Age
1036:Harper's Weekly Journal of Civilization
903:
687:
645:
540:
533:
352:
212:, United States, attempted to find and
2912:Riots and civil disorder in Cincinnati
2851:Bituminous coal miners' strike of 1894
2692:1899 Coeur d'Alene labor confrontation
2495:Bituminous coal miners' strike of 1894
2463:Paint Creek–Cabin Creek strike of 1912
2003:Bituminous coal miners' strike of 1894
1773:Bituminous coal miners' strike of 1894
840:
701:"Sheriff risked neck to stop lynching"
567:
555:
2206:1895 New Orleans dockworkers massacre
2008:Indianapolis streetcar strike of 1913
1548:1968 Martin Luther King assassination
891:
852:
737:
656:
7:
2614:Cripple Creek miners' strike of 1894
2557:Los Angeles Chinese massacre of 1871
1237:Schweninger, Joseph Michael (1996).
122:Hamilton County Sheriff's Department
2584:1907 San Francisco streetcar strike
2123:1912 Forsyth County racial conflict
1602:in the history of the United States
699:McNutt, Randy (September 4, 1999).
2100:Pensacola streetcar strike of 1908
1917:St. Louis streetcar strike of 1900
1894:Copper Country strike of 1913–1914
1690:Pittsburgh railroad strike of 1877
1462:Tunison, Joseph Salathiel (1886).
14:
1768:Baltimore railroad strike of 1877
1518:1836 attack on abolitionist press
1001:Cooper, Catherine (August 1983).
726:
2861:1914 Butte, Montana, labor riots
2856:Pacific Coast race riots of 1907
1741:Pressed Steel Car strike of 1909
1303:The Struggle for Self-Government
1177:Richardson, Heather Cox (2007).
1146:Painter, Mark (March 27, 2003).
1100:. Covington, KY: John A Johnson.
1054:(1943). "Mammon and the Muses".
379:
367:
355:
2681:1892 Coeur d'Alene labor strike
2242:Wilmington insurrection of 1898
1809:Chicago railroad strike of 1877
1672:New York City Food Riot of 1917
1553:2001 police shooting of suspect
1543:1967 disputed murder conviction
1112:. Ohio Government. May 31, 1884
1077:. University of Chicago Press.
596:
1844:1905 Chicago teamsters' strike
1736:Anthracite coal strike of 1902
1667:1874 Tompkins Square Park riot
1436:. Philadelphia: Judson Press.
1380:: an encyclopedia of the state
1378:Historical Collections of Ohio
1165:Pringle, Henry Fowles (1939).
453:even compared the riot to the
100:
1:
2451:Battle of the Grapevine Creek
2440:Great Railroad Strike of 1877
1912:1877 St. Louis general strike
1849:Springfield race riot of 1908
1632:1880 Garret Rock May Day riot
921:Armstrong, Robert D. (1991).
611:Insiders' Guide to Cincinnati
2260:Enid–Pond Creek Railroad War
2166:New Orleans Massacre of 1866
1778:1912 Lawrence textile strike
1125:"Cincinnati Courthouse Riot"
1015:(11). Emmis Communications.
970:Carry, John (October 1972).
614:. Globe Pequot. p. 34.
125:Cincinnati Police Department
1746:Philadelphia general strike
1308:McClure, Phillips & Co.
1171:Farrar & Rinehart, Inc.
1003:"Cincinnati's Super Sleuth"
982:(1). Emmis Communications.
439:An editorial in the London
194:Cincinnati Courthouse riots
22:Cincinnati Courthouse riots
2938:
2562:San Francisco riot of 1877
2490:Meridian race riot of 1871
2201:1891 New Orleans lynchings
2118:1906 Atlanta race massacre
1947:1909 Omaha anti-Greek riot
929:University of Nevada Press
795:Officer Down Memorial Page
2045:Election Massacre of 1874
1695:Reading Railroad Massacre
1637:1913 Paterson silk strike
1508:
1432:Rickman, Thomas Merritt.
1324:Stradling, David (2003).
1273:Singer, Allen J. (2003).
1250:(Master of Arts thesis).
1210:"Cincinnati Riot of 1884"
1092:Johnson, John A. (1920).
417:Cartoon on the case from
175:
161:1 killed, unknown wounded
145:
112:
26:
2722:Battle of Lincoln (1878)
2656:Honolulu Courthouse riot
2595:Preparedness Day Bombing
2327:Memphis massacre of 1866
2272:McIntosh County Seat War
1965:Cincinnati riots of 1884
1922:St. Louis bullfight riot
1538:1884 rigged jury dispute
1413:Miller, Zane L. (2000).
1052:Federal Writers' Project
455:storming of the Bastille
190:Cincinnati riots of 1884
2468:West Virginia coal wars
2411:Slocum Massacre of 1910
2189:Battle of Liberty Place
2075:Hartford coal mine riot
1865:East St. Louis massacre
1701:Scranton general strike
1152:The Cincinnati Enquirer
1133:Ohio Historical Society
705:The Cincinnati Enquirer
320:The Cincinnati Enquirer
235:The Cincinnati Enquirer
226:Cincinnati police force
200:to return a verdict of
2631:Colorado Coalfield War
2457:Tucker County Seat War
2393:Jaybird–Woodpecker War
2344:Battle of Depot Street
1707:1877 Shamokin uprising
1533:1855 attack on Germans
1528:1853 papal envoy visit
1466:. Cincinnati: Keating.
1279:. Arcadia Publishing.
815:Schlup & Ryan 2003
422:
287:
2805:Rock Springs massacre
2740:Hells Canyon Massacre
2567:Mussel Slough Tragedy
2551:Anti-Chinese violence
2387:San Elizario Salt War
2308:Phoenix election riot
2266:Brooks–McFarland feud
1976:May Day riots of 1894
1523:1841 attack on blacks
1513:1829 attack on blacks
1252:Ohio State University
1185:Yale University Press
1044:Harper & Brothers
463:Dayton Daily Democrat
416:
279:
232:article published in
141:Casualties and losses
2775:Seattle riot of 1886
2422:Houston riot of 1917
2278:Green Corn Rebellion
2211:Robert Charles riots
2147:French–Eversole feud
1129:Ohio History Central
192:, also known as the
155:2 killed, 40 wounded
152:Ohio National Guard:
2770:Tacoma riot of 1885
2625:Colorado Labor Wars
2526:Pleasant Valley War
2445:Lincoln County feud
2399:Reese–Townsend feud
1008:Cincinnati Magazine
976:Cincinnati Magazine
502:William Howard Taft
403:Robert Todd Lincoln
398:Cincinnati Enquirer
119:Ohio National Guard
2840:Fence Cutting Wars
2811:Johnson County War
2746:Sheepshooters' War
2716:Lincoln County War
2686:Deep Creek murders
2619:Colorado Range War
2589:Wheatland hop riot
2532:Bisbee Deportation
2405:Brownsville affair
2369:Sutton–Taylor feud
2195:Thibodaux massacre
2183:Coushatta massacre
2171:Opelousas massacre
2094:Barber–Mizell feud
1981:Akron riot of 1900
1826:Illinois coal wars
1332:Arcadia Publishing
500:proceedings, with
494:Thomas C. Campbell
434:The New York Times
428:Commercial Gazette
423:
288:
265:The New York Times
158:Cincinnati Police:
2922:March 1884 events
2894:
2893:
2869:
2868:
2817:Spring Creek raid
2710:Colfax County War
2573:Castaic Range War
2503:
2502:
2363:Early–Hasley feud
2069:Brooks–Baxter War
2016:
2015:
1997:Bay View massacre
1889:1894 Detroit riot
1884:1891 Detroit riot
1786:
1785:
1730:Lattimer massacre
1718:Morewood massacre
1561:
1560:
1194:978-0-300-11052-4
843:, pp. 418ff.
659:, pp. 16–17.
621:978-0-7627-4180-9
496:. Campbell faced
473:would not occur.
315:Saturday March 29
186:
185:
171:
170:
136:
135:
90:, murder, assault
42:March 28–30, 1884
2929:
2874:Related articles
2786:Everett massacre
2780:Bellingham riots
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2485:Greene–Jones War
2416:Boyce–Sneed feud
2381:Mason County War
2302:Hamburg massacre
2141:Rowan County War
2027:
1941:Camp Dump strike
1832:Battle of Virden
1814:Haymarket affair
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1724:Homestead strike
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838:
832:
830:Schweninger 1996
827:
818:
812:
806:
805:
803:
801:
783:
777:
771:
762:
761:, pp. 67ff.
756:
741:
735:
729:
724:
713:
712:
707:. Archived from
696:
690:
685:
672:
666:
660:
654:
648:
643:
632:
631:
629:
628:
605:
599:
594:
571:
565:
559:
553:
544:
538:
383:
371:
359:
177:Total Casualties
147:
146:
114:
113:
31:
19:
2937:
2936:
2932:
2931:
2930:
2928:
2927:
2926:
2897:
2896:
2895:
2890:
2865:
2822:
2791:
2751:
2726:
2696:
2667:
2642:
2637:Ludlow Massacre
2600:
2537:
2499:
2473:
2426:
2349:
2313:
2283:
2246:
2236:Kirk–Holden war
2222:
2177:Colfax massacre
2152:
2127:
2104:
2080:
2055:
2012:
1985:
1951:
1927:
1898:
1870:
1859:Aldermen's wars
1782:
1756:
1712:Pittsburgh riot
1676:
1655:Mamaroneck riot
1641:
1609:
1592:
1562:
1557:
1504:
1499:
1461:
1448:
1431:
1425:
1412:
1399:
1386:
1371:
1362:
1359:
1357:Further reading
1354:
1346:
1344:
1342:
1323:
1317:
1299:
1291:
1289:
1287:
1272:
1264:
1262:
1243:
1236:
1228:
1226:
1224:
1216:. M.E. Sharpe.
1207:
1199:
1197:
1195:
1176:
1169:. Vol. 1.
1164:
1156:
1154:
1145:
1137:
1135:
1123:
1115:
1113:
1104:
1091:
1085:
1072:
1066:
1050:
1033:
1025:
1023:
1000:
992:
990:
969:
961:
959:
956:
952:Asche, Joan L.
951:
943:
941:
939:
920:
911:
910:
902:
898:
890:
886:
878:
871:
865:Richardson 2007
863:
859:
851:
847:
839:
835:
828:
821:
813:
809:
799:
797:
785:
784:
780:
772:
765:
757:
744:
736:
732:
725:
716:
711:on 5 July 2013.
698:
697:
693:
686:
675:
667:
663:
655:
651:
644:
635:
626:
624:
622:
607:
606:
602:
595:
574:
566:
562:
554:
547:
539:
535:
530:
513:
490:John R. McClean
479:
469:Harper's Weekly
411:
394:
392:Sunday March 30
387:
384:
375:
372:
363:
360:
317:
274:
272:Friday March 28
222:
181:
179:
167:
162:
160:
156:
154:
132:
127:
123:
121:
59:
34:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2935:
2933:
2925:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2899:
2898:
2892:
2891:
2889:
2888:
2883:
2877:
2875:
2871:
2870:
2867:
2866:
2864:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2842:
2837:
2830:
2828:
2824:
2823:
2821:
2820:
2814:
2808:
2801:
2799:
2793:
2792:
2790:
2789:
2783:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2761:
2759:
2753:
2752:
2750:
2749:
2743:
2736:
2734:
2728:
2727:
2725:
2724:
2719:
2713:
2706:
2704:
2698:
2697:
2695:
2694:
2689:
2683:
2677:
2675:
2669:
2668:
2666:
2665:
2659:
2652:
2650:
2644:
2643:
2641:
2640:
2634:
2628:
2622:
2616:
2610:
2608:
2602:
2601:
2599:
2598:
2592:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2570:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2547:
2545:
2539:
2538:
2536:
2535:
2529:
2522:
2520:
2511:
2505:
2504:
2501:
2500:
2498:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2481:
2479:
2475:
2474:
2472:
2471:
2465:
2460:
2454:
2448:
2442:
2436:
2434:
2428:
2427:
2425:
2424:
2419:
2413:
2408:
2402:
2396:
2390:
2384:
2378:
2375:Las Cuevas War
2372:
2366:
2359:
2357:
2351:
2350:
2348:
2347:
2341:
2338:Coal Creek War
2335:
2329:
2323:
2321:
2315:
2314:
2312:
2311:
2305:
2299:
2293:
2291:
2289:South Carolina
2285:
2284:
2282:
2281:
2275:
2269:
2263:
2256:
2254:
2248:
2247:
2245:
2244:
2239:
2232:
2230:
2228:North Carolina
2224:
2223:
2221:
2220:
2214:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2192:
2186:
2180:
2174:
2168:
2162:
2160:
2154:
2153:
2151:
2150:
2144:
2137:
2135:
2129:
2128:
2126:
2125:
2120:
2114:
2112:
2106:
2105:
2103:
2102:
2097:
2090:
2088:
2082:
2081:
2079:
2078:
2072:
2065:
2063:
2057:
2056:
2054:
2053:
2047:
2042:
2039:Eutaw massacre
2035:
2033:
2024:
2018:
2017:
2014:
2013:
2011:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1993:
1991:
1987:
1986:
1984:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1967:
1961:
1959:
1953:
1952:
1950:
1949:
1944:
1937:
1935:
1929:
1928:
1926:
1925:
1919:
1914:
1908:
1906:
1900:
1899:
1897:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1880:
1878:
1872:
1871:
1869:
1868:
1862:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1835:
1829:
1823:
1820:Pullman Strike
1817:
1811:
1805:
1803:
1794:
1788:
1787:
1784:
1783:
1781:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1764:
1762:
1758:
1757:
1755:
1754:
1749:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1727:
1721:
1715:
1709:
1704:
1698:
1692:
1686:
1684:
1678:
1677:
1675:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1658:
1651:
1649:
1643:
1642:
1640:
1639:
1634:
1628:
1626:
1617:
1611:
1610:
1593:
1591:
1590:
1583:
1576:
1568:
1559:
1558:
1556:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1509:
1506:
1505:
1500:
1498:
1497:
1490:
1483:
1475:
1469:
1468:
1459:
1446:
1429:
1423:
1410:
1397:
1384:
1369:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1352:
1340:
1321:
1315:
1297:
1285:
1270:
1234:
1222:
1205:
1193:
1174:
1162:
1143:
1121:
1102:
1089:
1083:
1070:
1064:
1048:
1031:
998:
967:
949:
937:
917:
909:
908:
896:
884:
882:, p. 174.
869:
867:, p. 209.
857:
855:, p. 419.
845:
833:
819:
807:
778:
776:, p. 142.
774:Armstrong 1991
763:
759:Stradling 2003
742:
730:
714:
691:
673:
669:Stradling 2003
661:
649:
633:
620:
600:
572:
560:
545:
532:
531:
529:
526:
525:
524:
519:
512:
509:
478:
475:
419:Harpers Weekly
410:
407:
393:
390:
389:
388:
385:
378:
376:
373:
366:
364:
361:
354:
316:
313:
301:Columbus, Ohio
297:Over-the-Rhine
283:Harpers Weekly
273:
270:
262:An article in
221:
218:
184:
183:
173:
172:
169:
168:
165:
163:
150:
143:
142:
138:
137:
134:
133:
130:
128:
117:
110:
109:
105:
104:
96:
92:
91:
73:
69:
68:
65:
61:
60:
50:
48:
44:
43:
40:
36:
35:
32:
24:
23:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2934:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2904:
2902:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2878:
2876:
2872:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2835:
2834:Railroad Wars
2832:
2831:
2829:
2825:
2818:
2815:
2812:
2809:
2806:
2803:
2802:
2800:
2798:
2794:
2787:
2784:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2762:
2760:
2758:
2754:
2747:
2744:
2741:
2738:
2737:
2735:
2733:
2729:
2723:
2720:
2717:
2714:
2711:
2708:
2707:
2705:
2703:
2699:
2693:
2690:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2678:
2676:
2674:
2670:
2663:
2660:
2657:
2654:
2653:
2651:
2649:
2645:
2638:
2635:
2632:
2629:
2626:
2623:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2611:
2609:
2607:
2603:
2596:
2593:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2574:
2571:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:(1860s–1890s)
2552:
2549:
2548:
2546:
2544:
2540:
2533:
2530:
2527:
2524:
2523:
2521:
2519:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2506:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2482:
2480:
2476:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2458:
2455:
2452:
2449:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2437:
2435:
2433:
2432:West Virginia
2429:
2423:
2420:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2406:
2403:
2400:
2397:
2394:
2391:
2388:
2385:
2382:
2379:
2376:
2373:
2370:
2367:
2364:
2361:
2360:
2358:
2356:
2352:
2345:
2342:
2339:
2336:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2324:
2322:
2320:
2316:
2309:
2306:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2294:
2292:
2290:
2286:
2279:
2276:
2273:
2270:
2267:
2264:
2261:
2258:
2257:
2255:
2253:
2249:
2243:
2240:
2237:
2234:
2233:
2231:
2229:
2225:
2218:
2215:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2196:
2193:
2190:
2187:
2184:
2181:
2178:
2175:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2163:
2161:
2159:
2155:
2148:
2145:
2142:
2139:
2138:
2136:
2134:
2130:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2115:
2113:
2111:
2107:
2101:
2098:
2095:
2092:
2091:
2089:
2087:
2083:
2076:
2073:
2070:
2067:
2066:
2064:
2062:
2058:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2040:
2037:
2036:
2034:
2032:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2019:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1998:
1995:
1994:
1992:
1988:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1971:
1970:Reservoir war
1968:
1966:
1963:
1962:
1960:
1958:
1954:
1948:
1945:
1942:
1939:
1938:
1936:
1934:
1930:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1909:
1907:
1905:
1901:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1881:
1879:
1877:
1873:
1866:
1863:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1839:
1836:
1833:
1830:
1827:
1824:
1821:
1818:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1806:
1804:
1802:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1789:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1765:
1763:
1759:
1753:
1750:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1731:
1728:
1725:
1722:
1719:
1716:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1702:
1699:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1687:
1685:
1683:
1679:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1662:
1659:
1656:
1653:
1652:
1650:
1648:
1644:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1629:
1627:
1625:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1612:
1607:
1603:
1600:
1596:
1589:
1584:
1582:
1577:
1575:
1570:
1569:
1566:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1510:
1507:
1503:
1496:
1491:
1489:
1484:
1482:
1477:
1476:
1473:
1465:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1451:Museum Echoes
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1430:
1426:
1424:0-8142-0861-4
1420:
1416:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1398:
1395:(4): 234–244.
1394:
1390:
1385:
1381:
1379:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1361:
1360:
1356:
1343:
1341:0-7385-2440-9
1337:
1333:
1329:
1328:
1322:
1318:
1316:1-110-30901-5
1312:
1309:
1305:
1304:
1298:
1288:
1286:0-7385-2314-3
1282:
1278:
1277:
1271:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1247:
1242:
1241:
1235:
1225:
1223:0-7656-0331-4
1219:
1215:
1211:
1206:
1196:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1181:
1175:
1172:
1168:
1163:
1153:
1149:
1144:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1090:
1086:
1084:0-226-31173-2
1080:
1076:
1071:
1067:
1065:1-60354-051-2
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1032:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1009:
1004:
999:
989:
985:
981:
977:
973:
968:
955:
950:
940:
938:0-87417-124-5
934:
930:
926:
925:
919:
918:
916:
915:
906:, p. 88.
905:
900:
897:
894:, pp. 90
893:
888:
885:
881:
880:Steffens 1906
876:
874:
870:
866:
861:
858:
854:
849:
846:
842:
837:
834:
831:
826:
824:
820:
817:, p. 89.
816:
811:
808:
796:
792:
788:
782:
779:
775:
770:
768:
764:
760:
755:
753:
751:
749:
747:
743:
739:
734:
731:
728:
723:
721:
719:
715:
710:
706:
702:
695:
692:
689:
684:
682:
680:
678:
674:
671:, p. 67.
670:
665:
662:
658:
653:
650:
647:
642:
640:
638:
634:
623:
617:
613:
612:
604:
601:
598:
593:
591:
589:
587:
585:
583:
581:
579:
577:
573:
569:
564:
561:
558:, p. 96.
557:
552:
550:
546:
542:
537:
534:
527:
523:
520:
518:
515:
514:
510:
508:
505:
503:
499:
495:
491:
486:
484:
476:
474:
471:
470:
465:
464:
458:
456:
452:
448:
444:
443:
437:
435:
430:
429:
420:
415:
408:
406:
404:
399:
391:
382:
377:
370:
365:
358:
353:
351:
349:
345:
340:
336:
332:
328:
326:
325:George Hoadly
321:
314:
312:
308:
304:
302:
298:
294:
285:
284:
278:
271:
269:
267:
266:
260:
257:
253:
249:
246:owner in the
245:
244:livery stable
240:
237:
236:
229:
227:
219:
217:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
178:
174:
164:
159:
153:
149:
148:
144:
139:
129:
126:
120:
116:
115:
111:
106:
103:
102:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
74:
70:
66:
62:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
30:
25:
20:
2907:1884 in Ohio
2718:(1878; 1881)
2332:Pulaski riot
1964:
1682:Pennsylvania
1661:Orange Riots
1599:civil unrest
1537:
1463:
1454:
1450:
1433:
1414:
1405:
1402:Ohio History
1401:
1392:
1388:
1376:
1364:
1345:. Retrieved
1326:
1302:
1290:. Retrieved
1275:
1263:. Retrieved
1239:
1227:. Retrieved
1213:
1198:. Retrieved
1179:
1166:
1155:. Retrieved
1151:
1136:. Retrieved
1128:
1114:. Retrieved
1109:
1097:
1074:
1055:
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904:Pringle 1939
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709:the original
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182:300+ wounded
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2847:(1870–1920)
2836:(1864–1912)
2813:(1889–1893)
2748:(1895–1906)
2712:(1873–1888)
2664:(1893–1894)
2633:(1913–1914)
2627:(1903–1904)
2575:(1890–1916)
2528:(1882–1892)
2470:(1912–1921)
2459:(1888–1893)
2447:(1878–1890)
2418:(1911–1912)
2401:(1898–1907)
2395:(1888–1889)
2389:(1877–1878)
2383:(1875–1876)
2371:(1868–1876)
2365:(1865–1869)
2340:(1891–1892)
2274:(1907–1909)
2268:(1896–1902)
2262:(1893–1894)
2217:Grabow riot
2149:(1887–1894)
2143:(1884–1887)
2052:(1892–1893)
2050:Mitcham War
1861:(1916–1921)
1828:(1898–1900)
1663:(1870–1871)
1373:Howe, Henry
841:Norton 1884
568:Singer 2003
556:Cooper 1983
451:Victor Hugo
447:Chautauquan
348:Gatling gun
95:Resulted in
2917:1884 riots
2901:Categories
2845:Sheep wars
2757:Washington
2702:New Mexico
2662:Black Week
2543:California
1624:New Jersey
1347:2010-10-23
1292:2010-10-23
1265:2010-10-23
1229:2010-10-23
1200:2010-10-23
1157:2010-10-23
1138:2010-10-23
1116:2010-10-23
1026:2010-10-23
993:2010-10-23
962:2010-10-23
944:2010-10-23
853:Haber 1991
738:Faeny 1884
657:Carry 1972
627:2013-05-08
528:References
498:disbarment
293:Music Hall
252:Mill Creek
220:Background
206:Cincinnati
52:Cincinnati
2319:Tennessee
2158:Louisiana
1838:Pana riot
1615:Northeast
1606:1865–1918
1260:655171977
1021:0746-8210
988:0746-8210
477:Aftermath
442:Spectator
409:Reactions
256:Northside
180:56 killed
101:Aftermath
64:Caused by
2606:Colorado
2252:Oklahoma
2133:Kentucky
2061:Arkansas
1933:Nebraska
1904:Missouri
1876:Michigan
1801:Illinois
1647:New York
1442:40179413
1408:: 23–51.
1098:Ancestry
1042:(1425).
800:27 March
791:odmp.org
511:See also
483:Loveland
248:West End
80:protests
47:Location
2797:Wyoming
2518:Arizona
2110:Georgia
2086:Florida
2031:Alabama
1792:Midwest
914:Sources
254:in the
166:Unknown
131:Rioters
108:Parties
84:looting
76:Rioting
72:Methods
2827:Others
2819:(1909)
2807:(1885)
2788:(1916)
2782:(1907)
2742:(1887)
2732:Oregon
2688:(1896)
2658:(1874)
2648:Hawaii
2639:(1914)
2621:(1900)
2597:(1916)
2591:(1913)
2569:(1880)
2534:(1917)
2478:Others
2453:(1888)
2407:(1906)
2377:(1875)
2346:(1897)
2334:(1868)
2310:(1898)
2304:(1876)
2280:(1917)
2238:(1870)
2219:(1912)
2213:(1900)
2197:(1887)
2191:(1874)
2185:(1874)
2179:(1873)
2173:(1868)
2096:(1870)
2077:(1914)
2071:(1874)
2041:(1870)
1999:(1886)
1990:Others
1972:(1887)
1943:(1882)
1924:(1904)
1867:(1917)
1840:(1899)
1834:(1898)
1822:(1894)
1816:(1886)
1761:Others
1748:(1910)
1732:(1897)
1726:(1892)
1720:(1891)
1714:(1886)
1703:(1877)
1697:(1877)
1657:(1870)
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344:Dayton
331:bars.
58:, U.S.
2673:Idaho
2355:Texas
2022:South
1595:Riots
957:(PDF)
727:Asche
214:lynch
88:arson
2509:West
1957:Ohio
1597:and
1438:OCLC
1419:ISBN
1336:ISBN
1311:ISBN
1281:ISBN
1256:OCLC
1218:ISBN
1189:ISBN
1079:ISBN
1060:ISBN
1017:ISSN
984:ISSN
933:ISBN
802:2020
616:ISBN
492:and
460:The
396:The
210:Ohio
198:jury
188:The
98:See
56:Ohio
39:Date
1246:PDF
597:OHS
295:in
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