31:
138:
130:
2411:
87:
198:
121:. They are mostly found on lowlands, but sometimes encircle the summit of a hill. Often several concentric rings were built, which produced a more effective defensive position against attackers. The interior of such sites often shows evidence of buildings such as halls, barns, and other secondary structures.
189:. They are often hidden in woods and discovered by aerial photography. Archaeological profiles through the defences and excavations of the interior enable analysis of the period the site was occupied, the pottery used and the type of food consumed.
108:
formed the primary element of the defensive fortification. It can be constructed in various ways: as a simple earth embankment, as a wood and earth structure, or as a wall. Circular ramparts usually have a
1805:
48:
518:
1621:
2215:
1910:
299:
402:(1982), "Old Europe in the Fifth Millennium B.C.: The European Situation on the Arrival of Indo-Europeans", in Edgar C. Polomé (ed.),
450:
2030:
469:
434:
411:
1815:
2441:
2240:
2436:
1463:
1001:
511:
486:
1800:
881:
286:
2451:
1396:
1845:
1470:
2342:
1420:
272:
220:
202:
105:
2389:
2164:
1870:
1865:
1785:
1582:
1529:
1499:
1256:
1186:
1130:
707:
504:
101:
2414:
2230:
1820:
1717:
1602:
786:
2367:
2205:
1987:
1740:
1477:
1300:
629:
114:
2352:
1880:
1506:
1305:
1271:
671:
553:
351:
322:
243:
2169:
1905:
1261:
639:
2446:
2291:
1900:
1875:
1860:
1855:
1705:
1685:
1482:
1043:
910:
654:
312:
90:
2347:
2306:
2281:
2154:
1835:
1675:
1522:
1108:
986:
664:
607:
465:
430:
407:
2321:
2296:
2225:
1750:
1745:
1680:
1231:
1035:
491:
30:
2210:
2062:
2035:
1975:
1945:
1830:
1795:
1775:
1760:
1315:
1310:
1278:
1039:
981:
969:
951:
818:
799:
725:
702:
399:
52:
276:
137:
129:
2379:
2374:
2040:
2025:
1960:
1950:
1825:
1810:
1710:
1700:
1665:
1539:
1332:
1029:
996:
960:
776:
634:
598:
2430:
2384:
2337:
2245:
2235:
2189:
2159:
2144:
2113:
2094:
1955:
1895:
1850:
1765:
1724:
1534:
1167:
1162:
895:
858:
843:
794:
739:
718:
527:
481:
186:
162:
373:
Burgen und Feste Plätze/Chateaux-forts et places fortes/Castles and
Fortified Places
2362:
2220:
2184:
2139:
2123:
2051:
2004:
1980:
1970:
1965:
1780:
1597:
1458:
1425:
1290:
1226:
1201:
1113:
1087:
1055:
1049:
991:
930:
900:
748:
239:
228:
17:
2261:
2118:
2087:
2069:
2057:
1999:
1994:
1935:
1930:
1890:
1790:
1755:
1651:
1554:
1325:
1295:
1285:
1191:
1080:
888:
697:
644:
282:
249:
235:
170:
75:
2286:
2266:
2106:
2078:
2009:
1885:
1840:
1770:
1690:
1587:
1492:
1432:
1391:
1369:
1320:
1266:
1216:
1211:
1196:
1155:
1103:
1061:
1006:
848:
811:
764:
326:
293:
261:
210:
1695:
1626:
1453:
1448:
1381:
1022:
935:
865:
823:
649:
619:
580:
546:
214:
71:
64:
67:
or refuge, or was built for religious purposes or as a place of gathering.
86:
2179:
2174:
2099:
1940:
1658:
1633:
1616:
1546:
1487:
1415:
1408:
1251:
1139:
1013:
833:
828:
804:
732:
712:
692:
659:
345:
339:
303:
265:
145:
Circular ramparts are found in north and western Europe, for example, in
118:
197:
2311:
2276:
2271:
1609:
1592:
1577:
1561:
1513:
1441:
1386:
1376:
1344:
1246:
1221:
1206:
976:
920:
838:
685:
678:
624:
316:
182:
178:
174:
166:
158:
150:
146:
94:
2316:
1670:
1236:
1174:
1118:
1096:
1073:
1066:
942:
925:
757:
589:
571:
541:
255:
154:
60:
354: – Type of circular fort built in Scandinavia in the Viking Age
70:
The period during which these structures were built ranged from the
63:
that was used as part of the defences for a military fortification,
2357:
2301:
2045:
1570:
1401:
1241:
562:
224:
196:
136:
128:
85:
35:
29:
496:
1339:
1181:
1148:
1123:
915:
905:
874:
853:
110:
500:
342: – Circular fortified settlements found in Northern Europe
117:
in front of them; the embankment can be enhanced with a wooden
34:
Artist's impression of the circular rampart of Burg, near
309:
Saxon rampart on the
Marienberg near Nordstemmen, Germany
165:, Belgium and the Netherlands; in central Europe, in
406:, Ann Arbor, USA: Karoma Publishers, pp. 1–60,
404:
The Indo-Europeans in the Fourth and Third
Millennia
2330:
2254:
2198:
2132:
2018:
1923:
1733:
1644:
1360:
1353:
785:
534:
371:Comité International d'Histoire de l'Art (1996)
768:
1330:
1276:
1094:
940:
1985:
1715:
1544:
1520:
1137:
1128:
1085:
809:
605:
596:
512:
348: – Form of fortified defensive structure
8:
2104:
2085:
2076:
2067:
1656:
1631:
1607:
1568:
1559:
1511:
1497:
1468:
1439:
1430:
1406:
1367:
1172:
1153:
1071:
1020:
1011:
967:
958:
949:
886:
872:
863:
746:
723:
755:
737:
683:
669:
587:
578:
569:
560:
551:
315:largest circular rampart fortress built in
59:) is an embankment built in the shape of a
1357:
519:
505:
497:
264:, built in stages between years 500–1100,
27:Embankment built in the shape of a circle
457:. Yr 3, Issue 2/3 (June 1935), pp. 9–15.
482:Trelleborg circular fortress in Denmark
385:
383:
381:
364:
462:Encyclopedia of historical archaeology
7:
1911:Weapons Storage and Security System
300:Celtic circular wall of Otzenhausen
429:, WileyBlackwell, 1 October 2000,
25:
2410:
2409:
487:Castle Dore in Cornwall, England
492:Old Basing, Hampshire, England
133:External view of the Burg site
100:The key feature of a circular
1:
1806:British "hedgehog" road block
464:, Routledge, 11 April 2002,
451:"Die Burgwälle Ostthüringens"
375:, Munich: De Gruyter, p. 236.
173:; in southeastern Europe in
2216:Cities with defensive walls
1801:Defensive fighting position
1716:
1521:
1331:
1277:
1138:
1129:
1095:
1086:
941:
2468:
449:Radig, Dr. Werner (1935).
141:Top of the rampart at Burg
2400:
1846:Hardened aircraft shelter
1821:Entry control point (ECP)
193:Notable circular ramparts
2343:Continuity of government
292:The circular rampart at
221:Circular rampart of Burg
2165:Motte-and-bailey castle
1871:Missile launch facility
1866:Main line of resistance
561:
389:Radig (1935), pp. 9–10.
2442:Fortifications by type
2241:Military installations
2105:
2086:
2077:
2068:
1986:
1657:
1632:
1608:
1598:Scarp and Counterscarp
1569:
1560:
1545:
1512:
1498:
1469:
1440:
1431:
1407:
1368:
1173:
1154:
1072:
1021:
1012:
968:
959:
950:
887:
873:
864:
810:
769:
756:
747:
738:
724:
684:
670:
606:
597:
588:
579:
570:
552:
206:
142:
134:
97:
56:
39:
2010:Floating water castle
1741:Admiralty scaffolding
1034:Fortified buildings (
319:(10th – 12th century)
200:
140:
132:
89:
33:
2437:Archaeological sites
2353:Subterranean warfare
1306:Viking ring fortress
352:Viking ring fortress
323:Viking ring fortress
296:, Hampshire, England
244:Rhineland-Palatinate
2170:Quadrangular castle
1906:Weapon storage area
1262:Quadrangular castle
460:Orser, Charles E.,
285:, a Choctaw mound,
252:, Cornwall, England
1901:Underground hangar
1686:Fire control tower
1483:Gunpowder magazine
911:Butter-churn tower
425:Shoemaker, Nancy,
313:Varbola Stronghold
207:
185:; and also in the
143:
135:
98:
40:
2452:Medieval defences
2424:
2423:
2348:Military urbanism
2282:Fortified gateway
2155:Concentric castle
1919:
1918:
1836:Fire support base
1676:Coastal artillery
1551:(Spanish America)
1145:
987:Concentric castle
205:near Bad DĂĽrkheim
18:Circular ramparts
16:(Redirected from
2459:
2413:
2412:
2406:
2297:National redoubt
2226:Fortified estate
2150:Circular rampart
2110:
2091:
2082:
2073:
1991:
1751:Anti-tank trench
1746:Air raid shelter
1721:
1681:Disappearing gun
1662:
1637:
1613:
1574:
1565:
1550:
1526:
1517:
1503:
1474:
1445:
1436:
1412:
1373:
1358:
1336:
1316:Bailey (or ward)
1282:
1187:Motte-and-bailey
1178:
1159:
1143:
1135:
1134:
1100:
1091:
1077:
1026:
1017:
973:
964:
955:
946:
892:
878:
869:
815:
772:
761:
752:
743:
729:
689:
675:
615:Circular rampart
611:
602:
593:
584:
575:
566:
557:
521:
514:
507:
498:
437:
427:American Indians
423:
417:
416:
400:Gimbutas, Marija
396:
390:
387:
376:
369:
51:
44:circular rampart
21:
2467:
2466:
2462:
2461:
2460:
2458:
2457:
2456:
2427:
2426:
2425:
2420:
2404:
2396:
2326:
2250:
2194:
2128:
2063:Imperial castle
2036:Coercion castle
2031:Coastal defence
2014:
1976:Promontory fort
1946:Hillside castle
1915:
1831:Fallout shelter
1796:Concertina wire
1776:Border security
1729:
1640:
1349:
982:Coercion castle
970:Cheval de frise
952:Chemin de ronde
800:Albarrana tower
781:
726:Schwedenschanze
703:Promontory fort
530:
525:
478:
446:
441:
440:
424:
420:
414:
398:
397:
393:
388:
379:
370:
366:
361:
336:
195:
127:
84:
47:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2465:
2463:
2455:
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2429:
2428:
2422:
2421:
2419:
2418:
2401:
2398:
2397:
2395:
2394:
2393:
2392:
2382:
2380:Trench warfare
2377:
2375:Tunnel warfare
2372:
2371:
2370:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2334:
2332:
2328:
2327:
2325:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2264:
2258:
2256:
2252:
2251:
2249:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2231:Fortifications
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2202:
2200:
2196:
2195:
2193:
2192:
2187:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2136:
2134:
2130:
2129:
2127:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2083:
2074:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2048:
2043:
2041:Counter-castle
2038:
2033:
2028:
2026:Border barrier
2022:
2020:
2016:
2015:
2013:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1961:Lowland castle
1958:
1953:
1951:Hilltop castle
1948:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1927:
1925:
1921:
1920:
1917:
1916:
1914:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1826:Electric fence
1823:
1818:
1816:Dragon's teeth
1813:
1811:Czech hedgehog
1808:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1737:
1735:
1731:
1730:
1728:
1727:
1725:Wire obstacles
1722:
1713:
1711:Polygonal fort
1708:
1703:
1701:Martello tower
1698:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1666:Border outpost
1663:
1654:
1648:
1646:
1642:
1641:
1639:
1638:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1614:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1566:
1557:
1552:
1542:
1540:Polygonal fort
1537:
1532:
1527:
1518:
1509:
1504:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1437:
1428:
1423:
1418:
1413:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1364:
1362:
1355:
1351:
1350:
1348:
1347:
1342:
1337:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1283:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1151:
1146:
1126:
1121:
1116:
1111:
1106:
1101:
1092:
1083:
1078:
1069:
1064:
1059:
1052:
1047:
1032:
1030:Flanking tower
1027:
1018:
1009:
1004:
999:
997:Counter-castle
994:
989:
984:
979:
974:
965:
956:
947:
938:
933:
928:
923:
918:
913:
908:
903:
898:
893:
884:
879:
870:
861:
856:
851:
846:
841:
836:
831:
826:
821:
816:
807:
802:
797:
791:
789:
787:Post-classical
783:
782:
780:
779:
777:Vitrified fort
774:
762:
753:
744:
735:
730:
721:
716:
710:
705:
700:
695:
690:
681:
676:
667:
662:
657:
652:
647:
642:
637:
635:Defensive wall
632:
627:
622:
617:
612:
603:
594:
585:
576:
567:
558:
549:
544:
538:
536:
532:
531:
528:Fortifications
526:
524:
523:
516:
509:
501:
495:
494:
489:
484:
477:
476:External links
474:
473:
472:
458:
455:Die Fundpflege
445:
442:
439:
438:
418:
412:
391:
377:
363:
362:
360:
357:
356:
355:
349:
343:
335:
332:
331:
330:
320:
310:
307:
297:
290:
287:Winston County
280:
269:
259:
253:
247:
232:
218:
194:
191:
126:
123:
83:
80:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2464:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2434:
2432:
2417:
2416:
2403:
2402:
2399:
2391:
2388:
2387:
2386:
2385:Urban warfare
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2369:
2366:
2365:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2349:
2346:
2344:
2341:
2339:
2338:Civil defense
2336:
2335:
2333:
2329:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2259:
2257:
2253:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2206:Bastion forts
2204:
2203:
2201:
2197:
2191:
2190:Z-plan castle
2188:
2186:
2183:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2160:L-plan castle
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2145:Bridge castle
2143:
2141:
2138:
2137:
2135:
2131:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2114:Refuge castle
2112:
2109:
2108:
2103:
2101:
2098:
2096:
2095:Military base
2093:
2090:
2089:
2084:
2081:
2080:
2075:
2072:
2071:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2058:Hunting lodge
2056:
2054:
2053:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2023:
2021:
2017:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1990:
1989:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1971:Moated castle
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1956:Island castle
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1928:
1926:
1924:By topography
1922:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1896:Submarine pen
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1851:Hesco bastion
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1766:Blast shelter
1764:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1738:
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2408:
2363:Siege engine
2331:Other topics
2255:Related word
2221:Defense line
2185:Tower castle
2149:
2140:Bastion fort
2124:Urban castle
2052:Ganerbenburg
2050:
2005:Water castle
1981:Ridge castle
1966:Marsh castle
1781:Bomb shelter
1761:Belgian gate
1734:20th century
1645:19th century
1583:Retrenchment
1555:Punji sticks
1464:Entrenchment
1459:Device Forts
1426:Counterguard
1361:Early modern
1291:Tower castle
1227:Powder tower
1202:Outer bailey
1114:Inner bailey
1088:Gulyay-gorod
1056:Ganerbenburg
1054:
1050:Fujian tulou
992:Corner tower
931:Chamber gate
901:Bridge tower
749:Trou de loup
614:
461:
454:
426:
421:
403:
394:
372:
367:
277:Bad DĂĽrkheim
240:Rockenhausen
229:Lower Saxony
144:
104:is that the
99:
82:Construction
69:
43:
41:
2262:Castle town
2119:Toll castle
2088:Lustschloss
2070:Kaiserpfalz
2000:Spur castle
1995:Rock castle
1936:Hill castle
1931:Cave castle
1891:Spider hole
1791:Bremer wall
1756:Barbed tape
1652:Barbed wire
1326:Witch tower
1296:Tower house
1286:Toll castle
1272:Shield wall
1192:Murder hole
1081:Guard tower
698:Pincer gate
645:Faussebraye
283:Nanih Waiya
273:Heidenmauer
250:Castle Dore
236:Donnersberg
203:Heidenmauer
171:Switzerland
76:Middle Ages
2431:Categories
2287:Gatekeeper
2107:Ordensburg
2079:Landesburg
1886:Sentry gun
1841:Flak tower
1771:Blast wall
1691:Gun turret
1588:Sally port
1493:Kotta mara
1433:Couvreface
1397:Breastwork
1392:Blockhouse
1370:Abwurfdach
1321:Watchtower
1311:Wall tower
1267:Shell keep
1217:Portcullis
1212:Peel tower
1197:Neck ditch
1156:Landesburg
1104:Half tower
1062:Gate tower
1007:Drawbridge
849:Battlement
765:Wagon fort
608:Chengqiang
444:Literature
359:References
327:Trelleborg
294:Old Basing
211:Aggersborg
106:embankment
2447:Stone Age
2390:Guerrilla
2133:By design
1881:Revetment
1696:Land mine
1627:Star fort
1454:Crownwork
1449:Covertway
1382:Barricade
1023:Embrasure
936:Chartaque
866:Bergfried
824:Arrowslit
650:Gatehouse
620:City gate
581:Castellum
547:Acropolis
306:, Germany
279:, Germany
258:, Denmark
246:, Germany
231:, Germany
217:, Denmark
215:Aggersund
125:Locations
93:ruins in
72:Neolithic
65:hill fort
49:‹See Tfd›
38:, Germany
2415:Category
2405:See also
2292:Loophole
2180:Ringwork
2175:Ringfort
2100:Obstacle
1941:Hillfort
1861:Loophole
1659:Barbette
1634:Tenaille
1617:Sea fort
1547:Presidio
1507:Magazine
1488:Hornwork
1421:Cavalier
1416:Casemate
1409:Caponier
1252:Ringwork
1140:Detinets
1109:Hoarding
1014:Enceinte
889:Bretèche
834:Bartizan
829:Barbican
805:Alcazaba
733:Stockade
713:Ringfort
693:Palisade
665:Landwehr
660:Hillfort
346:Ringwork
340:Ringfort
334:See also
329:, Sweden
304:Saarland
268:, Sweden
119:palisade
57:Ringwall
2322:Vedette
2312:Schloss
2277:Festung
2272:Dungeon
2267:Château
2211:Castles
2019:By role
1876:Pillbox
1706:Outpost
1622:Station
1610:Schanze
1593:Sandbag
1578:Redoubt
1562:Ravelin
1530:Palanka
1514:Orillon
1500:Lunette
1442:Coupure
1387:Bastion
1377:Arsenal
1345:Zwinger
1257:Roundel
1247:Ricetto
1222:Postern
1207:Outwork
1131:Kremlin
1002:Curtain
977:Citadel
961:Chemise
921:Caltrop
839:Bastion
812:Alcázar
708:Rampart
686:Oppidum
679:Nuraghe
625:Crannog
599:Castros
535:Ancient
317:Estonia
262:GrĂĄborg
238:, near
223:, near
213:, near
183:Ukraine
179:Moldova
175:Romania
167:Austria
159:Germany
151:Estonia
147:Denmark
102:rampart
95:Estonia
91:Varbola
74:to the
2317:Trench
2307:Picket
1718:Sangar
1671:Bunker
1603:Sconce
1523:Ostrog
1471:Flèche
1354:Modern
1333:Yagura
1301:Turret
1237:Reduit
1175:Merlon
1119:Kasbah
1097:Gusuku
1074:Glacis
1067:Gabion
1036:church
943:Chashi
926:Castle
770:Laager
758:Vallum
715:(Rath)
590:Castra
572:Burgus
542:Abatis
468:
433:
410:
256:Fyrkat
155:Sweden
61:circle
53:German
2358:Siege
2302:Palas
2246:Walls
2236:Forts
2199:Lists
2046:Fence
1988:Rocca
1856:Kabal
1571:Redan
1478:Gorge
1402:Canal
1279:Shiro
1242:Ribat
1232:Qalat
1044:Dzong
1040:house
740:Sudis
672:Limes
630:Ditch
563:Broch
554:Agger
289:, USA
275:near
266:Ă–land
225:Celle
115:ditch
36:Celle
2368:list
1786:Buoy
1340:Yett
1182:Moat
1149:Ksar
1124:Keep
916:Caer
906:Burh
882:Boom
875:Berm
854:Bawn
819:Amba
655:Gord
466:ISBN
431:ISBN
408:ISBN
271:The
234:The
201:The
181:and
169:and
111:moat
640:Dun
453:in
325:of
113:or
2433::
2407::
1042:,
1038:,
380:^
302:,
242:,
227:,
177:,
161:,
157:,
153:,
149:,
78:.
55::
42:A
1144:)
1136:(
1046:)
773:)
767:(
520:e
513:t
506:v
46:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
