345:. The 5.6 km (3.5 mi) thick Chukotat Group is made of picritic and tholeiitic basalts. These basaltic lavas are intruded by narrow mafic and ultramafic sills. At least three different types of lava compositions exist in the Chukotat Group, including olivine phyric, pyroxene-phyric and plagioclase phyric. The upper unit of the Chukotat Group is 1,870 million years old whereas the lower unit is associated with the Katiniq Suite sills, which cut through the underlying Povungnituk Group. In 1989, the Katiniq Suite sills were thought to be 1,918 million years old, but more recent dating and a reinterpretation of the original age in 2004 suggests that the Katiniq Suite sills are closer to 1,880 million years old. Therefore, the age range for the Chutotat Group is 1,880 to 1,870 million years. Volcanism of the Chukotat Group might have originated from rifting of a microcontinent that now forms the southwestern portion of
37:
285:. The geochemical indication of the Circum-Superior Belt is also poorly known; either it contains major regional differences or it is the same throughout the magmatic zone. With the discovery of the Pickle Crow dike swarm throughout the western Superior craton, the likelihood of other 1,880 million year old dike groups throughout the Superior craton remains. This is partly because several dike zones in the Superior craton remain undated. The relationship of the Circum-Superior Belt with similar age magmatism throughout the nearby Trans-Hudson belt and elsewhere on Earth is also unknown. This includes the 1,860 million year old magmatism of the East Kimberly event in
378:. Geochemical indications suggest that the overlying Flaherty volcanics might also have relationships with the Povungnituk volcano-sedimentary group in the Cape Smith Belt, indicating the Flaherty volcanics might be 2,040 to 1,960 million years old. Sills on the Belcher and Snowy islands in Hudson Bay are dated to 1,870 million years old, indicating the 1,880 million-year-old magmatism also exists in this section of the Circum–Superior large igneous province.
1239:
353:
36:
459:
potential to contain platinum group elements, but the age of the mafic-ultramafic volcanic rocks comprising the nickel deposits are not well known. Since its foundation during the 1950s, numerous mining operations throughout the
Thompson Belt have produced over four billion pounds of nickel. At least two nickel deposits are in progress by
450:
trend of the Pickle Crow dikes and the absolute north-northeastern trend of the Molson dike swarm combine to an area north of the northwestern portion of the Circum-Superior Belt. This might determine the zone of a mantle plume that was the source for the 1,880 million-year-old magmatism in the Circum-Superior Belt.
445:
Circum-Superior Belt. The dike is dated to 1,880 million years old and associated dikes are traced for at least 400 km (250 mi). These dikes likely extend over 700 km (430 mi) across the western portion of the
Superior craton from near the Fox River Belt in the north to near
365:
of southern
Nunavut, two volcanic groups are known as the Flaherty and Eskimo volcanics. The underlying Eskimo volcanics are related with the Richmond Gulf, Persillon, Pachi and Nastapoka Group volcanics. The 1,998 million-year-old Minto dikes are also interpreted to be related with the Eskimo
276:
Because most of the Circum-Superior Belt was formed by widespread mafic-ultramafic magmatism 1,884 to 1,870 million years ago along the
Superior craton margin during these orogenies, a number of different suggestions have been made to explain the questionable origins of this large igneous
268:
event. The New Quebec orogen, also known as the
Labrador Trough, lies at the northeastern portion of the Superior craton and is related to ocean closure and collision with the southeastern portion of the Rae craton. At 1,900 and 1,800 million years ago, an ocean closure and collision with
458:
The Circum-Superior Belt is the host for widespread mineral deposits, including copper, nickel and platinum group elements. However, the origins of this widespread mineralization is unknown. The
Thompson Belt in Manitoba is one of the most comprehensive nickel producing zones on Earth. It has the
449:
in the south. This magmatic crossing creates a relationship with the 1,880 million-year-old magmatism in the northwestern portion of the Circum-Superior Belt and magmatism in the
Marguette Range Supergroup on the southern portion of the Circum-Superior Belt. In addition, the north-northwest
305:
through Quebec and
Labrador, includes two volcano-sedimentary series, the first ranging from 2,170 to 2,140 million years old and second ranging from 1,883 to 1,870 million years old. This magmatism is considered to have formed as a result of back-arc volcanism. The youngest
478:
lies in copper-nickel deposits of the ultramafic
Katiniq Suite sills. The Katiniq Suite sills are also within an area that is presently explored for nickel, copper and platinum group element deposits. Copper, nickel and platinum group elements are associated with mafic-ultramafic rocks in the
356:
Map showing the age of geologic features related to the Circum-Superior Belt. Geologic features include: 1 = Carbonatite feeder, 2 = Montagnais gabbro sills, 3 = rhyodacite, 4 = Chukotat volcanics, 5 = Belcher and
Sleeper Island sills, 6 = Fox River sill, 7 = Molsen dikes, 8 = Thompson belt
444:
Before 2003, all magmatism of the Circum-Superior Belt was thought to only occur along the outer margin of the Superior craton. However, the Pickle Crow dike was discovered in 2003 in the interior of the Superior craton and it has since been recognized as a magmatic event related to the
433:, and lateral flow through the Pickle Crow dikes transported magma from the Fox River Belt area through the Superior craton for placement in the Marquette Range Supergroup. This suggested long-range origin has been suggested for magmatism of the 2,215 million-year-old
41:
Map of cratons, orogenies and the Circum-Superior Belt. Areas associated with the Circum-Superior Belt include: A = New Quebec Orogen, B = Cape Smith Belt, C = Eastern Hudson Bay, D = Thompson region, E = Animikie Basin, F = Western interior of Superior
400:
At the southern portion of the Circum-Superior Belt, a group of fragmental sediments composed of iron formation was formed during a period of magmatic activity in the Marquette Range Supergroup. Included in the Marquette Range Supergroup is the
263:
1,900 to 1,800 million years ago. Massive orogenic belts with a change in horizontal direction are represented by the double promontory structure of the Superior craton that seem to have come from the beginning of a
550:
Minifie, Kerr, Ernst, Hastie, Ciborowski, Desharnais, Millar (2013). "The northern and southern sections of the western ca. 1880 Ma Circum-Superior Large Igneous Province, North America: The Pickle Crow dyke connection?".
269:
the Wisconian arc terrane resulted in the creation of the Penokean orogeny at the southern Superior craton margin. The last collision occurred on the southeastern portion of the Superior craton to produce the
429:. A number of origins have suggested for the Marquette Range Supergroup magmatism. This includes subsidence being driven ahead related to thrusting of the Penokean orogeny or a possible
208:
span. Even though the Circum-Superior Belt was emplaced during an extremely short geological time span, the associated magmas were probably derived from a number of separate sources.
230:
mining districts; the nickel-bearing Thompson Belt at the northwestern portion of the Superior craton and the Cape Smith Belt at the northern portion of the Circum-Superior Belt.
609:
Waterton, Pearson, Kjarsgaard, Hulbert, Locock, Parman, Davis (2017). "Age, Origin, and Thermal Evolution of the ultra-fresh ~1.9 Ga Winnipegosis Komatiites, Manitoba, Canada".
385:
are 1,883 million years old, but the Molsen dikes at the northwestern Superior craton margin intrude an older, 2,090 to 2,070 million-year-old dike swarm. The
471:, nickel of the Thompson Belt is smelted and refined in facilities. This smelting and refining process contributes to about one-third of the total nickel output in Canada.
990:
749:
702:
640:
586:
243:
The Circum-Superior Belt was formed 1,884 to 1,870 million years ago when the Superior craton was surrounded by mountain building processes, including the
277:
province. It is also not clear if the Circum-Superior Belt has a single origin or it has several origins. Suggestions include back-arc rifting, foredeep flexure,
397:
lies to the southwest. Numerous tectonic settings have been suggested for triggering magmatism in the Fox River Belt, including a marginal basin rifting event.
293:. The other questionable suggestion related to the Circum-Superior Belt is the existence of a suggested 1,900 million year old global superplume event.
341:, the Cape Smith Belt includes the 2,040 to 1,970 million-year-old Povungnituk volcano-sedimentary group and the 1,880 million-year-old
1214:
1071:
718:"A fractional crystallisation link between komatiites, basalts, and dunites of the Palaeoproterozoic Winnipegosis Komatiite Belt, Manitoba, Canada"
906:
1076:
983:
1288:
1093:
1041:
1046:
204:. This geologic belt is considered to be a large igneous province because its magmatic rocks were emplaced over an extremely short
1263:
1142:
1098:
1036:
976:
1171:
1127:
1081:
357:
mafic-untramafic magmatism, 9 = Winnipegosis komatiite, 10 = Hemlock formation, 11 = Gunflint formation, 12 = Pickle Crow dike.
1283:
1176:
498:
1278:
1273:
503:
493:
1268:
1199:
1056:
914:
394:
186:
1293:
381:
The Fox River Belt in northern Manitoba is composed of sediments, volcanics and sills. Fox River Belt sills and
334:
volcanics. These igneous rocks of the Labrador Trough cover an area of 30,000 km (12,000 sq mi).
175:
1132:
201:
319:
1147:
1015:
999:
479:
Labrador Trough that were formed during a period of magmatism 1,883 to 1,870 million years ago.
99:
27:
371:
1224:
1219:
1166:
1161:
743:
696:
634:
580:
488:
422:
251:
orogenies. The major Trans-Hudson orogeny had its appearance when the Superior craton collided with the
205:
438:
402:
315:
918:
323:
1154:
674:
614:
560:
244:
948:
386:
342:
1181:
1086:
1031:
952:
426:
78:
382:
468:
414:
375:
352:
1189:
1115:
406:
270:
1185:
1137:
729:
682:
622:
568:
532:
366:
volcanics. The overlying Flaherty volcanics remain undated apart from a lead-lead dating of
248:
96:
83:
907:"Large Igneous Province in Canada Through Time and Their Metallogenic Potential Appendix 1"
467:
mines. At least 70 million pounds of nickel has been mined since 2005. At the city of
314:. 1,883 to 1,874 million-year-old mafic and a few ultramafic magmas comprise the
1105:
1010:
434:
362:
219:
212:
155:
147:
143:
107:
103:
678:
663:"A mantle plume origin for the Palaeoproterozoic Circum-Superior Large Igneous Province"
618:
564:
326:. The youngest magmatism of the youngest magmatic series is 1,870 million-year-old
1243:
1209:
1066:
1026:
464:
430:
282:
197:
193:
171:
115:
111:
536:
1257:
446:
346:
338:
256:
167:
159:
687:
662:
1238:
1204:
1194:
1120:
1110:
1061:
278:
626:
572:
192:
A number of magmatic features are present in the Circum-Superior Belt, including
882:
734:
717:
475:
421:. Further geologic units that are related to the Gunflint Formation include the
331:
311:
307:
179:
370:. However, the Flaherty volcanics are suggested to have relationships with the
178:
in its southern portion. The Circum Superior Belt also hosts a rare example of
302:
252:
163:
151:
1019:
460:
286:
182:
523:
Baragar, Scoates. "The Circum-Superior Belt: A Proterozoic plate margin?".
968:
413:. Another volcanic series in the Marquette Range Supergroup, known as the
135:
119:
51:
216:
127:
123:
118:. It extends more than 3,400 km (2,100 mi) from northeastern
59:
55:
289:
and 1,860 million year old magmatism of the Mashonaland event in
327:
301:
The 1,600 km (990 mi) long Labrador Trough, extending from
290:
260:
227:
223:
131:
63:
306:
magmatic series (1883-1870 Ma) contains 1,880 million-year-old
351:
139:
265:
972:
211:
Most of the Circum-Superior Belt lies along the margin of the
716:
Waterton, Pearson, Mertzman, Mertzman, Kjarsgaard (2020).
661:
Ciborowski, Minifie, Kerr, Ernst, Baragar, Millar (2017).
441:
could have transported magma to the Nipissing sills area.
222:
on Earth. The Circum-Superior Belt contains two large
337:
To the northwest at the northern tip of Quebec near
77:
69:
47:
18:
138:. Igneous rocks of the Circum-Superior Belt are
474:In the Cape Smith Belt of northern Quebec, the
984:
8:
748:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
701:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
639:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
585:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
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215:, which is the most extensive fragment of
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801:
799:
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789:
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200:and volcanics that comprise geologic
68:
7:
943:
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939:
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650:
604:
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598:
596:
409:that is estimated to have an age of
393:and the 1,864 million-year-old
525:Developments in Precambrian Geology
14:
883:"Ca. 1880 Ma Circum-Superior LIP"
146:in composition, deposited in the
1237:
35:
688:10.1016/j.precamres.2017.03.001
174:belts in the northwest and the
162:and along the eastern shore of
499:Volcanology of Northern Canada
273:1,100 million years ago.
1:
1072:Ethiopian and Yemen Highlands
537:10.1016/S0166-2635(08)70017-3
504:Volcanology of Western Canada
494:Volcanology of Eastern Canada
391:1974 +/- 50 million years old
166:in its northern portion; the
917:. 2008-09-24. Archived from
627:10.1016/j.lithos.2016.10.033
573:10.1016/j.lithos.2012.03.017
419:1878.3 +/- 1.3 million years
915:Geological Survey of Canada
395:Winnipegosis komatiite belt
187:Winnipegosis komatiite belt
158:near the southern shore of
1310:
1289:Paleoproterozoic volcanism
911:Mineral Deposits of Canada
368:1,960 +/- 80 million years
176:Marquette Range Supergroup
1233:
1006:
735:10.1093/petrology/egaa052
34:
25:
411:1874 +/- 9 million years
1264:Large igneous provinces
1000:Large igneous provinces
1016:Northeast Georgia Rise
949:"Thompson Nickel Belt"
407:bimodal volcanic group
358:
100:large igneous province
28:Large igneous province
1284:Volcanism of Manitoba
489:Volcanology of Canada
355:
281:and the breakup of a
122:through northwestern
1279:Volcanism of Nunavut
1274:Volcanism of Ontario
1155:Mackenzie dike swarm
722:Journal of Petrology
667:Precambrian Research
613:. 268–271: 114–130.
463:at the Thompson and
93:Circum-Superior Belt
20:Circum-Superior Belt
1269:Volcanism of Quebec
1200:Paraná and Etendeka
1087:Franklin dike swarm
1077:Equatorial Atlantic
1032:Brazilian Highlands
953:Crowflight Minerals
679:2017PreR..294..189C
619:2017Litho.268..114W
565:2013Litho.174..217M
437:as well, which the
1244:Geology portal
885:. Ernst, Richard E
423:Badwater volcanics
415:Gunflint Formation
359:
1251:
1250:
439:Ungava dike swarm
403:Hemlock Formation
297:Geologic features
271:Grenville orogeny
247:, New Quebec and
134:and into western
89:
88:
1301:
1294:Economic geology
1242:
1241:
1157:
1150:
1148:Coppermine River
1123:
1101:
1089:
1042:Central Atlantic
1022:
993:
986:
979:
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963:
962:
960:
959:
945:
930:
929:
927:
926:
903:
894:
893:
891:
890:
879:
754:
753:
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707:
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658:
645:
644:
638:
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606:
591:
590:
584:
576:
547:
541:
540:
520:
420:
417:, has an age of
412:
392:
389:is younger than
369:
324:Montagnais sills
97:Paleoproterozoic
95:is a widespread
84:Paleoproterozoic
39:
16:
1309:
1308:
1304:
1303:
1302:
1300:
1299:
1298:
1254:
1253:
1252:
1247:
1236:
1229:
1153:
1146:
1119:
1097:
1085:
1052:Circum-Superior
1047:Central Iapetus
1014:
1002:
997:
967:
966:
957:
955:
947:
946:
933:
924:
922:
905:
904:
897:
888:
886:
881:
880:
757:
740:
715:
714:
710:
693:
660:
659:
648:
631:
608:
607:
594:
577:
549:
548:
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522:
521:
517:
512:
485:
456:
435:Nipissing sills
418:
410:
390:
367:
363:Belcher Islands
322:formations and
299:
241:
236:
213:Superior Craton
206:geological time
156:Cape Smith Belt
148:Labrador Trough
104:Canadian Shield
73:Canadian Shield
43:
30:
21:
12:
11:
5:
1307:
1305:
1297:
1296:
1291:
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1256:
1255:
1249:
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1234:
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1228:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1179:
1174:
1172:North Atlantic
1169:
1164:
1159:
1151:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1099:Sverdrup Basin
1091:
1079:
1074:
1069:
1064:
1059:
1057:Columbia River
1054:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1029:
1024:
1007:
1004:
1003:
998:
996:
995:
988:
981:
973:
965:
964:
931:
895:
755:
708:
646:
592:
542:
514:
513:
511:
508:
507:
506:
501:
496:
491:
484:
481:
455:
454:Mineralization
452:
431:back-arc basin
387:Ospwagan Group
343:Chukotat Group
298:
295:
283:microcontinent
240:
237:
235:
232:
116:Eastern Canada
87:
86:
81:
75:
74:
71:
67:
66:
49:
45:
44:
40:
32:
31:
26:
23:
22:
19:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1306:
1295:
1292:
1290:
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1129:
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975:
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954:
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944:
942:
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938:
936:
932:
921:on 2011-06-04
920:
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884:
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477:
472:
470:
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453:
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447:Lake Superior
442:
440:
436:
432:
428:
427:Kiernan sills
424:
416:
408:
404:
398:
396:
388:
384:
379:
377:
373:
372:Sutton Inlier
364:
354:
350:
348:
347:Baffin Island
344:
340:
339:Hudson Strait
335:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
309:
304:
296:
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279:mantle plumes
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160:Hudson Strait
157:
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85:
82:
80:
72:
65:
61:
57:
53:
50:
38:
29:
24:
17:
1235:
1121:Broken Ridge
1111:Karoo-Ferrar
1051:
956:. Retrieved
923:. Retrieved
919:the original
910:
887:. Retrieved
744:cite journal
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670:
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635:cite journal
610:
581:cite journal
556:
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545:
528:
524:
518:
473:
457:
443:
399:
383:Molsen dikes
380:
360:
336:
332:carbonatitic
312:lamprophyres
308:carbonatites
300:
275:
245:Trans-Hudson
242:
210:
191:
130:to northern
92:
90:
1182:Ontong Java
1094:High Arctic
673:: 189–213.
559:: 217–235.
531:: 297–330.
476:Raglan Mine
320:Hellancourt
180:Proterozoic
126:, southern
1258:Categories
1167:Mistassini
1162:Matachewan
1138:Long Range
1133:Keweenawan
958:2010-01-10
925:2010-01-10
889:2010-01-10
510:References
376:Haig sills
303:Ungava Bay
202:formations
164:Hudson Bay
152:Ungava Bay
144:ultramafic
1215:Skagerrak
1190:Hikurangi
1143:Mackenzie
1116:Kerguelen
1037:Caribbean
1020:Maud Rise
465:Birchtree
461:Vale Inco
287:Australia
259:and Sask
239:Formation
185:, in the
183:Komatiite
172:Fox River
1225:Winagami
1210:Siberian
1186:Manihiki
1128:Marathon
1082:Franklin
1067:Emeishan
483:See also
469:Thompson
425:and the
249:Penokean
168:Thompson
136:Labrador
120:Manitoba
108:Northern
52:Manitoba
48:Location
1205:Shatsky
1177:Ongeluk
1106:Iceland
1011:Agulhas
675:Bibcode
615:Bibcode
561:Bibcode
361:On the
316:Willbob
266:rifting
261:cratons
234:Geology
217:Archean
128:Nunavut
124:Ontario
112:Western
102:in the
70:Part of
60:Nunavut
56:Ontario
42:craton.
1220:Ungava
1195:Panjal
1062:Deccan
1027:Azores
611:Lithos
553:Lithos
328:felsic
291:Africa
257:Hearne
228:nickel
224:copper
154:, the
132:Quebec
64:Quebec
728:(5).
220:crust
198:sills
194:dikes
150:near
140:mafic
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703:link
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587:link
405:, a
374:and
330:and
318:and
310:and
170:and
114:and
91:The
730:doi
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253:Rae
106:of
79:Age
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