Circus - Knowledge (XXG)

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movement, often termed 'new circus' or 'cirque nouveau', have tended to favour a theatrical approach, combining character-driven circus acts with original music in a broad variety of styles to convey complex themes or stories. Since the 1990s, a more avant garde approach to presenting traditional circus techniques or 'disciplines' in ways that align more closely to performance art, dance or visual arts has been given the name 'contemporary circus'. This labelling can cause confusion based upon the other use of the phrase contemporary circus to mean 'circus of today'. For this reason, some commentators have begun using the term 21st Century Circus to encompass all the various styles available in the present day. 21st Century Circus continues to develop new variations on the circus tradition while absorbing new skills, techniques, and stylistic influences from other art forms and technological developments. For aesthetic or economic reasons, 21st Century Circus productions may often be staged in theatres rather than in large outdoor tents.

4590:... Ringling had become the target of animal protection groups that claimed it mistreated its elephants, and the two sides soon locked in a 14-year legal battle so cutthroat it involved secret informants paid by animal groups and a former CIA official who was paid by Ringling's parent company, Feld Entertainment, to spy on activists and a journalist. The litigation ended with several animal groups paying a $ 16 million settlement to Feld. While the animal activists never prevailed against Ringling in court, they were victorious outside. The allegations of elephant abuse prompted municipalities around the country to ban elephant bullhooks — a sharp metal tool used by handlers — or to prohibit wild animal performances altogether, as Los Angeles recently moved to do. After Ringling retired its last pachyderms to a company-owned elephant conservation center in Florida, ticket sales declined much more than Feld expected, and the company announced in January that Ringling would close for good. 1162:. Performers have been traditionally referred to as artistes, although in recent years the term artists has also come into regular use. To some performers from multi-generational circus families, the term artiste is still preferred as it is considered to confer higher status than artist. Conversely, some performers from the circus school training route taken by many of the newer generations prefer the term artist as it is considered to be less pretentious than artiste. The physical and creative skills that circus artist/es perform are known as disciplines, and are often grouped for training purposes into the broad categories of juggling, equilibristics, acrobatics, aerial and clowning. These disciplines can be honed into individual acts, which can be performed independently and marketed to many different prospective circus employers, and also used for devising solo or collaborative work created specifically for a single project. 2275:

Mexico, the Netherlands, Norway, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Poland, Portugal, Singapore, Slovenia, Sweden, Switzerland, and Turkey. Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Germany, Spain, the United Kingdom, and the United States, have locally restricted or banned the use of animals in entertainment. In response to a growing popular concern about the use of animals in entertainment, animal-free circuses are becoming more common around the world. In 2009, Bolivia passed legislation banning the use of any animals, wild or domestic, in circuses. The law states that circuses "constitute an act of cruelty." Circus operators had one year from the bill's passage on 1 July 2009 to comply. In 2018 in Germany, an accident with an elephant during a circus performance prompted calls to ban animal performances in circuses. PETA called the German politicians to outlaw the keeping of animals for circuses.

428: 657:, who was born 1742 in Newcastle-under-Lyme, England. He became a cavalry officer who set up the first modern amphitheatre for the display of horse riding tricks in Lambeth, London, on 4 April 1768. Astley did not originate trick horse riding, nor was he first to introduce acts such as acrobats and clowns to the English public, but he was the first to create a space where all these acts were brought together to perform a show. Astley rode in a circle rather than a straight line as his rivals did, and thus chanced on the format of performing in a circle. Astley performed stunts in a 42 ft diameter ring, which is the standard size used by circuses ever since. Astley referred to the performance arena as a circle and the building as an amphitheatre; these would later be known as a circus. In 1770, Astley hired 297:(often wooden) were built with various types of seating, a centre ring, and sometimes a stage. The traditional large tents commonly known as "big tops" were introduced in the mid-19th century as touring circuses superseded static venues. These tents eventually became the most common venue. Contemporary circus is performed in a variety of venues including tents, theatres, casinos, cruise ships and open-air spaces. Many circus performances are still held in a ring, usually 13 m (43 ft) in diameter. This dimension was adopted by Astley in the late 18th century as the minimum diameter that enabled an acrobatic horse rider to stand upright on a cantering horse to perform their tricks. 769: 673: 2267: 2213:, having reviewed information from experts representing both the circus industry and animal welfare, found an absence of "scientific evidence sufficient to demonstrate that travelling circuses are not compatible with meeting the welfare needs of any type of non-domesticated animal presently being used in the United Kingdom." According to that group's report, published in October 2007, "there appears to be little evidence to demonstrate that the welfare of animals kept in travelling circuses is any better or any worse than that of animals kept in other captive environments." 856:, who is noteworthy as Britain's only black circus proprietor and who operated one of the most celebrated travelling circuses in Victorian England, erected temporary structures for his limited engagements or retrofitted existing structures. One such structure in Leeds, which Fanque assumed from a departing circus, collapsed, resulting in minor injuries to many but the death of Fanque's wife. Traveling circus companies also rented the land they set up their structures on sometimes causing damage to the local ecosystems. Three important circus innovators were the Italian 756: 633: 462:, although circuses served varying purposes and differed in design and construction, and for events that involved re-enactments of naval battles, the circus was flooded with water; however, the Roman circus buildings were not circular but rectangular with semi circular ends. The lower seats were reserved for persons of rank; there were also various state boxes for the giver of the games and his friends. The circus was the only public spectacle at which men and women were not separated. Some circus historians such as 1462: 45: 1650: 1439: 644: 872: 2024: 2142:

shock device, known as a hot shot or electric prod, on an elephant, which Feld also stated was appropriate practice. Feld denied that any of these practices harm elephants. In its January 2010 verdict on the case, brought against Feld Entertainment International by the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals et al., the Court ruled that evidence against the circus company was "not credible with regard to the allegations". In lieu of a

1980: 828: 724: 2361: 1005:) is a performing arts movement that originated in the 1970s in Australia, Canada, France, the West Coast of the United States, and the United Kingdom. New Circus combines traditional circus skills and theatrical techniques to convey a story or theme. Compared with the traditional circus, this genre of circus tends to focus more attention on the overall aesthetic impact, on character and story development, and on the use of 2032: 5886: 1177: 895: 2591: 4567:

the show's demise; the elephants' departure ultimately expedited what was a 'difficult business decision'. 'Ringling Bros. ticket sales have been declining, but following the transition of the elephants off the road, we saw an even more dramatic drop', Kenneth Feld said in a statement Saturday. 'This, coupled with high operating costs, made the circus an unsustainable business for the company.'

2524: 2353: 1451: 520: 2373: 940: 1594: 394: 978: 868:, whose early travelling circuses introduced the circus to Latin America, Australia, Southeast Asia, China, South Africa, and Russia. Soullier was the first circus owner to introduce Chinese acrobatics to the European circus when he returned from his travels in 1866, and Tourniaire was the first to introduce the performing art to Ranga, where it became extremely popular. 288:, England. In 1770, he hired acrobats, tightrope walkers, jugglers and a clown to fill in the pauses between the equestrian demonstrations and thus chanced on the format which was later named a "circus". Performances developed significantly over the next fifty years, with large-scale theatrical battle reenactments becoming a significant feature. The format in which a 5896: 2063:(PETA) contends that animals in circuses are frequently beaten into submission and that physical abuse has always been the method for training circus animals. It is also alleged that the animals are kept in cages that are too small and are given very little opportunity to walk around outside of their enclosure, thereby violating their right to freedom. 1115:(as a genre) tends to avoid linear narrative in favour of more suggestive, interdisciplinary approaches to abstract concepts. This includes a strong trend for developing new apparatus and movement languages based on the capacities, experience and interests of individual performers, rather than finding new ways to present traditional repertoire. 478:, in the valley between the Palatine and Aventine hills. It was constructed during the monarchy and, at first, built completely from wood. After being rebuilt several times, the final version of the Circus Maximus could seat 250,000 people; it was built of stone and measured 400m in length and 90m in width. Next in importance were the 692:, which was built as a combination of the circus, the menagerie, and the variety theatre, where wild animals such as lions and elephants from time to time appeared in the ring, and where convulsions of nature such as floods, earthquakes, and volcanic eruptions were produced with an extraordinary wealth of realistic display. 3145:, an Indian comic book superhero. According to this series, Dhruva was born and brought up in a fictional Indian circus called Jupiter Circus. When a rival circus burnt down Jupiter Circus, killing everyone in it, including Dhruva's parents, Dhruva vowed to become a crime fighter. A circus-based television series called 2656:. Other circus music includes "El Caballero", "Quality Plus", "Sunnyland Waltzes", "The Storming of El Caney", "Pahjamah", "Bull Trombone", "Big Time Boogie", "Royal Bridesmaid March", "The Baby Elephant Walk", "Liberty Bell March", "Java", Strauss's "Radetsky March", and "Pageant of Progress". A poster for 906:

From the late 19th century through the first half of the 20th century, travelling circuses were a major form of spectator entertainment in the US and attracted huge attention whenever they arrived in a city. After World War II, the popularity of the circus declined as new forms of entertainment (such

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In 2015, Ringling Bros. announced it would stop using elephants in its shows. The lumbering mammals delivered their final performances last May — dancing, spinning and standing on pedestals at the command of the ringmaster — and then were retired to a reserve in central Florida. The move exacerbated

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and James L. Hutchinson's circus and Barnum's death in 1891, his circus travelled to Europe as the Barnum & Bailey Greatest Show On Earth, where it toured from 1897 to 1902, impressing other circus owners with its large scale, its touring techniques (including the tent and circus train), and its

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As styles of performance have developed since the time of Astley, so too have the types of venue where these circuses have performed. The earliest modern circuses were performed in open-air structures with limited covered seating. From the late 18th to late 19th century, custom-made circus buildings

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engineers created the song's fairground atmosphere by assembling a sound collage of collected recordings of calliopes and fairground organs, which they cut into strips of various lengths, threw into a box, and then mixed up and edited together randomly, creating a long loop which was mixed into the

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There are nationwide bans on using some if not all animals in circuses in Austria, Belgium, Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Colombia, Costa Rica, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Ecuador, El Salvador, Estonia, Finland, Greece, Hungary, India, Iran, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Malta,

2169:, an elephant named Janet (1965 – 1 February 1992) went out of control while giving a ride to a mother, her two children, and three other children. The elephant then stampeded through the circus grounds outside before being shot to death by police. Also, during a Circus International performance in 1114:

The genre of contemporary circus is largely considered to have begun in 1995 with 'Le Cri du Caméléon', an ensemble performance from the graduating class of the French circus school Le Centre National des Arts du Cirque (CNAC), directed by Joseph Nadj. In contrast to New Circus, Contemporary Circus

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have stated "these performances may have taken place in the great arenas that were called 'circuses' by the Romans, but it is a mistake to equate these places, or the entertainments presented there, with the modern circus". Others have argued that the lineage of the circus does go back to the Roman

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acknowledged that circus elephants are struck behind the ears, under the chin and on their legs with metal tipped prods, called bullhooks. Feld stated that these practices are necessary to protect circus workers. Feld also acknowledged that an elephant trainer was reprimanded for using an electric

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A shift in form has been credited with a revival of the circus tradition since the late 1970s, when a number of groups began to experiment with new circus formats and aesthetics, typically avoiding the use of animals to focus exclusively on human artistry. Circus companies and artistes within this

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studied living conditions and treatment of animals in UK circuses. All members of this group agreed that a change in the law was needed to protect circus animals. Gale told the BBC, "It's undignified and the conditions under which they are kept are woefully inadequate—the cages are too small, the

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activists. Many circuses went out of business or were forced to merge with other circus companies. Nonetheless, a good number of travelling circuses are still active in various parts of the world, ranging from small family enterprises to three-ring extravaganzas. Other companies found new ways to

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The influence of the American circus brought about a considerable change in the character of the modern circus. In arenas too large for speech to be easily audible, the traditional comic dialogue of the clown assumed a less prominent place than formerly, while the vastly increased wealth of stage

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properties relegated to the background the old-fashioned equestrian feats, which were replaced by more ambitious acrobatic performances, and by exhibitions of skill, strength, and daring, requiring the employment of immense numbers of performers, and often of complicated and expensive machinery.

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The modern and commonly held idea of a circus is of a Big Top with various acts providing entertainment therein; however, the history of circuses is more complex, with historians disagreeing on its origin, as well as revisions being done about the history due to the changing nature of historical

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to convey thematic or narrative content. Music used in the production is often composed exclusively for that production, and aesthetic influences are drawn as much from contemporary culture as from circus history. Animal acts rarely appear in new circus, in contrast to traditional circus, where

1363:. The title clown refers to the role functions and performance skills, not simply to the image of red nose and exaggerated facepaint that was popularised through 20th Century mass media. While many clowns still perform in this styling, there are also many clowns who adopt a more natural look. 1572:. Going as far back as the early eighteenth century, exotic animals were transported to North America for display, and menageries were a popular form of entertainment. The first true animals acts in the circus were equestrian acts. Soon elephants and big cats were displayed as well. 2225:

non-profit group dubbed this "a huge embarrassment for Britain that 30 other nations have taken action before us on this simple and popular measure". On 1 May 2019 Environmental Secretary Michael Gove announced a new Bill to ban the use of wild animals in travelling circuses. The

2079:. According to PETA, during an undercover investigation of Carson & Barnes Circus, video footage was captured showing animal care director Tim Frisco training endangered Asian elephants with electrical shock prods and instructing other trainers to "beat the elephants with a 2220:

repeatedly blocked the bill under the reasoning that "The EU Membership Costs and Benefits bill should have been called by the clerk before the circuses bill, so I raised a point of order". He explained that the circus bill was "at the bottom of the list" for discussion. The

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Despite the contemporary circus' shift toward more theatrical techniques and its emphasis on human rather than animal performance, traditional circus companies still exist alongside the new movement. Numerous circuses continue to maintain animal performers, including

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and a number of other animal rights groups paid a $ 16 million settlement to Feld Entertainment; however, the circus closed in May 2017 after a 146-year run when it experienced a steep decline in ticket sales a year after it discontinued its elephant act and sent its

3084:, which ran from 2003 to 2005, is also largely set in a travelling circus. The circus has also inspired many writers. Numerous books, both non-fiction and fiction, have been published about circus life. Notable examples of circus-based fiction include 497:

For some time after the fall of Rome, large circus buildings fell out of use as centres of mass entertainment. Instead, itinerant performers, animal trainers, and showmen travelled between towns throughout Europe, performing at local fairs such as the

936:, was established; performers were trained using methods developed from the Soviet gymnastics programme. When the Moscow State Circus company began international tours in the 1950s, its levels of originality and artistic skill were widely applauded. 2047:

passed a law banning the use of animals in any circus in the country. The law set fines for violations and required circuses to submit lists of the wildlife they possessed, which would then be made available to zoos interested in taking the

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A survey confirmed that on average, wild animals spend around 99 to 91 percent of their time in cages, wagons, or enclosure due to transportation. This causes a huge amount of distress to animals and leads to excessive amounts of drooling.

4787: 4519: 784:, a native New Yorker, was the first American to operate a major circus in the United States. Later the establishments of Purdy, Welch & Co., and of van Amburgh gave a wider popularity to the circus in the United States. In 1825, 457:

was a roofless arena for the exhibition of horse and chariot races, equestrian shows, staged battles, gladiatorial combat, and displays of (and fights with) trained animals. The circuses of Rome were similar to the ancient Greek

1146:. The ringmaster presents performers, speaks to the audience, and generally keeps the show moving. The activity of the circus traditionally takes place within a ring; large circuses may have multiple rings, like the six-ringed 4574: 2201:

environments they live in are not suitable and many of us believe the time has come for that practice to end." The group reported concerns about boredom and stress, and noted that an independent study by a member of the

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Beyond the performance aspect of circus, is the Social Circus field, catalysed by Reg Bolton. Social Circus engages communities through circus practice and activity to provide health and well-being benefits.

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introduces a variety of choreographed acts set to music, often termed 'traditional' or 'classical' circus, developed in the latter part of the 19th century and remained the dominant format until the 1970s.

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also describes the field of performance, training and community which has followed various formats through its 250-year modern history. Although not the inventor of the medium, Newcastle-under-Lyme born

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brought the first modern circus to the United States. He began his theatrical career with Hughes Royal Circus in London in the 1780s, and travelled from England in 1792 to establish his first circus in

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Based on these findings, the researchers called for more stringent regulation regarding the welfare of circus animals. In 2012, the Dutch government announced a ban on the use of wild circus animals.

1073:(founded in Seattle in 1998); the West African Circus Baobab (late 1990s); and Montreal's Les 7 doigts de la main (founded in 2002). The genre includes other circus troupes such as the Vermont-based 2482:

In other countries, purpose-built circus buildings still exist which are no longer used as circuses, or are used for circus only occasionally among a wider programme of events; for example, the

928:, expressed a wish for the circus to become "the people's art-form", with facilities and status on par with theatre, opera and ballet. The USSR nationalised Russian circuses. In 1927, the 4548: 1771: 427: 5074: 4505: 2150:. (parent of Ringling Bros.) agreed to pay an unprecedented $ 270,000 fine for violations of the Animal Welfare Act that allegedly occurred between June 2007 and August 2011. 3163: 4682: 2210: 4434: 716:

in Paris, the first purpose-built circus in France, followed by 18 other permanent circuses in cities throughout Europe. Astley leased his Parisian circus to the Italian

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The use of wild animals in travelling circuses has been banned in Scotland. The Wild Animals in Travelling Circuses (Scotland) Act 2018 came into force on 28 May 2018.

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In December 2018, New Jersey became the first state in the U.S. to ban circuses, carnivals and fairs from featuring elephants, tigers, and other exotic animals.

1335:, along with more classical balance disciplines such as tightwire, slackline and unicycle. Acts like these are some of the most common and the most traditional. 4695: 3235: 2503: 2134: 2075:

does not permit any sort of punishment that puts the animals in discomfort, trainers will still go against this law and use such things as electric rods and

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that operated until the 13th century, through medieval and renaissance jesters, minstrels and troubadours to the late 18th century and the time of Astley.

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are common to most circuses and are typically skilled in many circus acts; "clowns getting into the act" is a very familiar theme in any circus. Famous

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on 15 July 2020. Over 6,500 responses were made by the people of Wales, to the public consultation on the draft Bill, 97% of which supported the ban.

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combination of circus acts, a zoological exhibition, and a freak show. This format was adopted by European circuses at the turn of the 20th century.

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Greece became the first European country to ban any animal from performing in any circus in its territory in February 2012, following a campaign by

5449: 2154: 748:. The first circus building in the US opened on 3 April 1793 in Philadelphia, where Ricketts gave America's first complete circus performance. 5041: 4321: 3057:(1997), Leo's son Lune is captured and placed in a circus, which burns down when a tiger knocks down a ring of fire while jumping through it. 5296: 4080: 3935: 3771: 3638: 3478: 3453: 3304: 2305: 1669: 2247: 1576:

entered a cage with several big cats in 1833, and is generally considered to be the first wild animal trainer in American circus history.

5085: 3809: 5392:(Johns Hopkins University Press; 2013) 304 pages; elephants as "actors" or creatures of agency in the American circus from 1800 to 1940. 4328: 2430: 2202: 2003: 768: 688:'s celebrated shows in a later generation. In England circuses were often held in purpose-built buildings in large cities, such as the 5372:

Provides an overview of "low-yield research" into the history of the American Circus as covered in "ragcontent newspapers magazines

3250: 2665: 27: 2209:"found no evidence that circuses contribute to education or conservation."; however, in 2007, a different working group under the UK 684:, whose feats of horsemanship had much to do with establishing the traditions of the circus, which were perpetuated by Hengler's and 5930: 5310: 5270: 4166: 3388: 2931: 2571: 2227: 603: 3335: 4878: 2841: 929: 4408: 4379: 4747: 3319: 2711: 2648:

The atmosphere of the circus has served as a dramatic setting for many musicians. The most famous circus theme song is called "

2631: 1864: 1726: 1190: 4262: 712:(who coined the term "circus"), aided by his partner Charles Hughes, an equestrian performer. In 1782, Astley established the 5012: 4958: 4726: 3131: 2549: 2298: 2222: 1996: 852:'s circus, for example, between 1838 and 1840, travelled from Newcastle to Edinburgh and then to Portsmouth and Southampton. 541: 2266: 1761: 844:

returned to England from the United States, bringing with him a circus tent. At this time, itinerant circuses that could be

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as television) arrived and the public's tastes changed. From the 1960s onward, circuses attracted growing criticism from

816:, in the 1870s. Coup also introduced the first multiple-ring circuses, and was also the first circus entrepreneur to use 5828: 5818: 3001: 1894: 1835: 1743: 468: 4624: 3959: 3694: 2090:

conducted an investigation into the welfare of circus animals in 2008. The following issues, among others, were found:

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A variety of animals have historically been used in acts. While the types of animals used vary from circus to circus,

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as hard as they can and sink the sharp metal hook into the elephant's flesh and twist it until they scream in pain".

584: 4831: 3534: 3078:, follows the history of the circus family Humberto between 1826 and 1924. The setting of the HBO television series 3119: 2789: 2717: 2649: 2216:

A ban prohibiting the use of wild animals in circuses in England was due to be passed in 2015, but Conservative MP

2072: 1183: 713: 556: 2553: 2538: 1150:. A circus often travels with its own band, whose instrumentation in the United States has traditionally included 530: 4984: 3147: 2696: 2614: 1801: 1679: 1607: 849: 2185:

for more than thirty minutes. Police fired 86 shots at Tyke, who eventually collapsed from the wounds and died.

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is one of the most common acts in a circus; the combination of juggling and gymnastics that includes acts like

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Dfening, Fred D. III (November 2007). "The American Circus in the 1870s: An Overview from Newspaper Sources".

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which was about a clown who must make his audience laugh at the cost of his own sorrows. In the anime film

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A 14-year litigation against the Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus came to an end in 2014 when

5435: 3130:. Science fiction writer Barry B. Longyear wrote a trilogy about a circus of the future: City of Baraboo; 3105: 2817: 2110: 1719: 1704: 1649: 1631: 1461: 147: 1602: 785: 467:

circuses and a chronology of circus-related entertainment can be traced to Roman times, continued by the

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in 1939. Circus films continued to be popular during the Second World War; films from this era included

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Court Record, United States District Court for the District of Columbia, Civil Action No 03-2006 (EGS)

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Assael, Brenda, "Circus and Victorian Society", 2005, University of Virginia Press, Charlottesville

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Olympians of the Sawdust Circle: A Biographical Dictionary of the Nineteenth Century American Circus

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about a girl who is sold to a circus strongman. Fellini made a second film set in the circus called

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In some towns, there are circus buildings where regular performances are held. The best known are:

2130: 1736: 1147: 1139: 1109: 933: 841: 552: 487: 289: 265: 1344: 5735: 4765: 4760: 3715: 3441: 3240: 3170:, investigates a murder at a circus, working as the defence attorney of an egotistical magician. 3053: 2857: 2487: 2460: 2333: 2056: 1857: 1842: 1684: 1100:

shows have been seen by nearly 90 million spectators in over 200 cities on five continents.

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was the first circus owner to use a large canvas tent for the circus performance. Circus pioneer

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UK Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs. October 2007. Retrieved 24 February 2010.

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about Philip Astley's troupe as the first written use of the word to describe the modern circus.

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research, and the ongoing circus phenomenon. For many, circus history begins with Englishman

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The earliest involvement of animals in circus was just the display of exotic creatures in a

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about trapeze artists was released in 1931 and remade in the United States and released as

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toured from Montreal to Havana, building circus theatres in many of the cities it visited.

723: 5774: 5258: 4549:"Animal activists finally have something to applaud at Ringling Bros. circus: Its closure" 4223: 3703: 3179: 3100: 3090: 3043: 2822: 2747: 2727: 2707: 2393: 2387: 2174: 2040: 1979: 1419: 1415: 1399: 1367: 1086: 1070: 1006: 693: 463: 162: 157: 88: 4722:"Cameron urged to keep circus ban promise as Conservative MP blocks bill for eighth time" 4657: 4170: 781: 5419: 3607: 2360: 827: 5798: 5696: 5686: 5624: 5619: 3960:"Frost, Thomas (1881), "Circus Life and Circus Celebrities." London: Chatto and Windus" 3787: 3619:

Joe Nickell (2005). "Secrets of the sideshows". p.8. University Press of Kentucky, 2005

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UK Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs. May 2019. Retrieved 8 May 2019.

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On behalf of the Ministry of Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality of the Netherlands,

5914: 5849: 5725: 5589: 5579: 5574: 5559: 5509: 5504: 5238: 5037: 4412: 3200: 3020: 2961: 2880: 2875: 2683: 2329: 2291: 2283: 2052: 1937: 1694: 1639: 1383: 1328: 1316: 1124: 1026: 908: 681: 654: 440: 346: 274: 257: 177: 1021:, forged in Australia in 1977 from SoapBox Circus (1976) and New Circus (1973); the 577: 5791: 5631: 5519: 4270: 4237: 3190: 3064: 3038: 2997: 2777: 2679: 2657: 2585: 2325: 2159: 2138: 1954: 1823: 1427: 1395: 1352: 1340: 1155: 1054: 894: 853: 817: 801: 745: 705: 486:, from the notoriety which it obtained through the Circensian pleasures of Nero. A 323: 285: 281: 220:

is a company of performers who put on diverse entertainment shows that may include

4435:"19 february 2008 – Projectvoorstel Ministerie LNV onderzoek welzijn circusdieren" 3080: 2590: 3512: 2660:'s Circus Royal, one of the most popular circuses of Victorian England, inspired 2510:

since 1974 and was the first of many international awards for circus performers.

2043:, Mexico. In December 2014, as a response to reports of animal mistreatment, the 5869: 5823: 5779: 5753: 5718: 5713: 5604: 5594: 5584: 5534: 5524: 5499: 5494: 5484: 5325: 3963: 3890: 3376: 3245: 3225: 3195: 3152: 3095: 3075: 2669: 2661: 2523: 2341: 2287: 1869: 1808: 1612: 1577: 1450: 1443: 1423: 1387: 1308: 1304: 1176: 519: 503: 412: 132: 4696:"Anger after bill to ban wild animals in circuses is blocked by MP Chris Chope" 4641:

Megan Burrow, "New Jersey becomes first state to ban wild animal circus acts",

2372: 5854: 5758: 5529: 5476: 5466: 5399:(Reaktion Books, distributed by University of Chicago Press; 2014); 296 pages; 5345: 4575:"Thunderous applause, tears as the 'greatest show on Earth' takes a final bow" 3184: 3115: 3048: 3030: 3016: 2773: 2308:

adopted a position paper in which it recommends the prohibition of the use of

2197: 1919: 1813: 1791: 1371: 1360: 1312: 1296: 1288: 1284: 1078: 998: 972: 956: 943: 939: 875: 813: 797: 658: 459: 369: 225: 122: 97: 5390:

Entertaining Elephants: Animal Agency and the Business of the American Circus

5367: 5342:

Circus Life: Performing and Laboring Under America's Big Top Shows, 1830-1920

4296:"Wild things: Mexico struggles to find new homes for outlawed circus animals" 3563: 2116:

Tigers are terrified of fire but are still forced to jump through fire rings.

912:

draw in the public with innovative new approaches to the circus form itself.

5808: 5599: 5549: 5544: 5253:. Vol. 6 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 390–391. 4628: 4060:

http://doc.cnac.fr/ListRecord.htm?list=link&xRecord=19102592157919207749

3398: 3034: 2967: 2476: 1964: 1909: 1569: 1411: 1092:

The most conspicuous success story in the new circus genre has been that of

1030: 1018: 977: 491: 2352: 2196:

In 1998 in the United Kingdom, a parliamentary working group chaired by MP

443:, while for others its origins go back much further—to Roman Empire times. 5104:"Vets call for complete ban on wild animal acts in circuses across Europe" 3270: 2282:

City ordinances banning performances by wild animals have been enacted in

5899: 5864: 5681: 5656: 5641: 5318:"Step Right Up: Bob Brooke presents the history of the circus in America" 4788:"Use of wild animals in circuses to be banned in Wales after Bill passed" 3033:

is held captive in a circus where she is cruelly forced to perform until

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from France in 1984 and 1986 respectively. More recent examples include:

821: 796:

circus clown, popularising such expressions as "The One-Horse Show" and "

789: 666: 261: 249: 233: 152: 5859: 5691: 5671: 5614: 5409: 4989: 4460:"Dutch government announces ban on the use of wild animals in circuses" 2988: 2365: 2182: 2036: 1904: 1498: 1486: 1474: 1300: 1058: 986: 727: 544: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 280:

In 1768, Astley, a skilled equestrian, began performing exhibitions of

241: 229: 172: 5414: 3118:

tells the fictional tale of a circus veterinarian and was made into a

2340:, Circo Atayde Hermanos, and Hermanos Mayaror Circus from Mexico, and 2119:

Since 1990 there have been over 123 cases of lion attacks at circuses.

2059:

in the training of performing circus animals. The animal rights group

776:

In the Americas during the first two decades of the 19th century, the

720:

in 1793. In 1826, the first circus took place under a canvas big top.

4118: 2507: 2413: 2402: 1554: 1538: 1530: 1506: 1050: 1034: 1014:

animal acts have often been a significant part of the entertainment.

991: 845: 494:; its ruins have helped archaeologists reconstruct the Roman circus. 377: 237: 102: 5203: 2699:", which is played only to alert circus performers of an emergency. 2097:

33% of tigers and lions did not have access to an outdoor enclosure.

1422:. A popular sideshow attraction from the early 19th century was the 5181: 5155: 1457:

from Cole Brothers Circus parade through downtown Los Angeles, 1953

831:

Circus parade around tents, in lithograph by Gibson & Co., 1874

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in 1970. Films about the circus made since 1959 include Disney's

1378:

are also parts of some circus acts, these activities may include

5427: 3493: 3009:, a Disney film about a tiger that escapes from the circus; and 2464: 2143: 1550: 1542: 1534: 1502: 1494: 1478: 284:

in an open field called Ha'Penny Hatch on the south side of the

62:

Classical Circus, New Circus, Contemporary circus, Social Circus

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Elephants are shackled in chains for 17 hours a day on average.

372:

claimed that the first circus games were staged by the goddess

3696:

Mr Philip Astley's Introduction to The First Circus in England

2925:, a film about a tiger trainer, was released in 1948. In 1952 2687: 2682:, a well-known circus performer in the 19th century. Producer 2517: 1847: 1587: 1562: 1558: 1490: 513: 387: 5242: 4195: 355: 349: 336: 330: 4748:"Gove delivers legislation to ban wild animals in circuses". 2787:

Following World War I, circus films became popular. In 1924

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was introduced in June 2019, and subsequently passed by the

700:, had his first major role as Little Clown in the pantomime 5075:"FVE position on the use of animals in travelling circuses" 4506:"USDA Fines Ringling Bros. Circus Over Treatment of Animals 3633:. Manchester: Manchester University Press. pp. 13–15. 2730:

1915 and later adapted into one of the first circus films,

824:

were also being established alongside travelling circuses.

5410:

Dictionary of Circus Slang (American and British/European)

4985:"San Francisco board approves wild animal performance ban" 3654: 3652: 3650: 3562:, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, January 2008 3471:

L' Hippodrome de Constantinople: Jeux, Peuple et Politique

1426:, where fleas were attached to props and viewed through a 5224:

Turner, Steve, "A Hard Day's Write." HarperCollins(1984).

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final production. Another traditional circus song is the

2242:

to ban the use of wild animals in travelling circuses in

5013:"Los Angeles Bans Use of Wild Animals for Entertainment" 1274:

certain animals are excluded or the laws vary internally

902:, c. 1891, depicting a backstage area at the circus 26:"Three-ring circus" redirects here. For other uses, see 4026:

The UncommonWealth: Voices from the Library of Virginia

653:

The origin of the modern circus has been attributed to

4322:"Circus Incidents: Attacks, Abuse and Property Damage" 955:

Circuses from China, drawing on Chinese traditions of

3356:(Latin text with English translation). Translated by 820:

to transport the circus between towns. By the 1830s,

5397:

The Greatest Shows on Earth: A History of the Circus

5042:"New York City bans use of wild animals in circuses" 4142:"Run Away to the Circus? No need. It's Staying Here" 3889:. The Circus in America, 1793 – 1940. Archived from 3860:. The Circus in America, 1793 – 1940. Archived from 3840:"PHMC: Historical Markers Program: Ricketts' Circus" 5837: 5767: 5734: 5640: 5465: 5344:(University of Tennessee Press, 2018), p. 247 4380:"Animal Welfare Act and Animal Welfare Regulations" 3913:

Dan Rice: The Most Famous Man You've Never Heard Of

3360:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Loeb Classical Library. 2514:

In art, music, films, plays, books, and video games

2165:On 1 February 1992 at the Great American Circus in 1138:A traditional circus performance is often led by a 66: 58: 37: 4825: 4823: 4485:Circus CEO says elephants are struck, but not hurt 3881: 3879: 3759: 3631:Rings of Desire: Circus History and Representation 2211:Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs 2109:Elephants spend on average 10 hours a day showing 730:artists, in lithograph by Calvert Litho. Co., 1890 669:, and a clown to fill in the pauses between acts. 2270:Tigers in a transport cage in a travelling circus 2100:Lions spend on average 98% of their time indoors. 2094:71% of the observed animals had medical problems. 1017:Early pioneers of the new circus genre included: 309:First attested in English 14th century, the word 277:is credited as the father of the modern circus. 4933:"Circus elephant falls into audience in Germany" 4857:"Turkish parliament approves animal rights bill" 3383:. Lexington, Ky.: University Press of Kentucky. 752:attended a performance there later that season. 2702:Plays set in a circus include the 1896 musical 5204:"International Circus Festival of Monte-Carlo" 4959:"Circus captivity is beastly for wild animals" 4050:« Historique de la célèbre crise », 3684:"The First Circus"; Victoria and Albert Museum 3164:Phoenix Wright: Ace Attorney – Justice for All 3141:Circus is the central theme in comic books of 3063:, a musical film loosely based on the life of 2951:in the United States); these were followed by 2486:(The Circus Building) in Copenhagen, Denmark, 16:Group of entertainers performing circus skills 5443: 2738:and adapted for the English stage in 1932 as 2135:Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus 2004: 1191: 1158:, and sometimes the distinctive sound of the 810:P. T. Barnum's Museum, Menagerie & Circus 800:". The American circus was revolutionised by 702:The Triumph of Mirth; or, Harlequin's Wedding 474:The first circus in the city of Rome was the 197: 8: 3558:Marius Kwint, "Astley, Philip (1742–1814)", 3236:International Circus Festival of Monte-Carlo 2504:International Circus Festival of Monte-Carlo 2177:(1974 – 20 August 1994) killed her trainer, 2103:An average enclosure for tigers is only 5 m. 5291:. McFarland and Company, Inc., Publishers. 3997:Victoria and Albert Museum (7 March 2011). 3735:, University of Toronto Press, 1959, p. 29. 2552:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 2061:People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals 1601:It has been suggested that this section be 930:State University of Circus and Variety Arts 708:was opened in London on 4 November 1782 by 401:It has been suggested that this section be 361: 360:), meaning "circle" or "ring". In the book 317: 5450: 5436: 5428: 5415:History of American Circuses and Sideshows 4761:"4 – Extent, commencement and short title" 3748:, Cambridge University Press, 1995, p.216. 3187:, tent shows that preceded American circus 2301:and the Greek Animal Welfare Fund (GAWF). 2011: 1997: 1626: 1198: 1184: 848:quickly were becoming popular in Britain. 204: 190: 75: 43: 4911:"Bolivia bans use of animals in circuses" 4658:"UK Politics Protect circus animals call" 4290: 4288: 3858:"Circus in America TimeLine: 1801 – 1824" 3706:. PeoplePlay UK. Retrieved 18 March 2007. 3371: 3369: 3367: 2742:by playwright Cecily Hamilton, the revue 2572:Learn how and when to remove this message 878:, in lithograph by Gibson & Co., 1873 604:Learn how and when to remove this message 4403: 4401: 3658: 3574: 3428: 3416: 2782:Roustabout: The Great Circus Train Wreck 2173:, on 20 August 1994, an elephant called 5289:Women of the American Circus, 1880-1940 5130:"Hermanos Mayar Circus by Hank Duckman" 3610:. BBC News. Retrieved 13 December 2014. 3560:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 3262: 3047:(1970), a Hindi drama film directed by 2935:was first shown. Released in 1953 were 2344:Circus from Italy, to name just a few. 2155:The Humane Society of the United States 2122:Animals are trained through discipline. 1638: 1267: 87: 5206:. Montecarlofestival.mc. 15 April 2012 5180:. Cirquejulesverne.com. Archived from 5154:. Moiranonsolocirco.it. Archived from 4269:. History-magazine.com. Archived from 4219: 4208: 3716:Philip Astley (British circus manager) 3603: 3601: 3599: 3338:, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, 3151:was also telecast in India in 1989 on 1065:(founded in Quebec in 1993); Sweden's 735:Ricketts and the first American circus 34: 5316:Brooke, Bob (October–November 2001). 5082:Federation of Veterinarians of Europe 3672:The Pantomime Life of Joseph Grimaldi 3352:Tertullian, Septimus Florens (1931). 2675:Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band 2306:Federation of Veterinarians of Europe 2230:came into effect on 20 January 2020. 2055:groups have documented many cases of 1605:out into another article titled 1414:. Famous sideshow performers include 405:out into another article titled 268:and stunt-oriented artists. The term 7: 5895: 5152:"Moira Orfei Circo official website" 4604:"Elephant incidents in recent years" 4075:. Melbourne Book. pp. 239–248. 3930:. Wildside Press LLC. pp. 60–. 3322:, Charlton T. Lewis, Charles Short, 3162:In the third case of the video game 2550:adding citations to reliable sources 542:adding citations to reliable sources 4602:St. Petersburg Times (6 May 1993). 4329:Humane Society of the United States 4032:from the original on 18 August 2021 3962:. Circushistory.org. Archived from 2627:Der kleine Mann und die kleine Miss 2431:Moscow Circus on Tsvetnoy Boulevard 2203:Wildlife Conservation Research Unit 2071:According to PETA, although the US 1319:, and a variety of other routines. 4830:International., Animal Defenders. 4263:"The history of circus in the US, 4169:. Cirque du Soleil. Archived from 3814:The Circus in America, 1793 – 1940 3766:. Guinness World Records Limited. 3251:List of circuses and circus owners 2666:Being for the Benefit of Mr. Kite! 2639:The Little Man and the Little Miss 28:Three Ring Circus (disambiguation) 14: 5084:. FVE/013/pos/007. Archived from 4462:. 1 November 2012. Archived from 4298:. Fox News Latino. Archived from 3670:McConnell Stott|, Andrew (2009), 3448:. London: Paul Elek. p. 27. 2971:(1954), an Oscar-winning film by 2784:written by Jay Torrence in 2006. 2760:Stop the World, I Want to Get Off 2228:Wild Animals in Circuses Act 2019 2035:Elephant act at a 2009 circus in 1580:was a famous female tiger-tamer. 1283:Common acts include a variety of 5894: 5885: 5884: 5178:"The Cirque Jules Verne Website" 5128:Duckman, Hank (1 January 2006). 5102:Winter, Stuart (5 August 2015). 5064:, Animal Defenders International 4913:. Associated Press. 31 July 2009 4573:Brulliard, Karin (21 May 2017). 4409:"Circuses: Three Rings of Abuse" 4140:Collins, Glenn (28 April 2009). 3608:"The circus comes to the Circus" 2522: 1978: 1852: 1648: 1592: 1207:Worldwide laws on animal use in 764:Expansion of the American format 518: 392: 4547:Wang, Amy B (15 January 2017). 3591:The History of the Royal Circus 3535:"The story of circus · V&A" 2793:was the first film released by 2652:", and was composed in 1904 by 1557:, and domestic animals such as 963:are also popular touring acts. 617:Astley and early British circus 529:needs additional citations for 4983:Berg, Emmett (21 April 2015). 4884:. Circuses.com. Archived from 4836:Animal Defenders International 4727:Animal Defenders International 4627:. Circuses.com. Archived from 4382:. Nal.usda.gov. Archived from 3746:The Cambridge Guide to Theatre 3733:British Entertainers in France 3299:. Melbourne Books. p. 7. 2299:Animal Defenders International 2223:Animal Defenders International 808:, who launched the travelling 1: 4859:. Anadolu Agency. 9 July 2021 4518:Heath, Thomas (16 May 2014). 4331:. 1 June 2004. Archived from 3987:, 4 March 1854, p. 5, col. 3. 3810:"Person: Ricketts, John Bill" 3587:The Oxford English Dictionary 3473:. Paris: Éditions Gallimard. 2885:You Can't Cheat an Honest Man 2027:Circus baby elephant training 778:Circus of Pepin and Breschard 5287:Adams, Katherine H. (2012). 5011:Good, Kate (26 April 2017). 4360:. PETA.org. 17 February 2011 4073:Circus! The Australian Story 3731:Leathers, Victor L. (1959). 3297:Circus! The Australian Story 3271:"Philip Astley - Circopedia" 1142:who has a role similar to a 469:Hippodrome of Constantinople 356: 337: 5062:Greece bans animal circuses 3762:Guinness World Records 2014 2811:were produced, followed by 2678:. The song title refers to 2494:in Amsterdam, Netherlands. 1608:Circuses and animal cruelty 1239: Ban on import/export 5947: 5379:Johnson, William M. 1990. 4411:. Peta.org. Archived from 4196:https://social-circus.com/ 3539:Victoria and Albert Museum 3026:Hey There, It's Yogi Bear! 2932:The Greatest Show on Earth 2873:were released in 1936 and 2863:Charlie Chan at the Circus 2650:Entrance of the Gladiators 2583: 2364:Paper postcard of the Old 1169: 1122: 1107: 970: 882:After an 1881 merger with 350: 331: 51:Barnum & Bailey Circus 25: 18: 5880: 5382:The Rose-Tinted Menagerie 5265:. London: Tantivy Press. 4508:, " CNN 29 November 2011. 3924:William L. Slout (1998). 3674:, Canongate Books, p. 28. 3120:movie with the same title 2697:Stars and Stripes Forever 2490:in Stockholm, Sweden, or 1762:Animal–industrial complex 759:Circus tent, Italy (1951) 42: 5931:Animal keeping by humans 4167:"About Cirque du Soleil" 4121:. Les7doigtsdelamain.com 3629:Stoddart, Helen (2000). 3469:Dagron, Gilbert (2011). 3381:Secrets of the sideshows 3231:History of Indian circus 3074:, based on the novel by 3067:, was released in 2017. 2912:The Wagons Roll at Night 2469:Belarus State Circus in 2324:from the United States, 2312:in travelling circuses. 1331:come under the category 1299:), aerial acts (such as 840:In 1838, the equestrian 792:was the most famous pre- 376:in honour of her father 5385:. Iridescent Publishing 5263:A History of the Circus 5250:Encyclopædia Britannica 4832:"Worldwide circus bans" 4058:, n°85, February 1982, 4020:Bagley, Sherri (2019). 3758:Glenday, Craig (2013). 3744:Banham, Martin (1995). 3720:Encyclopædia Britannica 3702:8 November 2008 at the 3564:accessed 7 January 2014 3446:Circus: A World History 3444:; Cotes, Peter (1976). 3340:A Greek-English Lexicon 3023:'s first animated film 2776:and lyrics and book by 2338:Vazquez Hermanos Circus 898:Painting by Venezuelan 696:, the first mainstream 680:Astley was followed by 676:Elephant trainer (1903) 368:early Christian writer 21:Circus (disambiguation) 5662:Cigar box manipulation 4625:"Hawthorn Corporation" 4071:St Leon, Mark (2011). 3358:Terrot Reaveley Glover 3295:St Leon, Mark (2011). 3166:, the main character, 2929:'s Oscar-winning film 2601: 2412:Cirque Jules Verne in 2380: 2369: 2357: 2271: 2148:Feld Entertainment Inc 2049: 2028: 1470: 1458: 1447: 1280: 1221: Nationwide ban 1009:, original music, and 995: 947: 932:, better known as the 903: 879: 832: 773: 760: 731: 677: 650: 640: 435: 362: 318: 148:Professional wrestling 49:Advertisement for the 5091:on 24 September 2015. 4814:"Leġiżlazzjoni Malta" 4242:Stop Circus Suffering 3513:"History of the Ludi" 3499:Ab Urbe condita libri 3143:Super Commando Dhruva 2895:(1940), the animated 2839:in 1928. German film 2593: 2443:Shanghai Circus World 2408:Cirque d'hiver, Paris 2399:Circus Krone Building 2375: 2363: 2355: 2269: 2111:stereotypic behaviour 2088:Wageningen University 2034: 2026: 1565:are the most common. 1464: 1453: 1441: 1179: 1172:List of circus skills 1001:(originally known as 980: 942: 897: 874: 830: 771: 758: 726: 675: 646: 637:Astley's Amphitheatre 635: 502:in London during the 451:In Ancient Rome, the 432:Sells Brothers Circus 430: 5340:Childress, Micah D. 4173:on 25 September 2009 4052:Jean-Pierre Thiollet 3846:on 19 December 2007. 3790:. Explore PA History 3788:"Historical Markers" 3589:lists the 1791 book 3060:The Greatest Showman 2996:(also in 1960); the 2799:Sally of the Sawdust 2607:'s children's books 2546:improve this section 2498:International awards 2452:Turkmen State Circus 2304:On 6 June 2015, the 1900:Animal protectionism 1584:Controversy and laws 1574:Isaac A. Van Amburgh 1144:Master of Ceremonies 1077:(founded in 1987 by 1023:Pickle Family Circus 961:Chinese State Circus 934:Moscow Circus School 884:James Anthony Bailey 806:William Cameron Coup 772:James Anthony Baliey 714:Amphithéâtre Anglais 538:improve this article 19:For other uses, see 5744:Equestrian vaulting 4879:"Elephant Rampages" 4647:, 15 December 2018. 4644:North Jersey Record 4631:on 13 October 2004. 4579:The Washington Post 4554:The Washington Post 4525:The Washington Post 4022:"Big Top Or Crops?" 3985:Leeds Intelligencer 3966:on 14 December 2010 3442:Croft-Cooke, Rupert 3216:Contemporary circus 3159:as the lead actor. 3111:Water for Elephants 2790:He Who Gets Slapped 2734:written in 1928 by 2726:written by Russian 2723:He Who Gets Slapped 2716:written in 1907 by 2713:Polly of the Circus 2475:"Globus" Circus in 2439:in Saint Petersburg 2418:Hippodrome Circus, 2131:U.S. District Court 1148:Moscow State Circus 1110:Contemporary Circus 1104:Contemporary Circus 842:Thomas Taplin Cooke 786:Joshuah Purdy Brown 490:was constructed by 266:object manipulation 228:, trained animals, 5184:on 12 October 2011 4766:Legislation.gov.uk 4702:. 14 November 2014 4504:Leigh Remizowski, 4440:. 19 February 2008 4146:The New York Times 3999:"Victorian Circus" 3324:A Latin Dictionary 3275:www.circopedia.org 3241:Traveling carnival 3054:Jungle Emperor Leo 3002:Billy Rose's Jumbo 2949:Sawdust and Tinsel 2937:Man on a Tightrope 2917:Captive Wild Woman 2813:The Devil's Circus 2602: 2381: 2370: 2358: 2334:Lennon Bros Circus 2272: 2073:Animal Welfare Act 2050: 2029: 1985:Animals portal 1471: 1459: 1448: 1281: 1229: Partial ban 1039:Nofit State Circus 996: 948: 904: 880: 866:Jacques Tourniaire 833: 774: 761: 741:John Bill Ricketts 732: 678: 651: 641: 639:in London, c. 1808 436: 282:trick horse riding 168:Street performance 5908: 5907: 5804:Human firecracker 5328:on 4 January 2018 5298:978-0-7864-7228-4 4664:. 26 October 1998 4218:Missing or empty 4082:978-1-877096-50-1 3937:978-0-8095-1310-9 3773:978-1-908843-15-9 3640:978-0-7190-5234-7 3480:978-2-07-013378-9 3455:978-0-236-40051-5 3306:978-1-877096-50-1 3221:Dog and pony show 3128:Reese Witherspoon 3015:(1964), starring 2993:Circus of Horrors 2927:Cecil B. de Mille 2889:The Great Profile 2871:The Three Maxiums 2855:in 1956; in 1932 2837:Laugh Clown Laugh 2752:Top of the Ladder 2693:John Philip Sousa 2582: 2581: 2574: 2506:has been held in 2318:UniverSoul Circus 2218:Christopher Chope 2207:Oxford University 2167:Palm Bay, Florida 2021: 2020: 1865:Companion animals 1625: 1624: 1620: 1351:, Rusty Russell, 1349:Fratellini Family 1264: 1263: 1152:brass instruments 858:Giuseppe Chiarini 750:George Washington 690:London Hippodrome 663:tightrope walkers 614: 613: 606: 588: 434:with Great Danes 425: 424: 420: 408:History of circus 264:as well as other 246:tightrope walkers 214: 213: 74: 73: 5938: 5898: 5897: 5888: 5887: 5749:Human cannonball 5704:Fire performance 5677:Hat manipulation 5667:Contact juggling 5515:Chair acrobatics 5452: 5445: 5438: 5429: 5371: 5337: 5335: 5333: 5324:. Archived from 5322:History Magazine 5302: 5276: 5259:Speaight, George 5254: 5246: 5225: 5222: 5216: 5215: 5213: 5211: 5200: 5194: 5193: 5191: 5189: 5174: 5168: 5167: 5165: 5163: 5158:on 23 April 2012 5148: 5142: 5141: 5139: 5137: 5132:. Mexconnect.com 5125: 5119: 5118: 5116: 5114: 5099: 5093: 5092: 5090: 5079: 5071: 5065: 5059: 5053: 5052: 5050: 5048: 5040:(21 June 2017). 5034: 5028: 5027: 5025: 5023: 5017:One Green Planet 5008: 5002: 5001: 4999: 4997: 4980: 4974: 4973: 4971: 4969: 4955: 4949: 4948: 4946: 4944: 4929: 4923: 4922: 4920: 4918: 4907: 4901: 4900: 4898: 4896: 4891:on 10 April 2008 4890: 4883: 4875: 4869: 4868: 4866: 4864: 4853: 4847: 4846: 4844: 4842: 4827: 4818: 4817: 4810: 4804: 4803: 4801: 4799: 4792:Welsh Government 4784: 4778: 4777: 4775: 4773: 4757: 4751: 4745: 4739: 4738: 4736: 4734: 4718: 4712: 4711: 4709: 4707: 4700:Bournemouth Echo 4692: 4686: 4680: 4674: 4673: 4671: 4669: 4654: 4648: 4639: 4633: 4632: 4621: 4615: 4614: 4612: 4610: 4599: 4593: 4592: 4587: 4585: 4569: 4563: 4561: 4543: 4537: 4536: 4534: 4532: 4515: 4509: 4502: 4496: 4493: 4487: 4482: 4476: 4475: 4473: 4471: 4456: 4450: 4449: 4447: 4445: 4439: 4431: 4425: 4424: 4422: 4420: 4405: 4396: 4395: 4393: 4391: 4386:on 16 April 2009 4376: 4370: 4369: 4367: 4365: 4354: 4348: 4347: 4345: 4343: 4337: 4326: 4318: 4312: 4311: 4309: 4307: 4292: 4283: 4282: 4280: 4278: 4273:on 14 April 2012 4259: 4253: 4252: 4250: 4248: 4234: 4228: 4227: 4221: 4216: 4214: 4206: 4204: 4202: 4189: 4183: 4182: 4180: 4178: 4163: 4157: 4156: 4154: 4152: 4137: 4131: 4130: 4128: 4126: 4115: 4109: 4108: 4106: 4104: 4093: 4087: 4086: 4068: 4062: 4048: 4042: 4041: 4039: 4037: 4017: 4011: 4010: 4008: 4006: 3994: 3988: 3982: 3976: 3975: 3973: 3971: 3955: 3949: 3948: 3946: 3944: 3921: 3915: 3909: 3903: 3902: 3900: 3898: 3883: 3874: 3873: 3871: 3869: 3864:on 25 March 2007 3854: 3848: 3847: 3842:. 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Archived from 3806: 3800: 3799: 3797: 3795: 3784: 3778: 3777: 3765: 3755: 3749: 3742: 3736: 3729: 3723: 3713: 3707: 3692: 3686: 3681: 3675: 3668: 3662: 3656: 3645: 3644: 3626: 3620: 3617: 3611: 3605: 3594: 3584: 3578: 3572: 3566: 3556: 3550: 3549: 3547: 3545: 3531: 3525: 3524: 3522: 3520: 3509: 3503: 3491: 3485: 3484: 3466: 3460: 3459: 3438: 3432: 3426: 3420: 3414: 3403: 3402: 3373: 3362: 3361: 3349: 3343: 3333: 3327: 3317: 3311: 3310: 3292: 3286: 3285: 3283: 3281: 3267: 3206:Cirque du Soleil 3124:Robert Pattinson 3088:by Eduard Bass, 2973:Federico Fellini 2953:Life Is a Circus 2945:Gycklarnas afton 2635: 2618: 2577: 2570: 2566: 2563: 2557: 2526: 2518: 2437:Ciniselli Circus 2378:Sirkus Finlandia 2336:from Australia, 2322:Big Apple Circus 2248:Welsh Parliament 2171:Honolulu, Hawaii 2129:In testimony in 2045:Mexican Congress 2013: 2006: 1999: 1983: 1982: 1943:Environmentalism 1670:Around the world 1652: 1642: 1627: 1616: 1596: 1595: 1588: 1408:sword swallowing 1380:human cannonball 1275: 1272: 1256: 1246: 1238: 1228: 1220: 1214: 1213: 1200: 1193: 1186: 1094:Cirque du Soleil 1083:Victoria Chaplin 1047:Cirque du Soleil 982:Cirque du Soleil 900:Arturo Michelena 860:, and Frenchmen 718:Antonio Franconi 629: 628: 624: 609: 602: 598: 595: 589: 587: 546: 522: 514: 500:Bartholomew Fair 480:Circus Flaminius 416: 396: 395: 388: 367: 359: 353: 352: 340: 334: 333: 321: 206: 199: 192: 76: 47: 35: 5946: 5945: 5941: 5940: 5939: 5937: 5936: 5935: 5926:Performing arts 5911: 5910: 5909: 5904: 5876: 5833: 5763: 5730: 5648: 5644: 5636: 5475: 5470: 5461: 5456: 5425: 5406: 5351: 5331: 5329: 5315: 5299: 5286: 5283: 5281:Further reading 5273: 5257: 5237: 5234: 5229: 5228: 5223: 5219: 5209: 5207: 5202: 5201: 5197: 5187: 5185: 5176: 5175: 5171: 5161: 5159: 5150: 5149: 5145: 5135: 5133: 5127: 5126: 5122: 5112: 5110: 5101: 5100: 5096: 5088: 5077: 5073: 5072: 5068: 5060: 5056: 5046: 5044: 5036: 5035: 5031: 5021: 5019: 5010: 5009: 5005: 4995: 4993: 4982: 4981: 4977: 4967: 4965: 4957: 4956: 4952: 4942: 4940: 4937:The Independent 4931: 4930: 4926: 4916: 4914: 4909: 4908: 4904: 4894: 4892: 4888: 4881: 4877: 4876: 4872: 4862: 4860: 4855: 4854: 4850: 4840: 4838: 4829: 4828: 4821: 4812: 4811: 4807: 4797: 4795: 4786: 4785: 4781: 4771: 4769: 4759: 4758: 4754: 4746: 4742: 4732: 4730: 4720: 4719: 4715: 4705: 4703: 4694: 4693: 4689: 4681: 4677: 4667: 4665: 4656: 4655: 4651: 4640: 4636: 4623: 4622: 4618: 4608: 4606: 4601: 4600: 4596: 4583: 4581: 4572: 4570: 4559: 4557: 4546: 4544: 4540: 4530: 4528: 4517: 4516: 4512: 4503: 4499: 4494: 4490: 4483: 4479: 4469: 4467: 4458: 4457: 4453: 4443: 4441: 4437: 4433: 4432: 4428: 4418: 4416: 4415:on 26 July 2010 4407: 4406: 4399: 4389: 4387: 4378: 4377: 4373: 4363: 4361: 4356: 4355: 4351: 4341: 4339: 4335: 4324: 4320: 4319: 4315: 4305: 4303: 4294: 4293: 4286: 4276: 4274: 4265:HistoryMagazine 4261: 4260: 4256: 4246: 4244: 4236: 4235: 4231: 4217: 4207: 4200: 4198: 4191: 4190: 4186: 4176: 4174: 4165: 4164: 4160: 4150: 4148: 4139: 4138: 4134: 4124: 4122: 4119:"The 7 Fingers" 4117: 4116: 4112: 4102: 4100: 4099:. Circus Baobab 4097:"Circus Baobab" 4095: 4094: 4090: 4083: 4070: 4069: 4065: 4049: 4045: 4035: 4033: 4019: 4018: 4014: 4004: 4002: 3996: 3995: 3991: 3983: 3979: 3969: 3967: 3957: 3956: 3952: 3942: 3940: 3938: 3923: 3922: 3918: 3911:David Carlyon. 3910: 3906: 3896: 3894: 3885: 3884: 3877: 3867: 3865: 3856: 3855: 3851: 3838: 3837: 3833: 3823: 3821: 3808: 3807: 3803: 3793: 3791: 3786: 3785: 3781: 3774: 3757: 3756: 3752: 3743: 3739: 3730: 3726: 3714: 3710: 3704:Wayback Machine 3693: 3689: 3682: 3678: 3669: 3665: 3657: 3648: 3641: 3628: 3627: 3623: 3618: 3614: 3606: 3597: 3585: 3581: 3573: 3569: 3557: 3553: 3543: 3541: 3533: 3532: 3528: 3518: 3516: 3511: 3510: 3506: 3492: 3488: 3481: 3468: 3467: 3463: 3456: 3440: 3439: 3435: 3427: 3423: 3415: 3406: 3391: 3375: 3374: 3365: 3351: 3350: 3346: 3334: 3330: 3318: 3314: 3307: 3294: 3293: 3289: 3279: 3277: 3269: 3268: 3264: 3259: 3180:Animal training 3176: 3091:Cirque du Freak 3086:Circus Humberto 3072:Circus Humberto 3044:Mera Naam Joker 2823:Charlie Chaplin 2801:(remade 1930), 2748:Herbert Farjeon 2728:Leonid Andreyev 2708:Lionel Monckton 2704:The Circus Girl 2629: 2612: 2610:Der kleine Mann 2588: 2578: 2567: 2561: 2558: 2543: 2527: 2516: 2500: 2484:Cirkusbygningen 2394:Budapest Circus 2388:Blackpool Tower 2356:Circus building 2350: 2264: 2256: 2236: 2194: 2069: 2017: 1977: 1970: 1969: 1933: 1925: 1924: 1890: 1882: 1881: 1757: 1749: 1748: 1722: 1712: 1711: 1660: 1640: 1621: 1597: 1593: 1586: 1436: 1420:The Doll Family 1416:Zip the Pinhead 1279: 1278: 1273: 1269: 1258: 1254: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1212: 1204: 1174: 1168: 1136: 1127: 1121: 1112: 1106: 1087:Charlie Chaplin 1071:Teatro ZinZanni 1007:lighting design 975: 969: 953: 918: 838: 766: 739:The Englishman 737: 694:Joseph Grimaldi 630: 626: 622: 620: 619: 610: 599: 593: 590: 547: 545: 535: 523: 512: 464:George Speaight 449: 421: 418:(November 2023) 397: 393: 386: 380:, the Sun God. 322:, which is the 307: 210: 163:Stand-up comedy 89:Performing arts 54: 31: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5944: 5942: 5934: 5933: 5928: 5923: 5913: 5912: 5906: 5905: 5903: 5902: 5892: 5881: 5878: 5877: 5875: 5874: 5873: 5872: 5862: 5857: 5852: 5847: 5841: 5839: 5835: 5834: 5832: 5831: 5829:Wheel of Death 5826: 5821: 5816: 5811: 5806: 5801: 5799:Globe of death 5796: 5795: 5794: 5784: 5783: 5782: 5775:Animal trainer 5771: 5769: 5765: 5764: 5762: 5761: 5756: 5751: 5746: 5740: 5738: 5732: 5731: 5729: 5728: 5723: 5722: 5721: 5716: 5711: 5709:Fire breathing 5701: 5700: 5699: 5694: 5689: 5679: 5674: 5669: 5664: 5659: 5653: 5651: 5638: 5637: 5635: 5634: 5629: 5628: 5627: 5622: 5612: 5607: 5602: 5597: 5592: 5587: 5582: 5577: 5572: 5567: 5562: 5557: 5552: 5547: 5542: 5537: 5532: 5527: 5522: 5517: 5512: 5507: 5502: 5497: 5492: 5487: 5481: 5479: 5463: 5462: 5457: 5455: 5454: 5447: 5440: 5432: 5423: 5422: 5417: 5412: 5405: 5404:External links 5402: 5401: 5400: 5395:Simon, Linda. 5393: 5388:Nance, Susan. 5386: 5377: 5349: 5338: 5313: 5303: 5297: 5282: 5279: 5278: 5277: 5271: 5255: 5244:"Circus" 5241:, ed. (1911). 5239:Chisholm, Hugh 5233: 5230: 5227: 5226: 5217: 5195: 5169: 5143: 5120: 5094: 5066: 5054: 5038:Pacelle, Wayne 5029: 5003: 4975: 4950: 4924: 4902: 4870: 4848: 4819: 4805: 4794:. 15 July 2020 4779: 4752: 4740: 4713: 4687: 4675: 4649: 4634: 4616: 4594: 4538: 4510: 4497: 4488: 4477: 4466:on 14 May 2013 4451: 4426: 4397: 4371: 4349: 4338:on 28 May 2008 4313: 4302:on 21 May 2015 4284: 4254: 4229: 4184: 4158: 4132: 4110: 4088: 4081: 4063: 4043: 4012: 3989: 3977: 3950: 3936: 3916: 3904: 3887:"Introduction" 3875: 3849: 3831: 3801: 3779: 3772: 3750: 3737: 3724: 3708: 3687: 3676: 3663: 3661:, p. 391. 3646: 3639: 3621: 3612: 3595: 3579: 3567: 3551: 3526: 3515:. 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1108:Main article: 1105: 1102: 1098:cirque nouveau 1085:, daughter of 1075:Circus Smirkus 1011:costume design 1003:cirque nouveau 971:Main article: 968: 965: 952: 949: 917: 914: 862:Louis Soullier 837: 834: 765: 762: 736: 733: 710:Charles Dibdin 648:Circus Ronaldo 618: 615: 612: 611: 526: 524: 517: 511: 508: 484:Circus Neronis 476:Circus Maximus 448: 445: 423: 422: 400: 398: 391: 385: 382: 364:De Spectaculis 306: 303: 258:ventriloquists 212: 211: 209: 208: 201: 194: 186: 183: 182: 181: 180: 175: 170: 165: 160: 155: 150: 145: 140: 135: 130: 125: 120: 115: 110: 105: 100: 92: 91: 85: 84: 72: 71: 68: 64: 63: 60: 56: 55: 48: 40: 39: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5943: 5932: 5929: 5927: 5924: 5922: 5919: 5918: 5916: 5901: 5893: 5891: 5883: 5882: 5879: 5871: 5868: 5867: 5866: 5863: 5861: 5858: 5856: 5853: 5851: 5850:Circus school 5848: 5846: 5843: 5842: 5840: 5836: 5830: 5827: 5825: 5822: 5820: 5817: 5815: 5812: 5810: 5807: 5805: 5802: 5800: 5797: 5793: 5790: 5789: 5788: 5785: 5781: 5778: 5777: 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3697: 3691: 3688: 3685: 3680: 3677: 3673: 3667: 3664: 3660: 3659:Chisholm 1911 3655: 3653: 3651: 3647: 3642: 3636: 3632: 3625: 3622: 3616: 3613: 3609: 3604: 3602: 3600: 3596: 3592: 3588: 3583: 3580: 3576: 3575:Speaight 1980 3571: 3568: 3565: 3561: 3555: 3552: 3540: 3536: 3530: 3527: 3514: 3508: 3505: 3501: 3500: 3495: 3490: 3487: 3482: 3476: 3472: 3465: 3462: 3457: 3451: 3447: 3443: 3437: 3434: 3431:, p. 11. 3430: 3429:Speaight 1980 3425: 3422: 3418: 3417:Chisholm 1911 3413: 3411: 3409: 3405: 3400: 3396: 3392: 3390:0-8131-7179-2 3386: 3382: 3378: 3372: 3370: 3368: 3364: 3359: 3355: 3348: 3345: 3341: 3337: 3332: 3329: 3325: 3321: 3316: 3313: 3308: 3302: 3298: 3291: 3288: 3276: 3272: 3266: 3263: 3256: 3252: 3249: 3247: 3244: 3242: 3239: 3237: 3234: 3232: 3229: 3227: 3224: 3222: 3219: 3217: 3214: 3212: 3209: 3207: 3204: 3202: 3201:Circus skills 3199: 3197: 3194: 3192: 3189: 3186: 3183: 3181: 3178: 3177: 3173: 3171: 3169: 3165: 3160: 3158: 3157:Shahrukh Khan 3154: 3150: 3149: 3144: 3139: 3137: 3133: 3132:Elephant Song 3129: 3125: 3121: 3117: 3113: 3112: 3107: 3106:Gary Jennings 3103: 3102: 3097: 3093: 3092: 3087: 3083: 3082: 3077: 3073: 3068: 3066: 3062: 3061: 3056: 3055: 3050: 3046: 3045: 3040: 3036: 3032: 3028: 3027: 3022: 3021:Hanna-Barbera 3018: 3014: 3013: 3008: 3007:A Tiger Walks 3004: 3003: 2999: 2995: 2994: 2990: 2986: 2985: 2980: 2979: 2974: 2970: 2969: 2964: 2963: 2962:3 Ring Circus 2958: 2954: 2950: 2947:(released as 2946: 2942: 2938: 2934: 2933: 2928: 2924: 2920: 2918: 2914: 2913: 2908: 2904: 2903: 2898: 2894: 2890: 2886: 2882: 2881:Marx Brothers 2879:starring the 2878: 2877: 2876:At the Circus 2872: 2868: 2864: 2860: 2859: 2854: 2850: 2849: 2844: 2843: 2842:Salto Mortale 2838: 2834: 2833: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2819: 2814: 2810: 2806: 2805: 2800: 2796: 2792: 2791: 2785: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2770: 2766:in 1961, and 2765: 2761: 2757: 2753: 2749: 2745: 2741: 2737: 2733: 2729: 2725: 2724: 2719: 2718:Margaret Mayo 2715: 2714: 2709: 2705: 2700: 2698: 2694: 2689: 2685: 2684:George Martin 2681: 2677: 2676: 2671: 2667: 2663: 2659: 2655: 2651: 2646: 2644: 2640: 2636: 2633: 2628: 2623: 2619: 2616: 2611: 2606: 2605:Erich Kästner 2600: 2596: 2592: 2587: 2576: 2573: 2565: 2555: 2551: 2547: 2541: 2540: 2536: 2531:This section 2529: 2525: 2520: 2519: 2513: 2511: 2509: 2505: 2497: 2495: 2493: 2492:Carré Theatre 2489: 2485: 2478: 2474: 2472: 2468: 2466: 2462: 2459: 2457: 2453: 2450: 2448: 2444: 2441: 2438: 2435: 2432: 2429: 2426: 2423: 2421: 2417: 2415: 2411: 2409: 2406: 2404: 2400: 2397: 2395: 2392: 2389: 2386: 2385: 2384: 2379: 2374: 2367: 2362: 2354: 2347: 2345: 2343: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2330:Circus Royale 2328:from Munich, 2327: 2323: 2319: 2313: 2311: 2307: 2302: 2300: 2295: 2293: 2292:New York City 2289: 2285: 2284:San Francisco 2280: 2276: 2268: 2261: 2259: 2253: 2251: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2233: 2231: 2229: 2224: 2219: 2214: 2212: 2208: 2204: 2199: 2191: 2189: 2186: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2163: 2161: 2156: 2151: 2149: 2145: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2127: 2121: 2118: 2115: 2112: 2108: 2105: 2102: 2099: 2096: 2093: 2092: 2091: 2089: 2084: 2082: 2078: 2074: 2067:United States 2066: 2064: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2053:Animal rights 2046: 2042: 2038: 2033: 2025: 2014: 2009: 2007: 2002: 2000: 1995: 1994: 1992: 1991: 1986: 1981: 1976: 1975: 1974: 1973: 1966: 1963: 1961: 1958: 1956: 1953: 1949: 1946: 1945: 1944: 1941: 1939: 1938:Cultured meat 1936: 1935: 1929: 1928: 1921: 1918: 1916: 1913: 1911: 1908: 1906: 1903: 1901: 1898: 1896: 1893: 1892: 1886: 1885: 1876: 1873: 1871: 1868: 1867: 1866: 1863: 1859: 1856: 1854: 1851: 1849: 1846: 1845: 1844: 1841: 1837: 1834: 1833: 1832: 1829: 1825: 1822: 1820: 1817: 1815: 1812: 1811: 1810: 1807: 1803: 1800: 1798: 1795: 1793: 1790: 1788: 1785: 1784: 1783: 1780: 1778: 1775: 1773: 1770: 1768: 1765: 1763: 1760: 1759: 1753: 1752: 1745: 1742: 1738: 1735: 1733: 1730: 1729: 1728: 1725: 1724: 1721: 1716: 1715: 1706: 1703: 1702: 1701: 1698: 1696: 1695:Vegetarianism 1693: 1691: 1688: 1686: 1683: 1681: 1678: 1676: 1673: 1671: 1668: 1666: 1663: 1662: 1656: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1646: 1643: 1641:Animal rights 1637: 1633: 1629: 1628: 1619: 1614: 1610: 1609: 1604: 1599: 1590: 1589: 1583: 1581: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1566: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1468: 1463: 1456: 1452: 1445: 1440: 1433: 1431: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1384:chapeaugraphy 1381: 1377: 1376:sideshow acts 1373: 1369: 1364: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1341:circus clowns 1338: 1334: 1330: 1329:rolling globe 1326: 1322: 1318: 1317:stilt-walking 1314: 1310: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1271: 1268: 1260: 1252: 1251: 1242: 1234: 1233: 1224: 1216: 1215: 1211: 1210: 1201: 1196: 1194: 1189: 1187: 1182: 1181: 1178: 1173: 1165: 1163: 1161: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1133: 1131: 1126: 1125:Social circus 1119:Social Circus 1118: 1116: 1111: 1103: 1101: 1099: 1095: 1090: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1067:Cirkus Cirkör 1064: 1063:Cirque Éloize 1060: 1056: 1052: 1049:, founded in 1048: 1044: 1041:in 1984 from 1040: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1027:San Francisco 1025:, founded in 1024: 1020: 1015: 1012: 1008: 1004: 1000: 993: 989: 988: 983: 979: 974: 966: 964: 962: 958: 950: 945: 941: 937: 935: 931: 927: 926:Soviet Russia 923: 915: 913: 910: 909:animal rights 901: 896: 892: 888: 885: 877: 873: 869: 867: 863: 859: 855: 851: 850:William Batty 847: 843: 835: 829: 825: 823: 819: 818:circus trains 815: 811: 807: 803: 799: 795: 791: 787: 783: 779: 770: 763: 757: 753: 751: 747: 742: 734: 729: 725: 721: 719: 715: 711: 707: 704:in 1781. The 703: 699: 695: 691: 687: 683: 682:Andrew Ducrow 674: 670: 668: 664: 660: 656: 655:Philip Astley 649: 645: 638: 634: 625: 616: 608: 605: 597: 586: 583: 579: 576: 572: 569: 565: 562: 558: 555: – 554: 550: 549:Find sources: 543: 539: 533: 532: 527:This section 525: 521: 516: 515: 510:Modern format 509: 507: 505: 501: 495: 493: 489: 488:fourth circus 485: 481: 477: 472: 470: 465: 461: 456: 455: 446: 444: 442: 441:Philip Astley 433: 429: 419: 414: 410: 409: 404: 399: 390: 389: 383: 381: 379: 375: 371: 366: 365: 358: 348: 347:Homeric Greek 344: 339: 329: 325: 320: 316: 313:derives from 312: 304: 302: 298: 294: 291: 287: 283: 278: 276: 275:Philip Astley 271: 267: 263: 259: 255: 251: 247: 243: 239: 235: 231: 227: 223: 219: 207: 202: 200: 195: 193: 188: 187: 185: 184: 179: 178:Ventriloquism 176: 174: 171: 169: 166: 164: 161: 159: 156: 154: 151: 149: 146: 144: 141: 139: 136: 134: 131: 129: 126: 124: 121: 119: 116: 114: 111: 109: 108:Circus skills 106: 104: 101: 99: 96: 95: 94: 93: 90: 86: 82: 78: 77: 69: 67:Ancestor arts 65: 61: 57: 52: 46: 41: 36: 33: 29: 22: 5792:Circus clown 5649:manipulation 5632:Trick riding 5555:Hand to hand 5520:Chinese pole 5424: 5396: 5389: 5380: 5373: 5359: 5353: 5341: 5330:. Retrieved 5326:the original 5321: 5288: 5262: 5248: 5220: 5208:. Retrieved 5198: 5186:. Retrieved 5182:the original 5172: 5160:. Retrieved 5156:the original 5146: 5134:. Retrieved 5123: 5111:. Retrieved 5107: 5097: 5086:the original 5081: 5069: 5057: 5045:. Retrieved 5032: 5020:. Retrieved 5016: 5006: 4994:. Retrieved 4988: 4978: 4966:. Retrieved 4962: 4953: 4941:. Retrieved 4936: 4927: 4915:. Retrieved 4905: 4893:. Retrieved 4886:the original 4873: 4861:. Retrieved 4851: 4839:. Retrieved 4835: 4808: 4796:. Retrieved 4791: 4782: 4770:. Retrieved 4764: 4755: 4743: 4731:. Retrieved 4725: 4716: 4704:. Retrieved 4699: 4690: 4678: 4666:. Retrieved 4661: 4652: 4642: 4637: 4629:the original 4619: 4607:. Retrieved 4597: 4589: 4582:. Retrieved 4578: 4565: 4558:. Retrieved 4552: 4541: 4529:. Retrieved 4523: 4513: 4500: 4491: 4480: 4468:. Retrieved 4464:the original 4454: 4442:. Retrieved 4429: 4417:. Retrieved 4413:the original 4388:. Retrieved 4384:the original 4374: 4362:. Retrieved 4352: 4340:. Retrieved 4333:the original 4316: 4304:. Retrieved 4300:the original 4275:. Retrieved 4271:the original 4264: 4257: 4245:. Retrieved 4241: 4232: 4220:|title= 4201:13 September 4199:. Retrieved 4192: 4187: 4177:30 September 4175:. Retrieved 4171:the original 4161: 4151:30 September 4149:. Retrieved 4145: 4135: 4123:. Retrieved 4113: 4101:. Retrieved 4091: 4072: 4066: 4055: 4046: 4034:. Retrieved 4025: 4015: 4003:. Retrieved 3992: 3984: 3980: 3968:. Retrieved 3964:the original 3958:Griffin, J. 3953: 3941:. Retrieved 3926: 3919: 3912: 3907: 3895:. Retrieved 3891:the original 3866:. Retrieved 3862:the original 3852: 3844:the original 3834: 3822:. Retrieved 3818:the original 3813: 3804: 3792:. Retrieved 3782: 3761: 3753: 3745: 3740: 3732: 3727: 3719: 3711: 3695: 3690: 3679: 3671: 3666: 3630: 3624: 3615: 3590: 3586: 3582: 3570: 3559: 3554: 3544:19 September 3542:. Retrieved 3538: 3529: 3517:. Retrieved 3507: 3497: 3489: 3470: 3464: 3445: 3436: 3424: 3380: 3377:Nickell, Joe 3353: 3347: 3342:, on Perseus 3339: 3331: 3326:, on Perseus 3323: 3315: 3296: 3290: 3278:. Retrieved 3274: 3265: 3191:Circus clown 3161: 3146: 3140: 3136:Circus World 3109: 3108:. The novel 3099: 3089: 3085: 3079: 3071: 3069: 3065:P. T. Barnum 3058: 3052: 3042: 3041:rescue her. 3024: 3012:Circus World 3010: 3006: 3000: 2998:musical film 2991: 2987:(1960), the 2982: 2976: 2966: 2960: 2957:Ring of Fear 2956: 2952: 2948: 2944: 2936: 2930: 2922: 2921: 2916: 2910: 2906: 2900: 2888: 2884: 2874: 2870: 2866: 2862: 2856: 2846: 2840: 2836: 2830: 2826: 2816: 2815:in 1926 and 2812: 2808: 2802: 2798: 2788: 2786: 2781: 2778:Mark Bramble 2767: 2759: 2751: 2743: 2739: 2731: 2721: 2712: 2703: 2701: 2680:William Kite 2673: 2658:Pablo Fanque 2654:Julius Fučík 2647: 2638: 2625: 2621: 2608: 2603: 2594: 2586:Circus music 2568: 2559: 2544:Please help 2532: 2501: 2481: 2382: 2326:Circus Krone 2314: 2310:wild animals 2303: 2296: 2290:(2017), and 2281: 2277: 2273: 2257: 2237: 2215: 2195: 2187: 2164: 2152: 2139:Kenneth Feld 2128: 2125: 2085: 2070: 2051: 1955:Deep ecology 1895:Abolitionism 1814:Bullfighting 1777:Wild animals 1756:Animal abuse 1618:(March 2021) 1617: 1606: 1567: 1472: 1428:Fresnel lens 1365: 1353:Emmett Kelly 1345:Austin Miles 1282: 1270: 1208: 1206: 1156:glockenspiel 1137: 1128: 1113: 1097: 1091: 1055:Cirque Plume 1016: 1002: 997: 985: 954: 919: 905: 889: 881: 854:Pablo Fanque 839: 812:, the first 802:P. T. Barnum 782:Victor Pépin 775: 746:Philadelphia 738: 706:Royal Circus 701: 679: 652: 600: 591: 581: 574: 567: 560: 548: 536:Please help 531:verification 528: 496: 473: 452: 450: 437: 417: 406: 341:), itself a 324:romanisation 310: 308: 299: 295: 286:Thames River 279: 269: 217: 215: 32: 5870:Flea circus 5824:Target girl 5780:Lion taming 5754:Teeterboard 5719:Firewalking 5714:Fire eating 5605:Spanish web 5595:Slacklining 5585:Russian bar 5535:Corde lisse 5525:Cloud swing 5500:Aerial silk 5495:Aerial hoop 5485:Acrobalance 5362:(6): 4–60. 5332:4 September 5188:18 November 4772:11 February 3577:, p. . 3246:Lion taming 3226:Flea circus 3196:Clown alley 3155:, starring 3153:DD National 3122:, starring 3096:Darren Shan 3076:Eduard Bass 2965:(1954) and 2915:(1941) and 2869:(USSR) and 2762:written by 2754:written by 2746:written by 2670:The Beatles 2662:John Lennon 2630: [ 2613: [ 2597:(1891), by 2461:Riga Circus 2427:in Montreal 2368:Wood Circus 2342:Moira Orfei 2288:Los Angeles 1875:Abandonment 1870:Puppy mills 1858:Oceanariums 1809:Bloodsports 1782:Consumption 1737:Vegetarians 1705:in research 1578:Mabel Stark 1446:and leopard 1434:Animal acts 1424:flea circus 1404:magic shows 1388:fire eating 1372:freak shows 1309:corde lisse 1305:aerial silk 1291:(including 1134:Performance 1033:in 1984 in 984:performing 959:, like the 504:Middle Ages 460:hippodromes 262:unicyclists 5915:Categories 5855:Roustabout 5814:Ringmaster 5759:Trampoline 5530:Contortion 5477:contortion 5467:Acrobatics 5420:Circopedia 5374:White Tops 5232:References 4358:"Circuses" 4247:3 November 3185:Chautauqua 3116:Sara Gruen 3049:Raj Kapoor 3031:Cindy Bear 3017:John Wayne 2984:Toby Tyler 2978:The Clowns 2818:The Circus 2809:Vaudeville 2797:; in 1925 2774:Cy Coleman 2595:The Circus 2584:See also: 2376:A tent of 2198:Roger Gale 2160:pachyderms 1920:Speciesism 1772:Mutilation 1444:lion tamer 1368:stunt acts 1366:Daredevil 1361:Bill Irwin 1313:contortion 1297:trampoline 1289:gymnastics 1285:acrobatics 1170:See also: 1140:ringmaster 1079:Rob Mermin 999:New Circus 973:New Circus 967:New Circus 957:acrobatics 944:Freak show 924:, head of 876:Lion tamer 814:freak show 798:Hey, Rube! 594:April 2018 564:newspapers 370:Tertullian 343:metathesis 290:ringmaster 123:Gymnastics 98:Acrobatics 5819:Strongman 5809:Puppeteer 5610:Tightrope 5600:Slackwire 5550:Hair hang 5545:Cyr wheel 5368:0005-4968 5355:Bandwagon 4863:11 August 4036:18 August 4001:. V&A 3081:Carnivàle 2968:La Strada 2907:Road Show 2891:starring 2851:starring 2821:starring 2758:in 1950, 2750:in 1942, 2672:' album, 2664:to write 2562:June 2024 2533:does not 2477:Bucharest 2433:in Moscow 2348:Buildings 2262:Worldwide 2146:hearing, 2133:in 2009, 2077:bullhooks 1965:Welfarism 1910:Personism 1843:Captivity 1727:Advocates 1570:menagerie 1547:sea lions 1519:elephants 1455:Elephants 1412:strongman 1392:breathing 1154:, drums, 1053:in 1984; 1031:Ra-Ra Zoo 1029:in 1975; 1019:Circus Oz 920:In 1919, 846:fitted-up 822:sideshows 794:Civil War 492:Maxentius 305:Etymology 254:magicians 234:musicians 5921:Circuses 5890:Category 5865:Sideshow 5736:Vaulting 5682:Twirling 5657:Bullwhip 5642:Juggling 5261:(1980). 5210:20 April 5162:20 April 5136:20 April 5113:8 August 4968:24 April 4895:20 April 4798:23 April 4668:20 April 4662:BBC News 4609:19 April 4470:19 April 4444:19 April 4419:20 April 4390:20 April 4364:20 April 4277:20 April 4211:cite web 4125:20 April 4103:20 April 4030:Archived 3897:20 April 3868:20 April 3824:20 April 3794:20 April 3700:Archived 3519:20 April 3399:65377460 3379:(2005). 3174:See also 3029:(1964), 3005:(1962); 2919:(1943). 2909:(1941), 2905:(1941), 2832:4 Devils 2643:magician 2456:Ashgabat 2447:Shanghai 2320:and the 2294:(2017). 2286:(2015), 2254:Scotland 2081:bullhook 2048:animals. 1960:Humanism 1853:Circuses 1836:Cosmetic 1720:Movement 1690:Veganism 1680:Timeline 1659:Overview 1632:a series 1630:Part of 1499:polecats 1487:leopards 1477:(namely 1475:big cats 1327:and the 1321:Juggling 1293:tumbling 1209:circuses 1160:calliope 1069:(1995); 790:Dan Rice 667:jugglers 659:acrobats 553:"Circus" 482:and the 250:jugglers 226:acrobats 153:Puppetry 81:a series 79:Part of 5900:Commons 5860:Showman 5838:Related 5672:Diabolo 5615:Trapeze 5472:balance 5047:23 June 5022:23 June 4996:23 June 4990:Reuters 4943:31 July 4917:31 July 4584:12 June 4560:12 June 4531:12 June 4005:19 June 3970:9 April 3502:, 1.35. 3101:Spangle 3039:Boo-Boo 2989:B-movie 2848:Trapeze 2804:Variety 2744:Big Top 2740:Caravan 2695:march " 2554:removed 2539:sources 2425:La Tohu 2366:Kharkiv 2192:England 2183:Kakaako 2041:Hidalgo 2037:Pachuca 1948:Radical 1905:Carnism 1824:Fishing 1819:Hunting 1767:Killing 1675:History 1613:Discuss 1555:monkeys 1539:parrots 1531:donkeys 1507:weasels 1465:Circus 1442:Female 1396:dancing 1301:trapeze 1059:Archaos 987:Dralion 836:Touring 728:Trapeze 578:scholar 413:Discuss 384:History 345:of the 326:of the 242:hoopers 238:dancers 230:trapeze 173:Theatre 5647:object 5625:Static 5620:Flying 5570:Risley 5540:Cradle 5490:Adagio 5366: 5309: 5295: 5269: 4841:22 May 4733:22 May 4706:22 May 4342:23 May 4306:19 May 4079: 3943:9 June 3934: 3770: 3637: 3477: 3452: 3397: 3387: 3336:krikos 3320:circus 3303: 3280:15 May 3148:Circus 3134:; and 3098:, and 2923:Tromba 2897:Disney 2867:Circus 2858:Freaks 2835:; and 2807:, and 2769:Barnum 2637:1967 ( 2624:) and 2620:1963 ( 2508:Monaco 2488:Cirkus 2414:Amiens 2403:Munich 2390:Circus 1802:Cattle 1792:Horses 1744:Groups 1732:Vegans 1537:(like 1527:horses 1523:zebras 1515:llamas 1511:camels 1495:wolves 1485:, and 1483:tigers 1394:, and 1374:, and 1359:, and 1347:, the 1337:Clowns 1255: 1245: 1237: 1227: 1219: 1051:Quebec 1035:London 994:, 2004 992:Vienna 946:circus 916:Russia 686:Sanger 621:": --> 580: 573: 566: 559: 551: 454:circus 447:Origin 378:Helios 357:krikos 351:κρίκος 338:kirkos 332:κίρκος 319:circus 311:circus 270:circus 260:, and 232:acts, 222:clowns 218:circus 158:Speech 103:Ballet 53:, 1900 38:Circus 5845:Carny 5787:Clown 5768:Other 5697:Plate 5687:Baton 5565:Perch 5474:, and 5089:(PDF) 5078:(PDF) 4889:(PDF) 4882:(PDF) 4438:(PDF) 4336:(PDF) 4325:(PDF) 3257:Notes 3211:Clown 3019:. 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