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used more commonly today as they provide higher levels of interaural attenuation, introduce less variability when testing 6,000 and 8,000 Hz, and avoid testing issues resulting from collapsed ear canals. A commonly used model of insert earphone is the
Etymotic Research ER-3A. Circum-aural earphones are also used to establish hearing thresholds in the extended high frequency range (8,000 Hz to 20,000 kHz). Along with Etymotic Research ER-2A insert earphones, the Sennheiser HDA300 and Koss HV/1A circum-aural earphones are the only models that have reference equivalent threshold sound pressure level values for the extended high frequency range as described by
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Pioneer, their two models used a flat sheet of film that limited the maximum volume of air movement. Currently, TakeT produces a piezoelectric film headphone shaped similarly to an AMT transducer but, which like the
Precide driver, has a variation in the size of transducer folds over the diaphragm. It additionally incorporates a two way design by its inclusion of a dedicated tweeter/supertweeter panel. The folded shape of a diaphragm allows a transducer with a larger surface area to fit within smaller space constraints. This increases the total volume of air that can be moved on each excursion of the transducer given that radiating area.
1881:, especially in loud places such as subway stations, aircraft, and large crowds. Extended periods of exposure to high sound pressure levels created by headphones at high volume settings may be damaging to hearing; Nearly 50% of teenagers and young adults (12 to 35 years old) in middle and high income countries listen to unsafe levels of sound on their personal audio devices and smartphones. However, one hearing expert found in 2012 (before the worldwide adoption of smartphones as the main personal listening devices) that "fewer than 5% of users select volume levels and listen frequently enough to risk hearing loss."
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Original electrets were also typically cheaper and lower in technical capability and fidelity than electrostatics. Patent applications from 2009 to 2013 have been approved that show by using different materials, i.e. a "Fluorinated cyclic olefin electret film", Frequency response chart readings can reach 50 kHz at 100 db. When these new improved electrets are combined with a traditional dome headphone driver, headphones can be produced that are recognised by the Japan Audio
Society as worthy of joining the Hi Res Audio program. US patents 8,559,660 B2. 7,732,547 B2.7,879,446 B2.7,498,699 B2.
1360:. Headsets provide the equivalent functionality of a telephone handset with hands-free operation. Among applications for headsets, besides telephone use, are aviation, theatre or television studio intercom systems, and console or PC gaming. Headsets are made with either a single-earpiece (mono) or a double-earpiece (mono to both ears or stereo). The microphone arm of headsets is either an external microphone type where the microphone is held in front of the user's mouth, or a voicetube type where the microphone is housed in the earpiece and speech reaches it by means of a hollow tube.
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467:, with either single-ended or balanced armatures. The common single-ended type used voice coils wound around the poles of a permanent magnet, which were positioned close to a flexible steel diaphragm. The audio current through the coils varied the magnetic field of the magnet, exerting a varying force on the diaphragm, causing it to vibrate, creating sound waves. The requirement for high sensitivity meant that no damping was used, so the frequency response of the diaphragm had large peaks due to resonance, resulting in poor
1730:. Magnetostriction headphones though, are limited in their fidelity compared to conventional headphones that rely on the normal workings of the ear. Additionally, in the mid-1980s, a French company called Audio Reference tried to market the Plasmasonic plasma headphone invented by Henri Bondar. There are no known functioning examples left. Due to the small volume of air in a headphone, the plasma or ionic transducer can become a full range driver although the high temperatures and voltages needed makes them very rare.
810:, and undistorted sound, an amplifier should have an output impedance less than 1/8 that of the headphones it is driving (and ideally, as low as possible). If output impedance is large compared to the impedance of the headphones, significantly higher distortion is present. Therefore, lower impedance headphones tend to be louder and more efficient, but also demand a more capable amplifier. Higher impedance headphones are more tolerant of amplifier limitations, but produce less volume for a given output level.
1951:) recommends sound exposure not exceed 85 dB(A) over 8 hour work day as a time-weighted average. NIOSH uses the 3-dB exchange rate often referred to as "time-intensity tradeoff" which means if sound exposure level is increased by 3 decibels, the duration of exposure should be cut in half. NIOSH published several documents targeted at protecting the hearing of workers who must wear communication headsets such as call center operators, firefighters, and musicians and sound engineers.
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1127:) have circular or ellipsoid earpads that encompass the ears. Because these headphones completely surround the ear, circumaural headphones can be designed to fully seal against the head to attenuate external noise. Because of their size, circumaural headphones can be heavy and there are some sets that weigh over 500 grams (1 lb). Ergonomic headband and earpad design is required to reduce discomfort resulting from weight. These are commonly used by drummers in recording.
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source, usually a battery, to drive their circuitry. Active noise cancelling headphones can attenuate ambient noise by 20 dB or more, but the active circuitry is mainly effective on constant sounds and at lower frequencies, rather than sharp sounds and voices. Some noise cancelling headphones are designed mainly to reduce low-frequency engine and travel noise in aircraft, trains, and automobiles, and are less effective in environments with other types of noise.
798:(typically measured at 1 kHz). Low-impedance headphones are in the range 16 to 32 ohms and high-impedance headphones are about 100-600 ohms. As the impedance of a pair of headphones increases, more voltage (at a given current) is required to drive it, and the loudness of the headphones for a given voltage decreases. In recent years, impedance of newer headphones has generally decreased to accommodate lower voltages available on battery powered
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1271:, ceramic and other metal alloys. Because in-ear headphones engage the ear canal, they can be prone to sliding out, and they block out much environmental noise. Lack of sound from the environment can be a problem when sound is a necessary cue for safety or other reasons, as when walking, driving, or riding near or in vehicular traffic. Some in-ear headphones utilize built-in microphones to allow some outside sound to be heard when desired.
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and earbud headphones provide some passive noise isolation, but much less than the others. Typical closed-back headphones block 8 to 12 dB, and in-ears anywhere from 10 to 15 dB. Some models have been specifically designed for drummers to facilitate the drummer monitoring the recorded sound while reducing sound directly from the drums as much as possible. Such headphones claim to reduce ambient noise by around 25 dB.
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1766:. They can also provide a level of sound fidelity greater than loudspeakers of similar cost. Part of their ability to do so comes from the lack of any need to perform room correction treatments with headphones. High-quality headphones can have an extremely flat low-frequency response down to 20 Hz within 3 dB. While a loudspeaker must use a relatively large (often 15" or 18")
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that the low-midband distortion level is maintained to the top of the audible frequency band, which is generally not the case with moving coil drivers. Also, the frequency response peakiness regularly seen in the high-frequency region with moving coil drivers is absent. Well-designed electrostatic headphones can produce significantly better sound quality than other types.
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a continuously changing electrical signal driving the membrane, a sound wave is generated. Electrostatic headphones are usually more expensive than moving-coil ones, and are comparatively uncommon. In addition, a special amplifier is required to amplify the signal to deflect the membrane, which often requires electrical potentials in the range of 100 to 1,000 volts.
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University. The as-produced CNT thin yarn earphone has a working element called CNT thin yarn thermoacoustic chip. Such a chip is composed of a layer of CNT thin yarn array supported by the silicon wafer, and periodic grooves with certain depth are made on the wafer by micro-fabrication methods to suppress the heat leakage from the CNT yarn to the substrate.
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452:. In 1910 he invented a prototype telephone headset due to his inability to hear sermons during Sunday service. He offered it for testing to the navy, which promptly ordered 100 of them because of their good quality. Wireless Specialty Apparatus Co., in partnership with Baldwin Radio Company, set up a manufacturing facility in Utah to fulfill orders.
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1924:. The contact dermatitis would be caused by in-ear headphones that contain gold, rubber, dyes, acrylates, or methacrylates. However, there have been no studies done to prove that exposure to in-ear headphones will cause contact dermatitis, rather that there is a correlation between in-ear headphone use and contact dermatitis cases.
383:. The device created a listening system through the phone lines that allowed the customer to connect into live feeds of performances at theaters and opera houses across London. Subscribers to the service could listen to the performance through a pair of massive earphones that connected below the chin and were held by a long rod.
429:, were using two jointly head-mounted telephone receivers to hear the signal of the receiving circuit. The two head-mounted telephone receivers were called in the singular form "head telephones". By 1908 the headpiece began to be written simply as "head phones", and a year later the compound word "headphones" began to be used.
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89 dB(A) for 5 hours per week and so on. Most major manufactures of smartphones now include some safety or volume limiting features and warning messaging in their devices. though such practices have received mixed response from some segments of the buying who favor the personal choice of setting their own volume levels.
1793:, there is subjective debate regarding the nature of their reproduction of stereo sound. Stereo recordings represent the position of horizontal depth cues (stereo separation) via volume and phase differences of the sound in question between the two channels. When the sounds from two speakers mix, they create the
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membrane, suspended between two perforated metal plates (electrodes). The electrical sound signal is applied to the electrodes creating an electrical field; depending on the polarity of this field, the diaphragm is drawn towards one of the plates. Air is forced through the perforations; combined with
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On some models both audio streams are transmitted to one earphone which forwards one stream to the other earphone. On other models each earphone receives its audio stream directly from the source device. The former arrangement has the advantage of being compatible with legacy systems while the latter
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standard EN 50332-1:2013 recommends that volumes above 85 dB(A) include a warning, with an absolute maximum volume (defined using 40–4,000 Hz noise) of no more than 100 dB to avoid accidental hearing damage. Using this standard, headphones with sensitivities of 90, 100 and 110 dB
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circuit and carried dangerous voltages. It was normally connected directly to the positive high voltage battery terminal, and the other battery terminal was securely grounded. The use of bare electrical connections meant that users could be shocked if they touched the bare headphone connections while
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The design is not mechanically stable; a slight imbalance makes the armature stick to one pole of the magnet. A fairly stiff restoring force is required to hold the armature in the 'balance' position. Although this reduces its efficiency, this design can still produce more sound from less power than
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driver functions along the same electromechanical means as an electrostatic driver. However, the electret driver has a permanent charge built into it, whereas electrostatics have the charge applied to the driver by an external generator. Electret and electrostatic headphones are relatively uncommon.
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Today they are typically used only in in-ear headphones and hearing aids, where their high efficiency and diminutive size is a major advantage. They generally are limited at the extremes of the hearing spectrum (e.g. below 20 Hz and above 16 kHz) and require a better seal than other types
1210:, facing but not inserted in the ear canal. Earphones are portable and convenient, but many people consider them uncomfortable. They provide hardly any acoustic isolation and leave room for ambient noise to seep in; users may turn up the volume dangerously high to compensate, at the risk of causing
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during the 1980s. This type of headphone generally tends to be smaller and lighter than circumaural headphones, resulting in less attenuation of outside noise. Supra-aural headphones can also lead to discomfort due to the pressure on the ear as compared to circumaural headphones that sit around the
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The transmitter is placed on an upright rod at his right and the receiver is held constantly at his ear by means of a steel band passed over the head which band serves also as the magnet of the telephone He is therefore always in readiness to receive an order without the necessity of a preliminary
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A balanced armature is a sound transducer design primarily intended to increase the electrical efficiency of the element by eliminating the stress on the diaphragm characteristic of many other magnetic transducer systems. As shown schematically in the left diagram, it consists of a moving magnetic
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A planar magnetic driver consists of a relatively large membrane that contains an embedded wire pattern. This membrane is suspended between two sets of permanent, oppositely aligned, magnets. A current passed through the wires embedded in the membrane produces a magnetic field that reacts with the
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Passive noise isolation is essentially using the body of the earphone, either over or in the ear, as a passive earplug that simply blocks out sound. The headphone types that provide most attenuation are in-ear canal headphones and closed-back headphones, both circumaural and supra aural. Open-back
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The impedance of headphones is of concern because of the output limitations of amplifiers. A modern pair of headphones is driven by an amplifier, with lower impedance headphones presenting a larger load. Amplifiers are not ideal; they also have some output impedance that limits the amount of power
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Due to the extremely thin and light diaphragm membrane, often only a few micrometers thick, and the complete absence of moving metalwork, the frequency response of electrostatic headphones usually extends well above the audible limit of approximately 20 kHz. The high-frequency response means
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Supra-aural style headphones are historically the most commonly used in audiology as they are the easiest to calibrate and were considered the standard for many years. Commonly used models are the
Telephonics Dynamic Headphone (TDH) 39, TDH-49, and TDH-50. In-the-ear or insert style earphones are
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use a microphone, amplifier, and speaker to pick up, amplify, and play ambient noise in phase-reversed form; this to some extent cancels out unwanted noise from the environment without affecting the desired sound source, which is not picked up and reversed by the microphone. They require a power
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Communication headsets are used for two-way communication and typically consist of a headphone and attached microphone. Such headsets are used in a variety of professions as aviation, military, sports, music, and many service-oriented sectors. They come in all shapes and sizes, depending on use,
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The thermoacoustic effect generates sound from the audio frequency Joule heating of the conductor, an effect that is not magnetic and does not vibrate the speaker. In 2013 a carbon nanotube thin-yarn earphone based on the thermoacoustic mechanism was demonstrated by a research group in
Tsinghua
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They have a design that can be considered as a compromise between open-back headphones and closed-back headphones. Some believe the term "semi-open" is purely there for marketing purposes. There is no exact definition for the term semi-open headphone. Where the open-back approach has hardly any
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have also set a similar limit for users of personal listening devices (80 dB(A) for no more than 40 hours per week) and for each additional increase of 3-dB in sound exposure, the duration should be cut in half (83 dB(A) for no more than 20 hours, 86 dB(A) for 10 hours per week,
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headphone was marketed by ESS Laboratories and was essentially an ESS AMT tweeter from one of the company's speakers being driven at full range. Since the turn of the century, only
Precide of Switzerland have manufactured an AMT headphone. Piezoelectric film headphones were first developed by
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at this time was also selling headpieces for telephone operators which had two earpieces, although placed outside the ear. These headpieces by
Siemens Brothers looked fairly similar to modern headphones. The majority of headgear used by telephone operators continued to have only one earpiece.
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The usual way of limiting sound volume on devices driving headphones is by limiting output power. This has the additional undesirable effect of being dependent of the efficiency of the headphones; a device producing the maximum allowed power may not produce adequate volume when paired with
372:. The receiver was mounted on the head by a clamp which held it next to the ear. The head mount freed the switchboard operator's hands, so that they could easily connect the wires of the telephone callers and receivers. The head-mounted telephone receiver in the singular form was called a
817:. In contrast, modern transistor amplifiers can have very low output impedance, enabling lower-impedance headphones. Unfortunately, this means that older audio amplifiers or stereos often produce poor-quality output on some modern, low-impedance headphones. In this case, an external
1282:, or foam. Such plugs in lower-end devices may be interchangeable, which increases the risk of them falling off and getting lodged in the ear canal. Custom in-ear headphones use castings of the ear canal to create custom-molded plugs that provide added comfort and noise isolation.
680:. The larger 6.35 mm connector is more common on fixed location home or professional equipment. The 3.5 mm connector remains the most widely used connector for portable application today. Adapters are available for converting between 6.35 mm and 3.5 mm devices.
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measure to block sound at the outer side of the diaphragm and the closed-back approach really has a closed chamber at the outer side of the diaphragm, a semi-open headphone can have a chamber to partially block sound while letting some sound through via openings or vents.
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Some studies have found that people are more likely to raise volumes to unsafe levels while performing strenuous exercise. A Finnish study recommended that exercisers should set their headphone volumes to half of their normal loudness and only use them for half an hour.
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of drivers to deliver their full potential. Higher-end models may employ multiple armature drivers, dividing the frequency ranges between them using a passive crossover network. A few combine an armature driver with a small moving-coil driver for increased bass output.
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French engineer Ernest
Mercadier in 1891 patented a set of in-ear headphones. He was awarded U.S. Patent No. 454,138 for "improvements in telephone-receivers...which shall be light enough to be carried while in use on the head of the operator." The German company
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846:(dB (SPL) / V). Unfortunately, both definitions are widely used, often interchangeably. As the output voltage (but not power) of a headphone amplifier is essentially constant for most common headphones, dB/mW is often more useful if converted into dB/V using
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Once the sensitivity per volt is known, the maximum volume for a pair of headphones can be easily calculated from the maximum amplifier output voltage. For example, for a headphone with a sensitivity of 100 dB (SPL)/V, an amplifier with an output of 1
1517:, a light coil of wire, is suspended in the magnetic field of the magnet, attached to a diaphragm, typically fabricated from lightweight, high-stiffness-to-mass-ratio cellulose, polymer, carbon material, paper or the like. When the varying current of an
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is passed through the coil, it creates a varying magnetic field that reacts against the static magnetic field, exerting a varying force on the coil causing it and the attached diaphragm to vibrate. The vibrating diaphragm pushes on the air to produce
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for the microphone as well as the loudspeakers. Most models of telephone amplifiers offer volume control for loudspeaker as well as microphone, mute function and switching between headset and handset. Telephone amplifiers are powered by batteries or
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that is intended to mimic the transfer function of the outer ear. Because specific headphones are used in the initial audiometer calibration process, they cannot be replaced with any other set of headphones, even from the same make and model.
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armature that is pivoted so it can move in the field of the permanent magnet. When precisely centered in the magnetic field there is no net force on the armature, hence the term 'balanced'. As illustrated in the right diagram, when there is
1812:. They can produce a surprisingly lifelike spatial impression through headphones. Commercial recordings almost always use stereo recording, rather than binaural, because loudspeaker listening is more common than headphone listening.
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while monitoring their own voice. In studio recordings, musicians and singers use headphones to play or sing along to a backing track or band. In military applications, audio signals of many varieties are monitored using headphones.
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in 1909. They were also makers of head receivers for telephone operators and normal telephone receivers for the home. Another early manufacturer of headphones was
Nathaniel Baldwin. He was the first major supplier of headsets to the
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Headphones having the back of the earcups open. This leaks more sound out of the headphone and also lets more ambient sounds into the headphone, but gives a more natural or speaker-like sound, due to including sounds from the
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is different from that of the original handset, requiring a telephone amplifier for the telephone headset. A telephone amplifier provides basic pin-alignment similar to a telephone headset adaptor, but it also offers sound
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Sensitivity is a measure of how effectively an earpiece converts an incoming electrical signal into an audible sound. It thus indicates how loud the headphones are for a given electrical drive level. It can be measured in
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Electrostatic headphones require a voltage source generating 100 V to over 1 kV, and are on the user's head. Since the invention of insulators, there is no actual danger. They do not need to deliver significant
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802:-based portable electronics. This has resulted in headphones that can be more efficiently driven by battery-powered electronics. Consequently, newer amplifiers are based on designs with relatively low output impedance.
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Marketed claims such as 'frequency response 4 Hz to 20 kHz' are usually overstatements; the product's response at frequencies lower than 20 Hz is typically very small. Headphones are also useful for
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Listening in --. Keep the head phones on the head and at end of every sentence throw up listening key with fingers or thumb of right hand to assure yourself that the other party hears you clearly and answers
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Closed-back (or sealed) styles have the back of the earcups closed. They usually block some of the ambient noise. Closed-back headphones usually can produce stronger low frequencies than open-back headphones.
545:, which is the most commonly used in portable application today, has been used at least since the Sony EFM-117J transistor radio, which was released in 1964. Its popularity was reinforced with its use on the
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difference the brain uses to locate direction. Through most headphones, because the right and left channels do not combine in this manner, the illusion of the phantom center can be perceived as lost. Hard
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A custom in-ear monitor which uses 8 balanced armatures in a triple crossover configuration (4 low/2 mid/2 high). Headphone designs often use multiple balanced armatures to provide a higher fidelity sound.
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317:, beginning in the 1980s, headphones started to be used in public places such as sidewalks, grocery stores, and public transit. Headphones are also used by people in various professional contexts, such as
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It is possible to change the spatial effects of stereo sound on headphones, to better approximate the presentation of speaker reproduction, by using frequency-dependent cross-feed between the channels.
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that use 3D positional audio processing algorithms, as they allow players to better judge the position of an off-screen sound source (such as the footsteps of an opponent or their gunfire).
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724:, which splits the audio signal to share with another participant, but can also be used to hear audio from two inputs simultaneously. An external audio splitter can retrofit this ability.
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537:. The most popular audio device in history, the transistor radio changed listening habits, allowing people to listen to radio anywhere. The earbud uses either a moving iron driver or a
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to reproduce low frequencies, headphones can accurately reproduce bass and sub-bass frequencies with speaker drivers only 40-50 millimeters wide (or much smaller, as is the case with
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Modern wireless or cordless earphones have no cord connecting the two earphones to the source device or to each other; they receive audio by means of a wireless technology such as
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headphones). Headphones' impressive low-frequency performance is possible because they are so much closer to the ear that they only need to move relatively small volumes of air.
483:. Those used with early wireless radio had more turns of finer wire to increase sensitivity. Impedance of 1,000 to 2,000 ohms was common, which suited both crystal sets and
1028:(SPL)/V should be driven by an amplifier capable of no more than 3.162, 1.0 and 0.3162 RMS volts at maximum volume setting, respectively to reduce the risk of hearing damage.
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Planar magnetic (also known as orthodynamic) headphones use similar technology to electrostatic headphones, with some fundamental differences. They operate similarly to
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Unwanted sound from the environment can be reduced by excluding sound from the ear by passive noise isolation, or, often in conjunction with isolation, by active
191:. Circumaural (around the ear) and supra-aural (over the ear) headphones use a band over the top of the head to hold the drivers in place. Another type, known as
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Upper right image: A New York City central office in the '80s, showing "beehive" as well as early desk type switchboards, and both young women and boy operators
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Headphones exhibit a range of different audio reproduction quality capabilities. Headsets designed for telephone use typically cannot reproduce sound with the
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744:. Specific models of headphones have been adopted as the standard due to the ease of calibration and ability to compare results between testing facilities.
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Referring to the illustrations on page 251, A is the switchboard, B is the inclined shelf usually employed in upright switchboards and C is the headphone.
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Other than hearing risk, there is a general danger that listening to loud music in headphones can distract the listener and lead to injury and accidents.
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Headphone size can affect the balance between fidelity and portability. Generally, headphone form factors can be divided into four separate categories:
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Even the flimsiest, cheap headphones routinely boast extremely low bass-response performance—15 or 20Hz—but almost always sound lightweight and bright.
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etc. to headphones. Used for example to compensate a built-in volume limit in smartphones, the higher volume levels could, however, lead to ear damage.
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and headphones must be calibrated together. During the calibration process, the output signal from the audiometer to the headphones is measured with a
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1218:, earphones have commonly been bundled with personal music devices. They are sold at times with foam or rubber pads for comfort. (The use of the term
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1095:, offering longer battery life and complete transmission on left and right channels, avoiding possible source signal omission if only one is worn.
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As active component, wireless headphones tend to be costlier due to the necessity for internal hardware such as a battery, a charging controller, a
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Lichenstein, R; Smith, DC; Ambrose, JL; Moody, LA (October 2012). "Headphone use and pedestrian injury and death in the United States: 2004-2011".
2733:. Hutchison, Thomas L., Schulz, Theresa Y., Council for Accreditation in Occupational Hearing Conservation. (Fifth ed.). Milwaukee, WI. 2014.
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commonly called an RJ-9 connector. Headsets are also available with 2.5 mm jack sockets for many DECT phones and other applications. Cordless
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use a different microphone technique to encode direction directly as phase, with very little amplitude difference below 2 kHz, often using a
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Hearing risk from headphones' use also applies to workers who must wear electronic or communication headsets as part of their daily job (i.e.,
1668:. Some of these achieved astonishing electro-acoustic conversion efficiencies, in the range of 20% to 40%, for narrow bandwidth voice signals.
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headphones, which typically wrap around the back of the head and rest in front of the ear canal, leaving the ear canal open. In the context of
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Yang Wei; Xiaoyang Lin; Kaili Jiang; Peng Liu; Qunqing Li; Shoushan Fan (2013). "Thermoacoustic Chips with Carbon
Nanotube Thin Yarn Arrays".
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609:. These are battery-powered receiver systems, of which the headphone is only a component. Cordless headphones are used with events such as a
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element affixed to the frame of the headphone, which sets up a static magnetic field. The magnet in headphones is typically composed of
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Various types of specially designed headphones or earphones are also used to evaluate the status of the auditory system in the field of
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993:{\displaystyle \mathrm {dB(SPL)} /\mathrm {V} =\mathrm {dB(SPL)} /\mathrm {mW} -10\cdot \log _{10}{\frac {\mathrm {Impedance} }{1000}}}
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2790:. Katz, Jack, Chasin, Marshall, English, Kristina M., 1951-, Hood, Linda J., Tillery, Kim L. (Seventh ed.). Philadelphia. 2015.
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Historically, many headphones had relatively high impedance, often over 500 ohms so they could operate well with high-impedance
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connectivity to receive the audio signal by radio waves from source devices like cellphones and digital players. As a result of the
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low-efficiency, high-impedance equipment, while the same amount of power can reach dangerous levels with very efficient earphones.
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any other. Popularized in the 1920s as Baldwin Mica Diaphragm radio headphones, balanced armature transducers were refined during
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Pairing high-sensitivity headphones with power amplifiers can produce dangerously high volumes and damage headphones. The maximum
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1222:, which has been around since at least 1984, did not hit its peak until after 2001, with the success of Apple's MP3 player.)
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level is a matter of preference, with some sources recommending no higher than 110 to 120 dB. In contrast, the American
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the armature one way or the other, causing it to rotate slightly one way or the other about the pivot thus moving the
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1947:, etc.) and hearing damage depends on the exposure time. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (
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Wired headphones make a direct electrical connection to the source device using a cable, typically connected with a
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recently published "Guidelines for safe listening devices/systems" recommended that sound exposure not exceed 80
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arrangement has the advantage of causing less power drain in the earphone that has to forward one audio stream.
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The sensitivity of headphones is usually between about 80 and 125 dB/mW and usually measured at 1 kHz.
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Airo, Erkko; J. Pekkarinen; P. Olkinuora. "Listening to music with earphones: an assessment of noise exposure,"
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For the first week she does nothing but attach her headphone to an experienced operator's position and listen.
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add extra risk. Several countries and states have made it illegal to wear headphones while driving or cycling.
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1084:. In historical usage, 'wireless' referred to a connection to a radio receiver, which was known as a wireless.
455:
270:, to keep their hands free. Initially, the audio quality was mediocre and a step forward was the invention of
175:
to a corresponding sound. Headphones let a single user listen to an audio source privately, in contrast to a
4164:
3491:
3180:
1665:
677:
542:
414:
306:
95:
55:
3340:, Henri Bondar, "Process and device for converting a periodic LF electric voltage into sound waves"
3099:
2640:
2333:
1704:
1696:
1214:. On the other hand, they let the user be better aware of their surroundings. Since the early days of the
663:
Wired headphones are attached to an audio source by a cable. The most common connectors are 6.35 mm (
4023:
3046:"Output Levels of Commercially Available Portable Compact Disc Players and the Potential Risk to Hearing"
2602:
4816:
4422:
4336:
2194:
1722:. This is particularly helpful in situations where the ears must be unobstructed, or for people who are
1641:
235:
3337:
2837:
2153:
Bell's Electric Speaking Telephone: Its Invention, Construction, Application, Modification, and History
655:
use a pair of headphones when talking to the microphone while the speakers are turned off to eliminate
77:
3380:
4821:
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4528:
4174:
4149:
3964:
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1965:
1809:
1407:
795:
703:, whereas wired headphones are a passive component, outsourcing speaker driving to the audio source.
598:
574:
472:
365:
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267:
3923:
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1403:
workers. They are also used by anyone wishing to hold telephone conversations with both hands free.
1180:
4796:
4247:
3022:
2478:
1975:
1023:
recommends an average SPL of no more than 85 dB(A) to avoid long-term hearing loss, while the
818:
558:
464:
410:
399:
3951:
McGinnity, Siobhan; Beach, Elizabeth Francis; Cowan, Robert S. C.; Mulder, Johannes (2020-10-22).
3569:
2707:
2566:
2171:
1293:
Both circumaural and supra-aural headphones can be further differentiated by the type of earcups:
1135:
471:. These early models lacked padding, and were often uncomfortable to wear for long periods. Their
4831:
4614:
4417:
4232:
4227:
4133:
3996:
3821:
3766:
3706:
3411:
3181:"WF-1000XM3 | Help Guide | Listening to ambient sound during music playback (Ambient Sound Mode)"
3073:
2986:
2813:
2756:
2506:
2498:
2461:
1917:
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636:
525:
Smaller earbud type earpieces, which plugged into the user's ear canal, were first developed for
402:
369:
243:
161:
1150:
have pads that press against the ears, rather than around them. They were commonly bundled with
345:
2172:"The Telephone Problem in the World's Largest Metropolitan Area: A Summary of Past and Present"
4801:
4485:
4369:
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3988:
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2416:
2397:
2379:
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2234:
2151:
2043:
1675:
The earliest loudspeakers for radio receivers used balanced armature drivers for their cones.
1267:
The outer shells of in-ear headphones are made up of a variety of materials, such as plastic,
786:
may be readily applied to headphones, because most headphones are small dynamic loudspeakers.
759:
656:
620:
570:
422:
208:
179:, which emits sound into the open air for anyone nearby to hear. Headphones are also known as
172:
2927:
2356:
2215:
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4558:
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4442:
4412:
4257:
4217:
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1878:
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1556:
1542:
Electrostatic drivers consist of a thin, electrically charged diaphragm, typically a coated
1510:
1506:
1396:
1215:
1005:
771:
721:
538:
530:
388:
1738:
740:, identifying other hearing related disease, and monitoring hearing status in occupational
337:
employees. The latter two types of employees use headphones with an integrated microphone.
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4609:
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4455:
4184:
4179:
3390:
1960:
1799:
1727:
1719:
1340:
1151:
814:
499:
488:
439:
telephone operator head receiver, wireless operator receiver, and telephone receiver, 1909
322:
212:
204:
3156:
1588:
field of the permanent magnets to induce movement in the membrane, which produces sound.
3968:
3785:
3730:
3292:
3204:
1785:
Although modern headphones have been particularly widely sold and used for listening to
1651:
379:
By the 1890s a listening device with two earpieces was developed by the British company
102:
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4629:
4624:
4619:
4579:
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4128:
1980:
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1700:
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1231:
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835:
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763:
716:
Wired headphones may be equipped with a non-detachable cable or a detachable auxiliary
707:
696:
648:
376:. These head-mounted phone receivers, unlike modern headphones, only had one earpiece.
318:
314:
309:
for plugging the headphones into the audio source. Some headphones are wireless, using
4030:
3468:
1428:
720:
plug, as well as some with two ports to allow connecting another wired headphone in a
4790:
4757:
4726:
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4123:
4000:
3839:
3825:
3770:
3356:
3061:
2510:
2112:"It's True: Apple Will Drop Headphone Jack To Make The iPhone 7 Slimmer, Says Source"
2089:
2013:
1794:
1637:
1372:
710:
688:
515:
468:
444:
436:
426:
278:
4035:
3710:
3441:
3381:
United States Department of Labor. Occupational Safety & Health Administration.
3255:
A History of Engineering and Science in the Bell System: The early years (1875-1925)
3077:
1489:
1368:
1252:, are small headphones with similar portability to earbuds that are inserted in the
4500:
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4402:
4295:
4265:
4222:
4144:
3694:
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1661:
1518:
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of a telephone. Headsets for standard corded telephones are fitted with a standard
1345:
737:
610:
582:
534:
526:
507:
239:
184:
3976:
3521:
1240:
In-ear monitors extend into the ear canal, providing isolation from outside noise.
847:
425:
of the wireless receiving circuit. By 1902 wireless telegraph innovators, such as
3801:
2708:"How To Use Two Or More Headphones On PC or Mac (Wired/Bluetooth) - Headphonesty"
589:
headphones are not connected to their source by a cable. Instead, they receive a
417:. Some early wireless telegraph developers chose to use the telephone receiver's
4741:
4736:
4695:
4680:
4604:
4589:
4548:
4505:
4321:
3729:
Hayakawa, Michitaro; Suzuki, Chihiro; Zhu, Yingyao; Anzai, Hidemi (April 2022).
2446:
My headphones are of the single pole type wound to the resistance of 3,000 ohms.
1985:
1944:
1937:
1832:
1824:
1581:
1498:
1452:
1400:
700:
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566:
495:
443:
One of the earliest companies to make headphones for wireless operators was the
418:
334:
330:
176:
44:
1692:
Transducer technologies employed much less commonly for headphones include the
1091:
Connection between the two earphones also being wireless may be referred to as
4731:
4721:
4538:
4290:
4159:
2541:
2260:
Illustrated Electrical Review: A Journal of Scientific and Electrical Progress
1890:
1779:
1751:
1693:
1523:
1514:
1478:
1417:
1380:
1357:
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755:
624:
614:
578:
562:
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282:
216:
168:
3984:
3936:
3908:
3880:
3809:
3754:
2949:
2805:
2748:
2578:
1559:, which further limits the electrical hazard to the wearer in case of fault.
356:
Headphones grew out of the need to free up a person's hands when operating a
4351:
4270:
3786:"Allergic Contact Dermatitis to (Meth)Acrylates in Apple AirPods Headphones"
2942:"BS EN 50332 tests for headphones and earphones with portable music players"
2479:"Nathaniel Baldwin, Utah inventor and patron of the fundamentalist movement"
2287:. Vol. II. Library Publishing Company. October 1903. pp. 390–401.
1820:
1412:
1392:
1279:
1253:
1207:
1081:
767:
733:
602:
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476:
357:
310:
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231:
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200:
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3702:
3308:
3069:
1236:
762:
to ensure that the signal is accurate to the reading on the audiometer for
17:
4018:
2785:
2728:
2404:. Vol. 29. Electrical Age Publishing Company. July 1902. p. 181.
1399:. Headsets are widely used for telephone-intensive jobs, in particular by
1108:
683:
266:. The first headphones were developed in the late 19th century for use by
4543:
4520:
4510:
4450:
4237:
3874:. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. September 2011.
1970:
1874:
1866:
1568:
1275:
1268:
1261:
644:
594:
586:
487:
receivers. Some very sensitive headphones, such as those manufactured by
263:
251:
4043:
2502:
1699:(AMT); Piezoelectric film; Ribbon planar magnetic; Magnetostriction and
149:
4639:
4384:
3731:"Allergic contact dermatitis to gold in the parts of in-ear headphones"
1921:
1886:
1790:
1763:
1759:
1758:
Headphones can prevent other people from hearing the sound, either for
1384:
1009:
831:
546:
449:
3746:
3300:
2061:"Headphones : The Ultimate buying guide - Hi-fidelity headphones"
2494:
2306:
Collection of historical scientific instruments -- Harvard University
2266:. Electrical Review Publishing Company: 251, 254. November 21, 1894.
2217:
The Telephone System of the British Post Office: A Practical Handbook
1718:, work by vibrating against the side of head, transmitting sound via
1502:
484:
3930:. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. June 2015.
3846:. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. June 1998.
2159:
call or signal and both his hands are left free to fill the orders.
1618:
1206:
Earphones are very small headphones that are fitted directly in the
597:
signal encoded using a radio or infrared transmission link, such as
409:
Modern headphones subsequently evolved out of the emerging field of
4048:
3902:. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. May 2013.
2323:
2321:
1606:
1112:
Circumaural headphones have large pads that surround the outer ear.
533:, which commercially appeared in 1954 with the introduction of the
333:
up the next song without the audience hearing, aircraft pilots and
4705:
4675:
3840:"Occupational noise exposure; criteria for a recommended standard"
2386:. Vol. 4. Telephone Publishing Corporation. pp. 279–288.
1948:
1853:
1745:
1737:
1650:
1645:
1534:
1533:
1488:
1451:
1437:
required noise attenuation, and fidelity of communication needed.
1427:
1367:
1344:
1256:
itself. IEMs are higher-quality in-ear headphones and are used by
1235:
1134:
1107:
682:
619:
606:
590:
454:
431:
394:
344:
271:
227:
148:
140:
3868:"Reducing Noise Hazards for Call & Dispatch Center Operators"
1802:
sounds are also heard only in one ear rather than from one side.
1383:
telephone system. A telephone headset functions by replacing the
806:
they can provide. To ensure an even frequency response, adequate
352:
with a single head-mounted telephone-receiver ("headphone"), 1898
4475:
2632:
1723:
1388:
843:
839:
799:
585:), as long as these devices are equipped with a headphone jack.
259:
4052:
3545:
2527:
History of Communications Electronics in the United States Navy
405:
with two head-mounted telephone-receivers, ("headphones"), 1906
4242:
480:
38:
3784:
Chan, Justin; Rabi, Sina; Adler, Brandon L. (November 2021).
1762:
or to prevent disturbing others, as in listening in a public
3522:"H.870 : Guidelines for safe listening devices/systems"
4584:
2444:. Vol. II. Modern electrics publication. p. 102.
652:
326:
2987:"An Introduction to True Wireless Stereo (TWS) Technology"
2398:"The De Forest Wireless Telegraph Station at Coney Island"
736:
for establishing hearing thresholds, medically diagnosing
3492:"Five Myths in Assessing the Effects of Noise on Hearing"
3205:"Lightspeed Aviation 30 3G Discontinued Aviation Headset"
2466:. McGraw-Hill Publishing Company. April 1909. p. 10.
1823:
benefits over traditional telephone handsets. They allow
1750:
A micro audio amplifier for boosting the output power of
199:, consists of individual units that plug into the user's
3924:"Reducing the risk of hearing disorders among musicians"
3015:"Custom-Made Headphones: Listen Up Before It's Too Late"
2355:
Preece, Sir William Henry; Stubbs, Arthur James (1893).
1726:
for reasons that do not affect the nervous apparatus of
1274:
Generic or custom-fitting ear canal plugs are made from
164:
worn on or around the head over a user's ears. They are
2683:
Description of 3.5mm earphone jack in described model:
2090:"The Ultimate Headphones Buying Guide - Audio Inspects"
1406:
For older models of telephones, the headset microphone
494:
In early powered radios, the headphone was part of the
222:
Headphones connect to a signal source such as an audio
842:(dB (SPL)/mW) or decibels of sound pressure level per
491:
around 1919, were commonly used for early radio work.
3130:. The Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents.
1877:. The headphone volume often has to compete with the
859:
285:. Headphones that use cables typically have either a
2838:"ANSI/ASA S3.6-2018 - Specification for Audiometers"
2530:. U.S. Government Printing Office. pp. 148–149.
1612:
Armature balanced and exerting no force on diaphragm
4714:
4648:
4572:
4519:
4441:
4383:
4360:
4314:
4256:
4198:
4114:
4086:
3957:
Archives of Environmental & Occupational Health
3594:"Can Loud Noise during Exercise Damage my Hearing?"
2380:"Review of wireless telegraph engineering practice"
1920:due to exposure to in-ear headphones such as Apple
281:of expensive units designed for music listening by
69:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
3953:"The hearing health of live-music sound engineers"
3044:Fligor, Brian J.; Cox, L. Clarke (December 2004).
1624:Armature torqued and exerting a force on diaphragm
1155:ear. Comfort may vary due to the earcup material.
992:
784:Electrical characteristics of dynamic loudspeakers
639:sector, headphones are used in live situations by
2964:"Understanding Earphone/Headphone Specifications"
1456:In-ears are among those good for noise isolation.
1285:Some wireless earphones include a charging case.
651:for monitoring signal sources. In radio studios,
1742:Sony MDR-7506 headphones in stowed configuration
2633:"Founded 1958 - World's First SP/3 Stereophone"
1168:"Earphone" redirects here. For other uses, see
770:. Calibration is done with the earphones in an
479:and telephone work had an impedance of 75
3231:"How Balanced Armature Receivers/Drivers Work"
2421:. United States Naval Institute. p. 927.
2134:"Rewind: How the Walkman changed the world..."
1893:dB(A) for a maximum of 40 hours per week. The
4064:
3896:"Promoting Hearing Health among Firefighters"
2256:"Polk's Busy Test For Telephone Switchboards"
2241:. Vol. XII. November 1898. p. 194.
2239:Electrical Engineering and Telephone Magazine
1021:Occupational Safety and Health Administration
8:
3465:"1.1 billion people at risk of hearing loss"
2920:"Understanding Headphone Power Requirements"
2235:"Some new Bell type switchboard accessories"
1395:headsets are available, and often used with
541:to produce sound. The 3.5 mm radio and
27:Device placed near the ears that plays sound
4691:Professional Lighting and Sound Association
3157:"Use Ambient sound on your Samsung earbuds"
3008:
3006:
3004:
2596:
2594:
1714:headphones, sometimes sold under the label
368:began to use head apparatuses to mount the
4281:Comparison of analog and digital recording
4071:
4057:
4049:
2818:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2761:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2603:"Now hear this: the history of headphones"
1835:or tilt their head sideways to cradle it.
1493:A typical moving-coil headphone transducer
1012:produces a maximum volume of 100 dB.
794:Headphones are available with high or low
3935:
3907:
3879:
3851:
3463:World Health Organization (15 Mar 2018).
2926:. Northwestern University. Archived from
2542:"Great Falls Tribune 03 Jan 1930, page 7"
1916:There have also been numerous reports of
1883:The International Telecommunication Union
1356:A headset is a headphone combined with a
1139:A pair of supra-aural (on-ear) headphones
956:
954:
945:
924:
919:
896:
888:
883:
860:
858:
706:Some headphone cords are equipped with a
250:, either directly using a cord, or using
129:Learn how and when to remove this message
3119:
3117:
2361:. Whittaker and Company. pp. 55–58.
2184:American Telephone and Telegraph Company
1865:Using headphones at a sufficiently high
1481:to convert electrical signals to sound.
1349:A typical example of a headset used for
522:, produced the first stereo headphones.
3652:"Deaf to Danger: The Perils of Earbuds"
2463:Electrical Construction and Maintenance
2002:
1869:level may cause temporary or permanent
557:Headphones may be used with stationary
3615:
3502:from the original on 24 September 2012
3137:from the original on 15 September 2017
2811:
2754:
2643:from the original on 13 September 2017
2613:from the original on 13 September 2017
2415:Bullard, William Hannum Grubb (1908).
2192:
4752:New Interfaces for Musical Expression
3724:
3722:
3720:
3662:from the original on 14 December 2013
3125:"Headphones as a Driving Distraction"
2899:from the original on 10 February 2013
2780:
2778:
2776:
2456:
2454:
2370:
2368:
415:beginning stage of radio broadcasting
7:
3604:from the original on 9 November 2014
2687:"Vintage Sony 1960'S EFM-117J Radio"
2378:, Archie Frederick (December 1902).
2020:from the original on 19 January 2014
2008:
2006:
728:Applications for audiometric testing
503:adjusting an uncomfortable headset.
459:Brandes radio headphones, circa 1920
215:is a combination of a headphone and
67:adding citations to reliable sources
1858:Product testing - headphones in an
3650:Greenfield, Paige (25 June 2011).
3404:"Causes of Hearing Loss in Adults"
2565:Heffernan, Virginia (2011-01-07).
2150:Prescott, George Bartlett (1884).
981:
978:
975:
972:
969:
966:
963:
960:
957:
928:
925:
912:
909:
906:
900:
897:
889:
876:
873:
870:
864:
861:
321:mixing sound for live concerts or
25:
4827:Audiovisual introductions in 1910
4301:Reel-to-reel audio tape recording
3367:from the original on 2011-08-20.
2887:"The "0-Ohm" Headphone Amplifier"
2601:Smith, Caspar (30 October 2011).
2329:"A Partial History of Headphones"
2110:Sullivan, Mark (7 January 2016).
1538:Electrostatic loudspeaker diagram
1244:In-ear headphones, also known as
4770:
4029:
4017:
3383:Computer Workstation. Checklist.
3241:from the original on 2015-09-14.
3110:from the original on 2017-02-02.
3062:10.1097/00003446-200412000-00001
2997:from the original on 2024-01-18.
2673:from the original on 2016-02-05.
2436:McCaskey, E. L. (May 22, 1909).
2281:"Behind the scenes at "Central""
2220:. Page & Pratt. p. 85.
2122:from the original on 2016-08-29.
1617:
1605:
1477:Headphones use various types of
1379:Telephone headsets connect to a
1190:
1179:
43:
4286:Experimental musical instrument
2948:. 2 August 2018. Archived from
2214:Herbert, Thomas Ernest (1898).
2071:from the original on 2016-03-07
1831:without needing to hand-hold a
1200:Earphones sit in the outer ear.
687:Headphone cord with integrated
529:. They became widely used with
360:. By the 1880s, soon after the
54:needs additional citations for
3695:10.1136/injuryprev-2011-040161
3640:, pp. 82, 885–894. (1996)
3326:. FR. March 1984. p. 100.
3098:Engber, Daniel (16 May 2014).
2787:Handbook of clinical audiology
2302:"Head Clamp Receiver (c.1883)"
1928:Occupational health and safety
915:
903:
879:
867:
549:portable tape player in 1979.
1:
4471:Electronic musical instrument
4034:The dictionary definition of
3977:10.1080/19338244.2020.1828241
3229:Hertsens, Tyll (2014-12-15).
2418:Naval Electricians' Text Book
1688:Other transducer technologies
742:hearing conservation programs
573:, or portable devices (e.g.,
248:electronic musical instrument
4777:Record production portal
4666:Institute of Broadcast Sound
3802:10.1097/DER.0000000000000735
3434:"Noise-Induced Hearing Loss"
2985:Telink Staff (19 Aug 2020).
2156:. D. Appleton. p. 137.
1599:Balanced armature transducer
1582:planar magnetic loudspeakers
463:These early headphones used
4686:Musical Electronics Library
3574:Samsung Electronics America
3161:Samsung Electronics America
3104:The New York Times Magazine
3013:Ha, Peter (26 April 2010).
2730:Hearing conservation manual
2706:Arce, Nicole (2020-07-22).
2524:Howeth, Linwood S. (1963).
1991:Noise-cancelling headphones
1911:Noise-cancelling headphones
1466:noise-cancelling headphones
627:HD 555 headphones, used in
475:varied; headphones used in
32:Headphones (disambiguation)
4848:
4433:Sound reinforcement system
4342:Sound reinforcement system
3393:Accessed February 2, 2009.
1842:
1827:agents to maintain better
1375:Cordless bluetooth headset
1338:
1229:
1167:
1093:true wireless stereo (TWS)
779:Electrical characteristics
362:invention of the telephone
29:
4766:
4656:Audio Engineering Society
4554:Software effect processor
4534:Digital audio workstation
4375:Digital signal processing
4139:Digital audio workstation
2483:Utah Historical Quarterly
2285:The Book Lover's Magazine
1789:since the release of the
1679:Thermoacoustic technology
1170:Earphone (disambiguation)
4747:Professional audio store
4649:People and organizations
4635:Sound recording engineer
3937:10.26616/NIOSHPUB2015184
3909:10.26616/NIOSHPUB2013142
3881:10.26616/NIOSHPUB2011210
3622:: CS1 maint: location (
3324:La Nouvelle Revue Du Son
1940:and dispatch operators,
1845:Automatic volume limiter
1734:Benefits and limitations
1666:sound powered telephones
1264:as well as audiophiles.
421:as the detector for the
329:, who use headphones to
4165:Microphone preamplifier
3357:"How to buy headphones"
3100:"Who Made That Earbud?"
2970:. Shure. Archived from
2477:Singer, Merril (1979).
2176:Bell Telephone Magazine
1441:Ambient noise reduction
4106:Electronic and digital
3853:10.26616/NIOSHPUB98126
3638:Acustica–Acta Acustica
3252:Joel, Amos E. (1975).
3209:lightspeedaviation.com
2199:: CS1 maint: others (
1862:
1755:
1743:
1697:Air Motion Transformer
1656:
1539:
1494:
1457:
1433:
1424:Communication headsets
1376:
1353:
1246:in-ear monitors (IEMs)
1241:
1159:Ear-fitting headphones
1144:Supra-aural headphones
1140:
1117:Circumaural headphones
1113:
1041:circumaural (over-ear)
994:
692:
676:inch) and 3.5 mm
632:
460:
440:
406:
353:
295:inch (6.4 mm) or
154:
146:
2822:) CS1 maint: others (
2765:) CS1 maint: others (
2667:Sony official website
2358:A Manual of Telephony
2186:: 248. October 1934.
2182:. Prelinger Library.
1857:
1749:
1741:
1654:
1636:through the coil, it
1537:
1492:
1473:Transducer technology
1455:
1431:
1371:
1348:
1239:
1138:
1111:
995:
686:
623:
539:piezoelectric crystal
458:
445:Holtzer-Cabot Company
435:
398:
366:switchboard operators
348:
268:switchboard operators
236:portable media player
152:
145:Headphones on a stand
144:
4812:Consumer electronics
4564:Software synthesizer
4529:Digital audio editor
4315:Playback transducers
4175:Multitrack recording
4026:at Wikimedia Commons
3570:"Limit Media Volume"
3471:on February 27, 2015
3258:. The Laboratories.
2991:Telink Semiconductor
2663:"Sony history 1960s"
2567:"Against Headphones"
1966:Digital audio player
1664:for use in military
1289:Open- or closed-back
1121:full size headphones
1045:supra-aural (on-ear)
857:
713:for volume control.
575:digital audio player
400:Wireless telegrapher
160:are a pair of small
63:improve this article
30:For other uses, see
3969:2021ArEOH..76..301M
3546:"Sound and Hearing"
3414:on 13 December 2010
3293:2013NanoL..13.4795W
2968:Shure Customer Help
1976:Headphone amplifier
1806:Binaural recordings
1125:over-ear headphones
821:may be beneficial.
819:headphone amplifier
631:environments (2007)
465:moving iron drivers
411:wireless telegraphy
305:inch (3.2 mm)
254:technology such as
203:. A third type are
171:, which convert an
162:loudspeaker drivers
153:Wireless headphones
4615:Re-recording mixer
4418:Keyboard amplifier
4134:Binaural recording
3735:Contact Dermatitis
3490:William W. Clark.
3389:2009-02-02 at the
3185:helpguide.sony.net
2571:The New York Times
1918:contact dermatitis
1871:hearing impairment
1863:
1819:Headsets can have
1756:
1744:
1657:
1540:
1499:moving coil driver
1495:
1458:
1447:noise cancellation
1434:
1377:
1364:Telephone headsets
1354:
1242:
1141:
1119:(sometimes called
1114:
990:
693:
691:for volume control
637:professional audio
633:
571:personal computers
461:
441:
407:
370:telephone receiver
354:
350:Telephone operator
244:video game console
155:
147:
4807:Audio engineering
4784:
4783:
4590:Guitar technician
4486:Music workstation
4370:Digital recording
4347:Speaker enclosure
4266:8-track cartridge
4208:Phonograph record
4022:Media related to
3747:10.1111/cod.14036
3683:Injury Prevention
3301:10.1021/nl402408j
3025:on 17 August 2013
2993:(Press release).
2842:webstore.ansi.org
2797:978-1-4511-9163-9
2740:978-0-9863038-0-7
2038:Stanley R. Alten
1850:Dangers and risks
1839:Health and safety
1787:stereo recordings
1592:Balanced armature
1397:mobile telephones
1226:In-ear headphones
1148:on-ear headphones
988:
760:sound level meter
699:, and a wireless
657:acoustic feedback
531:transistor radios
423:electrical signal
209:telecommunication
173:electrical signal
139:
138:
131:
113:
16:(Redirected from
4839:
4775:
4774:
4773:
4661:Goji Electronics
4600:Monitor engineer
4559:Software sampler
4466:Electronic drums
4443:Electronic music
4413:Guitar amplifier
4258:Analog recording
4218:Compact cassette
4180:Music production
4088:Music technology
4080:Music technology
4073:
4066:
4059:
4050:
4033:
4021:
4005:
4004:
3948:
3942:
3941:
3939:
3920:
3914:
3913:
3911:
3892:
3886:
3885:
3883:
3864:
3858:
3857:
3855:
3836:
3830:
3829:
3796:(6): e111–e112.
3781:
3775:
3774:
3726:
3715:
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3678:
3672:
3671:
3669:
3667:
3647:
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3532:
3518:
3512:
3511:
3509:
3507:
3487:
3481:
3480:
3478:
3476:
3467:. Archived from
3460:
3454:
3453:
3451:
3449:
3440:. Archived from
3430:
3424:
3423:
3421:
3419:
3410:. Archived from
3400:
3394:
3378:
3372:
3371:
3353:
3347:
3346:
3345:
3341:
3334:
3328:
3327:
3319:
3313:
3312:
3287:(10): 4795–801.
3276:
3270:
3269:
3249:
3243:
3242:
3226:
3220:
3219:
3217:
3215:
3201:
3195:
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3192:
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3177:
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3153:
3147:
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3142:
3136:
3129:
3121:
3112:
3111:
3095:
3089:
3088:
3086:
3084:
3041:
3035:
3034:
3032:
3030:
3021:. Archived from
3010:
2999:
2998:
2982:
2976:
2975:
2960:
2954:
2953:
2938:
2932:
2931:
2915:
2909:
2908:
2906:
2904:
2898:
2891:
2882:
2876:
2875:
2873:
2872:
2862:"ISO 389-2:1994"
2858:
2852:
2851:
2849:
2848:
2834:
2828:
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2817:
2809:
2782:
2771:
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2562:
2556:
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2538:
2532:
2531:
2521:
2515:
2514:
2495:10.2307/45060660
2474:
2468:
2467:
2458:
2449:
2448:
2442:Modern Electrics
2438:"Correspondence"
2433:
2427:
2426:
2412:
2406:
2405:
2394:
2388:
2387:
2372:
2363:
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2352:
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2100:
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2097:
2086:
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2079:
2077:
2076:
2057:
2051:
2036:
2030:
2029:
2027:
2025:
2010:
1879:background noise
1860:anechoic chamber
1712:Magnetostriction
1634:electric current
1621:
1609:
1557:electric current
1432:Aviation headset
1327:
1326:
1314:
1313:
1301:
1300:
1216:transistor radio
1194:
1183:
1152:personal stereos
1006:root mean square
999:
997:
996:
991:
989:
984:
955:
950:
949:
931:
923:
918:
892:
887:
882:
772:acoustic coupler
722:parallel circuit
678:phone connectors
675:
672:
671:
667:
629:audio production
413:, which was the
389:Siemens Brothers
323:sound recordings
304:
303:
299:
294:
293:
289:
134:
127:
123:
120:
114:
112:
71:
47:
39:
21:
4847:
4846:
4842:
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4838:
4837:
4836:
4787:
4786:
4785:
4780:
4771:
4769:
4762:
4710:
4644:
4610:Record producer
4595:Mixing engineer
4568:
4515:
4481:MIDI controller
4456:Circuit bending
4437:
4379:
4356:
4332:Monitor speaker
4310:
4252:
4200:Recording media
4194:
4185:Music sequencer
4170:Monitor speaker
4116:Sound recording
4110:
4082:
4077:
4014:
4009:
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3950:
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3922:
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3783:
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3675:
3665:
3663:
3649:
3648:
3644:
3635:
3631:
3614:
3607:
3605:
3598:Healthy Hearing
3592:
3591:
3587:
3578:
3576:
3568:
3567:
3563:
3554:
3552:
3544:
3543:
3539:
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3515:
3505:
3503:
3496:AudiologyOnline
3489:
3488:
3484:
3474:
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3462:
3461:
3457:
3447:
3445:
3432:
3431:
3427:
3417:
3415:
3402:
3401:
3397:
3391:Wayback Machine
3379:
3375:
3355:
3354:
3350:
3343:
3336:
3335:
3331:
3322:"Plasmasonic".
3321:
3320:
3316:
3278:
3277:
3273:
3266:
3251:
3250:
3246:
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3140:
3138:
3134:
3127:
3123:
3122:
3115:
3097:
3096:
3092:
3082:
3080:
3050:Ear and Hearing
3043:
3042:
3038:
3028:
3026:
3012:
3011:
3002:
2984:
2983:
2979:
2962:
2961:
2957:
2946:ISVR Consulting
2940:
2939:
2935:
2917:
2916:
2912:
2902:
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2896:
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2884:
2883:
2879:
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2798:
2784:
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2741:
2727:
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2523:
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2518:
2476:
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2459:
2452:
2435:
2434:
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2414:
2413:
2409:
2396:
2395:
2391:
2374:
2373:
2366:
2354:
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2340:
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2327:
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2319:
2310:
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2300:
2299:
2295:
2279:
2278:
2274:
2254:
2253:
2249:
2233:
2232:
2228:
2213:
2212:
2208:
2191:
2170:
2169:
2165:
2149:
2148:
2144:
2139:. 15 July 2009.
2132:
2131:
2127:
2109:
2108:
2104:
2095:
2093:
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2083:
2074:
2072:
2059:
2058:
2054:
2037:
2033:
2023:
2021:
2012:
2011:
2004:
1999:
1961:Bone conduction
1957:
1942:sound engineers
1930:
1852:
1847:
1841:
1736:
1720:bone conduction
1701:Plasma or Ionic
1690:
1681:
1629:
1628:
1627:
1626:
1625:
1622:
1614:
1613:
1610:
1601:
1600:
1594:
1578:
1576:Planar magnetic
1565:
1532:
1487:
1475:
1443:
1426:
1366:
1343:
1341:Headset (audio)
1337:
1324:
1323:
1311:
1310:
1298:
1297:
1291:
1258:audio engineers
1234:
1228:
1204:
1203:
1202:
1201:
1197:
1196:
1195:
1186:
1185:
1184:
1173:
1166:
1161:
1133:
1106:
1101:
1078:
1066:
1061:
1037:
941:
855:
854:
838:level per milli
827:
815:tube amplifiers
792:
781:
730:
673:
669:
665:
664:
649:sound engineers
555:
543:phone connector
343:
319:audio engineers
301:
297:
296:
291:
287:
286:
205:bone conduction
166:electroacoustic
135:
124:
118:
115:
72:
70:
60:
48:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4845:
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4799:
4789:
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4763:
4761:
4760:
4755:
4749:
4744:
4739:
4734:
4729:
4724:
4718:
4716:
4715:Related topics
4712:
4711:
4709:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4693:
4688:
4683:
4678:
4673:
4671:Lejaren Hiller
4668:
4663:
4658:
4652:
4650:
4646:
4645:
4643:
4642:
4637:
4632:
4630:Sound operator
4627:
4625:Sound follower
4622:
4620:Sound designer
4617:
4612:
4607:
4602:
4597:
4592:
4587:
4582:
4580:Audio engineer
4576:
4574:
4570:
4569:
4567:
4566:
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4556:
4551:
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4439:
4438:
4436:
4435:
4430:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4398:Bass amplifier
4395:
4393:Mixing console
4389:
4387:
4381:
4380:
4378:
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4372:
4366:
4364:
4358:
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4129:Mixing console
4126:
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4112:
4111:
4109:
4108:
4103:
4098:
4092:
4090:
4084:
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4061:
4053:
4047:
4046:
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4027:
4013:
4012:External links
4010:
4007:
4006:
3963:(6): 301–312.
3943:
3915:
3887:
3859:
3831:
3776:
3741:(4): 328–330.
3716:
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3172:
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3113:
3090:
3036:
3000:
2977:
2974:on 2016-06-18.
2955:
2952:on 2018-08-21.
2933:
2930:on 2011-06-08.
2918:Bohn, Dennis.
2910:
2877:
2853:
2829:
2796:
2772:
2739:
2720:
2698:
2676:
2654:
2624:
2590:
2557:
2546:Newspapers.com
2533:
2516:
2469:
2450:
2428:
2407:
2402:Electrical Age
2389:
2364:
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2125:
2102:
2081:
2052:
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2001:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1994:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1981:In-ear monitor
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1956:
1953:
1945:, firefighters
1929:
1926:
1895:European Union
1851:
1848:
1840:
1837:
1772:in-ear monitor
1768:speaker driver
1735:
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1339:Main article:
1336:
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1232:In-ear monitor
1230:Main article:
1227:
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1070:headphone jack
1065:
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1036:
1035:Specifications
1033:
1025:European Union
1017:sound pressure
1001:
1000:
987:
983:
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869:
866:
863:
836:sound pressure
826:
823:
808:damping factor
791:
788:
780:
777:
764:sound pressure
729:
726:
697:speaker driver
554:
551:
342:
339:
315:Walkman effect
137:
136:
51:
49:
42:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
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6:
4:
3:
2:
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4759:
4758:Vehicle audio
4756:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4727:High fidelity
4725:
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4717:
4713:
4707:
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4694:
4692:
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4363:
4362:Digital audio
4359:
4353:
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4348:
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4343:
4340:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4323:
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4313:
4307:
4306:Tape recorder
4304:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4276:Cassette deck
4274:
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4264:
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4213:Magnetic tape
4211:
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4201:
4197:
4191:
4190:Outboard gear
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4137:
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4127:
4125:
4124:Audio channel
4122:
4121:
4119:
4117:
4113:
4107:
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4099:
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4045:
4042:
4040:at Wiktionary
4039:
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3732:
3725:
3723:
3721:
3717:
3712:
3708:
3704:
3700:
3696:
3692:
3689:(5): 287–90.
3688:
3684:
3677:
3674:
3661:
3657:
3653:
3646:
3643:
3639:
3633:
3630:
3625:
3619:
3603:
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3470:
3466:
3459:
3456:
3444:on 9 May 2016
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3306:
3302:
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3267:
3265:9780608080666
3261:
3257:
3256:
3248:
3245:
3240:
3236:
3235:InnerFidelity
3232:
3225:
3222:
3210:
3206:
3200:
3197:
3186:
3182:
3176:
3173:
3162:
3158:
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3133:
3126:
3120:
3118:
3114:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3094:
3091:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3056:(6): 513–27.
3055:
3051:
3047:
3040:
3037:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3009:
3007:
3005:
3001:
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2091:
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2070:
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2065:StereoCompare
2062:
2056:
2053:
2049:
2048:0-495-91356-1
2045:
2042:Cengage 2011
2041:
2035:
2032:
2019:
2015:
2009:
2007:
2003:
1996:
1992:
1989:
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1583:
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1536:
1530:Electrostatic
1529:
1527:
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1508:
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1491:
1484:
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1414:
1413:amplification
1409:
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1398:
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1390:
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1382:
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1373:Sony Ericsson
1370:
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745:
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739:
735:
727:
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723:
719:
714:
712:
711:potentiometer
709:
704:
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698:
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689:potentiometer
685:
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536:
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528:
523:
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516:jazz musician
513:
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497:
492:
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486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
469:sound quality
466:
457:
453:
451:
446:
438:
437:Holtzer-Cabot
434:
430:
428:
427:Lee de Forest
424:
420:
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367:
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351:
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328:
324:
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316:
312:
308:
284:
280:
279:high fidelity
275:
273:
272:high fidelity
269:
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133:
130:
122:
111:
108:
104:
101:
97:
94:
90:
87:
83:
80: –
79:
75:
74:Find sources:
68:
64:
58:
57:
52:This article
50:
46:
41:
40:
37:
33:
19:
4817:Loudspeakers
4768:
4501:Sound module
4461:Drum machine
4403:Effects unit
4326:
4296:Player piano
4223:Compact disc
4154:
4145:Effects unit
4036:
3960:
3956:
3946:
3927:
3918:
3899:
3890:
3871:
3862:
3843:
3834:
3793:
3789:
3779:
3738:
3734:
3686:
3682:
3676:
3664:. Retrieved
3655:
3645:
3637:
3632:
3606:. Retrieved
3597:
3588:
3577:. Retrieved
3573:
3564:
3553:. Retrieved
3549:
3540:
3529:. Retrieved
3525:
3516:
3504:. Retrieved
3495:
3485:
3473:. Retrieved
3469:the original
3458:
3446:. Retrieved
3442:the original
3437:
3428:
3416:. Retrieved
3412:the original
3407:
3398:
3382:
3376:
3368:
3360:
3351:
3332:
3323:
3317:
3284:
3281:Nano Letters
3280:
3274:
3254:
3247:
3234:
3224:
3212:. Retrieved
3208:
3199:
3188:. Retrieved
3184:
3175:
3164:. Retrieved
3160:
3151:
3141:14 September
3139:. Retrieved
3103:
3093:
3081:. Retrieved
3053:
3049:
3039:
3027:. Retrieved
3023:the original
3018:
2990:
2980:
2972:the original
2967:
2958:
2950:the original
2945:
2936:
2928:the original
2923:
2913:
2901:. Retrieved
2885:Siau, John.
2880:
2869:. Retrieved
2865:
2856:
2845:. Retrieved
2841:
2832:
2786:
2729:
2723:
2711:. Retrieved
2701:
2690:. Retrieved
2679:
2666:
2657:
2647:13 September
2645:. Retrieved
2636:
2627:
2617:13 September
2615:. Retrieved
2607:The Guardian
2606:
2582:. Retrieved
2570:
2560:
2549:. Retrieved
2545:
2536:
2526:
2519:
2489:(1): 42–53.
2486:
2482:
2472:
2462:
2445:
2441:
2431:
2422:
2417:
2410:
2401:
2392:
2383:
2357:
2350:
2339:. Retrieved
2332:
2309:. Retrieved
2305:
2296:
2288:
2284:
2275:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2250:
2242:
2238:
2229:
2221:
2216:
2209:
2195:cite journal
2187:
2179:
2175:
2166:
2157:
2152:
2145:
2136:
2128:
2116:Fast Company
2115:
2105:
2094:. Retrieved
2092:. 2022-06-20
2084:
2073:. Retrieved
2064:
2055:
2050:page 63
2040:Audio Basics
2039:
2034:
2022:. Retrieved
1931:
1915:
1908:
1904:
1900:
1864:
1818:
1814:
1804:
1784:
1776:
1757:
1715:
1710:
1703:. The first
1691:
1682:
1674:
1670:
1662:World War II
1658:
1630:
1586:
1579:
1566:
1553:
1549:
1541:
1519:audio signal
1496:
1476:
1463:
1459:
1444:
1435:
1405:
1378:
1355:
1305:environment.
1292:
1284:
1273:
1266:
1249:
1245:
1243:
1219:
1212:hearing loss
1205:
1147:
1143:
1142:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1115:
1099:Ear adaption
1092:
1090:
1086:
1079:
1067:
1059:Connectivity
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1038:
1030:
1014:
1002:
828:
812:
804:
793:
782:
754:
746:
738:hearing loss
731:
718:male-to-male
715:
705:
694:
662:
641:disc jockeys
634:
611:Silent disco
583:mobile phone
567:home theater
556:
553:Applications
535:Regency TR-1
527:hearing aids
524:
508:John C. Koss
505:
493:
462:
442:
408:
385:
381:Electrophone
378:
373:
364:, telephone
355:
276:
274:headphones.
240:mobile phone
221:
196:
192:
188:
185:colloquially
180:
157:
156:
125:
116:
106:
99:
92:
85:
78:"Headphones"
73:
61:Please help
56:verification
53:
36:
4822:Transducers
4742:Music store
4737:Home cinema
4696:Robert Moog
4681:Max Mathews
4605:Piano tuner
4573:Professions
4549:Scorewriter
4506:Synthesizer
4322:Loudspeaker
3526:www.itu.int
3338:US 4460809A
2334:Smithsonian
2137:independent
1986:Loudspeaker
1938:call center
1825:call center
1780:video games
1752:smartphones
1524:sound waves
1485:Moving-coil
1418:AC adaptors
1401:call centre
1351:voice chats
1325:Closed-back
1250:canalphones
1131:Supra-aural
1104:Circumaural
825:Sensitivity
756:Audiometers
752:standards.
701:transceiver
563:DVD players
496:vacuum tube
335:call center
283:audiophiles
177:loudspeaker
169:transducers
18:Circumaural
4797:Headphones
4791:Categories
4732:Home audio
4722:Audiophile
4539:GarageBand
4385:Live music
4327:Headphones
4291:Phonograph
4160:Microphone
4155:Headphones
4101:Electrical
4096:Mechanical
4024:Headphones
3790:Dermatitis
3608:8 November
3600:. Item 4.
3579:2019-02-28
3555:2019-02-28
3531:2019-02-28
3190:2021-08-13
3166:2021-08-13
2871:2020-11-13
2847:2020-11-13
2692:2016-01-25
2584:2023-05-06
2551:2023-04-30
2341:2020-12-27
2311:2023-05-06
2096:2022-07-15
2075:2016-03-03
2014:"earphone"
1997:References
1891:A-weighted
1843:See also:
1810:dummy head
1716:Bonephones
1638:magnetizes
1515:voice coil
1479:transducer
1381:fixed-line
1358:microphone
766:level and
625:Sennheiser
615:Silent Gig
579:MP3 player
512:audiophile
307:phone jack
217:microphone
158:Headphones
119:April 2017
89:newspapers
4832:Audiology
4496:Sequencer
4423:PA system
4352:Subwoofer
4337:PA system
4271:Amplifier
4233:Hard disk
4150:Equalizer
4001:224821849
3985:2154-4700
3826:233923350
3810:2162-5220
3771:245651803
3755:0105-1873
2814:cite book
2806:877024342
2757:cite book
2749:940449158
2579:0362-4331
2511:254434880
2384:Telephony
2222:Figure 73
2024:4 January
1821:ergonomic
1642:diaphragm
1511:neodymium
1408:impedance
1393:bluetooth
1312:Semi-open
1299:Open-back
1280:elastomer
1262:musicians
1254:ear canal
1208:outer ear
1164:Earphones
1082:Bluetooth
952:
939:⋅
933:−
848:Ohm's law
796:impedance
790:Impedance
768:frequency
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