299:
against burst errors. Just as in audio tape machines, transport problems with tension, guides, and supply and take-up reels could result in vertical or horizontal weave, and as bit sizes were only 14ÎĽm, precise timing and tracking was essential, thus the CDS system required installation of special projector modifications to smooth the film path travel and steady the take-up speed. It was found later, however, that modifications to the projectors were not needed and that the CDS systems sensitivity to improper film speed was due to a diode installed incorrectly in the CDS decoder module. Horizontal tracking was provided by a 76-MHz digital servo, while vertical timing was accomplished with an algorithm written into the data format itself. Rows of data were scanned horizontally, thus a self-clocking run-length-limited code was used for this error correction. A 6-to-8-bit mapping was performed upon encoding to ensure that each 8-bit word contained exactly four ones. This form of parity worked well in correcting errors upon decoding.
291:
move (ORC's engineers fought against it but management overruled them), it was decided to utilize the area typically reserved for sound in the 35 mm optical and 70 mm magnetic film standards, for the new CDS digital audio and data tracks. Six audio channels were implemented; Five full-bandwidth audio channels (three behind screen and two surround channels) were applied to the input of the system as linear 16-bit samples at a 44.1 kHz sample rate. Samples were data compressed into 12-bit words via Delta-Modulation, with one in every 32 samples retaining its original linear 16-bit form to provide an accurate reference every 726ÎĽm. The subwoofer (.1 Low
Frequency Effects) channel did not employ Delta-Modulation. Instead the 44.1 kHz sample rate was decreased to 1378 Hz, which yielded an upper audio bandwidth of 114 Hz with anti-aliasing and anti-imaging strategies applied in the remainder of the frequency range.
25:
295:
track, could be used to record a variety of user-defined parameters specific to the film (such as curtain opening/closing, seat movement or lighting effects.) As the CDS system was available for only two years before its complete withdrawal from the market, no use of the SMPTE time code or MIDI channels was ever implemented.
274:. However, unlike those formats, there was no analog optical backup in 35 mm and no magnetic backup in 70 mm, meaning that if the digital information were damaged in some way, there would be no sound at all. This was one of the factors that contributed to its inevitable demise; the then-new
294:
In addition to the six digital audio channels, three data/control channels were provided. One SMPTE time code channel and another channel for MIDI control signals offered flexibility for performing theater automation or external synchronization of equipment. The third data channel, an identification
290:
Initial tests proved that packing densities necessary to achieve high-fidelity digital sound and error rates comparable to the
Compact Disc format were possible using Kodak's new high-resolution negative film and that wear on the film during normal playback was not significant. In a controversial
298:
Because the data rate was 5.8 million bits-per-second (5.8mbp/s), significant error detection and correction was required. A custom designed Reed-Solomon block code, was used with additional CRC characters for error correction. Interleaving of odd and even audio samples was performed to protect
286:
Prior to the development of Cinema
Digital Sound, a six-track, optically read, sound-on-film system using PCM digital encoding was thought, by most in the industry, to be impractical. However, in a joint effort over a three-year period, and with a $ 5 million total investment, Kodak developed a
287:
special fine-grained, high-resolution negative film capable of holding more information than previous films and
Optical Radiation Corporation developed a special audio coding and error correction system, resulting in the Cinema Digital Sound system.
1317:
233:
with 5.1 discrete audio. The 5.1 tracks were encoded using 16-bit PCM audio in a delta modulation compression which resulted in a compression level of 4:1. The
1060:
2586:
1432:
462:
46:
1393:
2366:
314:
2606:
1893:
1310:
725:
563:
116:
97:
689:
69:
1946:
1940:
750:
237:
in CDS were arranged in the same way that most current 5.1 systems with Left, Center, Right, Left
Surround, Right Surround and
2591:
720:
50:
431:
76:
2271:
1572:
974:
409:
259:
2446:
2540:
1990:
2251:
1425:
1399:
1324:
455:
83:
2068:
1779:
247:(1990) was the first film encoded with CDS. Not all films with CDS soundtracks used all 5.1 channels; some, such as
2374:
2355:
397:
381:
271:
1864:
278:
format moved its information to another area (in between the film sprocket holes), preserving the optical tracks.
2158:
1958:
1934:
1928:
1922:
1916:
995:
65:
2558:
2440:
2324:
2206:
2074:
1996:
1180:
1040:
505:
35:
2212:
2062:
1858:
1827:
2140:
1821:
2596:
2224:
2170:
1110:
212:
54:
39:
2188:
2014:
1773:
1714:
1442:
1418:
1387:
1371:
1366:
969:
684:
679:
674:
669:
664:
448:
309:
243:
2002:
1815:
1809:
1984:
1631:
1258:
853:
634:
238:
2080:
2008:
1870:
1767:
2495:
2104:
2050:
2038:
2032:
1844:
1584:
1212:
1202:
1085:
781:
699:
694:
659:
654:
649:
644:
639:
581:
576:
2380:
2176:
1952:
1803:
2489:
2457:
2134:
2056:
1978:
1538:
1522:
1514:
1283:
1273:
1065:
843:
807:
616:
611:
345:
249:
2020:
1791:
1785:
90:
2392:
2312:
2116:
2026:
1882:
1797:
1661:
1619:
1217:
1176:
326:
2483:
2294:
2128:
1607:
1242:
848:
606:
485:
338:
2152:
2110:
1876:
1625:
1613:
1590:
1560:
1554:
1548:
1487:
1288:
1278:
1267:
1055:
1035:
1030:
823:
402:
374:
362:
357:
350:
223:
2501:
2092:
1904:
1450:
1237:
838:
771:
626:
601:
596:
591:
586:
529:
435:
321:
2601:
2507:
2404:
2236:
2200:
1746:
1720:
1643:
1578:
1566:
1542:
1222:
1207:
1186:
1147:
560:
490:
204:
154:
2580:
2528:
2343:
2335:
2318:
2303:
2182:
1969:
1896:
1694:
1655:
1502:
1263:
1232:
1115:
1100:
1070:
1010:
930:
745:
571:
556:
495:
275:
267:
234:
230:
216:
208:
178:
2230:
1637:
1470:
1464:
1410:
1361:
1356:
1346:
1341:
1227:
1153:
1125:
979:
959:
920:
786:
766:
715:
542:
389:
254:
428:
188:
207:
format used for theatrical films in the early 1990s. The system was developed by
2277:
2259:
2146:
2086:
1910:
1528:
1351:
1293:
1171:
1005:
1000:
791:
537:
369:
24:
2471:
2465:
2098:
1726:
1532:
1476:
1105:
943:
938:
833:
828:
333:
227:
2564:
2410:
2122:
2044:
1708:
1702:
1683:
1649:
1458:
1120:
1090:
1075:
915:
552:
2546:
2477:
2434:
2428:
2416:
2386:
2164:
1130:
910:
905:
900:
895:
890:
885:
880:
776:
2534:
2265:
2218:
1678:
1080:
1050:
500:
2422:
2283:
2194:
964:
471:
211:
and
Optical Radiation Corporation. CDS was quickly superseded by
2552:
2398:
1758:
1738:
440:
1414:
444:
1095:
18:
266:
The digital information was printed on the film, similar to
253:(1990), used only the 4 channels that were supported by
2521:
2456:
2365:
2334:
2302:
2293:
2250:
1968:
1892:
1837:
1756:
1736:
1693:
1671:
1600:
1512:
1495:
1486:
1449:
1380:
1334:
1302:
1251:
1195:
1162:
1139:
1023:
988:
952:
929:
873:
866:
816:
800:
759:
738:
708:
625:
551:
528:
521:
514:
478:
184:
174:
160:
150:
142:
134:
16:Surround sound format used for theatrical films
429:Web-converted version of original CDS brochure
189:Web-converted version of original CDS brochure
1426:
456:
8:
129:
263:(1992) was the last film encoded with CDS.
53:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2299:
1492:
1433:
1419:
1411:
870:
525:
518:
463:
449:
441:
222:CDS replaced the analogue audio tracks on
128:
117:Learn how and when to remove this message
1679:Tefiphon/Teficord (early 1930s), Tefifon
7:
1394:You Press the Button, We Do the Rest
51:adding citations to reliable sources
14:
2587:Audiovisual introductions in 1990
2541:Pioneer Artists Compact LaserDisc
1991:Mohawk Message repeater cartridge
1318:Kodak v. Image Technical Services
282:Development and technical aspects
23:
2069:Nippon Electronic Vity cassette
1780:Cosmos Industries MX-303A/ANQ-1
1:
975:Kodacolor (still photography)
1865:Thermionic Products Recordon
2252:Analog-to-digital converter
2159:Nippon Electronic Memo-call
726:Z712 IS ZOOM digital camera
2623:
2375:Compact Disc Digital Audio
1459:Music box cylinder or disc
382:Terminator 2: Judgment Day
303:Films distributed with CDS
2607:Development organizations
2075:Grundig Cassette LFH 0084
1854:
751:Cine Special 16mm Cameras
393:(1991) (20th Century Fox)
2325:Digital Compact Cassette
2213:Capitol Records Audiopak
2063:Dictaphone Travel master
1859:Telefunken magnetic disc
1828:Crouzet-Jaeger cartridge
1041:Carousel slide projector
721:Z612 Zoom Digital Camera
506:ESL Federal Credit Union
2141:Assmann-Stuzzi Memocord
1822:Protona Minifon special
1443:audio recording formats
213:Digital Theatre Systems
2225:Bandai micro cartridge
2171:Muntz Stereo Mini-twin
1388:Union of Kodak Workers
1372:Eastman Color Positive
1367:Eastman Color Negative
970:Kodacolor (filmmaking)
203:) was a multi-channel
66:"Cinema Digital Sound"
2592:Film sound production
2093:Cousino Echo-matic II
1573:Indestructible record
1259:Eastman Business Park
2189:Sanyo Tape cartridge
2015:Rediffusion Reditune
1894:Loose (reel-to-reel)
1845:Magnetic stripe card
1774:US Army RD-11B/GNQ-1
1539:Perfected phonograph
1467:(early 17th century)
1213:Leopold Godowsky Jr.
1086:Kodacolor Technology
1046:Cinema Digital Sound
315:Buena Vista Pictures
197:Cinema Digital Sound
130:Cinema Digital Sound
47:improve this article
2003:Mohawk Midgetape RL
1816:Protona Minifon P55
1810:Protona Minifon P51
1585:Blue Amberol record
1567:Gold moulded record
1561:Le CĂ©leste cylinder
1533:Dictaphone cylinder
1523:Phonograph cylinder
1284:Kodak Picture Kiosk
1274:Kodak Park Railroad
996:High-Speed Infrared
346:Edward Scissorhands
250:Edward Scissorhands
131:
2458:Electronic circuit
2313:Digital Audio Tape
2027:RCA tape cartridge
1985:Cousino Echo-matic
1883:Audio High Density
1632:Edison Voicewriter
1218:Thomas J. Hargrave
1177:Four Thirds system
434:2012-06-26 at the
327:Paramount Pictures
2574:
2573:
2517:
2516:
2246:
2245:
2081:Orrtronic Tapette
2009:Dictaphone Dictet
1608:Phonograph record
1465:Mechanical cuckoo
1408:
1407:
1243:William S. Vaughn
1181:Micro Four Thirds
1111:Proofing Software
1019:
1018:
862:
861:
849:Vest Pocket Kodak
734:
733:
486:Chinon Industries
410:Universal Soldier
339:Columbia Pictures
260:Universal Soldier
194:
193:
127:
126:
119:
101:
2614:
2300:
2153:DC-International
2111:Compact cassette
1929:Fullcoat magfilm
1871:Record Maker Pye
1838:Magnetic surface
1768:Lorenz Textophon
1591:Paradis cylinder
1555:Stentor cylinder
1493:
1435:
1428:
1421:
1412:
1289:Kodak, Tennessee
1279:Kodak Photo Spot
1036:Autographic film
1031:Approval proofer
871:
526:
519:
465:
458:
451:
442:
413:(1992) (Carolco)
403:Trimark Pictures
385:(1991) (Carolco)
375:TriStar Pictures
363:Carolco Pictures
351:20th Century Fox
132:
122:
115:
111:
108:
102:
100:
59:
27:
19:
2622:
2621:
2617:
2616:
2615:
2613:
2612:
2611:
2577:
2576:
2575:
2570:
2513:
2502:USB flash drive
2496:Toymax VJ Starz
2452:
2361:
2330:
2289:
2242:
2105:Philips EL 3583
2051:Cousino MR-9000
2039:Protona Attaché
2033:Philips EL 3581
1964:
1888:
1850:
1833:
1752:
1737:Loose magnetic
1732:
1689:
1667:
1596:
1508:
1496:Grooved surface
1482:
1445:
1439:
1409:
1404:
1376:
1330:
1325:Vroegh v. Kodak
1311:Kodak v. Worden
1298:
1247:
1238:Henry A. Strong
1191:
1164:
1158:
1135:
1015:
984:
948:
925:
858:
854:Vigilant camera
812:
796:
755:
730:
704:
621:
555:
547:
510:
474:
469:
436:Wayback Machine
425:
420:
322:Days of Thunder
305:
284:
170:
123:
112:
106:
103:
60:
58:
44:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2620:
2618:
2610:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2597:Surround sound
2594:
2589:
2579:
2578:
2572:
2571:
2569:
2568:
2562:
2559:Timecode vinyl
2556:
2550:
2544:
2538:
2532:
2525:
2523:
2519:
2518:
2515:
2514:
2512:
2511:
2505:
2499:
2493:
2487:
2481:
2475:
2469:
2462:
2460:
2454:
2453:
2451:
2450:
2444:
2438:
2432:
2426:
2420:
2414:
2408:
2405:Super Audio CD
2402:
2396:
2390:
2384:
2381:Philips CD-BGM
2378:
2371:
2369:
2363:
2362:
2360:
2359:
2353:
2347:
2340:
2338:
2332:
2331:
2329:
2328:
2322:
2316:
2309:
2307:
2297:
2291:
2290:
2288:
2287:
2281:
2275:
2269:
2263:
2256:
2254:
2248:
2247:
2244:
2243:
2241:
2240:
2237:Pocket Rockers
2234:
2228:
2222:
2216:
2210:
2204:
2201:Steno-Cassette
2198:
2192:
2186:
2180:
2177:Grundig DeJ614
2174:
2168:
2162:
2156:
2150:
2144:
2138:
2132:
2126:
2120:
2114:
2108:
2102:
2096:
2090:
2084:
2078:
2072:
2066:
2060:
2054:
2048:
2042:
2036:
2030:
2024:
2018:
2012:
2006:
2000:
1994:
1988:
1982:
1975:
1973:
1966:
1965:
1963:
1962:
1956:
1950:
1944:
1938:
1935:Stripe magfilm
1932:
1926:
1920:
1914:
1908:
1901:
1899:
1890:
1889:
1887:
1886:
1880:
1874:
1868:
1862:
1855:
1852:
1851:
1849:
1848:
1841:
1839:
1835:
1834:
1832:
1831:
1825:
1819:
1813:
1807:
1804:Peirce 330/360
1801:
1795:
1789:
1783:
1777:
1771:
1764:
1762:
1754:
1753:
1751:
1750:
1747:Wire recording
1743:
1741:
1734:
1733:
1731:
1730:
1724:
1718:
1712:
1706:
1699:
1697:
1691:
1690:
1688:
1687:
1681:
1675:
1673:
1669:
1668:
1666:
1665:
1659:
1653:
1647:
1641:
1635:
1629:
1626:Pathé Actuelle
1623:
1617:
1611:
1604:
1602:
1598:
1597:
1595:
1594:
1588:
1582:
1579:Amberol record
1576:
1570:
1564:
1558:
1552:
1549:Salon cylinder
1546:
1536:
1526:
1519:
1517:
1510:
1509:
1507:
1506:
1499:
1497:
1490:
1484:
1483:
1481:
1480:
1474:
1468:
1462:
1455:
1453:
1447:
1446:
1440:
1438:
1437:
1430:
1423:
1415:
1406:
1405:
1403:
1402:
1397:
1390:
1384:
1382:
1378:
1377:
1375:
1374:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1338:
1336:
1332:
1331:
1329:
1328:
1321:
1314:
1306:
1304:
1300:
1299:
1297:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1261:
1255:
1253:
1249:
1248:
1246:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1225:
1223:Leopold Mannes
1220:
1215:
1210:
1208:George Eastman
1205:
1203:Colby Chandler
1199:
1197:
1193:
1192:
1190:
1189:
1187:Wratten number
1184:
1174:
1168:
1166:
1160:
1159:
1157:
1156:
1151:
1148:Changing Focus
1143:
1141:
1137:
1136:
1134:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1073:
1068:
1063:
1058:
1053:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1033:
1027:
1025:
1024:Other products
1021:
1020:
1017:
1016:
1014:
1013:
1008:
1003:
998:
992:
990:
986:
985:
983:
982:
977:
972:
967:
962:
956:
954:
950:
949:
947:
946:
941:
935:
933:
931:Color reversal
927:
926:
924:
923:
918:
913:
908:
903:
898:
893:
888:
883:
877:
875:
868:
864:
863:
860:
859:
857:
856:
851:
846:
841:
836:
831:
826:
820:
818:
814:
813:
811:
810:
804:
802:
798:
797:
795:
794:
789:
784:
779:
774:
769:
763:
761:
757:
756:
754:
753:
748:
742:
740:
736:
735:
732:
731:
729:
728:
723:
718:
712:
710:
706:
705:
703:
702:
697:
692:
687:
682:
677:
672:
667:
662:
657:
652:
647:
642:
637:
631:
629:
623:
622:
620:
619:
614:
609:
604:
599:
594:
589:
584:
579:
574:
568:
566:
549:
548:
546:
545:
540:
534:
532:
523:
516:
512:
511:
509:
508:
503:
498:
493:
488:
482:
480:
476:
475:
470:
468:
467:
460:
453:
445:
439:
438:
424:
423:External links
421:
419:
416:
415:
414:
406:
398:Final Approach
394:
386:
378:
366:
354:
342:
330:
318:
304:
301:
283:
280:
235:audio channels
205:surround sound
192:
191:
186:
182:
181:
176:
172:
171:
169:
168:
164:
162:
158:
157:
155:Surround sound
152:
148:
147:
144:
140:
139:
136:
125:
124:
31:
29:
22:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2619:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2584:
2582:
2566:
2563:
2560:
2557:
2554:
2551:
2548:
2545:
2542:
2539:
2536:
2533:
2530:
2529:Mini-cassette
2527:
2526:
2524:
2520:
2509:
2506:
2503:
2500:
2497:
2494:
2491:
2490:Takara E-kara
2488:
2485:
2482:
2479:
2476:
2473:
2470:
2467:
2464:
2463:
2461:
2459:
2455:
2448:
2445:
2442:
2439:
2436:
2433:
2430:
2427:
2424:
2421:
2418:
2415:
2412:
2409:
2406:
2403:
2400:
2397:
2394:
2391:
2388:
2385:
2382:
2379:
2376:
2373:
2372:
2370:
2368:
2364:
2357:
2354:
2351:
2348:
2345:
2342:
2341:
2339:
2337:
2336:Sound-on-film
2333:
2326:
2323:
2320:
2317:
2314:
2311:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2304:Magnetic tape
2301:
2298:
2296:
2292:
2285:
2282:
2279:
2276:
2273:
2270:
2267:
2264:
2261:
2258:
2257:
2255:
2253:
2249:
2238:
2235:
2232:
2229:
2226:
2223:
2220:
2217:
2214:
2211:
2208:
2207:Stenorette DL
2205:
2202:
2199:
2196:
2193:
2190:
2187:
2184:
2183:Microcassette
2181:
2178:
2175:
2172:
2169:
2166:
2163:
2160:
2157:
2154:
2151:
2148:
2145:
2142:
2139:
2136:
2135:Micro pack 35
2133:
2130:
2127:
2124:
2121:
2118:
2115:
2112:
2109:
2106:
2103:
2100:
2097:
2094:
2091:
2088:
2085:
2082:
2079:
2076:
2073:
2070:
2067:
2064:
2061:
2058:
2057:IBM Magnabelt
2055:
2052:
2049:
2046:
2043:
2040:
2037:
2034:
2031:
2028:
2025:
2022:
2019:
2016:
2013:
2010:
2007:
2004:
2001:
1998:
1995:
1992:
1989:
1986:
1983:
1980:
1977:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1970:Magnetic tape
1967:
1960:
1957:
1954:
1951:
1948:
1945:
1942:
1939:
1936:
1933:
1930:
1927:
1924:
1921:
1918:
1915:
1912:
1909:
1906:
1905:Blattnerphone
1903:
1902:
1900:
1898:
1897:magnetic tape
1895:
1891:
1884:
1881:
1878:
1875:
1872:
1869:
1866:
1863:
1860:
1857:
1856:
1853:
1846:
1843:
1842:
1840:
1836:
1829:
1826:
1823:
1820:
1817:
1814:
1811:
1808:
1805:
1802:
1799:
1796:
1793:
1790:
1787:
1784:
1781:
1778:
1775:
1772:
1769:
1766:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1755:
1748:
1745:
1744:
1742:
1740:
1735:
1728:
1725:
1722:
1719:
1716:
1713:
1710:
1707:
1704:
1701:
1700:
1698:
1696:
1695:Sound-on-film
1692:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1676:
1674:
1670:
1663:
1660:
1657:
1656:Highway Hi-Fi
1654:
1651:
1648:
1645:
1642:
1639:
1636:
1633:
1630:
1627:
1624:
1621:
1618:
1615:
1612:
1609:
1606:
1605:
1603:
1599:
1592:
1589:
1586:
1583:
1580:
1577:
1574:
1571:
1568:
1565:
1562:
1559:
1556:
1553:
1550:
1547:
1544:
1540:
1537:
1534:
1530:
1527:
1524:
1521:
1520:
1518:
1516:
1511:
1504:
1501:
1500:
1498:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1485:
1478:
1475:
1472:
1469:
1466:
1463:
1461:(9th century)
1460:
1457:
1456:
1454:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1436:
1431:
1429:
1424:
1422:
1417:
1416:
1413:
1401:
1398:
1395:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1385:
1383:
1379:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1365:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1355:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1343:
1340:
1339:
1337:
1333:
1327:
1326:
1322:
1320:
1319:
1315:
1313:
1312:
1308:
1307:
1305:
1301:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1269:
1265:
1264:Kodak Heights
1262:
1260:
1257:
1256:
1254:
1250:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1233:Steven Sasson
1231:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1200:
1198:
1194:
1188:
1185:
1182:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1169:
1167:
1161:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1149:
1145:
1144:
1142:
1138:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1101:Motorola Zine
1099:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1066:Ektra (phone)
1064:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1028:
1026:
1022:
1012:
1011:Technical Pan
1009:
1007:
1004:
1002:
999:
997:
994:
993:
991:
987:
981:
978:
976:
973:
971:
968:
966:
963:
961:
958:
957:
955:
951:
945:
942:
940:
937:
936:
934:
932:
928:
922:
919:
917:
914:
912:
909:
907:
904:
902:
899:
897:
894:
892:
889:
887:
884:
882:
879:
878:
876:
872:
869:
865:
855:
852:
850:
847:
845:
844:Stereo Camera
842:
840:
837:
835:
832:
830:
827:
825:
822:
821:
819:
815:
809:
808:Retina Reflex
806:
805:
803:
799:
793:
790:
788:
785:
783:
780:
778:
775:
773:
770:
768:
765:
764:
762:
758:
752:
749:
747:
744:
743:
741:
737:
727:
724:
722:
719:
717:
714:
713:
711:
707:
701:
698:
696:
693:
691:
688:
686:
683:
681:
678:
676:
673:
671:
668:
666:
663:
661:
658:
656:
653:
651:
648:
646:
643:
641:
638:
636:
633:
632:
630:
628:
624:
618:
615:
613:
610:
608:
605:
603:
600:
598:
595:
593:
590:
588:
585:
583:
580:
578:
575:
573:
570:
569:
567:
565:
562:
558:
554:
550:
544:
541:
539:
536:
535:
533:
531:
527:
524:
520:
517:
513:
507:
504:
502:
499:
497:
496:Kodak Express
494:
492:
489:
487:
484:
483:
481:
477:
473:
472:Eastman Kodak
466:
461:
459:
454:
452:
447:
446:
443:
437:
433:
430:
427:
426:
422:
417:
412:
411:
407:
404:
400:
399:
395:
392:
391:
387:
384:
383:
379:
376:
372:
371:
367:
364:
360:
359:
355:
352:
348:
347:
343:
340:
336:
335:
331:
328:
324:
323:
319:
316:
312:
311:
307:
306:
302:
300:
296:
292:
288:
281:
279:
277:
276:Dolby Digital
273:
269:
268:Dolby Digital
264:
262:
261:
256:
252:
251:
246:
245:
240:
236:
232:
229:
225:
220:
218:
217:Dolby Digital
214:
210:
209:Eastman Kodak
206:
202:
198:
190:
187:
183:
180:
179:Eastman Kodak
177:
173:
167:United States
166:
165:
163:
159:
156:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
121:
118:
110:
107:December 2009
99:
96:
92:
89:
85:
82:
78:
75:
71:
68: –
67:
63:
62:Find sources:
56:
52:
48:
42:
41:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
2468:(late 1970s)
2367:Optical disc
2349:
2231:Picocassette
2227:(late 1980s)
2021:Saba Sabafon
1792:RCA MI-12877
1786:RCA MI-12875
1672:Grooved tape
1638:SoundScriber
1634:(late 1940s)
1620:Diamond disc
1601:Grooved disc
1503:Phonautogram
1471:Punched card
1400:Sponsorships
1323:
1316:
1309:
1228:Kenneth Mees
1154:The Brownies
1146:
1045:
960:Eastmancolor
479:Subsidiaries
408:
396:
390:For the Boys
388:
380:
368:
356:
344:
332:
320:
308:
297:
293:
289:
285:
265:
258:
255:Dolby Stereo
248:
242:
221:
200:
196:
195:
135:Abbreviation
113:
104:
94:
87:
80:
73:
61:
45:Please help
33:
2278:PCM adaptor
2266:X80/ProDigi
2260:Soundstream
2147:Cantata 700
2117:Grundig En3
1911:Magnetophon
1798:Peirce 265B
1662:Bandai 8ban
1529:Graphophone
1303:Court cases
1294:Kodak Tower
1172:DX encoding
953:Color print
867:Camera film
782:Kodak 35 RF
760:Rangefinder
370:Hudson Hawk
231:film prints
2581:Categories
2484:Yaboom Box
2472:MP3 player
2466:Sound chip
2284:DA-88/DTRS
2099:Stereo-Pak
1997:Stenorette
1877:Synchrofax
1727:Fantasound
1721:Photophone
1614:Pathé disc
1477:Music roll
1451:Mechanical
1268:Building 9
1163:Technical
1106:Picture CD
944:Kodachrome
939:Ektachrome
829:Instamatic
746:Ciné-Kodak
582:400 series
577:300 series
418:References
334:Flatliners
310:Dick Tracy
244:Dick Tracy
215:(DTS) and
77:newspapers
2565:VinylDisc
2411:DVD-Audio
2306:cartridge
2123:Sabamobil
2087:3M Scotch
2045:Fidelipac
1972:cartridge
1953:3/4" tape
1923:1/2" tape
1917:1/4" tape
1761:cartridge
1757:Magnetic
1715:Movietone
1709:Tri-Ergon
1703:Phonofilm
1684:Dictabelt
1650:Long play
1644:Audograph
1441:Physical
1335:Processes
1165:standards
1121:Starmatic
1091:Kodascope
1076:KAF-10500
1061:Ektaprint
839:Starflash
772:Retinette
627:EasyShare
617:Pro SLR/n
612:Pro SLR/c
530:DC series
358:The Doors
219:formats.
143:Formation
34:does not
2547:CD Video
2478:HitClips
2435:BD-Audio
2429:DualDisc
2417:DataPlay
2387:MiniDisc
2165:PlayTape
1979:Optaphon
1543:Ediphone
1515:cylinder
1513:Grooved
1131:Versamat
1056:Colorama
777:Kodak 35
432:Archived
401:(1991) (
373:(1991) (
361:(1991) (
349:(1990) (
337:(1990) (
325:(1990) (
313:(1990) (
161:Location
2535:U-matic
2508:MicroSD
2295:Digital
2219:Elcaset
2129:8-track
1959:3" tape
1947:2" tape
1941:1" tape
1563:(1890s)
1557:(1890s)
1551:(1890s)
1381:Related
1116:S-mount
1081:Keykode
1071:Gallery
989:B&W
921:Super 8
874:Formats
824:Brownie
607:Pro 14n
522:Digital
515:Cameras
185:Website
91:scholar
55:removed
40:sources
2567:(2007)
2561:(2001)
2555:(1991)
2549:(1987)
2543:(1986)
2537:(1971)
2531:(1967)
2522:Hybrid
2510:(2007)
2504:(2004)
2498:(2002)
2492:(2001)
2486:(1999)
2480:(2000)
2474:(1996)
2449:(2014)
2447:MQA-CD
2443:(2013)
2437:(2008)
2431:(2004)
2425:(2004)
2419:(2002)
2413:(2000)
2407:(1999)
2401:(1995)
2395:(1993)
2389:(1992)
2383:(1989)
2377:(1982)
2358:(1993)
2352:(1990)
2346:(1986)
2327:(1992)
2321:(1992)
2315:(1987)
2286:(1993)
2280:(1982)
2274:(1982)
2268:(1980)
2262:(1976)
2239:(1988)
2233:(1985)
2221:(1976)
2215:(1972)
2209:(1972)
2203:(1971)
2197:(1971)
2191:(1969)
2185:(1969)
2179:(1968)
2173:(1967)
2167:(1966)
2161:(1965)
2155:(1965)
2149:(1965)
2143:(1965)
2137:(1964)
2131:(1964)
2125:(1964)
2119:(1964)
2113:(1963)
2107:(1963)
2101:(1962)
2095:(1962)
2089:(1962)
2083:(1962)
2077:(1962)
2071:(1961)
2065:(1961)
2059:(1961)
2053:(1960)
2047:(1959)
2041:(1959)
2035:(1958)
2029:(1958)
2023:(1958)
2017:(1957)
2011:(1957)
2005:(1955)
1999:(1954)
1993:(1953)
1987:(1952)
1981:(1951)
1961:(1978)
1955:(1969)
1949:(1967)
1943:(1957)
1937:(1953)
1931:(1953)
1925:(1953)
1919:(1949)
1913:(1935)
1907:(1928)
1885:(1978)
1879:(1959)
1873:(1953)
1867:(1948)
1861:(1945)
1847:(1900)
1830:(1962)
1824:(1961)
1818:(1955)
1812:(1951)
1806:(1951)
1800:(1951)
1794:(1947)
1788:(1947)
1782:(1944)
1776:(1944)
1770:(1942)
1749:(1898)
1729:(1940)
1723:(1929)
1717:(1926)
1711:(1922)
1705:(1919)
1686:(1947)
1664:(2004)
1658:(1956)
1652:(1948)
1646:(1945)
1640:(1945)
1628:(1920)
1622:(1912)
1616:(1905)
1610:(1889)
1593:(1913)
1587:(1912)
1581:(1908)
1575:(1907)
1569:(1902)
1545:(1888)
1535:(1887)
1525:(1877)
1505:(1857)
1488:Analog
1479:(1883)
1473:(1881)
1252:Places
1196:People
1126:Ultima
1051:Cineon
980:Portra
817:Others
801:Reflex
787:Signet
767:Retina
716:Pixpro
709:Others
690:DX7590
685:DX6490
680:DX6440
675:DX4530
670:CX4230
665:CX4200
543:DC3200
501:Qualex
93:
86:
79:
72:
64:
2602:Kodak
2423:Hi-MD
2195:HiPac
1140:Media
1006:Tri-X
1001:T-MAX
965:Ektar
792:Ektra
739:Movie
635:C1013
602:DCS 3
597:DCS 1
592:D6000
587:D2000
538:DC215
228:70 mm
224:35 mm
175:Owner
98:JSTOR
84:books
2553:ADAT
2441:HFPA
2399:HDCD
2356:SDDS
2272:DASH
1759:wire
1739:wire
1362:K-14
1357:RA-4
1347:C-41
1342:C-22
916:Disc
834:Pony
700:V570
695:P880
660:C813
655:C613
650:C340
645:C330
640:C300
564:DSLR
491:Creo
272:SDDS
270:and
226:and
151:Type
146:1990
70:news
38:any
36:cite
2393:DTS
2350:CDS
1352:E-6
1096:KPR
911:828
906:616
901:135
896:127
891:126
886:120
881:110
572:100
553:DCS
239:LFE
201:CDS
138:CDS
49:by
2583::
2344:DD
2319:NT
561:EF
557:NF
257:.
241:.
1541:/
1531:/
1434:e
1427:t
1420:v
1396:"
1392:"
1270:)
1266:(
1183:)
1179:(
559:/
464:e
457:t
450:v
405:)
377:)
365:)
353:)
341:)
329:)
317:)
199:(
120:)
114:(
109:)
105:(
95:·
88:·
81:·
74:·
57:.
43:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
