Cistercians - Knowledge (XXG)

1861:...But these are small things; I will pass on to matters greater in themselves, yet seeming smaller because they are more usual. I say naught of the vast height of your churches, their immoderate length, their superfluous breadth, the costly polishings, the curious carvings and paintings which attract the worshipper's gaze and hinder his attention.... But in the cloister, under the eyes of the Brethern who read there, what profit is there in those ridiculous monsters, in the marvellous and deformed comeliness, that comely deformity? To what purpose are those unclean apes, those fierce lions, those monstrous centaurs, those half-men, those striped tigers, those fighting knights, those hunters winding their horns? Many bodies are there seen under one head, or again, many heads to a single body. Here is a four-footed beast with a serpent's tail; there, a fish with a beast's head. Here again the forepart of a horse trails half a goat behind it, or a horned beast bears the hinder quarters of a horse. In short, so many and so marvellous are the varieties of divers shapes on every hand, that we are more tempted to read in the marble than in our books, and to spend the whole day in wondering at these things rather than in meditating the law of God. For God's sake, if men are not ashamed of these follies, why at least do they not shrink from the expense? 1035: 1570: 1375:

core of obedient Irish monks and the aid of both English and Irish secular powers, he was able to envisage the reconstruction of the Cistercian province in Ireland. Stephen dissolved the Mellifont filiation altogether, and subjected 15 monasteries to houses outside Ireland. In breadth and depth, his instructions constituted a radical reform programme: "They were intended to put an end to abuses, restore the full observance of the Cistercian way of life, safeguard monastic properties, initiate a regime of benign paternalism to train a new generation of religious, isolate trouble-makers and institute an effective visitation system." The arrangement lasted almost half a century, and in 1274, the filiation of Mellifont was reconstituted.

1615: 579: 2030:, most of the technological advances in Europe were made in the monasteries. According to the medievalist Jean Gimpel, their high level of industrial technology facilitated the diffusion of new techniques: "Every monastery had a model factory, often as large as the church and only several feet away, and waterpower drove the machinery of the various industries located on its floor." Waterpower was used for crushing wheat, sieving flour, fulling cloth and tanning – a "level of technological achievement could have been observed in practically all" of the Cistercian monasteries. The English science historian 2002:. As the great farmers of those days, many of the improvements in the various farming operations were introduced and propagated by them, and this is where the importance of their extension in northern Europe is to be estimated. They developed an organised system for selling their farm produce, cattle and horses, and notably contributed to the commercial progress of the countries of western Europe. To the wool and cloth trade, which was especially fostered by the Cistercians, England was largely indebted for the beginnings of her commercial prosperity. 1736: 1511: 1322: 2056: 1058: 2259: 70: 1431:, but their efforts proved fruitless. One such reformer, Abbot John Troy of Mellifont, despaired of finding any solution to the ruin of the order. According to his detailed report to the General Chapter, the monks of only two monasteries, Dublin and Mellifont, kept the rule and wore the habit. He identified the causes of this decline as ceaseless wars, a lack of leadership, and the control of many of the monasteries by secular dynasties who appointed their own relatives to leadership positions. 5071: 1979: 785: 1871: 1456: 1537:(commendatory) abbot of Cîteaux, thinking he would protect them from the threatened reform. In this they were disappointed, for he threw himself wholly on the side of reform. So great, however, was the resistance, and so serious the disturbances that ensued, that the attempt to reform Cîteaux itself and the general body of the houses had again to be abandoned, and only local projects of reform could be carried out. 2130: 2015: 2498: 1639:, a "monument of applied theology". Although St. Bernard saw much of church decoration as a distraction from piety, and the builders of the Cistercian monasteries had to adopt a style that observed the numerous rules inspired by his austere aesthetics, the order itself was receptive to the technical improvements of Gothic principles of construction and played an important role in its spread across Europe. 964: 1145:

of peasants and vassals. On more than one occasion, the Order of Calatrava brought to the field a force of 1200 to 2000 knights – considerable in medieval terms. Over time, as the Reconquista neared completion, the canonical bond between Calatrava and Morimond relaxed more and more, and the knights of the order became virtually secularized, finally undergoing dissolution in the 18th–19th centuries.

2118: 1668: 4431: 5812: 2248: 609:). Although this was revised on several occasions to meet contemporary needs, from the outset it emphasised a simple life of work, love, prayer and self-denial. The Cistercians initially regarded themselves as regular Benedictines, albeit the "perfect", reformed ones, but they soon came to distinguish themselves from the monks of unreformed Benedictine communities by wearing white 820: 2148:, his vocation to the order, by deciding "to choose the narrowest gate and steepest path to the Kingdom of Heaven at Citeaux demonstrates the purity of his vocation". His piety and asceticism "qualified him to act as the conscience of Christendom, constantly chastising the rich and powerful and championing the pure and weak." He rebuked the moderate and conciliatory Abbot 2236: 693: 1788: 1849:. However, as Bernard of Clairvaux, who had a personal violent hostility to imagery, increased in influence in the order, painting and decoration gradually diminished in Cistercian manuscripts, and they were finally banned altogether in the order, probably from the revised rules approved in 1154. Any wall paintings that may have existed were presumably destroyed. 1253:. By this time, another ten abbeys had been founded by Irishmen since the invasion, bringing the total number of Cistercian houses in Ireland to 31. This was almost half the number of those in England, but it was about thrice the number in each of Scotland and Wales. Most of these monasteries enjoyed either noble, episcopal or royal patronage. In 1269, the 435: 375:, who were the first three abbots. Bernard of Clairvaux helped launch a new era when he entered the monastery in the early 1110s with 30 companions. By the end of the 12th century, the order had spread throughout what is today France, Germany, England, Wales, Scotland, Ireland, Spain, Portugal, Italy, Scandinavia, Poland and other parts of Europe. 540:

distance away from the original site. Alberic discontinued the use of Benedictine black garments in the abbey and clothed the monks in white habits of undyed wool. He returned the community to the original Benedictine ideal of manual work and prayer, dedicated to the ideal of charity and self sustenance. Alberic also forged an alliance with the

2771: 679:. Attendance was compulsory. The Abbot of Cîteaux presided over the chapter. He had a predominant influence and the power of enforcing everywhere exact conformity to Cîteaux in all details of the exterior life observance, chant, and customs. The principle was that Cîteaux should always be the model to which all the other houses had to conform. 382:'s time; at various points they went beyond it in austerity. The most striking feature of the reform was the return to manual labour, especially agricultural work in the fields, a special characteristic of Cistercian life. The Cistercians also made major contributions to culture and technology in medieval Europe: 2164:. He perceived the attraction of evil not simply as lying in the obvious lure of wealth and worldly power, but in the "subtler and ultimately more pernicious attraction of false ideas". He was quick to recognise heretical ideas, and in 1141 and 1145 respectively, he accused the celebrated scholastic theologian 1783:

In the purity of architectural style, the beauty of materials and the care with which the Alcobaça Monastery was built, Portugal possesses one of the most outstanding and best preserved examples of Early Gothic. Poblet Monastery, one of the largest in Spain, is considered similarly impressive for its

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The abbeys of France and England are fine examples of Romanesque and Gothic architecture. The architecture of Fontenay has been described as "an excellent illustration of the ideal of self-sufficiency" practised by the earliest Cistercian communities. The abbeys of 12th century England were stark and

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This new Cistercian architecture embodied the ideals of the order, and was in theory at least utilitarian and without superfluous ornament. The same "rational, integrated scheme" was used across Europe to meet the largely homogeneous needs of the order. Various buildings, including the chapter-house

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By 1111 the ranks had grown sufficiently at Cîteaux, and Stephen sent a group of 12 monks to start a "daughter house", a new community dedicated to the same ideals of the strict observance of Saint Benedict. The Cistercians were officially formed in 1112. The "daughter house" was built in Chalon sur

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A 2016 study suggested that "English counties that were more exposed to Cistercian monasteries experienced faster productivity growth from the 13th century onwards" and that this influence lasts beyond the dissolution of the monasteries in the 1530s. It has been maintained that this was because the

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and the only medieval blast furnace so far identified in Great Britain, was one of the most efficient blast furnaces of its time. Slag from contemporary furnaces contained a substantial concentration of iron, whereas the slag of Laskill was low in iron content, and is believed to have produced cast

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In the 15th century, various popes endeavoured to promote reforms. All these efforts at a reform of the great body of the order proved unavailing; but local reforms, producing various semi-independent offshoots and congregations, were successfully carried out in many parts in the course of the 15th

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Relaxations were gradually introduced into Cistercian life with regard to diet and to simplicity of life, and also in regard to the sources of income, rents and tolls being admitted and benefices incorporated, as was done among Benedictines and other comparable orders. The farming operations tended

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in Burgundy. By the end of the 13th century, the knights had become a major autonomous power within the Castilian state, subject only to Morimond and the pope. They had abundant resources of men and wealth, lands and castles scattered along the borders of Castile, and feudal lordship over thousands

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The remaining monks of Cîteaux elected Alberic as their abbot, under whose leadership the abbey would find its grounding. Robert had been the idealist of the order, and Alberic was their builder. Upon assuming the role of abbot, Alberic moved the site of the fledgling community near a brook a short

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functional communication at work or in community discussion, spiritual exchange with one's superiors or spiritual adviser on different aspects of one's personal life, and spontaneous conversation on special occasions. These forms of communication are integrated into the discipline of maintaining a

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showed an ambition for the colossal, with vast amounts of stone being quarried, and the same was true of the Cistercian projects. Foigny Abbey was 98 metres (322 ft) long, and Vaucelles Abbey was 132 metres (433 ft) long. Monastic buildings came to be constructed entirely of stone, right

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with elements of Burgundinian architecture (rib vaults and pointed arches respectively), creating the new style of Gothic architecture. This new "architecture of light" was intended to raise the observer "from the material to the immaterial" – it was, according to the 20th-century French historian

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in Paris in 1244. He found his life threatened as a result of the Irish visitations: his representatives were attacked and his party harassed, while the three key houses of Mellifont, Suir and Maigue had been fortified by monks to hold out against him. However, with the help of his assistants, the

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By the end of the 13th century, the Cistercian houses numbered 500. In this period, the monks performed pastoral tasks in and outside of the monastery and began preaching and teaching, even though their movement originally forbade schools and parishes. At the order's height in the 15th century, it

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According to one modern Cistercian, "enterprise and entrepreneurial spirit" have always been a part of the order's identity, and the Cistercians "were catalysts for development of a market economy" in 12th-century Europe. It was as agriculturists and horse and cattle breeders that the Cistercians

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By the 15th century, however, of all the orders in Ireland, the Cistercians had most comprehensively fallen on evil days. The General Chapter lost virtually all its power to enforce its will in Ireland, and the strength of the order which derived from this uniformity declined. In 1496, there were

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It often happened that the number of lay brothers became excessive and out of proportion to the resources of the monasteries, there being sometimes as many as 200, or even 300, in a single abbey. On the other hand, in some countries, the system of lay brothers in course of time worked itself out;

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The quality of Cistercian architecture from the 1120s onwards is related directly to the Order's technological inventiveness. They placed importance on metal, both the extraction of the ore and its subsequent processing. At the abbey of Fontenay the forge is not outside, as one might expect, but

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By 1152, there were 54 Cistercian monasteries in England, few of which had been founded directly from the Continent. Overall, there were 333 Cistercian abbeys in Europe, so many that a halt was put to this expansion. Nearly half of these houses had been founded, directly or indirectly, from

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canonical office, but having their own fixed round of prayer and religious exercises. They were never ordained, and never held any office of superiority. It was by this system of lay brothers that the Cistercians were able to play their distinctive part in the progress of European civilisation.

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was introduced on a large scale. The duties of the lay brothers, recruited from the peasantry, consisted in carrying out the various fieldworks and plying all sorts of useful trades. They formed a body of men who lived alongside of the choir monks, but separate from them, not taking part in the

956:(1161). Malachy's intensive pastoral activity was highly successful: "Barbarous laws disappeared, Roman laws were introduced: everywhere ecclesiastical customs were received and the contrary rejected... In short all things were so changed that the word of the Lord may be applied to this people: 1806:". The Transitional Gothic style of its church had a major influence in the spread of Gothic architecture over much of northern and central Europe, and the abbey's elaborate network of drains, irrigation canals and reservoirs has since been recognised as having "exceptional" cultural interest. 780:

The first Cistercian house to be established in Britain, a monastery at Waverley Abbey, Surrey, was founded by William Gifford, Bishop of Winchester in 1128. It was colonised with 12 monks and an abbot from Aumone in France. By 1187 there were 70 monks and 120 lay brothers in residence.

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inside the monastic enclosure: metalworking was thus part of the activity of the monks and not of the lay brothers. This spirit accounted for the progress that appeared in spheres other than building, and particularly in agriculture. It is probable that this experiment spread rapidly;

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elsewhere. Stephen handed over the west wing of Cîteaux to a large group of lay brethren to cultivate the farms. These lay brothers were bound by vows of chastity and obedience to their abbot, but were otherwise permitted to follow a form of Cistercian life that was less demanding.

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In Germany the Cistercians were instrumental in the spread of Christianity east of the Elbe. They developed grants of territories of 180,000 acres where they would drain land, build monasteries and plan villages. Many towns near Berlin owe their origins to this order, including

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who had no father, no mother, nor even a family tree", is revealing of his character. Benedict was shy of personal power and was devoted exclusively to restoring the authority of the Church. As a Cistercian, he had a notable theological background and, unlike his predecessor

2090:, and knowledge of their technological advances was transmitted by the order. Iron ore deposits were often donated to the monks along with forges to extract the iron, and within time surpluses were being offered for sale. The Cistercians became the leading iron producers in 1589:

has made an important contribution to European civilisation. Architecturally speaking, the Cistercian monasteries and churches, owing to their pure style, may be counted among the most beautiful relics of the Middle Ages. Cistercian foundations were primarily constructed in

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Many Cistercian monasteries make produce goods such as cheese, bread and other foodstuffs. In the United States, many Cistercian monasteries support themselves through agriculture, forestry and rental of farmland. The Cistercian Abbey of Our Lady of Spring Bank, in

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undecorated – a dramatic contrast with the elaborate churches of the wealthier Benedictine houses – yet to quote Warren Hollister, "even now the simple beauty of Cistercian ruins such as Fountains and Rievaulx, set in the wilderness of Yorkshire, is deeply moving".

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In Ireland, the information on the Cistercian Order after the Anglo-Norman invasion gives a rather gloomy impression. Absenteeism among Irish abbots at the General Chapter became a persistent and much criticised problem in the 13th century, and escalated into the

2457:, five or six years after entering the monastery, candidates promise "conversion" – fidelity to monastic life, which includes an atmosphere of silence. Cistercian monks and nuns have a reputation of being silent, which has led to the public idea that they take a 1120:

were convincing, and the arrangement was approved by the General Chapter at Cîteaux and successive popes; the Knights of Calatrava were given a definitive rule in 1187, modeled upon the Cistercian rule for lay brothers, which included the evangelical counsels of

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in Yorkshire that the oldest recorded example of architectural tracing is found. Tracings were architectural drawings incised and painted in stone, to a depth of 2–3 mm, showing architectural detail to scale. The first tracing in Byland illustrates a west

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that had arisen there, but in 1217 the abbot refused their admission and had lay brothers bar the abbey gates. There was also trouble at Jerpoint, and alarmingly, the abbots of Baltinglass, Killenny, Kilbeggan and Bective supported the actions of the "revolt".

1081:. The original church was replaced by the present construction from 1178. The abbey's church was consecrated in 1223. Two further building phases followed in order to complete the nave, leading to the final consecration of the medieval church building in 1252. 1297:

For a hundred years, until the first quarter of the 13th century, the Cistercians supplanted Cluny as the most powerful order and the chief religious influence in western Europe. But then in turn their influence began to wane, as the initiative passed to the

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The Cistercians maintained the independence of individual houses: each abbey had its own abbot, elected by its own monks, and its own property and finances administered without outside interference. Yet on the other hand, all the abbeys were subjected to the

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in England, and in Wales since 2017. This is a dispersed and uncloistered order of single, celibate, and married men officially recognized by the Church of England. The Order enjoys an ecumenical link with the Order of Cistercians of the Strict Observance.

889:, who desired a return to the austere Rule of St Benedict. After many struggles and great hardships, St Bernard agreed to send a monk from Clairvaux to instruct them, and in the end they prospered. Already by 1152, Fountains had many offshoots, including 5444: 5019: 1026:

Clairvaux, so great was St Bernard's influence and prestige. He later came popularly to be regarded as the founder of the Cistercians, who have often been called Bernardines. Bernard died in 1153, one month after his pupil Eugene III.

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In 1892, the Trappists left the Cistercians and founded a new order, named the Order of Cistercians of the Strict Observance. The Cistercians that remained within the original order thus came to be known as the "Common Observance".

1502:'s Dissolution in the late 1530s, and the type of blast furnace pioneered there did not spread outside Rievaulx. Some historians believe that the suppression of the English monasteries may have stamped out an industrial revolution. 1425:

efforts to establish a strong national congregation to assume this role in Ireland, but monks of the English and Irish "nations" found themselves unable to cooperate for the good of the order. The General Chapter appointed special

908:, visited Clairvaux, becoming a personal friend of Abbot Bernard and an admirer of Cistercian life. He left four of his companions to be trained as Cistercians, and returned to Ireland to introduce Cistercian monasticism there. 655:), which was the defining guide on how the reform was to be lived. This document governed the relations between the various houses of the Cistercian order, and exercised a great influence also upon the future course of western 630:. As to grants of land, the order would normally accept only undeveloped land, which the monks then developed by their own labour. For this they developed over time a very large component of uneducated lay brothers known as 1945:

Furthermore, many Cistercian abbey churches housed the tombs of royal or noble patrons, and these were often as elaborately carved and painted as in other churches. Notable dynastic burial places were Alcobaça for the

1526:, which spread widely in France and Italy, in the latter country under the name of Improved Bernardines. The French congregation of Sept-Fontaines (1654) also deserves mention. In 1663 de Rancé reformed La Trappe (see 1285:

thus in England by the close of the 14th century it had shrunk to relatively small proportions, and in the 15th century the regimen of the English Cistercian houses tended to approximate more and more to that of the

446:(Municipal Library, Dijon). Cîteaux, c. 1125. At this period Cistercian illumination was the most advanced in France, but within 25 years it was abandoned altogether under the influence of Bernard of Clairvaux. 5557: 1929:

in County Clare is similarly distinguished by high-quality carvings, several of which "demonstrate precociously naturalistic renderings of plants". By the Baroque period, decoration could be very elaborate, as at

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This article is about the religious order also sometimes known as the Cistercians of the Common Observance. For the order founded in La Trappe Abbey and also known as the Cistercians of the Strict Observance, see

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The Cistercians "made it a point of honour to recruit the best stonecutters", and as early as 1133, St. Bernard was hiring workers to help the monks erect new buildings at Clairvaux. It is from the 12th century

2461:. This has actually never been the case, although silence is an implicit part of an outlook shared by Cistercian and Benedictine monasteries. In a Cistercian monastery, there are three reasons for speaking: 2005:

Farming operations on so extensive a scale could not be carried out by the monks alone, whose choir and religious duties took up a considerable portion of their time; and so from the beginning the system of

4386: 4309: 1723:, while the second depicts the central part of that same window. Later, an illustration from the latter half of the 16th century would show monks working alongside other craftsmen in the construction of 5699: 1552:, and the revolutions of the 18th century almost wholly destroyed the Cistercians. But some survived, and from the beginning of the last half of the 19th century there was a considerable recovery. 777:. At the time, it was the 38th Cistercian monastery founded but, due to the dissolution down the centuries of the earlier 37 abbeys, it is today the oldest surviving Cistercian house in the world. 1306:

to produce a commercial spirit; wealth and splendour characterized the monasteries, and the choir monks abandoned manual labour. Two important papal bulls tried to introduce reforms: Clement IV's

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was the first brick-built monastery in the area. By this time, however, "the Cistercian order as a whole had experienced a gradual decline and its central organisation was noticeably weakened."

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arrived at Cîteaux with 35 of his relatives and friends to join the monastery. A supremely eloquent, strong-willed mystic, Bernard was to become the most admired churchman of his age. In 1115,

5456: 5246: 1018:, the two Savigniac houses of Erenagh and St Mary's became Cistercian. It was in the latter case that medieval Dublin acquired a Cistercian monastery in the very unusual suburban location of 1683:

down to the most humble of buildings. In the 12th and 13th centuries, Cistercian barns consisted of a stone exterior, divided into nave and aisles either by wooden posts or by stone piers.

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iron with efficiency similar to a modern blast furnace. The monks may have been on the verge of building dedicated furnaces for the production of cast iron, but the furnace did not survive

659:. From one point of view, it may be regarded as a compromise between the primitive Benedictine system, in which each abbey was autonomous and isolated, and the complete centralization of 2094:, from the mid-13th century to the 17th century, also using the phosphate-rich slag from their furnaces as an agricultural fertiliser. As the historian Alain Erlande-Brandenburg writes: 5668: 3288:

Jamroziak, Emilia (2024). "Cistercians and the Care of Souls from the Twelfth to the Early Sixteenth Century". In Ōnuki, Toshio; Melville, Gert; Akae, Yūichi; Takeda, Kazuhisa (eds.).

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in 1125; at the period of their widest extension there are said to have been 900 monasteries, and the communities were very large. In addition to being devoted to contemplation, the

401:. Over the centuries, however, education and scholarship came to dominate the life of many monasteries. A reform movement seeking a simpler lifestyle began in 17th-century France at 1450: 2475:, from 2001 to 2011 supported itself with a group called "Laser Monks", which provided laser toner and ink jet cartridges, as well as items such as gourmet coffees and all-natural 5602: 5324: 4971: 4557: 378:

The keynote of Cistercian life was a return to literal observance of the Benedictine Rule. The reform-minded monks tried to live monastic life as they thought it had been in

1698:, who later became abbot there; Geoffrey d'Aignay, sent to Fountains Abbey in 1133; and Robert, sent to Mellifont Abbey in 1142. On one occasion the Abbot of La Trinité at 5563: 4923: 5709: 5726: 5613: 5574: 5117: 5048: 991:. Eugene was an Italian of humble background, who had first been drawn to monasticism at Clairvaux by the magnetism of Bernard. At the time of his election, he was 5467: 599:

The order was fortunate that Stephen was an abbot of extraordinary gifts, and he framed the original version of the Cistercian "Constitution" or regulations: the

5170: 735:, and began clearing the ground and building a church and dwelling. The abbey soon attracted zealous young men. At this point, Cîteaux had four daughter houses: 5182: 4398: 4318: 1569: 1034: 206: 1370:, and a future Abbot of Clairvaux (to be appointed in 1243), Stephen was one of the outstanding figures in 13th-century Cistercian history, having founded the 2152:

for the pleasant life of the Benedictine monks of Cluny. Besides his piety, Bernard was an outstanding intellectual, which he demonstrated in his sermons on

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had extraordinary privileges. Numerous reforms took place among the nuns. One of the best known of Cistercian women's communities was probably the Abbey of

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After Saint Bernard's entry, the Cistercian order began a notable epoch of international expansion. As his fame grew, the Cistercian movement grew with it.

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offered his help. Lay brothers were to be employed as "soldiers of the Cross" to defend Calatrava. The initial successes of the new order in the Spanish

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Meanwhile, the Cistercian influence more than kept pace with the material expansion. St. Bernard had become mentor to popes and kings, and in 1145, King

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had the desired effect: when he finished his sermon, so many men were ready to take the Cross that Bernard had to cut his habit into strips of cloth.

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The Cistercians acquired a reputation in the difficult task of administering the building sites for abbeys and cathedrals. St. Bernard's own brother,

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The nuns have also followed the division into different orders as seen among the monks. Those who follow the Trappist reforms of De Rancé are called

5786: 5763: 5751: 796:, which was sited in a remote river valley, and depended largely on its agricultural and pastoral activities for survival. Other abbeys, such as at 675:, the constitutional body which exercised vigilance over the order. Made up of all the abbots, the General Chapter met annually in mid-September at 5704: 2374: 1156:

in 1142. In the late 13th century and early 14th century, the Cistercian order played an essential role in the politics and diplomacy of the late

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were allowed, and later some painting and decoration crept back in. Bernard's outburst in a letter against the fantastical decorative motifs in

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In the 17th century another great effort at a general reform was made, promoted by the pope and the king of France; the general chapter elected

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On 26 January 1108, Alberic died and was soon succeeded by Stephen Harding, the man responsible for carrying the order into its crucial phase.

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became among the most hallowed names in the history of religion in medieval Wales. Their austere discipline seemed to echo the ideals of the

4387:"Emules puis sujettes de l'ordre cistercien. Les cisterciennes de Castille et d'ailleurs face au Chapitre Général aux XIIe et XIIIe siècles" 4310:"Emules puis sujettes de l'ordre cistercien. Les cisterciennes de Castille et d'ailleurs face au Chapitre Général aux XIIe et XIIIe siècles" 1647:, and were sometimes linked to the transept of the church itself by a night stair. Usually Cistercian churches were cruciform, with a short 528:. During the first year, the monks set about constructing lodging areas and farming the lands of Cîteaux, making use of a nearby chapel for 5519: 5359: 5306: 5013: 560: 443: 3478:

R. W. Vernon, G. McDonnell and A. Schmidt, 'An integrated geophysical and analytical appraisal of early iron-working: three case studies'

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and scrupulous with his appointments. He promulgated a series of regulations to restore the primitive spirit of the Cistercian Order.

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The fortified Maulbronn Abbey in Germany is considered "the most complete and best-preserved medieval monastic complex north of the

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From its solid base, the order spread all over western Europe: into Germany, Bohemia, Moravia, Silesia, Croatia, Italy, Sicily,

984: 409:. The Trappists were eventually consolidated in 1892 into a new order called the Order of Cistercians of the Strict Observance ( 5494: 5423: 5341: 5223: 5146: 4995: 4911: 2193:, a Cistercian was also one of the few scholars of the Middle Ages to question the existence of the military orders during the 2031: 1274: 792:

Thirteen Cistercian monasteries, all in remote locations, were founded in Wales between 1131 and 1226. The first of these was

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Nunziata, Luca; Rocco, Lorenzo (20 January 2016). "A tale of minorities: evidence on religious ethics and entrepreneurship".

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In 1335, the French cardinal Jacques Fournier, a former Cistercian monk and the son of a miller, was elected and consecrated

621:" life. Cistercian abbeys also refused to admit boy recruits, a practice later adopted by many of older Benedictine houses. 5509: 2480: 1545: 1314: 564: 2352: 5625: 5596: 5580: 5488: 5477: 5377: 5258: 4062: 5731: 5619: 5585: 5534: 3810: 3774: 3740: 3706: 3675: 1773: 4846: 4257: 3262: 1724: 5529: 5504: 5434: 5388: 5335: 5300: 5270: 5217: 4411: 2530: 2266:

Before the French Revolution the Abbot of Citeaux was automatically supreme head of the order. The first abbot was

2035: 1510: 1321: 1214: 3356:. Initiation into the monastic tradition / Thomas Merton. Collegeville, Minnesota: Liturgical Press. p. 217. 5842: 5768: 5679: 5429: 5264: 5111: 4553: 4156:"The Protestant Ethic and Entrepreneurship: Evidence from Religious Minorities from the Former Holy Roman Empire" 2607: 1845:, during the first decades of the 12th century, playing an important part in the development of the image of the 1841:

The mother house of the order, Cîteaux, had developed the most advanced style of painting in France, at least in

1648: 1489:

saw the confiscation of church land throughout the country, which was disastrous for the Cistercians in England.

1371: 4828: 2838: 624:

Stephen acquired land for the abbey to develop to ensure its survival and ethic, the first land acquisition was

5663: 5545: 5540: 5462: 5312: 5241: 5042: 4495: 3968: 2279: 1599: 1105: 1089: 724: 301: 144: 4563: 2521:

in earlier times of the Order did agricultural work in the fields. In Spain and France a number of Cistercian

2415: 2258: 2067:

for monasteries established in remote valleys. In Spain, one of the earliest surviving Cistercian houses, the

1761: 1735: 1100:. Membership of the Cistercian Order had included a large number of men from knightly families, and when King 886: 1710:, for the building of a cathedral; after the project was completed, John refused to return to his monastery. 5524: 5276: 5007: 4917: 4379: 3914: 2587: 2055: 1821:

is one of the most valuable examples of Polish Romanesque architecture. The largest Cistercian complex, the

1591: 1586: 1581: 1286: 1195: 1057: 999: 968: 383: 3024: 2209:. In the course of the 12th and 13th centuries, many further Cistercian authors wrote on spiritual topics. 340:(choir robe) worn by the Cistercians over their habits, as opposed to the black cowl worn by Benedictines. 5631: 5382: 5194: 4442: 2454: 2174: 1990: 1922: 1842: 1822: 1541: 1217:

in the 1170s, the English improved the standing of the Cistercian Order in Ireland with nine foundations:

317: 69: 2291: 363:

in 1098, with the goal of following more closely the Rule of Saint Benedict. The best known of them were

5741: 5674: 5347: 5235: 5229: 5088: 4818: 4706:

The "Things of Greater Importance": Bernard of Clairvaux's Apologia and the Medieval Attitude Toward Art

3528:

Union And Division: The Proceedings of the Three Trappist Congregations at their General Chapter in 1892

2668: 2526: 2437: 2403: 2342: 2283: 2219: 2027: 1707: 1695: 1499: 1482: 1463: 937: 647:

The outlines of the Cistercian reform were adumbrated by Alberic, but it received its final form in the

451: 391: 387: 205: 169: 2396: 1970:

from 13th and 14th century Ireland: the sarcophagal tomb of Conchobar na Siudaine Ua Briain (d. 1268).

1931: 1879: 1207: 1078: 1062: 478: 390:; and the Cistercians were the main force of technological diffusion in fields such as agriculture and 368: 124: 2306: 2034:

examines the impact of Cistercian waterpower, derived from Roman watermill technology such as that of

5847: 5837: 5188: 4977: 2553: 2426: 2409: 2336: 2330: 2141: 2091: 1985: 1914: 1830: 1791: 1627: 1603: 1363: 1359: 1254: 801: 720: 587: 474: 321: 210: 112: 2318: 2312: 417:), abbreviated as OCSO. The Cistercians who remained within the Order of Cistercians are called the 5030: 4882: 4680: 3854: 3496: 2577: 2502: 2392: 2381: 2297: 2149: 2100: 2049: 2019: 1951: 1889:, two examples being found in Ireland: Archaeological evidence indicates the presence of murals in 1875: 1746: 1631: 1595: 1478: 1367: 1074: 980: 868: 813: 774: 592: 214: 2324: 1925:

in the nave, with carefully defined eyes, an elaborate crown and long curly hair. The east end of

5816: 5642: 5094: 5024: 4739: 4620: 4198: 4136: 2859: 2561: 2514: 1672: 1534: 1125:; specific rules of silence; abstinence on four days a week; the recitation of a fixed number of 1109: 1097: 1093: 1051: 925: 852: 848: 809: 750: 583: 379: 43: 2348: 2240: 1978: 1659:

that was divided roughly in the middle by a screen to separate the monks from the lay brothers.

1039: 4105: 4104:

Andersen, Thomas Barnebeck; Bentzen, Jeanet; Dalgaard, Carl-Johan; Sharp, Paul (1 March 2016).

2954: 5514: 5439: 5400: 5152: 4779: 4761: 4743: 4723: 4684: 4654: 4624: 4601: 4567: 4539: 4518: 4503: 4482: 4415: 4190: 4128: 4078: 3983: 3973: 3357: 3293: 2958: 2864: 2472: 2275: 2267: 2169: 1955: 1947: 1753: 1703: 1549: 1405: 1398: 1270: 1085: 992: 713: 548: 541: 466: 458: 364: 224: 116: 4399:

Les religieuses de Castille. Patronage aristocratique et ordre cistercien, XIIe-XIIIe siècles

4319:

Les religieuses de Castille. Patronage aristocratique et ordre cistercien, XIIe-XIIIe siècles

5720: 5482: 4182: 4120: 4070: 2946: 2430: 2278:. Later the order was made subject to commendatory abbots, non-monks, who included Cardinal 2271: 1959: 1818: 1765: 1679: 1515: 1226: 1162: 1070: 972: 953: 945: 929: 890: 766: 758: 360: 245: 134: 4697:

Rudolph, Conrad, "The 'Principal Founders' and the Early Artistic Legislation of Cîteaux",

1112:, which had been recovered from the Moors a decade before, the Cistercian Abbot Raymond of 784: 397:

Many abbeys traditionally supported themselves through agriculture, vineyards, and brewing

5714: 5282: 4983: 4835: 3510: 2510: 2492: 2441: 2190: 2145: 2080: 1963: 1926: 1902: 1870: 1769: 1757: 1739: 1455: 1326: 1299: 1179: 1003: 988: 941: 909: 882: 805: 754: 732: 672: 601: 486: 439: 402: 372: 232: 181: 120: 727:

gave a tract of wild, afforested land known as a refuge for robbers, forty miles east of

3352:

Merton, Thomas; Grimes, William R.; Merton, Thomas (2019). O'Connell, Patrick F. (ed.).

3290:

Pastoral care and monasticism in Latin christianity and Japanese buddhism (ca. 800-1650)

5804: 4905: 4475: 2458: 2359: 2251: 2179: 1854: 1691: 1494: 1459: 1258: 1250: 1246: 1218: 1183: 1141: 1133:; and to wear, as their full dress, the Cistercian white mantle with the scarlet cross 1011: 933: 836: 740: 736: 701: 697: 664: 529: 494: 410: 355:

in eastern France. It was here that a group of Benedictine monks from the monastery of

285: 220: 2129: 1329:, the centre of medieval Irish Cistercian monasticism and of the "Mellifont rebellion" 816:, and the emphasis on pastoral farming fit well into the Welsh stock-rearing economy. 5831: 5365: 5036: 4597: 4450: 4437: 4287: 4140: 2947: 2924: 2775: 2165: 2161: 1898: 1886: 1846: 1467: 1380: 1351: 1266: 1262: 1153: 1007: 917: 901: 872: 864: 856: 824: 793: 533: 462: 356: 4202: 2497: 489:, a young monk from England. Stephen had experienced the monastic traditions of the 5445:

Congregation of the Sisters of the Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary

5371: 5288: 5099: 5059: 4935: 4929: 4771: 4533: 4258:"Cistercian Order of the Strict Observance (Trappists): Frequently Asked Questions" 3263:"Cistercian Order of the Strict Observance (Trappists): Frequently Asked Questions" 2565: 2541: 2370: 2363: 2153: 2014: 2007: 1966:. Corcomroe in Ireland contains one of only two surviving examples of Gaelic royal 1814: 1715: 1636: 1388: 1234: 1199: 1187: 1149: 1126: 963: 921: 913: 876: 871:, and completed in less than ten years. Another important offshoot of Rievaulx was 840: 762: 626: 313: 74: 4155: 2218:

Order's lifestyle and supposed pursuit of wealth were early manifestations of the

2117: 1826: 1667: 1622:

In the mid-12th century, one of the leading churchmen of his day, the Benedictine

1157: 987:, entered Clairvaux. That same year, Bernard saw one of his monks elected pope as 757:

called upon the Cistercians to develop his recently acquired March which bordered

532:. In Robert's absence from Molesme, however, the abbey had gone into decline, and 4841: 4713:

Violence and Daily Life: Reading, Art, and Polemics in the Cîteaux Moralia in Job

4074: 2172:

of heresy. He was also charged with the task of promulgating Pope Eugene's bull,

1362:, on a well-documented visitation to reform the Irish houses. A graduate of both 5800: 5607: 5353: 5020:

Monastic Family of Bethlehem, of the Assumption of the Virgin and of Saint Bruno

4989: 4953: 4851: 2692: 2385: 2247: 1999: 1906: 1720: 1623: 1409: 1308: 1203: 1117: 949: 894: 797: 705: 660: 556: 490: 5811: 5457:

Congregation of the Franciscan Hospitaller Sisters of the Immaculate Conception

4261: 3266: 5164: 5123: 5105: 4947: 4941: 4186: 3910:"Good Works: Monks build multimillion-dollar business and give the money away" 2466:

general atmosphere of silence, which is an important help to continual prayer.

2419: 2122: 2087: 2076: 1699: 1222: 1191: 676: 521: 509: 434: 325: 39: 4814: 4332: 4194: 4132: 3515:

History of the British iron and steel industry from c. 450 BC to AD 1775

3201: 3073: 2765: 2663: 2479:. Additionally, the Cistercian monks of Our Lady of Dallas monastery run the 2205:

in the mid-12th century and denounced the use of force to convert members of

1202:, Prague. The first abbey in the present day Romania was founded on 1179, at 839:

was founded from Clairvaux in 1131, on a small, isolated property donated by

5780: 5648:

Sisters of Charity of Saints Bartolomea Capitanio and Vincenza Gerosa (SCCG)

5053: 4647: 4459:. Vol. 6 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 393–395. 3987: 2534: 2157: 2064: 1918: 1414: 1355: 1238: 1019: 832: 819: 656: 552: 501: 406: 32: 4824:

EUCist News, a blog about current Cistercian research in English and German

2235: 1787: 1573:

The "pure", unadorned style of Cistercian architecture at the 12th century

1394: 4225: 851:. By 1143, three hundred monks had entered Rievaulx, including the famous 4900: 2476: 2198: 2194: 1850: 1795: 1652: 1644: 1527: 1418: 1171: 860: 844: 228: 213:, one of the most influential early Cistercians, seen here depicted in a 17: 3969:

The Ciphers of the Monks: a forgotten number-notation of the Middle Ages

3509:

An agreement (immediately after that) concerning the 'smythes' with the

2620:

The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, 3rd ed., 1992.

1140:

Calatrava was not subject to Cîteaux, but to Fitero's mother-house, the

692: 5252: 4124: 2134: 2075:, is a good example of such early hydraulic engineering, using a large 1998:

exercised their chief influence on the progress of civilisation in the

1939: 1935: 1910: 1894: 1810: 1690:, is known to have supervised the construction of many abbeys, such as 1598:

during the Middle Ages; although later abbeys were also constructed in

1490: 1471: 1339: 1257:

joined the order and established a Cistercian house at the foot of the

1242: 555:) as well as stones with which they built their church. The church was 470: 2059:

The Cistercians helped facilitate the spread of waterwheel technology.

3815: 3805: 3779: 3769: 3745: 3735: 3711: 3702:"Studley Royal Park including the Ruins of Fountains Abbey (No. 372)" 3701: 3680: 3670: 2522: 2072: 1967: 1833:

and the second largest Christian architectural complex in the world.

1743: 1687: 1384: 1230: 1167: 1130: 1113: 1084:

As a consequence of the wars between the Christians and Moors on the

1015: 728: 719:

In the year of 1112, a charismatic young Burgundinian nobleman named

634:. In some cases, the Order accepted developed land and relocated the 614: 482: 5558:

Missionary Sisters of the Immaculate Conception of the Mother of God

4823: 4061:

Elder, E. Rozanne (22 November 2012), Birkedal Bruun, Mette (ed.),

1651:

to meet the liturgical needs of the brethren, small chapels in the

769:

an area of land just north of what is today the provincial capital

4582:

The Medieval Machine: The Industrial Revolution of the Middle Ages

4436:

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the

2496: 2257: 2246: 2234: 2206: 2128: 2116: 2054: 2039: 2013: 1977: 1869: 1786: 1734: 1666: 1613: 1568: 1509: 1454: 1393: 1320: 1056: 1033: 962: 818: 783: 691: 618: 610: 577: 505: 454: 433: 352: 219: 204: 4286:. The Cistercian Abbey of Our Lady of Spring Bank. Archived from 2774:

This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the

2501:

Prioress of the Cistercian abbey of Saint Mary of Rieunette near

1618:

Cistercian architecture was applied based on rational principles.

595:. Saint Bernard is depicted in the white cowl of the Cistercians. 2768:

Vol. 3. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1908. 21 January 2020

2063:

The Cistercian order was innovative in developing techniques of

1803: 1656: 998:

A considerable reinforcement to the Order was the merger of the

770: 635: 545: 337: 305: 156: 5700:

Sisters of the Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary

4855: 3494:

David Derbyshire, 'Henry "Stamped Out Industrial Revolution"',

2931:

pp. xxxv–xxxviii, prefixed to English trans. Of Montalembert's

2691:

OCist.Hu – A Ciszterci Rend Zirci Apátsága (31 December 2002).

2052:, which could express numbers from 0 to 9999 in a single sign. 4805: 4357: 2560:

There are also Cistercians of the Lutheran church residing in

2518: 1784:

austerity, majesty, and the fortified royal residence within.

398: 309: 269: 4215:

Die Templer – Ein Einblick und Überblick Door Dr Meinolf Rode

2048:

TV series, called "Faith in Numbers". The order used its own

1643:

to the east and the dormitories above, were grouped around a

1249:

in Wales, and at least in its earliest years, its monks were

524:), given to them expressly for the purpose of founding their 5069: 4069:(1 ed.), Cambridge University Press, pp. 199–217, 3903: 3901: 3899: 3006: 731:, to the order. Bernard led twelve other monks to found the 473:

communities had abandoned the rigours and simplicity of the

263: 1277:, who died a Cistercian monk and was buried there in 1224. 885:

was founded in 1132 by discontented Benedictine monks from

4333:"Trappist | Definition, Monks, History, Beer, & Facts" 1338:, a "rebellion" by the abbeys of the Mellifont filiation. 1318:. The General Chapter continued to battle against abuses. 500:

On 21 March 1098, Robert's small group acquired a plot of

266: 3007:"Welt-ältestes Zisterzienserkloster Stift Rein seit 1129" 2898: 2896: 2894: 2140:

By far the most influential of the early Cistercians was

1006:. Thirteen English abbeys, of which the most famous were 320:, as well as the contributions of the highly-influential 251: 4760:. University College Dublin Press; 2nd Rev. ed. (1998). 2892: 2890: 2888: 2886: 2884: 2882: 2880: 2878: 2876: 2874: 2079:

for power and an elaborate water circulation system for

192: 38:"White Monks" redirects here. For the White Friars, see 4806:

Website on Cistercian Order, Architecture and History (

4798: 2766:

Gildas, Marie. "Cistercians." The Catholic Encyclopedia

2632: 2630: 2628: 2626: 2197:. The English Cistercian Abbot Isaac of l'Etoile, near 696:

The spread of Cistercians from their original sites in

4473:

Clarke, Howard B.; Dent, Sarah; Johnson, Ruth (2002).

1451:

List of monasteries dissolved by Henry VIII of England

1408:. The maxim attributed to him, "the pope must be like 4517:(Hardback, illustrated ed.). Four Courts Press. 1342:

were appointed to reform Mellifont on account of the

1148:

The first Cistercian abbey in Bohemia was founded in

855:. It was from Rievaulx that a foundation was made at 272: 257: 248: 5603:

Order of the Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin Mary

4736:

The Art of Gothic: Architecture, Sculpture, Painting

4316:, t. 52, fasc. 1–2, 2001, p. 27–60. Ghislain Baury, 859:, which became the earliest Cistercian monastery in 260: 5410: 5325:

Missionaries of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary

5081: 4972:

Congregation of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary

4889: 2222:, which has also been associated with city growth. 1190:. The order also played the main role in the early 254: 187: 175: 163: 150: 140: 130: 108: 90: 82: 5564:Missionary Sisters of the Immaculate Heart of Mary 4776:How the Catholic Church Built Western Civilization 4653:. translated by Paul McCusker. Seven Locks Press. 4646: 4474: 3972:. Stuttgart: F. Steiner. pp. 16, 29, 34, 41. 1917:, and the abbey also contains a fine example of a 1885:Some Cistercian abbeys did contain later medieval 1166:. This chronicle was written by Otto and Peter of 386:is considered one of the most beautiful styles of 5710:Sisters, Servants of the Immaculate Heart of Mary 4402:, Rennes, Presses Universitaires de Rennes, 2012. 4322:, Rennes, Presses Universitaires de Rennes, 2012. 4154:Nunziata, Luca; Rocco, Lorenzo (1 January 2014). 1974:Commercial enterprise and technological diffusion 336:, in reference to the colour of the "cuculla" or 5727:Sisters of Providence of Saint Mary-of-the-Woods 5614:Poor Clare Missionaries of the Blessed Sacrament 4720:The Cistercians: Monks and Monasteries in Europe 4596:, edited by Lacey Baldwin Smith (6th ed.). 3639: 3637: 2201:, preached against the "new monstrosity" of the 1160:and early Luxembourg state, as reflected in the 1022:, with its own private harbour called The Pill. 958:Which before was not my people, now is my people 667:was the only true superior in the entire Order. 536:, a former Cluniac monk, ordered him to return. 442:(right) presenting a model of his church to the 5575:Missionary Sisters of the Sacred Heart of Jesus 4515:Lordship in Medieval Ireland: Image and reality 4408:The Cambridge Companion to the Cistercian Order 4106:"Pre-Reformation Roots of the Protestant Ethic" 4067:The Cambridge Companion to the Cistercian Order 3653: 3651: 3649: 3627: 3625: 3623: 3621: 3602: 3600: 3530:. In: Analecta Cisterciensia 56 (2006) 334–384. 2820: 2818: 2816: 2814: 2795: 2793: 2483:, a Catholic school for boys in Irving, Texas. 2463: 2262:Mauro-Giuseppe Lepori, Abbot General since 2010 2096: 2086:The Cistercians are known to have been skilled 1859: 1261:in 1272. Similarly, the Irish-establishment of 351:the Latin name for the locale of Cîteaux, near 5468:Daughters of Mary of the Immaculate Conception 3058: 3056: 3054: 1809:In Poland, the former Cistercian monastery of 4867: 4513:Doran, Linda; Lyttleton, James, eds. (2008). 3402: 3400: 3320: 3318: 3292:. Vita regularis Abhandlungen. Münster: LIT. 1194:of Bohemia; one of the outstanding pieces of 827:, mother house of the Cistercians in Scotland 469:with around 20 supporters, who felt that the 8: 4252: 4250: 4248: 4246: 3800: 3798: 3796: 3764: 3762: 3730: 3728: 3665: 3663: 3195: 3193: 1522:In the 16th century had arisen the reformed 51: 5690:Sisters of the Holy Names of Jesus and Mary 5591:Oblate Sisters of the Virgin Mary of Fatima 5207:Franciscan Missionaries of the Eternal Word 4701:3, Cistercian Studies Series 89 (1987) 1–45 4566:' series. London: Thames & Hudson Ltd. 4260:. Ocso.org. 8 December 2003. Archived from 3265:. Ocso.org. 8 December 2003. Archived from 2657: 2655: 2653: 2651: 2649: 2647: 2645: 1678:The building projects of the Church in the 1426: 1245:. This last abbey was founded in 1225 from 1002:with the Cistercians, at the insistence of 415:Ordo Cisterciensis Strictioris Observantiae 58: 5295:Comboni Missionaries of the Heart of Jesus 4874: 4860: 4852: 4842:Center for Cistercian and Monastic Studies 4699:Studies in Cistercian Art and Architecture 4639:A History of the Church in the Middle Ages 4047: 4045: 3565: 3563: 3513:in 1541 refers to blooms. H. R. Schubert, 3248: 3246: 3129: 3127: 3125: 3123: 3121: 2929:Sketch of Monastic Constitutional History, 2069:Real Monasterio de Nuestra Senora de Rueda 1874:The highly elaborate 14th-century tomb of 1014:, thus adopted the Cistercian formula. In 613:instead of black, previously reserved for 477:. Chief among Robert's followers included 50: 4559:The Cathedral Builders of the Middle Ages 4393:, t. 52, fasc. 1–2, 2001, pp. 27–60. 4026: 4024: 3581: 3579: 3577: 3575: 3102: 3100: 2724:"Stephen Harding, St. | Encyclopedia.com" 2513:; the first community was founded in the 2121:Liturgical celebration in the Cistercian 1982:Cistercians at work in a detail from the 1934:in Portugal, which has carved and gilded 1575:Royal Monastery of Santa María de Veruela 5764:Society of the Helpers of the Holy Souls 5752:Sisters of St Joseph of the Sacred Heart 5171:Congregation of Saint Thérèse of Lisieux 4677:Medieval Ireland: the enduring tradition 4669:Faust's Metropolis – A History of Berlin 4500:The Pictorial arts of the West, 800–1200 4382:, Oxford, 2010) v. 1, pp. 157–158. 4376:The Oxford Dictionary of the Middle Ages 4162:. University Library of Munich, Germany. 3671:"Cistercian Abbey of Fontenay (No. 165)" 3526:Alcuin Schachenmayr and Polycarp Zakar: 3490: 3488: 1178:, "Royal Hall"), founded in 1292 by the 761:on the south. He granted monks from the 5705:Sisters of the Immaculate Heart of Mary 3806:"Maulbronn Monastery Complex (No. 546)" 2599: 2375:Territorial Abbey of Wettingen-Mehrerau 1694:in the Rhineland. Others were Raoul at 916:in 1142 and from it daughter houses of 551:concerning the donation of a vineyard ( 5653:Sisters of Christian Doctrine of Nancy 5620:Religious of the Sacred Heart of Jesus 5570:Missionary Sisters of the Sacred Heart 5500:Handmaids of the Sacred Heart of Jesus 4477:Dublinia: The Story of Medieval Dublin 3935: 2902: 2636: 1350:In 1228, the General Chapter sent the 1054:, Norway, Sweden, Spain and Portugal. 993:Abbot of Saints Vincenzo and Anastasio 5159:Congregation of the Blessed Sacrament 3500:(21 June 2002); cited by Woods, p 37. 2552:Since 2010 there is also a branch of 2178:, and his eloquence in preaching the 1901:. The murals in Abbeyknockmoy depict 485:from the nearby forest of Colan, and 332:, after Saint Bernard himself, or as 7: 5695:Sisters of the Immaculate Conception 5685:Sisters of the Holy Family-Louisiana 5520:Little Sisters Disciples of the Lamb 5515:Institute of the Blessed Virgin Mary 5307:Missionaries of St. Francis de Sales 5247:Marians of the Immaculate Conception 5130:Canons Regular of Saint John Cantius 5014:Missionaries of St. Charles Borromeo 4590:The Making of England, 55 BC to 1399 4535:Alan Sorrell: Early Wales Re-created 4466:A Folk Geography of Cistercian U.S.A 4374:"Art and Architecture: Cistercian", 2949:Drink: A Cultural History of Alcohol 2431:Royal Abbey of Santa Maria de Poblet 1077:(Afonso, I), founded the Cistercian 419:Cistercians of the Common Observance 5473:Daughters of the Holy Heart of Mary 4847:European route of Cistercian abbeys 4406:Bruun, Mette Birkedal, ed. (2013). 3200:Charles Moeller (1 November 1908). 1772:in Germany are today recognised as 1302:, in Ireland, Wales and elsewhere. 5747:The Sisters of St. Joseph of Peace 5372:Rogationists of the Heart of Jesus 4391:Cîteaux: Commentarii cistercienses 4314:Cîteaux: Commentarii cistercienses 4009:Gimpel, p 68; cited by Woods, p 35 3072:Michael Barrett (1 October 1911). 2953:. New York: Gotham Books. p. 2664:"Cistercians in the British Isles" 1893:, and traces still survive in the 1655:for private prayer, and an aisled 25: 5775:Servants of the Blessed Sacrament 5451:Carmelite Sisters of Saint Teresa 4722:. The Herbert Press, LTD (1995). 4679:(Revised, illustrated ed.). 4226:"Order of Cistercians (O. Cist.)" 3736:"Monastery of Alcobaça (No. 505)" 2837:. Users.skynet.be. Archived from 975:merged with the Cistercian Order. 5810: 5659:Sisters of the Cross and Passion 5638:Sisters of the Blessed Sacrament 5319:Missionaries of the Sacred Heart 5201:Franciscan Friars of the Renewal 4966:Congregation of Our Lady of Sion 4738:. photography by Achim Bednorz. 4649:The Popes: Histories and Secrets 4429: 3811:UNESCO World Heritage Sites list 3775:UNESCO World Heritage Sites list 3741:UNESCO World Heritage Sites list 3707:UNESCO World Heritage Sites list 3676:UNESCO World Heritage Sites list 3517:(Routledge, London 1957), 395–7. 2769: 1702:loaned a monk named John to the 1215:Anglo-Norman invasion of Ireland 1123:poverty, chastity, and obedience 1088:, the Cistercians established a 244: 68: 5758:Sisters of St. Paul of Chartres 5495:Handmaids of the Heart of Jesus 5342:Oblates of St. Francis de Sales 5147:Congregatio Discipulorum Domini 4996:Institute of the Incarnate Word 4358:"Anglican Order of Cistercians" 4018:Erlande-Brandenburg, pp 116–117 2302:65. 1825–1826: Giuseppe Fontana 2103:cannot be understood otherwise. 1829:, Poland), is a masterpiece of 1544:, the ecclesiastical policy of 1275:Cathal Crobhdearg Ua Conchobair 867:, it was built in 1136 by King 227:Cistercian monks standing in a 5418:Adorers of the Blood of Christ 5395:Sons of the Most Holy Redeemer 4758:The Church in Medieval Ireland 4588:Hollister, C. Warren (1992) . 3908:Rob Baedeker (24 March 2008). 2583:List of Cistercian monasteries 2042:in the fourth of his ten-part 1524:Congregation of the Feuillants 1487:Dissolution of the Monasteries 1445:Dissolution of the Monasteries 1281:would have nearly 750 houses. 1206:, and the second on 1204, the 788:Tintern Abbey, founded in 1131 497:before joining Molesme Abbey. 154:Piazza del Tempio di Diana, 14 1: 5510:Holy Spirit Adoration Sisters 5118:Brothers of Our Lady of Mercy 4883:Catholic religious institutes 3947:Gimpel, p 67. Cited by Woods. 3202:"Military Order of Calatrava" 2481:Cistercian Preparatory School 2144:. According to the historian 1315:Fulgens sicut stella matutina 1293:Decline and attempted reforms 1065:, founded in Portugal in 1153 5669:Sisters of the Good Shepherd 5626:Religious of the Virgin Mary 5597:Order of Our Lady of Charity 5581:Oblate Sisters of Providence 5478:Faithful Companions of Jesus 5259:Society of Mary (Marianists) 5074:Coat of arms of Vatican City 4538:. National Museum of Wales. 4075:10.1017/cco9780511735899.019 3770:"Poblet Monastery (No. 518)" 3606:Erlande-Brandenburg, p 32–34 2509:There are a large number of 2243:, a monk of Hohenfurth Abbey 1663:Engineering and construction 932:(1147–1148), Baltinglass in 563:on 16 November 1106, by the 96:; 926 years ago 42:. For the White Canons, see 5732:Sisters of the Sacred Heart 5586:Oblates of Jesus the Priest 5535:Living the Gospel Community 4671:, Harper and Collins (1998) 4617:The Encyclopedia of Ireland 3354:Medieval Cistercian history 3025:"History of Waverley Abbey" 1915:three living and three dead 1813:is an important example of 1774:UNESCO World Heritage Sites 1516:Lilienfeld Cistercian Abbey 312:that branched off from the 5869: 5530:Little Sisters of the Poor 5435:Basilian Chouerite Sisters 5389:Servants of Jesus and Mary 5336:Oblates of the Virgin Mary 5330:Oblates of Mary Immaculate 5301:Missionaries of La Salette 5271:Society of the Divine Word 5253:Society of Jesus (Jesuits) 5141:Christian Brothers (Irish) 4615:Lalor, Brian, ed. (2003). 4584:New York, Penguin, (1976) 4554:Erlande-Brandenburg, Alain 4412:Cambridge University Press 4175:Journal of Economic Growth 4063:"Early Cistercian writers" 3643:Erlande-Brandenburg, p 101 3005:Rein, Zisterzienserstift. 2533:, and associated with the 2490: 2254:, Abbot General, 1900–1920 2036:Barbegal aqueduct and mill 1579: 1448: 1442: 743:, La Ferté and Clairvaux. 565:Bishop of Chalon sur Saône 544:, working out a deal with 405:, and became known as the 290:(Sacer) Ordo Cisterciensis 60:(Sacer) Ordo Cisterciensis 37: 29: 5795: 5769:Sisters of Social Service 5680:Sisters of the Holy Cross 5430:Basilian Aleppian Sisters 5265:Society of Mary (Marists) 5067: 4734:Toman, Rolf, ed. (2007). 4675:Richter, Michael (2005). 4645:Rendina, Claudio (2002). 4468:. Guadalupe Translations. 4464:Cawley, Martinus (1988). 4284:"Our Business Philosophy" 4187:10.1007/s10887-015-9123-2 3657:Erlande-Brandenburg, p 78 3631:Erlande-Brandenburg, p 50 3615:Erlande-Brandenburg, p 28 2608:Oxford English Dictionary 2239:Cistercian Abbot General 2168:and the popular preacher 1752:The Cistercian abbeys of 1129:daily; to sleep in their 683:High and Late Middle Ages 328:. They are also known as 67: 56: 5853:Catholic monastic orders 5737:Sisters of Saint Francis 5664:Sisters of the Destitute 5546:Marianites of Holy Cross 5541:Lovers of the Holy Cross 5463:Daughters of Divine Love 5313:Missionaries of the Poor 5242:Little Brothers of Jesus 5153:Immaculate Heart of Mary 5043:Society of the Atonement 2548:Non-Catholic Cistercians 2280:Giovanni Maria Gabrielli 302:Catholic religious order 145:Catholic religious order 57: 27:Catholic religious order 5742:Sisters of Saint Joseph 5525:Little Sisters of Jesus 5277:Society of Saint Edmund 5008:Missionaries of Charity 4456:Encyclopædia Britannica 4443:Butler, Edward Cuthbert 4380:Oxford University Press 3966:King, David A. (2001). 3915:San Francisco Chronicle 3857:. Employees.oneonta.edu 3204:. Catholic Encyclopedia 3076:. Catholic Encyclopedia 2588:Monastic sign languages 2531:Marie Angélique Arnauld 2187:De laude novae militiae 1843:illuminated manuscripts 1587:Cistercian architecture 1582:Cistercian architecture 1417:, he was a stranger to 1336:conspiratio Mellifontis 1196:Cistercian architecture 900:In the spring of 1140, 725:Count Hugh of Champagne 384:Cistercian architecture 5817:Catholicism portal 5632:Servants of St. Joseph 5195:Discalced Augustinians 5177:Conventual Franciscans 5075: 4912:Augustinian Recollects 2506: 2468: 2263: 2255: 2244: 2175:Quantum praedecessores 2137: 2126: 2110: 2060: 2023: 1994: 1882: 1868: 1799: 1749: 1675: 1671:Plan of the church of 1619: 1610:Theological principles 1577: 1542:Protestant Reformation 1519: 1474: 1439:Protestant Reformation 1427: 1401: 1372:College of St. Bernard 1330: 1163:Chronicon Aulae Regiae 1066: 1043: 976: 887:St. Mary's Abbey, York 843:, with the support of 828: 789: 708: 596: 447: 414: 318:Rule of Saint Benedict 289: 235: 217: 59: 5675:Sisters of Holy Cross 5378:Sacred Heart Brothers 5348:Order of Friars Minor 5236:Legionaries of Christ 5073: 4819:Catholic Encyclopedia 3875:Lalor, p 1, 716, 1050 3482:31(2) (1998), 72–5 79 3480:Historical Metallurgy 2945:Gately, Iain (2009). 2747:Tobin, pp 29, 33, 36. 2669:Catholic Encyclopedia 2535:Jansenist controversy 2529:, reformed by Mother 2500: 2438:Mauro-Giuseppe Lepori 2416:Ferenc Polikárp Zakar 2261: 2250: 2238: 2220:Protestant work ethic 2189:was in favour of the 2132: 2120: 2065:hydraulic engineering 2058: 2028:Industrial Revolution 2018:Numbers written with 2017: 1981: 1873: 1790: 1738: 1708:Hildebert de Lavardin 1696:Saint-Jouin-de-Marnes 1670: 1630:, united elements of 1617: 1572: 1513: 1506:After the Reformation 1458: 1443:Further information: 1397: 1324: 1060: 1037: 966: 944:(1148), Kilbeggan in 822: 787: 773:, where they founded 695: 581: 559:and dedicated to the 437: 392:hydraulic engineering 388:medieval architecture 371:and the English monk 223: 208: 170:Mauro-Giuseppe Lepori 5189:De La Salle Brothers 4978:Discalced Carmelites 4834:3 March 2016 at the 4681:Gill & Macmillan 4594:A History of England 4532:Dykes, D.W. (1980). 4264:on 17 September 2009 4113:The Economic Journal 3269:on 17 September 2009 2728:www.encyclopedia.com 2554:Anglican Cistercians 2427:Maurus Esteva Alsina 2270:and others included 2142:Bernard of Clairvaux 2133:Cistercian monks in 1986:Bernard of Clairvaux 1831:baroque architecture 1792:Vaux-de-Cernay Abbey 1435:and 16th centuries. 1360:Stephen of Lexington 1255:Archbishop of Cashel 1104:began looking for a 1038:Cistercian abbey in 906:Archbishop of Armagh 617:, who followed the " 475:Rule of St. Benedict 322:Bernard of Clairvaux 282:Order of Cistercians 211:Bernard of Clairvaux 113:Bernard of Clairvaux 52:Order of Cistercians 5031:Servants of Charity 4924:Basilian Chouerites 4667:Richie, Alexandra, 4502:, (1993), Yale UP, 4481:. Dublin: O'Brien. 3938:, pp. 393–394. 3497:The Daily Telegraph 2808:Hollister, p 209–10 2578:Cistercian numerals 2503:Carcassonne, France 2455:monastic profession 2393:Edmondus Bernardini 2382:Franciscus Janssens 2292:Raimondo Giovannini 2185:Although Bernard's 2150:Peter the Venerable 2101:Gothic architecture 2020:Cistercian numerals 1991:Jörg Breu the Elder 1876:Peter I of Portugal 1747:World Heritage Site 1632:Norman architecture 1596:Gothic architecture 1493:, an outstation of 1479:English Reformation 1312:and Benedict XII's 1075:D. Afonso Henriques 1069:In 1153, the first 869:David I of Scotland 593:Diogo de Contreiras 444:Blessed Virgin Mary 438:An illumination of 215:historiated initial 177:Parent organization 53: 5643:Sisters of Charity 5224:Holy Ghost Fathers 5095:Albertine Brothers 5076: 5025:Premonstratensians 4918:Basilian Aleppians 4740:Tandem Verlag GmbH 4637:Logan, F. Donald, 4621:Gill and Macmillan 4125:10.1111/ecoj.12367 4119:(604): 1756–1793. 3855:"Bernard's letter" 3074:"Abbey of Melrose" 2662:Herbert Thurston. 2562:Amelungsborn Abbey 2515:Diocese of Langres 2507: 2436:82. 2010–current: 2404:Mattheus Quatember 2343:Gregorio Bartolini 2264: 2256: 2245: 2138: 2127: 2061: 2024: 1995: 1883: 1800: 1750: 1676: 1673:Abbaye de Fontenay 1620: 1578: 1520: 1475: 1402: 1331: 1098:Order of Calatrava 1079:Alcobaça Monastery 1067: 1063:Alcobaça Monastery 1052:Kingdom of Hungary 1044: 977: 926:Inislounaght Abbey 849:Archbishop of York 829: 790: 751:Leopold the Strong 733:Abbey of Clairvaux 709: 653:Charter of Charity 643:Charter of Charity 607:Charter of Charity 597: 448: 369:Alberic of Cîteaux 280:), officially the 236: 231:and wearing their 218: 125:Alberic of Cîteaux 77:of the Cistercians 44:Premonstratensians 5825: 5824: 5552:Maryknoll Sisters 5489:Filippini Sisters 5401:Xaverian Brothers 5060:Trinitarian Order 4766:978-1-900621-10-6 4749:978-3-8331-4676-3 4711:Rudolph, Conrad, 4704:Rudolph, Conrad, 4690:978-0-7171-3293-5 4660:978-1-931643-13-9 4630:978-0-7171-3000-9 4607:978-0-669-24457-1 4573:978-0-500-30052-7 4545:978-0-7200-0228-7 4524:978-1-84682-041-0 4488:978-0-86278-785-1 4421:978-0-521-17184-7 4396:Baury, Ghislain, 4385:Baury, Ghislain, 4084:978-1-107-00131-2 3451:Watt, pp. 187–188 3363:978-0-87907-043-4 3299:978-3-643-15497-2 3011:www.stift-rein.at 2964:978-1-592-40464-3 2933:Monks of the West 2473:Sparta, Wisconsin 2397:Santa Croce Abbey 2268:Robert de Molesme 2170:Henry of Lausanne 1989:, illustrated by 1956:Dukes of Burgundy 1948:Kings of Portugal 1811:Pelplin Cathedral 1704:Bishop of Le Mans 1550:French Revolution 1462:, confiscated by 1406:Pope Benedict XII 1399:Pope Benedict XII 1142:Abbey of Morimond 1086:Iberian Peninsula 1048:Kingdom of Poland 969:houses affiliated 749:In 1129 Margrave 574:Cistercian reform 549:Odo I of Burgundy 542:Dukes of Burgundy 526:Novum Monasterium 459:Robert of Molesme 365:Robert of Molesme 292:, abbreviated as 203: 202: 117:Robert of Molesme 16:(Redirected from 5860: 5843:Cistercian Order 5815: 5814: 5721:Sisters of Mercy 5424:Apostolic Carmel 4876: 4869: 4862: 4853: 4802: 4801: 4799:Official website 4753: 4718:Tobin, Stephen. 4694: 4664: 4652: 4634: 4611: 4577: 4549: 4528: 4492: 4480: 4469: 4460: 4435: 4433: 4432: 4425: 4362: 4361: 4354: 4348: 4347: 4345: 4343: 4329: 4323: 4308:Ghislain Baury, 4306: 4300: 4299: 4297: 4295: 4280: 4274: 4273: 4271: 4269: 4254: 4241: 4240: 4238: 4236: 4222: 4216: 4213: 4207: 4206: 4170: 4164: 4163: 4151: 4145: 4144: 4110: 4101: 4095: 4094: 4093: 4091: 4058: 4052: 4049: 4040: 4037: 4031: 4028: 4019: 4016: 4010: 4007: 4001: 3998: 3992: 3991: 3963: 3957: 3954: 3948: 3945: 3939: 3933: 3927: 3926: 3924: 3922: 3905: 3894: 3891: 3885: 3882: 3876: 3873: 3867: 3866: 3864: 3862: 3851: 3845: 3844:Dodwell, 211–214 3842: 3836: 3833: 3827: 3826: 3824: 3822: 3802: 3791: 3790: 3788: 3786: 3766: 3757: 3756: 3754: 3752: 3732: 3723: 3722: 3720: 3718: 3698: 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2806: 2800: 2799:Hollister, p 209 2797: 2788: 2787:Tobin, pp 37–38. 2785: 2779: 2773: 2772: 2763: 2757: 2754: 2748: 2745: 2739: 2738: 2736: 2734: 2720: 2714: 2711: 2705: 2704: 2702: 2700: 2688: 2682: 2681: 2679: 2677: 2659: 2640: 2634: 2621: 2618: 2612: 2604: 2353:Hohenfurth Abbey 2307:Vescelaso Vasini 2272:Gilbert le Grand 2108: 2050:numbering system 1921:royal head on a 1866: 1823:Abbatia Lubensis 1680:High Middle Ages 1430: 1352:Abbot of Stanley 1300:mendicant orders 1271:King of Connacht 1170:, abbots of the 1092:of the order in 1071:King of Portugal 1000:Savigniac houses 973:Abbey of Savigny 954:County Roscommon 946:County Westmeath 930:County Tipperary 891:Newminster Abbey 716:on 13 May 1113. 279: 278: 275: 274: 271: 268: 265: 262: 259: 256: 253: 250: 233:religious habits 199: 196: 194: 104: 102: 97: 72: 62: 54: 21: 5868: 5867: 5863: 5862: 5861: 5859: 5858: 5857: 5828: 5827: 5826: 5821: 5809: 5791: 5715:Sisters of Life 5406: 5360:Pauline Fathers 5283:Marist Brothers 5077: 5065: 5049:TOR Franciscans 4893: 4891: 4885: 4880: 4836:Wayback Machine 4829:Carta Caritatis 4797: 4796: 4793: 4750: 4733: 4691: 4674: 4661: 4644: 4631: 4614: 4608: 4587: 4574: 4552: 4546: 4531: 4525: 4512: 4489: 4472: 4463: 4441: 4430: 4428: 4422: 4405: 4371: 4366: 4365: 4356: 4355: 4351: 4341: 4339: 4331: 4330: 4326: 4307: 4303: 4293: 4291: 4282: 4281: 4277: 4267: 4265: 4256: 4255: 4244: 4234: 4232: 4224: 4223: 4219: 4214: 4210: 4172: 4171: 4167: 4153: 4152: 4148: 4108: 4103: 4102: 4098: 4089: 4087: 4085: 4060: 4059: 4055: 4050: 4043: 4038: 4034: 4029: 4022: 4017: 4013: 4008: 4004: 4000:Woods, pp 34–35 3999: 3995: 3980: 3965: 3964: 3960: 3955: 3951: 3946: 3942: 3934: 3930: 3920: 3918: 3907: 3906: 3897: 3892: 3888: 3883: 3879: 3874: 3870: 3860: 3858: 3853: 3852: 3848: 3843: 3839: 3834: 3830: 3820: 3818: 3804: 3803: 3794: 3784: 3782: 3768: 3767: 3760: 3750: 3748: 3734: 3733: 3726: 3716: 3714: 3700: 3699: 3695: 3685: 3683: 3669: 3668: 3661: 3656: 3647: 3642: 3635: 3630: 3619: 3614: 3610: 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NewAdvent.org 2661: 2660: 2643: 2635: 2624: 2619: 2615: 2605: 2601: 2596: 2574: 2550: 2511:Cistercian nuns 2495: 2493:Cistercian nuns 2489: 2487:Cistercian nuns 2453:At the time of 2451: 2442:Hauterive Abbey 2425:81. 1995–2010: 2414:80. 1985–1995: 2410:Sighard Kleiner 2408:79. 1953–1985: 2402:78. 1950–1953: 2391:77. 1936–1950: 2380:76. 1927–1936: 2369:75. 1920–1927: 2358:74. 1900–1920: 2349:Leopold Wackarž 2347:73. 1891–1900: 2341:72. 1880–1890: 2337:Theobald Cesari 2335:71. 1856–1880: 2329:70. 1853–1856: 2323:69. 1850–1853: 2317:68. 1845–1850: 2311:67. 1830–1845: 2305:66. 1826–1830: 2296:64. 1820–1825: 2290:63. 1814–1820: 2241:Leopold Wackarž 2233: 2228: 2215: 2191:Knights Templar 2146:Piers Paul Read 2115: 2109: 2107: 2081:central heating 1976: 1964:Kings of Aragon 1927:Corcomroe Abbey 1903:Saint Sebastian 1867: 1865: 1839: 1740:Fountains Abbey 1733: 1665: 1612: 1584: 1567: 1562: 1508: 1466:along with its 1453: 1447: 1441: 1327:Mellifont Abbey 1325:The now-ruined 1295: 1269:was founded by 1208:Cârța Monastery 1180:King of Bohemia 1090:military branch 1032: 1030:Later expansion 989:Pope Eugene III 985:Henry of France 942:County Limerick 938:Monasteranenagh 912:was founded in 910:Mellifont Abbey 883:Fountains Abbey 690: 688:Spread: 1111–52 685: 673:General Chapter 649:Carta caritatis 645: 602:Carta Caritatis 576: 520:means reeds in 487:Stephen Harding 440:Stephen Harding 432: 427: 403:La Trappe Abbey 373:Stephen Harding 324:, known as the 316:and follow the 247: 243: 191: 182:Catholic Church 178: 166: 155: 121:Stephen Harding 100: 98: 95: 86:OCist or SOCist 78: 63: 47: 36: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5866: 5864: 5856: 5855: 5850: 5845: 5840: 5830: 5829: 5823: 5822: 5820: 5819: 5807: 5805:Catholic laity 5796: 5793: 5792: 5790: 5789: 5784: 5778: 5772: 5766: 5761: 5755: 5749: 5744: 5739: 5734: 5729: 5724: 5718: 5712: 5707: 5702: 5697: 5692: 5687: 5682: 5677: 5672: 5666: 5661: 5656: 5650: 5645: 5640: 5635: 5629: 5623: 5617: 5611: 5605: 5600: 5594: 5588: 5583: 5578: 5572: 5567: 5561: 5555: 5549: 5543: 5538: 5532: 5527: 5522: 5517: 5512: 5507: 5505:Hijas de Jesús 5502: 5497: 5492: 5486: 5480: 5475: 5470: 5465: 5460: 5454: 5448: 5442: 5437: 5432: 5427: 5421: 5414: 5412: 5408: 5407: 5405: 5404: 5398: 5392: 5386: 5380: 5375: 5369: 5363: 5357: 5351: 5345: 5339: 5333: 5327: 5322: 5316: 5310: 5304: 5298: 5292: 5286: 5280: 5274: 5268: 5262: 5256: 5250: 5244: 5239: 5233: 5227: 5221: 5215: 5210: 5204: 5198: 5192: 5186: 5180: 5174: 5168: 5162: 5156: 5150: 5144: 5138: 5132: 5127: 5121: 5115: 5109: 5103: 5097: 5092: 5089:Adorno Fathers 5085: 5083: 5079: 5078: 5068: 5066: 5064: 5063: 5057: 5051: 5046: 5040: 5034: 5028: 5022: 5017: 5011: 5005: 4999: 4993: 4987: 4981: 4975: 4969: 4963: 4957: 4951: 4945: 4939: 4933: 4927: 4921: 4915: 4909: 4906:Assumptionists 4903: 4897: 4895: 4887: 4886: 4881: 4879: 4878: 4871: 4864: 4856: 4850: 4849: 4844: 4839: 4826: 4821: 4812: 4803: 4792: 4791:External links 4789: 4788: 4787: 4769: 4754: 4748: 4731: 4716: 4709: 4702: 4695: 4689: 4672: 4665: 4659: 4642: 4635: 4629: 4612: 4606: 4600:: D.C. Heath. 4592:. Volume I of 4585: 4580:Gimpel, Jean, 4578: 4572: 4550: 4544: 4529: 4523: 4510: 4493: 4487: 4470: 4461: 4451:Chisholm, Hugh 4426: 4420: 4403: 4394: 4383: 4370: 4367: 4364: 4363: 4349: 4324: 4301: 4290:on 31 May 2009 4275: 4242: 4217: 4208: 4181:(2): 189–224. 4165: 4146: 4096: 4083: 4053: 4041: 4032: 4020: 4011: 4002: 3993: 3978: 3958: 3949: 3940: 3928: 3895: 3886: 3877: 3868: 3846: 3837: 3828: 3792: 3758: 3724: 3693: 3659: 3645: 3633: 3617: 3608: 3596: 3594:Lalor, p 1, 38 3587: 3571: 3559: 3550: 3541: 3532: 3519: 3502: 3484: 3471: 3462: 3453: 3444: 3435: 3426: 3417: 3408: 3396: 3387: 3378: 3369: 3362: 3344: 3335: 3326: 3324:Richter, p 154 3314: 3305: 3298: 3280: 3254: 3242: 3233: 3224: 3222:Watt, pp 49–50 3215: 3189: 3180: 3171: 3162: 3153: 3144: 3135: 3117: 3115:Watt, pp 17–18 3108: 3096: 3087: 3064: 3050: 3041: 3016: 2997: 2988: 2986:Read, p 93, 95 2979: 2970: 2963: 2937: 2916: 2907: 2905:, p. 394. 2870: 2852: 2826: 2810: 2801: 2789: 2780: 2758: 2756:Read, pp 94–95 2749: 2740: 2715: 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Florida 702:Central Europe 689: 686: 684: 681: 665:Abbot of Cluny 644: 641: 584:Saint Benedict 575: 572: 516:"Cistercium". 504:just south of 495:Vallombrosians 431: 428: 426: 423: 201: 200: 189: 185: 184: 179: 176: 173: 172: 167: 164: 161: 160: 152: 148: 147: 142: 138: 137: 132: 128: 127: 110: 106: 105: 92: 88: 87: 84: 80: 79: 73: 65: 64: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5865: 5854: 5851: 5849: 5846: 5844: 5841: 5839: 5836: 5835: 5833: 5818: 5813: 5808: 5806: 5802: 5798: 5797: 5794: 5788: 5787:White Sisters 5785: 5782: 5779: 5776: 5773: 5770: 5767: 5765: 5762: 5759: 5756: 5753: 5750: 5748: 5745: 5743: 5740: 5738: 5735: 5733: 5730: 5728: 5725: 5722: 5719: 5716: 5713: 5711: 5708: 5706: 5703: 5701: 5698: 5696: 5693: 5691: 5688: 5686: 5683: 5681: 5678: 5676: 5673: 5670: 5667: 5665: 5662: 5660: 5657: 5654: 5651: 5649: 5646: 5644: 5641: 5639: 5636: 5633: 5630: 5627: 5624: 5621: 5618: 5615: 5612: 5609: 5606: 5604: 5601: 5598: 5595: 5592: 5589: 5587: 5584: 5582: 5579: 5576: 5573: 5571: 5568: 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Located in 862: 858: 854: 850: 846: 842: 838: 834: 826: 825:Melrose Abbey 823:The ruins of 821: 817: 815: 814:Celtic saints 811: 807: 803: 799: 795: 794:Tintern Abbey 786: 782: 778: 776: 772: 768: 764: 760: 756: 752: 747: 744: 742: 738: 734: 730: 726: 722: 717: 715: 707: 703: 699: 694: 687: 682: 680: 678: 674: 668: 666: 662: 658: 654: 650: 642: 640: 637: 633: 629: 628: 622: 620: 616: 612: 608: 604: 603: 594: 590: 589: 588:Saint Bernard 585: 580: 573: 571: 568: 566: 562: 558: 554: 550: 547: 543: 537: 535: 534:Pope Urban II 531: 527: 523: 519: 515: 511: 507: 503: 498: 496: 492: 488: 484: 480: 476: 472: 468: 464: 463:Molesme Abbey 460: 456: 453: 445: 441: 436: 429: 424: 422: 420: 416: 412: 408: 404: 400: 395: 393: 389: 385: 381: 376: 374: 370: 366: 362: 361:Cîteaux Abbey 358: 354: 350: 347:derives from 346: 341: 339: 335: 331: 327: 323: 319: 315: 311: 307: 303: 299: 295: 291: 287: 283: 277: 241: 234: 230: 226: 222: 216: 212: 207: 198: 190: 186: 183: 180: 174: 171: 168: 165:Abbot General 162: 158: 153: 149: 146: 143: 139: 136: 135:Cîteaux Abbey 133: 129: 126: 122: 118: 114: 111: 107: 93: 89: 85: 81: 76: 71: 66: 61: 55: 49: 45: 41: 34: 19: 5801:Third orders 5289:Mechitarists 5100:Augustinians 5002:Mercedarians 4959: 4936:Bridgettines 4930:Benedictines 4807: 4775: 4757: 4756:Watt, John, 4735: 4719: 4712: 4705: 4698: 4676: 4668: 4648: 4638: 4616: 4593: 4589: 4581: 4564:New Horizons 4558: 4534: 4514: 4499: 4476: 4465: 4454: 4407: 4397: 4390: 4375: 4352: 4340:. 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