Andrés Bonifacio - Knowledge

1677: 876: 614: 68: 6698: 2565: 2082:, protested Bonifacio being appointed as Director of the Interior on the grounds that the position should not be occupied by a person without a lawyer's diploma. Tirona suggested a prominent lawyer for the position such as Jose del Rosario. Insulted and angered, Bonifacio demanded an apology, since the voters had agreed to respect the election results. Tirona ignored Bonifacio's demand for apology which drove Bonifacio to draw his gun and again he nearly shot Tirona, who hid among the people, but he was restrained by 388: 2182: 399: 2245:, where he and Procopio stood trial on May 5, 1897, on charges of sedition and treason against Aguinaldo's government and conspiracy to murder Aguinaldo. The jury was composed entirely of Aguinaldo's men and even Bonifacio's defence lawyer himself declared his client's guilt. Bonifacio was barred from confronting the state witness on the charge of conspiracy to murder on the grounds that the latter had been killed in battle. However, after the trial the witness was seen alive with the prosecutors. 1200: 7007: 1248:

on Saturday, the 29th of the current month, the revolution shall commence according to our agreement. For this purpose, it is necessary for all towns to rise simultaneously and attack Manila at the same time. Anybody who obstructs this sacred ideal of the people will be considered a traitor and an enemy, except if he is ill; or is not physically fit, in which case he shall be tried according to the regulations we have put in force. Mount of Liberty, 28 August 1896 – ANDRÉS BONIFACIO

2549:...even inside the Katipunan, Bonifacio struggled to make people understand his concept of the Haring Bayan not as an individual or a King, but as something else... Haring Bayan really meant the King, or the power, is the people (Haring Bayan), which is basically "The Sovereign Nation"... So when he signed himself as Pangulo ng Haring Bayan past 24 August 1896, that means he intended to be president of a national revolutionary government which aimed to be a democracy. 7100: 1668:) river against Spanish reinforcements coming from the direction of Mariquina. After three days, Spanish counterattacks broke through the Nangka river lines. The Spanish troops thus recaptured the rebel positions and surprised Bonifacio in San Mateo, who ordered a general retreat to Balara. They were pursued, and Bonifacio was nearly killed shielding Emilio Jacinto from a Spanish bullet which grazed his collar. 378: 6717: 342: 2389:, said in two separate accounts that the Bonifacio brothers were shot to death, which is the orthodox interpretation. Macapagal's second account has Bonifacio attempting to escape after his brother is shot, but he is also killed while running away. Macapagal writes that they buried the brothers in shallow graves dug with bayonets and marked by twigs. 668:(after they were orphaned, according to the traditional view). He also made posters for business firms. This became their thriving family business that continued when the men of the family, namely Andres, Ciriaco, Procopio, and Troadio, were employed with private and government companies, which provided them with decent living conditions. 6523:... Regala went to the archives and found the 1881 records on Andres Bonifacio! Reproduced in the book is the page where you find the parents of the hero: Santiago Bonifacio (aged 39) and Catalina de Castro (aged 36).... This small bit off information disproves the textbook story that Andres and his siblings were orphaned young. 2153:, was drawn up which declared that its 41 signatories, "... having discovered the treason committed by certain officers who have been sowing discord and conniving with the Spaniards ", had "agreed to deliver the people from this grave danger" by raising an army corps "by persuasion or force" under the command of General 1256:(now San Juan) to capture the town's powder magazine and water station (which supplied Manila). The defending Spaniards, outnumbered, fought a delaying battle until reinforcements arrived. Once reinforced, the Spaniards drove Bonifacio's forces back with heavy casualties. Bonifacio and his troops regrouped near 2393:

gotten this information from one of Macapagal's men. Also, one account used to corroborate this version is of an alleged eyewitness, a farmer who claimed he saw five men hacking a man in a hammock. Historian Milagros Guerrero also says Bonifacio was bayoneted, and that the brothers were left unburied. After

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notes that accounts of Bonifacio's captivity and trial state he was very weak due to his wounds being left untreated; he thus doubts that Bonifacio was strong enough to make a last dash for freedom as Macapagal claimed. Historian Ambeth Ocampo, who doubts the Bonifacio bones were authentic, thus also

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both alleged that many ballots were already filled out before being distributed, and Guillermo Masangkay contended there were more ballots prepared than voters present. Álvarez writes that Bonifacio had been warned by a Cavite leader Diego Mojica of the rigged ballots before the votes were canvassed,

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through an election. Amidst implications on whether the government of the "Katipunan" should be established as a monarchy or as a republic, Bonifacio maintained that it should be established as a republic. According to him, they were all in opposition to the King of Spain, and all of the government's

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government. Therefore, Constantino and Alejo Villanueva write that Aguinaldo and his faction may be considered counter-revolutionary as well – as guilty of violating Bonifacio's constituted authority just as they considered Bonifacio to violate theirs. Aguinaldo's own adviser and official Apolinario

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offensive on Manila was aborted in favor of Bonifacio's attack on San Juan del Monte, which sparked a general state of rebellion in the area. However, more recent studies have advanced the view that the planned offensive did push through and the rebel attacks were integrated; according to this view,

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This manifesto is for all of you. It is absolutely necessary for us to stop at the earliest possible time the nameless oppositions being perpetrated on the sons of the country who are now suffering the brutal punishment and tortures in jails, and because of this please let all the brethren know that

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council rejected the proposed peace talks. Bonifacio was also angered that the Spanish considered Aguinaldo the "chief of the rebellion" instead of him. However, Aguinaldo continued to arrange negotiations which never took place. Bonifacio believed Aguinaldo was willing to surrender the revolution.

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As commander-in-chief, Bonifacio supervised the planning of military strategies and the preparation of orders, manifests and decrees, adjudicated offenses against the nation, as well as mediated in political disputes. He directed generals and positioned troops in the fronts. On the basis of command

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Writing retrospectively in 1948, Aguinaldo explained that he initially commuted the sentence of death but rescinded his commutation from the pressure of the Consejo dela Guerra (Council of War) including Generals Mariano Noriel, Pio del Pilar, Severino de las Alas, all of which are supporters and

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had been organized with "its own laws, bureaucratic structure and elective leadership". For each province it involved, the Supreme Council coordinated provincial councils which were in charge of "public administration and military affairs on the supra-municipal or quasi-provincial level" and local

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and other work animals by force and butchered them for food. On April 25, a party of Aguinaldo's men led by Colonel Agapito Bonzón and Major José Ignacio "Intsik" Paua caught up with Bonifacio at his camp in barrio Limbon, Indang. The unsuspecting Bonifacio received them cordially. Early the next

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According to historian Chua, the "first President" issue has been confounded by over a century of Philippine historiography most often referring to Bonifacio as "The Supremo" and taking it to mean "The Supreme Leader", thus ultimately taking him to have had dictatorial or monarchist ambitions as

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However, another account states that after his brother was shot, Bonifacio was stabbed and hacked to death. This was allegedly done while he lay prone in a hammock in which he was carried to the site, being too weak to walk. This version was maintained by Guillermo Masangkay, who claimed to have

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Some sources assert that he was orphaned at an early age, but, considering the existence of an 1881 record that has Bonifacio's parents listed as living in Tondo, it is disputed by others. To support his family financially, Bonifacio made canes and paper fans which he and his young siblings sold

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Historians have condemned the trial of the Bonifacio brothers as unjust. The jury was entirely composed of Aguinaldo's men; Bonifacio's defense lawyer acted more like a prosecutor as he himself declared Bonifacio's guilt and instead appealed for less punishment; and Bonifacio was not allowed to

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contends that Bonifacio was neither a danger to the revolution in general for he still planned to fight the Spanish, nor to the revolution in Cavite since he was leaving; but Bonifacio was definitely a threat to the Cavite leaders who wanted control of the Revolution, so he was eliminated.

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when the townspeople were unable to provide the required supplies and provisions. Many of the principal men of Indang, among them Severino de las Alas (a loyalist and supporter of Bonifacio), presented Emilio Aguinaldo with several complaints against Bonifacio that the Supremo's men stole

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Bonifacio's San Juan del Monte battle was only a part of a bigger whole – an unrecognized "Battle for Manila". Despite his reverses, Bonifacio was not completely defeated and was still considered a threat. Further, the revolt had spread to the surrounding provinces by the end of August.

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Historians have also discussed the motives of the Cavite government to replace Bonifacio, and whether it had the right to do so. The Magdalo provincial council which helped establish a republican government led by one of their own was only one of many such councils in the pre-existing

578:”), wherein "Tagalog" referred to all those born in the Philippine Islands and not merely in Tagalog-speaking regions Hence, some historians have argued that he should be considered the First President of the Tagalogs instead of the Philippines; that is why he is not included in the 1144:

before launching armed action, so Bonifacio sent Pío Valenzuela to Rizal. Rizal turned out to be against the revolution, believing it to be premature. He recommended more preparation, but suggested that, in the event the revolution did break out, they should seek the leadership of

2222:", ordering his men to hold their fire, but shots were nevertheless exchanged. Bonifacio was shot in the arm by Bonzón, and Paua stabbed him in the neck but was prevented from striking further by one of Bonifacio's men, who offered to die in Bonifacio's place. Andrés's brother 2599:. The United States promoted Rizal, who was taken to represent peaceful political advocacy, instead of more radical figures whose ideas could inspire resistance against American rule. Specifically, Rizal was selected over Bonifacio who was viewed as "too radical" and 1864:

to foment unrest. Also circulated were anonymous letters which told the people of Cavite not to idolize Bonifacio because he was a Mason, a mere Manila employee, allegedly an atheist, and uneducated. According to these letters, Bonifacio did not deserve the title of

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activity drew the suspicion of the Spanish authorities. By early 1896, Spanish intelligence was aware of the existence of a seditious secret society, and suspects were kept under surveillance and arrests were made. On May 3, Bonifacio held a general assembly of

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The historical assessment of Bonifacio involves several controversial points. His death is alternately viewed as a justified execution for treason, and a "legal murder" fueled by politics. Some historians consider him to be the rightful first

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gives the opinion that arguing for Bonifacio as the "better" hero on the grounds that he, not Rizal, began the Philippine Revolution, is moot since Rizal inspired Bonifacio, the Katipunan, and the Revolution. Even prior to his banishment to

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writes that Bonifacio's declaration of authority in opposition to Aguinaldo posed a danger to the revolution, because a split in the rebel forces would result in almost certain defeat by their united and well-armed Spanish foe. In contrast,

664:. He learned the alphabet through his aunt. He was enrolled in Guillermo Osmeña's private elementary school and also in Escuela Municipal de Niños on Calle Ilaya in Tondo. He reached third year in a private secondary school in Manila. 2545:(Supreme President) - and based on surviving documents, Bonifacio generally did not call himself by the plain term "Supremo" despite other people's usage, but instead styled himself "Pangulo", i.e. President. Chua further writes: 2578:

is generally considered the foremost of the national heroes of the Philippines and often "the" national hero, albeit not in law, but Bonifacio has been suggested as a more worthy candidate on the grounds of having started the

2124:, wherein they gave their reasons for not accepting the election results. Bonifacio alleged the election was fraudulent due to cheating and accused Aguinaldo of treason for his negotiations with the Spanish. In their memoirs 1722:, uncle of Bonifacio's wife. Leaders of both factions came from the upper class, in contrast to Bonifacio, who came from the lower middle class. After initial successes, Emilio Aguinaldo issued a manifesto in the name of the 2638:

Philippine national hero", the title itself has no explicit legal definition in present Philippine law. Rizal and Bonifacio, however, are given the implied recognition of being national heroes because they are commemorated

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clashed over authority and jurisdiction and did not help each other in battle. After multiple letters were sent to Bonifacio urging him to come, in December 1896 he traveled to Cavite accompanied by his wife, his brothers

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eventually split because some members like Bonifacio lost hope for peaceful reform and stopped their monetary aid. The more conservative members, mostly wealthy members, who still believed in peaceful reforms set up the

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Despite the lack of any official declaration explicitly proclaiming them as national heroes, remain admired and revered for their roles in Philippine history. Heroes, according to historians, should not be legislated.

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of the Most Venerable Katipunan of the Sons of the People, which association is known and acknowledged by all, I hereby declare null and void all matters approved in this meeting." He then promptly left the premises.

1660:. The Spanish were forced to retreat, leaving these areas to the rebels, except for the municipal hall of San Mateo where some Spanish troops had barricaded. While Bonifacio's troops laid siege to the hall, other 5937: 4274: 1938:, ostensibly to determine the leadership of Cavite in order to end the rivalry between the two factions. The issue of whether the Katipunan should be replaced by a revolutionary government was brought up by the 1002:, came from the lower and middle classes, and many of its local leaders were prominent figures in their municipalities. At first exclusively male, membership was later extended to females, with Bonifacio's wife 1195:

disguised themselves as sailors and went to the pier where Rizal's ship was anchored. Jacinto personally met with Rizal, who rejected their rescue offer. Rizal himself was later arrested, tried and executed.

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Bonifacio received the second-highest number of votes for president. Though it was suggested that he be automatically be awarded the Vice Presidency, no one seconded the motion and the Election continued.

2708:(the eventual victor) invoked the memory of Bonifacio against him, the bones being the result of Bonifacio's execution by the judiciary branch of the revolutionary government headed by Aguinaldo. During 6913: 2113:

in Rome. According to Gen. Santiago Alvarez, guards were posted outside with strict instructions not to let in any unwanted partisan from the Magdiwang faction while the oath-taking took place.

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on August 19, 1896. Hundreds of Filipino suspects, both innocent and guilty, were arrested and imprisoned for treason. José Rizal (José Protasio Rizal Mercado y Realonda) was then on his way to

6864: 2373:, who were united, while Bonifacio, although he had established his integrity, was looked upon with distrust only because he was not a native of the province: this explains his resentment." 1587:

While Cavite is traditionally regarded as the "Heartland of the Philippine Revolution", Manila and its surrounding municipalities bore the brunt of the Spanish military campaign, becoming a

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also took his office "with great reluctance" and made a declaration that he found the Tejeros elections "dirty or shady" and "not been in conformity with the true will of the people."

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among the Cavite rebels, dubbed "Cavitismo" by Constantino, has also been put forward as motivation for the replacement of Bonifacio. Mabini considered the execution as criminal and "

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and others present then promptly returned to Aguinaldo's fold. Aguinaldo attempted to persuade Bonifacio to cooperate with his government, but Bonifacio refused and proceeded to

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The Bonifacio brothers were found guilty, despite insufficient evidence, and were recommended to be executed. Aguinaldo commuted the sentence to deportation on May 8, 1897, but

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Immediately before the outbreak of the revolution, therefore, Bonifacio organized the Katipunan into a government revolving around a ‘cabinet’ composed of men of his confidence.

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leaders, (Bonifacio replied: "Long live Philippine liberty!"). Aguinaldo disputed with Bonifacio over strategic troop placements and blamed him for the capture of the town of

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Supreme Council coordinated with provincial councils in charge of public administration and military affairs, and with local councils in charge of affairs on the district or

4358: 2696:, together with some of Bonifacio's papers and personal belongings. The authenticity of the bones was much disputed at the time and has been challenged as late as 2001 by 2038:(Republic of the Philippines) around a month later, was later superseded by a number of reorganized revolutionary governments also headed by Aguinaldo. These included the 854:

and others revived La Liga in Rizal's absence and Bonifacio was active at organizing local chapters in Manila. He would become the chief propagandist of the revived Liga.

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revolutionary government with him as Supremo of the rebel army and the Supreme Council as his cabinet. On August 28, Bonifacio issued the following general proclamation:

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ng K.K.K. ng mga A.N.B, na kilala at talastas ng lahat, ipinahahayag kong lansag at walang kabuluhan ang lahat ng bagay na pinagkayarian at pinagtibay sa Pulong na ito."

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in Caloocan is considered the most symbolic of all the monuments in the country, even grander than Motto Stella. It is sculpted by National Artist Guillermo Tolentino.

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confront the state witness for the charge of conspiracy on the grounds that the latter had been killed in battle, but later the witness was seen with the prosecutors.

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leaders who used to be close to Bonifacio. (Aguinaldo, unofficially allied with the United States, eventually did return to take charge of the revolution during the

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as the culmination of a movement by members of the upper class represented by Aguinaldo to wrest power from Bonifacio who represented the middle and lower classes.

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of which he was a member". Aguinaldo's authority was not immediately recognized by all rebels. If Bonifacio had escaped Cavite, he would have had the right as the

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loyalist of Bonifacio, among with General Mamerto Natividad, Sr. Anastacio Francisco together with the poet and historian Jose Clemente Zulueta among many others

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notes that while Rizal did not give his blessing to the Katipunan because he believed the time was premature, he did not condemn the aim of independence per se.

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as a revolutionary secret society, as traditional historiography has emphasized, but that he also established and headed a revolutionary government through the

4196: 4157: 2680:. A group consisting of government officials, former rebels, and a man reputed to be Bonifacio's servant found bones which they claimed were Bonifacio's in a 2208:

ordered the arrest of Bonifacio after he received a letter that Bonifacio had burned down a village and ordered the burning of the parish house and church of

7444: 2656: 1124:, where they debated when to start the revolution. While some officers, especially Bonifacio, believed a revolution was inevitable, some members, especially 3530: 7429: 3388: 6784: 2750: 2017:

was founded. Despite Bonifacio's concern on the lack of officials and representatives from other provinces, he was obliged to proceed with the election.

1950:, as a secret society, should have ceased to exist once the Revolution was underway. They also held that Cavite should not be divided. Bonifacio and the 1614:

for rebel guerrillas and issued commands to areas other than his personal sector, though his reputation suffered when he lost battles he personally led.

6760: 6925: 6909: 6850: 2051: 1919:. He confronted Tirona, whose airy reply provoked Bonifacio to such anger that he drew a gun and would have shot Tirona if others had not intervened. 1466: 7434: 7419: 6989: 1483:

Official letters and one appointment paper of Bonifacio addressed to Emilio Jacinto reveal Bonifacio's various titles and designations, as follows:

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through its rituals and organization, and several members including Bonifacio were also Freemasons. Within the society Bonifacio used the pseudonym

4562: 3990: 3746: 3695: 2712:, the Philippines was invaded by Japan beginning on December 8, 1941. The bones were lost due to the widespread destruction and looting during the 2010: 3892: 3837: 707: 6403: 2185:

The Bonifacio shrine at the foot of Mount Nagpatong and Mount Buntis in Maragondon, Cavite where it is believed he was executed, on May 10, 1897.

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English translation of the historical court documents and testimonies in the trial and execution of Andres and Procopio Bonifacio processed by

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Constantino contrasts Bonifacio who had no record of compromise with the Spanish with the Cavite leaders who did compromise, resulting in the

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supporters shifting allegiance to Aguinaldo. Aguinaldo's government then ordered the arrest of Bonifacio, who was then moving out of Cavite.

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may be rendered as "nation" or "people". Bonifacio is named as the president of the "Tagalog Republic" in an issue of the Spanish periodical

579: 7424: 5900: 5861:"National Commission for Culture and the Arts. *Selection and Proclamation of National heroes and Law Honoring Filipino Historical Figures" 3931: 3096: 1676: 218: 4381: 2624: 4057: 7010: 6982: 6096: 2685: 1340:"; the exact location and date are disputed). A day after the Cry, the Supreme Council was reorganized by Bonifacio with the following: 755: 751: 1033:

and then as its "fiscal" (advocate/procurator). The society had its own laws, bureaucratic structure and elective leadership. For each

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Full text and online collection of court documents in Spanish and old Tagalog with regards to the Andres and Procopio Bonifacio trial.

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instead of Aguinaldo. Some historians have also advocated that Bonifacio share or even take the place of José Rizal as the (foremost)

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Milagros C. Guerrero and others have described Bonifacio as "effectively" the commander-in-chief of the revolutionaries. They assert:

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to record the minutes of the meeting and requested for it to establish this authority, but these were never done and never provided.

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Before the election began, he asked that the results be respected by everyone, and all agreed. The Magdalo faction voted their own

1528:, where a new government was formed. Bonifacio was executed after he refused to recognize the new government. The Aguinaldo-headed 3559: 3136: 875: 7246: 5860: 4342: 3005: 2953: 2559: 1509: 2256:

persuaded him to withdraw the order for the sake of preserving unity. In this they were seconded by Mamerto Natividád and other

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presented a draft constitution for the proposed government to Bonifacio but he rejected it as it was too similar to the Spanish

1480:(another form of "Tagalog Republic") as evidenced by a picture of a rebel seal published in the same periodical the next month. 7209: 7029: 6316: 4219: 3217: 2701: 2537:

opposed to the later democratic and republican Philippine Presidents, when in fact "Supremo" was only a contraction of Spanish

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responsibility, all victories and defeats all over the archipelago during his term of office should be attributed to Bonifacio.

7394: 4300: 1136:, expressed reservations and disagreement regarding the planned revolt due to lack of firearms. The consensus was to consult 899:

On the night of July 7, 1892, the day after Rizal's deportation was announced, Bonifacio and others officially "founded" the

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Alvarez, S.V., 1992, Recalling the Revolution, Madison: Center for Southeast Asia Studies, University of Wisconsin-Madison,

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served as their revolutionary government since it had its own constitution, laws, and provincial and municipal governments.

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The Revolt of the Masses: The story of Bonifacio and the Katipunan (The First President of The Republic of the Philippines)

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whereas the revolution was officially halted and its leaders exiled, though many Filipinos continued to fight, especially

2125: 2087: 1952: 1930: 1897: 1838: 1778: 1740: 1714: 407: 2615:, Rizal was already regarded by the Filipino people as a national hero, having been elected as honorary president by the 2353:

leader to prosecute Aguinaldo for treason instead of the other way around. Constantino and Villanueva also interpret the

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members to a mass gathering in Caloocan, where they decided to start their uprising. The event, marked by the tearing of

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notes that the Philippine national hero, unlike those of other countries, is not "the leader of its liberation forces".

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instead of Aguinaldo, the officially recognized one. This view emphasizes that Bonifacio was not just the leader of the

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to appoint a committee tasked with setting up a new government; he would also be in charge of this committee. He tasked

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Their appreciation should be better left to academics. Acclamation for heroes, they felt, would be recognition enough.

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gives the opinion that Bonifacio should not replace Rizal as national hero, but they should be honored "side by side".

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Guerrero, Milagros; Encarnacion, Emmanuel; Villegas, Ramon (1997), "Balintawak: the Cry for a Nationwide Revolution",

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Superior Pio Pi, wrote to Aguinaldo about the possibility of peace negotiations. When Bonifacio found out, he and the

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declared a nationwide armed revolution against Spain and called for a simultaneous coordinated attack on the capital

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and Michael Charleston Chua suggest these claims stem from a misunderstanding or misrepresentation of Bonifacio's

2092:, who had been elected Captain-General. Bonifacio declared: "In my capacity as chairman of this convention, and as 1125: 1076: 1052:, who served as his adviser and confidant, as well as a member of the Supreme Council. Bonifacio adopted Jacinto's 736: 6208: 6937: 6505: 4557: 3524: 2451: 2442: 2278:

who had come to help those in Cavite, and caused them to quit. In other areas, Bonifacio's close associates like

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in March 1893 or 1894. The couple were married later that day in separate Katipunan rites at a friend's house in

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Not finishing his formal education, Bonifacio turned to self-education by reading books. He read books about the

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The Encyclopedia of the Spanish-American and Philippine-American Wars: A Political, Social, and Military History

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writes that Rizal is a "United States-sponsored hero" who was promoted as the greatest Filipino hero during the

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There are differing accounts of Bonifacio's manner of execution. The commanding officer of the execution party,

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of the Magdiwang was elected vice president. Bonifacio was the last to be elected, as Director of the Interior.

6905: 6814: 2300: 2219: 2043: 1545: 1540:", was formally established in 1899, after a succession of revolutionary and dictatorial governments (e.g. the 90: 1909:

president, Bonifacio was the Supreme President. Bonifacio suspected the rumor-mongering to be the work of the

1074:(Freedom), which had only one printed issue. Bonifacio wrote several pieces for the paper, including the poem 6768: 4490: 2676:

In 1918, the American occupational government of the Philippines mounted a search for Bonifacio's remains in

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day, Bonzón and Paua attacked Bonifacio's camp. Bonifacio was surprised and refused to fight against "fellow

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may have been raped by Bonzón. From Indang, a half-starved and wounded Bonifacio was carried by hammock to

2181: 938:). Newly found documents though suggest that Katipunan has already been existing as early as January 1892. 687:

and other goods. He later transferred to Fressell and Company, a German trading firm, where he worked as a

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falls on his birth date. He was baptized on December 3, 1863 by Fr. Saturnino Buntan, the parish priest of

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leaders in paying their respects to Bonifacio, for failing to support his attack in Manila, but the other

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ruling council which proclaimed a provisional and revolutionary government – despite the existence of the

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were discovered in 1918, Masangkay claimed the forensic evidence supported his version of events. Writer

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On March 22, 1897, the revolutionary leaders held an important meeting in a Friar Estate Residence at

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wrote that Bonifacio acted "as if he were a king". Another time, Bonifacio ordered the arrest of one

1645:. Bonifacio appointing generals for these areas, or approving selections the troops themselves made. 1003: 786: 778: 298: 5760: 5702: 5262:, p. 87. Original Filipino text, p. 322: "Ako, sa pagka-Pangulo nitong Kapulungan, at sa pagka- 3769: 2417: 7071: 6956: 6920: 2525:("President of the Sovereign Nation"). Santiago Álvarez (son of Mariano) distinguishes between the 2262:

supporters of Aguinaldo. The Bonifacio brothers were executed on May 10, 1897, in the mountains of

2031: 1709: 1592: 884: 586: 6500: 1235:

councils were also informed of their plans. Before hostilities erupted, Bonifacio reorganized the

960:, which pledged continued support to the reformists in Spain. The radicals were subsumed into the 7283: 6901: 6171: 6158: 3453: 3275: 3075: 2742: 2733: 2588: 2437: 2436:

from 1896 to 1897, before a revolutionary government headed by Aguinaldo was first formed at the

2354: 2320: 2106: 1993: 1987: 1746: 1638: 1541: 1525: 1220: 806: 649: 434: 138: 55: 6352:, Kasaysayan: The History of the Filipino People, vol. 5, Asia Publishing Company Limited, 5897: 3915: 3260:. Kasaysayan: The History of the Filipino People. Vol. 5. Asia Publishing Company Limited. 3103: 1783: 1719: 857:

La Liga Filipina contributed moral and financial support to the Propaganda Movement of Filipino

3866: 3365:

The Fight for Liberty: Notes on Andres Bonifacio and the Beginning of the Philippine Revolution

3102:. Reference and Research Bureau Legislative Research Service, House of Congress. Archived from 2066:(Philippine Republic). The 1899 government is now officially considered to be the true "first" 1190: 7314: 7034: 6666: 6632: 6605: 6561: 6538: 6482: 6448: 6424: 6389: 6375: 6353: 6277: 6218: 6181: 6144: 6125: 6106: 6070: 6048: 6022: 6008: 5982: 5972: 5402: 5398: 5288: 4519: 4387: 4348: 4338: 4306: 4264: 4225: 4186: 4147: 4047: 4041: 3921: 3797: 3736: 3685: 3604: 3563: 3368: 3326: 3261: 3067: 2957: 2902: 2823: 2628: 2600: 2584: 2315: 2271: 2223: 1856: 1803: 1794:, they were irritated with what they regarded as his attitude of superiority. In his memoirs, 1786:, or more importantly, due to their stronger recognition of his authority. When Aguinaldo and 1769: 1750: 1595: 1577: 1456:("Sovereign Nation of Katagalugan", or "Sovereign Tagalog Nation") – sometimes shortened into 1426: 1422: 1365: 1333: 1277: 1216: 1065: 977: 851: 742: 716: 703: 6270:; Rodriguez, Felice Noelle; Conference, Asociación Española de Estudios del PacíFico (2001), 3097:"Selection and Proclamation of National Heroes and Laws Honoring Filipino Historical Figures" 1776:

leaders "already paid little heed to his authority and orders." Bonifacio was partial to the

801:. They eventually acquiesced, and Andrés and Gregoria were married in a Catholic ceremony at 7349: 7324: 7116: 7077: 6949: 6896: 6889: 6824: 6789:

ABS-CBN News (with image of a typewritten account amended in Emilio Aguinaldo’s handwriting)

6702: 6267: 6036: 4344:

The Spanish Empire: A Historical Encyclopedia [2 volumes]: A Historical Encyclopedia

3253: 3014: 2996: 2990: 2705: 2620: 2517: 2472: 2455: 2398: 2386: 2370: 2366: 2345:

Mabini writes that he was "primarily answerable for insubordination against the head of the

2249: 2205: 2190: 2075: 2058:

was proclaimed on June 12, 1898, and the revolutionary government now commonly known as the

2021: 1975: 1833: 1795: 1705: 1688:

In late 1896, Bonifacio, as the recognized overall leader of the revolution, was invited to

1665: 1657: 1649: 1611: 1588: 1565: 1521: 1476: 1273: 1265: 1261: 1129: 1022: 947: 918: 847: 842:. However, La Liga disbanded after only one meeting, for Rizal was arrested and deported to 835: 825: 747: 618: 575: 518: 491: 482: 391: 261: 134: 6842: 6749:

Summary and full text of an article written by Andrés Bonifacio in the Katipunan newspaper

6245: 1732:

government. Emilio Aguinaldo in particular had won fame for victories in the province. The

1332:

members met in Caloocan and decided to start their revolt (the event was later called the "

1180:

When the news broke, Bonifacio first tried to convince Rizal, quarantined aboard a ship in

7344: 7329: 7214: 7088: 7082: 7055: 5904: 5845: 4708: 3466: 2910: 2797: 2146: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2121: 2114: 2083: 2047: 1692:

province by rebel leaders to mediate between them and unify their efforts. There were two

1573: 1561: 838:, an organization that called for political reforms in Spain's colonial government of the 798: 696: 496: 330: 3953: 2503:("King of the Nation") with Mariano Álvarez as his second-in-command. Historians such as 7099: 4012: 3954:"Andres Bonifacio and the Katipunan – National Historical Commission of the Philippines" 3415: 1496:

President of the Sovereign Nation, Founder of the Katipunan, Initiator of the Revolution

7319: 7179: 7145: 7141: 6646: 6444:

Julio Nakpil and the Philippine Revolution: With the Autobiography of Gregoria de Jesus

2781: 2693: 2504: 2476: 2468: 2279: 2253: 2209: 2162: 2158: 1829: 1754: 1385: 1049: 914: 802: 726: 630: 594: 544: 222: 6722: 3529:. Bureau of National and Foreign Information, Department of Public Information. 1975. 2070:, with the present-day government of the Philippines thus being the "fifth" Republic. 1556:

By December 1896, the Spanish government recognized three major centers of rebellion:

1108:. From less than 300 members in January 1896, it had 30,000 to 40,000 by August 1896. 7368: 7267: 7235: 6944: 6932: 6598: 6530: 6496: 6474: 2876: 2850: 2805: 2770: 2757: 2726: 2697: 2651: 2607: 2575: 2283: 2170: 2154: 2079: 2014: 1916: 1758: 1681: 1599: 1446:

One name for Bonifacio's concept of the Philippine nation-state appears in surviving

1375: 1137: 1026: 831: 782: 767: 731: 721: 692: 637: 622: 214: 170: 640:, Manila, and was the first of six children of Catalina de Castro, a tornatras from 7298: 6785:"Aguinaldo 'confession' letters on Bonifacio execution fetch P5 million at auction" 6438: 2868: 2863: 2818: 2709: 1630: 1504: 1268:(now Rodriguez). Elsewhere, fighting between rebels and Spanish forces occurred in 1223:"; the exact location and date of the Cry are disputed. The Supreme Council of the 1176:

to serve as a doctor in the Spanish colonial army in exchange for his release from

1146: 880: 661: 653: 559: 33: 2491:(comprising the modern Philippines). In their memoirs, Emilio Aguinaldo and other 6660: 6626: 6442: 6347: 6271: 6212: 6175: 6100: 6064: 6012: 5976: 5392: 4513: 3860: 3787: 3594: 3553: 3496: 2947: 2541:- a translation of Bonifacio's actual title as head of the Katipunan in Tagalog, 2193:

fully assumed the presidential office after consolidating his position among the

1822:

town) acclaimed Bonifacio as the ruler of the Philippines, to the chagrin of the

1231:

on August 29. Bonifacio appointed generals to lead rebel forces to Manila. Other

789:, nicknamed “Oriang”, was the daughter of a prominent citizen and landowner from 17: 7169: 5838: 5837:, "The First Filipino", as quoted in Nick Joaquin's "Anatomy of the Anti-Hero." 5318: 2793: 2684:

field on March 17. The bones were placed in an urn and put into the care of the

1970: 1881:(Supreme President, Kataas-taasang Pangulo) to distinguish the president of the 1869:

since only God was supreme. This last allegation was made despite the fact that

1772:, who later served as Emilio Aguinaldo's adviser, writes that at this point the 1603: 1337: 1314: 1269: 1030: 998: 993: 922: 839: 711: 710:, books about contemporary Philippine penal and civil codes, and novels such as 540: 500: 377: 2454:

of 1899, Bonifacio is called the president of the "Sovereign Nation" and the "

2440:. Guerrero writes that Bonifacio had a concept of the Philippine nation called 2004:

forces; And also to settle once-and-for-all the issue of governance within the

793:. Her parents initially disapproved of their relationship, for Bonifacio was a 766:

Bonifacio's first wife, Mónica (surname unknown), was his neighbor in Palomar,

566:(“Sovereign Nation of the Tagalog People” or “Sovereign Tagalog Nation”), also 7126: 4179:

Capino, Diosdado G.; Gonzalez, Maria Minerva A.; Pineda, Filipinas E. (1977).

4140:

Capino, Diosdado G.; Gonzalez, Maria Minerva A.; Pineda, Filipinas E. (1977).

2831: 2677: 2266:. Apolinario Mabini wrote that Bonifacio's death demoralized many rebels from 2263: 2242: 1300:. The conventional view among Filipino historians is that the planned general 1181: 1060: 927: 238: 5681: 3071: 7334: 7229: 4080: 3132: 2881: 2681: 2645: 2508: 2421: 2363:

assassination...the first victory of personal ambition over true patriotism.

2341: 2258: 2005: 1965: 1694: 1319: 1070: 901: 892: 870: 858: 794: 536: 531: 403: 381: 265: 147: 2446:("Sovereign Tagalog Nation") which was displaced by Aguinaldo's concept of 2303:. The purported discovery of Bonifacio's remains has also been questioned. 1493:

President of the Sovereign Nation of Katagalugan / Sovereign Tagalog Nation

525:, “Supreme President”, often shortened by contemporaries and historians to 2463: 1617:

From September to October 1896, Bonifacio supervised the establishment of

1503:

Later, in November 1896, while encamped at Balara, Bonifacio commissioned

7219: 7204: 7159: 7152: 7136: 6711: 3028: 2488: 2275: 2226:

was shot dead, while his other brother Procopio was beaten, and his wife

1996:

to resume their discussions regarding the escalating tension between the

1815: 1653: 1626: 1622: 1607: 1289: 1281: 1257: 1105: 1054: 989: 973: 813: 790: 641: 598: 4182:

Rizal's Life, Works, and Writings: Their Impact on Our National Identity

4143:

Rizal's Life, Works, and Writings: Their Impact on Our National Identity

3079: 2949:

Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor

2619:. Other historians also detail that Bonifacio was a follower of Rizal's 1184:, to escape and join the imminent revolt. Bonifacio, Emilio Jacinto and 7174: 7164: 6315:(2), National Commission for Culture and the Arts: 3–12, archived from 6273:

The Philippine Revolution of 1896:Ordinary Lives in Extraordinary Times

4515:

The Light of Liberty: Documents and Studies on the Katipunan, 1892–1897

3986:

Brief Biographies of the Ten Most Outstanding Filipino National Leaders

3216:(2). National Commission for Culture and the Arts: 3–12. Archived from 3140: 2612: 2484: 2214: 2120:

Meanwhile, Bonifacio met with his remaining supporters and drew up the

1642: 1569: 1285: 1141: 1101: 1088:

in March 1896 led to a great increase in the society's membership. The

985: 843: 771: 691:(storehouse keeper) responsible for warehouse inventory. He was also a 602: 37: 27:

Filipino revolutionary and national Hero of the Philippines (1863–1897)

5686:. Manila: Republic of the Philippines, National Historical Commission. 2521:("President of the Sovereign Tagalog Nation"), sometimes shortened to 2149:. Then, in a later meeting on April 19 in Naic, another document, the 7199: 7184: 3878: 3876: 2267: 2194: 2166: 1861: 1791: 1689: 1581: 1557: 1517: 1325: 1297: 1293: 1228: 1133: 1042: 981: 965: 888: 684: 645: 626: 242: 6372:

The U.S. Army and Counterinsurgency in the Philippine War, 1899–1902

2286:

continued the Katipunan and never recognized Aguinaldo's authority.

1764:

Upon his arrival at Cavite, friction grew between Bonifacio and the

1058:

primer as the official teachings of the society in place of his own

6707: 6303:

Guerrero, Milagros; Encarnacion, Emmanuel; Villegas, Ramon (1996),

3204:

Guererro, Milagros; Encarnacion, Emmanuel; Villegas, Ramon (1996).

2897: 1584:, which mostly fell under rebel control by September–October 1896. 7194: 7131: 7024: 4486: 2563: 2480: 2180: 1675: 1634: 1198: 1121: 1097: 1093: 874: 612: 6732:

The Records of the Court Martial of Andres and Procopio Bonifacio

5938:"IN PHOTOS: Actors who portrayed Andres Bonifacio on film and TV" 2416:

Some historians such as Milagros Guerrero, Emmanuel Encarnación,

1472:"Andrés Bonifacio – Titulado "Presidente" de la República Tagala" 1048:

Within the society, Bonifacio developed a strong friendship with

909:("Highest and Most Respected Society of the Country's Children"; 7224: 2238: 2231: 2110: 1935: 1173: 907:

Kataas-taasan, Kagalang-galang na Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan

6978: 6846: 2406:

Bonifacio as first President of the Republic of the Philippines

777:

In 1892, Bonifacio, a 29-year-old widower, met the 18-year-old

636:

Andrés Bonifacio y de Castro was born on November 30, 1863, in

6214:

Geopolitics of the visible: essays on Philippine film cultures

3830:"Biography of Andrés Bonifacio, Filipino Revolutionary Leader" 2749:

Portrayal by Rody Vera in the musical 1896 (1995) produced by

2062:

or "Malolos Republic", inaugurated on January 23, 1899 as the

2009:

members of any given rank should serve under the principle of

1698:

provincial chapters in Cavite that became rival factions: the

532:

Kataastaasan, Kagalanggalang na Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan

6247:

Between Two Empires: The Ordeal of the Philippines, 1929–1946

3367:. Manila: National Historical Commission of the Philippines. 1499:

Office of the Supreme President, Government of the Revolution

1017:(Supreme President) until 1895. He was the third head of the 7098: 2402:

doubts the possibility of Bonifacio's death by this manner.

2395:

bones said to be Bonifacio's – including a fractured skull –

2365:" He also noted that "All the electors were friends of Don 1507:

to compose a national anthem. Nakpil produced a hymn called

1207:

Eluding an intensive manhunt, Bonifacio called thousands of

499:

revolutionary leader. He is often called "The Father of the

4302:

History of the Philippines: From Indios Bravos to Filipinos

4111:"July 3, 1892, Dr. Jose Rizal founded the La Liga Filipina" 6588:

Agosto 29–30, 1896: Ang pagsalakay ni Bonifacio sa Maynila

2988:

In isolation, his given name and last name are pronounced

2424:

have pushed for the recognition of Bonifacio as the first

1664:

forces set up defensive lines along the nearby Langka (or

1252:

On August 30, 1896, Bonifacio personally led an attack on

1149:, who was widely regarded as a brilliant military leader. 830:

In 1892, Bonifacio became one of the founding members of

671:

In his late teens, he first worked either as an agent or

495:; November 30, 1863 – May 10, 1897) was a 6340:(2), National Commission for Culture and the Arts: 13–22 5761:"La Ilustración Española y Americana", Año 1897, Vol. I. 2688:. They were housed at the Library's headquarters in the 1846:

Bonifacio was also subject to rumors that he had stolen

1080:(approx. "Love for One's Homeland") under the pseudonym 5981:(8th ed.), Quezon City: Garotech Publishing Inc., 2234:, which had become President Aguinaldo's headquarters. 1968:. Upon the event of restructuring, Bonifacio was given 1885:

Supreme Council from council presidents of subordinate

1168:

The Spanish authorities confirmed the existence of the

358:

The First President of the Republic of the Philippines

6102:

The Katipunan and the Revolution: Memoirs of a General

5513: 5511: 5509: 5102: 5100: 4429: 4427: 1064:, which he judged as inferior. Bonifacio, Jacinto and 245:, Captaincy General of the Philippines, Spanish Empire 5576: 5574: 3058:

Arcilla, Jose S. (1997). "Who is Andres Bonifacio?".

2898:

2Bayani: Isang Rock Operang Alay Kay Andres Bonifacio

1580:(under Bonifacio). The revolt was most successful in 6578:

Ilang talata tungkol sa paghihimagsik nang 1896–1897

5394:

Philippine History Module-based Learning I' 2002 Ed.

4986: 4984: 4821: 4819: 4046:. University of the Philippines Press. p. 381. 3389:"8 things you might not know about Andres Bonifacio" 1215:(personal identity documents) was later called the " 913:

can also denote community, people, and nation). The

812:

They had one son, Andrés, in early 1896 who died of

7307: 7276: 7255: 7245: 7109: 7017: 6346:Guerrero, Milagros; Schumacher, S.J., John (1998), 5603: 5601: 4380:Sagmit, Rosario S.; Mendoza, Maria Lourdes Sagmit. 3029:"Filipinos honor 'Father of Philippine Revolution'" 1684:

where Bonifacio and his brothers temporarily stayed

1324:councils, in charge of affairs "on the district or 1009:From the beginning, Bonifacio was one of the chief 425: 417: 369: 364: 348: 336: 326: 318: 271: 257: 249: 228: 197: 192: 176: 164: 145: 124: 112: 108:

August 24, 1896 – March 22 or May 10, 1897

85: 53: 6597: 6580:, Quezon City: University of the Philippines Press 6276:, Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press, 6217:, Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press, 5312:Artemio Ricarte Declaration dated March 24, 1897. 5180: 5178: 4759: 4757: 4720: 4718: 3555:Bantayog: Discovering Manila through its Monuments 1806:named Vicente Fernandez, who was accompanying the 539:", a movement that sought the independence of the 72:The only extant portrait photograph of Bonifacio, 5794: 5792: 5243: 5241: 3958:National Historical Commission of the Philippines 2729:in the film Andres Bonifacio (Ang Supremo) (1964) 2700:. When Emilio Aguinaldo ran for President of the 2137:was signed by Bonifacio and 44 others, including 1814:leaders refused to surrender him. Townspeople in 1648:On November 7, 1896, Bonifacio led an assault on 1513:("Honorable Hymn of the Tagalog Nation/People"). 554:into a revolutionary government, with himself as 7289:Martyrs and heroes during the martial law period 7064:Maka-Diyos, Maka-tao, Makakalikasan at Makabansa 6576:Ronquillo, Carlos (1996), Isagani Medina (ed.), 6554:The Young Aguinaldo: From Kawit to Biyak-na-Bato 6447:, Quezon City: Academic Publishing Corporation, 5419: 5417: 4876: 4874: 4872: 4870: 4799: 4787: 4672: 4670: 4668: 4666: 4582: 4580: 2655:on November 30. According to the website of the 2412:List of unofficial presidents of the Philippines 1901:; in other words, while Mariano Álvarez was the 5855: 5853: 5117: 5115: 5045: 4932: 4930: 4456: 4454: 3920:. Tahanan Books for Young Readers. p. 38. 2042:of November 1897, commonly known today as the " 1591:. Rebels in the area were generally engaged in 1474:). Another name for Bonifacio's government was 1439: 1431: 44: and the second or maternal family name is 6141:The Cry of Balintawak: a contrived controversy 5931: 5929: 5927: 5925: 5923: 5921: 5919: 5917: 5915: 5913: 5732: 5730: 5728: 5726: 5724: 5460: 5458: 5456: 2495:people claim Bonifacio became the head of the 1761:(present-day General Trias) during this time. 6990: 6858: 6761:"Transcript of the Trial of Andres Bonifacio" 6537:(Expanded ed.), Anvil Publishing, Inc., 6394:"CHAPTER VIII: First Stage of the Revolution" 6165:, Quezon City: Malaya Books, pp. 125–145 6161:(1980) , "Veneration without Understanding", 5839:http://joserizal.info/Reflections/joaquin.htm 4185:. Goodwill Trading Co., Inc. pp. 36–38. 4146:. Goodwill Trading Co., Inc. pp. 38–39. 2593:American Occupation period of the Philippines 1520:led to command of the revolution shifting to 1417:The above was divulged to the Spanish by the 699:, a fictional character in Tagalog folklore. 8: 6139:Borromeo-Buehler, Soledad Masangkay (1998), 5087: 5085: 5083: 5081: 5079: 5077: 5064: 5062: 5060: 5058: 5056: 5054: 4014:Andres Bonifacio | Filipino political leader 3280:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 3247: 3245: 3243: 3241: 3239: 3237: 3235: 2657:National Commission for Culture and the Arts 2483:, as compared to Aguinaldo's view of Luzon, 1029:. Prior to this, he served as the society's 6479:Bones of Contention: The Bonifacio Lectures 5810: 5643: 5607: 5592: 5565: 5541: 5529: 5500: 5331: 5275: 5232: 5196: 5184: 5157: 5133: 5106: 5014: 5002: 4975: 4763: 4748: 4724: 4433: 4043:Pagbubuo Ng Bansa at Republika Ng Pilipinas 3199: 3197: 3195: 3193: 3191: 3189: 3187: 3185: 3183: 3181: 3000:respectively. The Spanish pronunciation of 1942:, and this eclipsed the rivalry issue. The 1905:president, and Baldomero Aguinaldo was the 941:For a time, Bonifacio worked with both the 932: 7252: 6997: 6983: 6975: 6865: 6851: 6843: 6795: 6628:History of the Republic of the Philippines 6566:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 6305:"Andres Bonifacio and the 1896 Revolution" 6053:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 5667: 5631: 5619: 5580: 5553: 5033: 4893: 4891: 4889: 4629: 4627: 4625: 4623: 4621: 4619: 3716: 3206:"Andres Bonifacio and the 1896 Revolution" 3127: 3125: 3123: 3121: 3119: 3117: 3091: 3089: 2917:Portrayed by Paw Castillio in the musical 2751:Philippine Educational Theater Association 2394: 66: 50: 6180:, Quezon City: Tala Publishing Services, 5798: 5772: 5715: 5699:"General Emilio Aguinaldo's "Confession"" 5517: 5476: 5435: 5355: 5247: 5091: 5068: 5029: 5027: 5025: 5023: 4959: 4957: 4948: 4880: 4849: 4837: 4810: 4676: 4645: 4610: 4586: 4472: 4445: 4294: 4292: 3294: 3172: 3160: 2895:Portrayed by Bullet Dumas in the musical 2634:Despite popular recognition of Rizal as " 2450:. In documents predating Tejeros and the 1873:was meant to be used in conjunction with 1013:officers, although he did not become its 972:expanded to several provinces, including 675:(messenger) for the British trading firm 621:, installed in 1974 at his birthplace in 6874:Unofficial presidents of the Philippines 6099:(1992), Malay, Paula Carolina S. (ed.), 5885: 5748: 5655: 5488: 5447: 5423: 5343: 5208: 5169: 5145: 5121: 4990: 4936: 4825: 4775: 4736: 4712:. Philippine Revolution Web Center Site. 4688: 4657: 4598: 4460: 4418: 4221:Historical Dictionary of the Philippines 4081:"Andres Bonifacio: beyond the textbooks" 3647:Carballo, Bibsy M. (December 15, 2014). 3440:Philippine Daily Inquirer. July 15, 2015 3137:"Bonifacio did not call himself Supremo" 1850:funds, his sister was the mistress of a 1342: 1328:level". In the last days of August, the 797:, and the movement was at odds with the 585:Bonifacio was executed in 1897 by Major 6819:August 24, 1896 – March 10 or 22, 1897 6209:"Pax Americana and the Pacific Theater" 6124:, University of the Philippines Press, 5783: 5259: 4921: 4897: 4861: 4633: 4257:Institut Kajian Dasar Malaysia (1996). 4021:from the original on September 21, 2018 3989:. National Print. Company. p. 14. 2941: 2939: 2935: 2101:Repudiation of Tejeros election results 1782:, perhaps due to his kinship ties with 1621:mountain and hill bases like Balara in 917:sought independence from Spain through 758:because of his work in a British firm. 6679:from the original on November 19, 2016 6559: 6501:"Rediscovering PH through Filipiniana" 6406:from the original on December 16, 2016 6374:, University of North Carolina Press, 6231:from the original on November 28, 2020 6194:from the original on November 13, 2020 6066:The Filipino Moving Onward 5' 2007 Ed. 6046: 5822: 5736: 5464: 4963: 4493:from the original on December 21, 2014 4400:from the original on November 28, 2020 4361:from the original on November 28, 2020 4319:from the original on November 28, 2020 4277:from the original on November 28, 2020 4238:from the original on November 28, 2020 4199:from the original on November 28, 2020 4160:from the original on November 28, 2020 4060:from the original on November 28, 2020 3993:from the original on November 28, 2020 3934:from the original on November 28, 2020 3917:Supremo: The Story of Andres Bonifacio 3862:The Life and Achievements of Bonifacio 3789:The Filipino Moving Onward 5' 2007 Ed. 3749:from the original on November 28, 2020 3732:Supremo: The Story of Andres Bonifacio 3698:from the original on November 28, 2020 3681:Supremo: The Story of Andres Bonifacio 3634: 3576:from the original on November 28, 2020 3533:from the original on November 28, 2020 3505:from the original on November 28, 2020 3462: 3451: 3414:Quodala, Schatzi (November 29, 2011). 3339:from the original on November 28, 2020 3273: 3252:Guererro, Milagros; Schumacher, John, 2908:Portrayed by Gary Guarino in the film 2030:, as he was involved in the battle of 1516:Eventually, an 1897 power struggle in 644:, and Santiago Bonifacio, a native of 6738:The Court-Martial of Andres Bonifacio 6290:from the original on October 20, 2018 6143:, Ateneo de Manila University Press, 6105:, Ateneo de Manila University Press, 5995:from the original on October 24, 2020 5379: 5367: 4909: 4565:from the original on October 11, 2015 4553:"The most important book of our time" 4518:. Ateneo de Manila University Press. 4383:The Filipino Moving Onward 5' 2007 Ed 4263:. Institut Kajian Dasar. p. 23. 3964:from the original on January 28, 2020 3768:Bonoan, Christopher (June 12, 2014). 3599:, Rex Bookstore, Inc., 2007, p. 3558:, Foreign Service Institute, p. 3358: 3356: 3354: 3306: 3013: 2995: 2989: 2890:The Ret. Col. Rodrigo Bonifacio Story 2533:Supreme Council headed by Bonifacio. 2105:On March 23, 1897, the day after the 1598:against Spanish positions in Manila, 1068:collaborated on the society's organ, 490: 481: 7: 6441:(1997) , Alzona, Encarnacion (ed.), 5220: 4260:José Rizal and the Asian renaissance 4121:from the original on August 19, 2019 4091:from the original on August 19, 2019 3895:from the original on August 19, 2019 3885:"Walking tour of Bonifacio's Manila" 3840:from the original on October 4, 2019 3659:from the original on August 18, 2019 3039:from the original on January 1, 2019 2888:Portrayed by Eric David in the film 483:[anˈdɾes(anˈdɾez-)bonɪˈfaʃo] 219:Captaincy General of the Philippines 7445:People of the Philippine Revolution 7011:National symbols of the Philippines 6653:, National Bookstore Printing Press 6604:, Quezon City: New Day Publishers, 5936:Godinez, Bong (November 30, 2020). 5867:from the original on April 18, 2015 3735:. Tahanan Books for Young Readers. 3684:. Tahanan Books for Young Readers. 3617:from the original on August 5, 2020 2740:(1992) and the unrelated TV series 2686:National Library of the Philippines 1610:. From Morong, Bonifacio served as 1467:La Ilustración Española y Americana 774:and they had no recorded children. 7430:People executed by the Philippines 7277:Declared from national legislation 6699:Works by or about Andrés Bonifacio 6461:from the original on June 17, 2016 6402:, National Historical Commission, 6083:from the original on June 29, 2016 5763:Museo Oriental de Valladolid Site. 4487:"Katipunan: Documents and Studies" 4079:Lizares, Luci (December 1, 2016). 3810:from the original on June 29, 2016 3552:Capili, Maria Angelica A. (2008), 1922:On December 31, Bonifacio and the 322:Andrés Bonifacio y de Jesús (1896) 25: 6727:United States Library of Congress 6651:Philippine History and Government 6600:Bonifacio's Unfinished Revolution 6513:from the original on June 7, 2019 6421:Treasures of the National Library 6254:from the original on June 5, 2013 6177:The Philippines: A Past Revisited 6163:Dissent and Counter-consciousness 3482:Andres Bonifacio y El 'Katipunan' 2970:from the original on May 10, 2016 2237:Bonifacio's party was brought to 2011:liberty, equality, and fraternity 455:Battle of San Mateo and Montalban 7299:Veterans of the Second World War 7005: 6747:Ang Dapat Mabatid ng mga Tagalog 6715: 6662:The Philippines: A Unique Nation 6590:, Quezon City: Miranda Bookstore 4532:from the original on May 9, 2016 2560:National hero of the Philippines 1510:Marangal na Dalit ng Katagalugan 1487:President of the Supreme Council 593:(Council of War) led by General 508:national hero of the Philippines 397: 386: 376: 340: 139:Tejeros Revolutionary Government 7435:People who were court-martialed 7420:Filipino paramilitary personnel 6396:, in Guerrero, Leon Ma. (ed.), 5397:, Rex Bookstore, Inc., p. 4551:Nery, John (December 2, 2013). 3914:Ventura, Sylvia Mendez (2001). 3792:, Rex Bookstore, Inc., p. 3770:"Of books, bolo, and Bonifacio" 3729:Ventura, Sylvia Mendez (2001). 3678:Ventura, Sylvia Mendez (2001). 3498:Philippine Journal of Education 2702:Commonwealth of the Philippines 754:, he could at least speak some 708:presidents of the United States 307: 6211:, in Tolentino, Roland (ed.), 5978:History of the Filipino People 4218:Guillermo, Artemio R. (2012). 3859:De Ocampo, Esteban A. (1966). 3649:"Bonifacio, Ang Unang Pangulo" 996:. Most of its members, called 883:(formerly Calle Azcarraga) in 648:. His parents named him after 513:He was a co-founder and later 1: 7400:Filipino Resistance activists 6122:The Tragedy of the Revolution 6019:University of the Philippines 4341:; Slape, Emily, eds. (2016). 2776:The Trial of Andres Bonifacio 2133:but he had done nothing. The 1790:went to receive Bonifacio at 1753:, and some troops, including 695:and often played the role of 617:Historical marker written in 597:, on the basis of committing 160:November, 1895 – May 10, 1897 73: 6833:President of the Philippines 6419:Morallos, Chando P. (1998), 6063:Sagmit; et al. (2007), 5907:Retrieved on August 1, 2009. 5701:(in Tagalog). Archived from 4040:Abueva, Jose Veloso (1998). 2856:Bonifacio: Ang Unang Pangulo 2426:President of the Philippines 2297:President of the Philippines 2197:elite – most of Bonifacio's 1548:) also headed by Aguinaldo. 1470:published in February 1897 ( 679:, where he rose to become a 547:and started the Revolution. 535:more commonly known as the " 475:Andrés Bonifacio y de Castro 445:Battle of San Juan del Monte 202:Andrés Bonifacio y de Castro 95:President of the Philippines 36:, the first or paternal 7425:People executed for treason 6926:Central Executive Committee 6723:Andres Bonifacio: 1863–1897 6714:(public domain audiobooks) 6625:Zaide, Gregorio F. (1983). 6423:, Manila: Quiapo Printing, 6120:Cristobal, Adrian (2005) , 5680:Mabini, Apolinario (1969). 5046:Garcia & Rodriguez 2001 4017:. Encyclopædia Britannica. 3495:Nobles, Arsenio F. (1964). 3418:. Philippine Daily Inquirer 3133:Chua, Michael Charleston B. 2595:– after Aguinaldo lost the 2177:Arrest, trial and execution 2068:Republic of the Philippines 1536:), usually considered the " 1092:movement spread throughout 580:official list of Presidents 492:[anˈdɾesβoniˈfaθjo] 7466: 6665:, All-Nations Publishing, 6596:Villanueva, Alejo (1989), 6535:Rizal Without the Overcoat 6481:, Anvil Publishing, Inc., 6244:Friend, Theodore (1965) , 5697:Aguinaldo, Emilio (1948). 4707:December 21, 2007, at the 4702:Pag-ibig sa Tinubuang Lupa 3983:Laus, Emiliano L. (1951). 2557: 2554:Bonifacio as national hero 2467:historically refers to an 2409: 1985: 1934:leaders held a meeting in 1203:Bonifacio's personal flag. 1156: 1077:Pag-ibig sa Tinubúang Lupà 868: 823: 550:Bonifacio reorganized the 31: 7440:People from Tondo, Manila 7096: 6938:First Philippine Republic 6880: 6821: 6808: 6803: 6798: 6708:Works by Andrés Bonifacio 6399:The Philippine Revolution 6250:, Yale University Press, 6207:Delmendo, Sharon (2000), 5683:The Philippine revolution 4558:Philippine Daily Inquirer 4299:Francia, Luis H. (2013). 2569:Andrés Bonifacio Monument 2518:Haring Bayang Katagalugan 2452:First Philippine Republic 2443:Haring Bayang Katagalugan 2060:First Philippine Republic 2050:government-in-exile, the 1538:First Philippine Republic 1453:Haring Bayang Katagalugan 1392:Secretary of the Interior 1309:Haring Bayang Katagalugan 879:Katipunan Monument along 568:Republika ng Katagaluguan 564:Haring Bayang Katagalugan 468: 188: 153: 101: 81: 65: 7415:Leaders ousted by a coup 7405:Filipino revolutionaries 7385:Executed Filipino people 6914:Revolutionary Government 6815:Sovereign Tagalog Nation 6659:Zaide, Sonia M. (1999), 6552:Quirino, Carlos (1969), 6268:Rodao García, Florentino 6041:Mga gunita ng himagsikan 5898:"Philippine Revolution." 5844:August 28, 2004, at the 4512:Richardson, Jim (2013). 3484:. Manila: La Vanguardia. 3480:Artigas, Manuel (1911). 3363:Richardson, Jim (2023). 3325:. ABC-CLIO. p. 65. 3319:Tucker, Spencer (2009). 2714:Allied capture of Manila 2603:who was "unregenerate." 2301:Philippine national hero 2290:Historical controversies 2044:Republic of Biak-na-Bato 1759:San Francisco de Malabon 1477:Repúblika ng Katagalugan 958:Cuerpo de Compromisarios 820:Early political activism 650:Saint Andrew the Apostle 609:Early life and education 605:against the government. 250:Cause of death 91:Sovereign Tagalog Nation 7350:Sultan Dipatuan Kudarat 6962:Philippine Commonwealth 6631:. National Book Store. 6069:, Rex Bookstore, Inc., 5595:, pp. 188, 190–191 4489:. kasaysayan-kkk.info. 2779:(2010) and in the film 2597:Philippine–American War 2523:Pangulo ng Haring Bayan 2422:Michael Charleston Chua 2165:planning to get out of 2151:Naic Military Agreement 2056:Philippine independence 1832:. The Spanish, through 1552:Campaigns around Manila 440:Battle of Manila (1896) 7103: 7040:Filipino Sign Language 6586:Salazar, Zeus (1994), 6368:Linn, Brian McAllister 5903:July 23, 2009, at the 4386:. Rex Bookstore, Inc. 3033:Philippine News Agency 2919:Pingkian: Isang Musika 2790:Mark Anthony Fernandez 2720:Portrayal in the media 2704:in 1935, his opponent 2669: 2572: 2551: 2543:Kataas-taasang Pangulo 2499:, receiving the title 2241:initially and then to 2186: 2052:dictatorial government 2040:Republica de Filipinas 2036:Republica de Filipinas 1982:The Tejeros Convention 1685: 1533: 1460:("Sovereign Nation"). 1444: 1435: 1250: 1204: 1111:The rapid increase in 936: "There is Hope" 896: 785:, who was her cousin. 633: 7395:Filipino nationalists 7102: 6349:Reform and Revolution 4800:Borromeo-Buehler 1998 4788:Borromeo-Buehler 1998 4115:The Kahimyang Project 3960:. September 4, 2012. 3828:Szczepanski, Kallie. 3258:Reform and Revolution 3135:(November 30, 2018). 3035:. November 30, 2018. 2946:Keat Gin Ooi (2004). 2671: 2661: 2581:Philippine Revolution 2567: 2547: 2184: 2128:(son of Mariano) and 1962:Edilberto Evangelista 1788:Edilberto Evangelista 1680:House in present-day 1679: 1546:Biak-na-Bato Republic 1245: 1202: 1164:Start of the uprising 1159:Philippine Revolution 1153:Philippine Revolution 1084:. The publication of 1006:as a leading member. 921:It was influenced by 878: 706:, biographies of the 629:, at the present-day 616: 545:Spanish colonial rule 515:Kataastaasang Pangulo 450:Battle of Pasong Tamo 430:Philippine Revolution 418:Years of service 7340:Marcelo H. del Pilar 6910:Dictatorial Republic 6811:Unofficial President 6791:. February 23, 2019. 6771:on November 16, 2019 5718:, pp. 259, 275. 4778:, pp. 143, 164. 4117:. November 8, 2011. 3889:opinion.inquirer.net 3015:[boniˈfasjo] 2997:[boniˈfaθjo] 2952:. ABC-CLIO. p. 2690:Legislative Building 2334:Spanish–American War 2326:Pact of Biak-na-Bato 2307:Trial and sentencing 2169:and proceed back to 1425:while in captivity. 1408:Secretary of Finance 1400:Secretary of Justice 591:Consejo de la Guerra 589:under orders of the 506:", and considered a 183:Organization defunct 87:Unofficial President 7390:Filipino Freemasons 7294:National Heroes Day 6921:Francisco Macabulos 6172:Constantino, Renato 6159:Constantino, Renato 5813:, pp. 125–145. 5520:, pp. 180–181. 5491:, pp. 194–196. 5370:, pp. 248–249. 5358:, pp. 171–172. 5321:on August 19, 2011. 5211:, pp. 191–193. 5172:, pp. 187–191. 4993:, pp. 175–176. 4828:, pp. 166–167. 4739:, pp. 160–164. 4691:, pp. 149–150. 4224:. Scarecrow Press. 3655:. PhilStar Global. 3395:. November 30, 2020 3297:, pp. 259–275. 2923:Tanghalang Pilipino 2921:(2024) produced by 2901:(2021) produced by 2801:music video in 2010 2649:on December 30 and 2641:annually nationwide 2625:León María Guerrero 2529:government and the 1956:contended that the 1710:Baldomero Aguinaldo 1672:Bonifacio in Cavite 1530:Philippine Republic 1395:Aguedo del Rosario 1272:(now Mandaluyong), 1186:Guillermo Masangkay 1104:and even as far as 850:region. Bonifacio, 781:through his friend 677:Fleming and Company 7308:From proposed laws 7284:Benigno Aquino Jr. 7104: 6799:Political offices 6390:Mabini, Apolinario 6009:Agoncillo, Teodoro 5973:Agoncillo, Teodoro 5948:on August 27, 2022 5646:, pp. 183–185 5622:, pp. 61, 64. 5568:, pp. 190–206 5556:, pp. 60, 64. 5544:, pp. 190–191 5503:, pp. 189–191 5438:, pp. 178–180 5264:Presidente Supremo 5199:, pp. 185–186 5160:, pp. 182–184 5148:, p. 187,190. 5109:, pp. 181–182 5017:, pp. 178–181 4840:, pp. 152–153 4436:, pp. 158–159 4339:Tarver, H. Micheal 3883:Ocampo, Ambeth R. 3461:Unknown parameter 3060:Philippine Studies 2716:in February 1945. 2589:Renato Constantino 2573: 2539:Presidente Supremo 2438:Tejeros Convention 2355:Tejeros Convention 2321:Renato Constantino 2243:Maragondon, Cavite 2187: 2107:Tejeros convention 2094:Presidente Supremo 2064:Republica Filipina 1988:Tejeros Convention 1889:chapters like the 1879:Presidente Supremo 1686: 1542:Tejeros government 1534:República Filipina 1526:Tejeros Convention 1382:Secretary of State 1254:San Juan del Monte 1221:Cry of Pugad Lawin 1205: 1082:Agapito Bagumbayan 1015:Presidente Supremo 897: 807:Santa Cruz, Manila 634: 523:Presidente Supremo 459:Battle of Marikina 435:Cry of Pugad Lawin 119:Office established 56:The Most Excellent 7410:Katipunan members 7362: 7361: 7358: 7357: 7315:Apolinario Mabini 7190:Malacañang Palace 7035:Filipino language 6972: 6971: 6965: 6953: 6941: 6929: 6917: 6893: 6841: 6840: 6837: 6822:Succeeded by 6765:malacanang.gov.ph 6672:978-971-642-071-5 6638:978-971-08-3995-7 6150:978-971-550-278-8 6097:Álvarez, Santiago 6076:978-971-23-4154-0 6037:Aguinaldo, Emilio 5942:GMA Entertainment 5835:Leon Ma. Guerrero 5670:, pp. 58–59. 5634:, pp. 58–64. 5583:, pp. 62–63. 5408:978-971-23-3449-8 4790:, pp. 29–30. 4525:978-971-550-675-5 4485:Richardson, Jim. 3803:978-971-23-4154-0 3610:978-971-23-4538-8 3569:978-971-552-075-1 3374:978-971-538-368-4 2991:[anˈdɾes] 2963:978-1-57607-770-2 2903:Tanghalang Ateneo 2834:in the TV series 2821:in the TV series 2672:Bonifacio's bones 2629:Teodoro Agoncillo 2601:Apolinario Mabini 2585:Teodoro Agoncillo 2316:Teodoro Agoncillo 2130:Gregoria de Jesús 1857:agent provocateur 1770:Apolinario Mabini 1596:guerrilla warfare 1490:Supreme President 1427:Teodoro Agoncillo 1415: 1414: 1366:Gregoria de Jesus 1357:Andrés Bonifacio 1334:Cry of Balintawak 1296:(now Makati) and 1217:Cry of Balintawak 1004:Gregoria de Jesús 933:lit. transl. 852:Apolinario Mabini 779:Gregoria de Jesús 743:El filibusterismo 704:French Revolution 683:(broker) of tar, 558:(President) of a 472: 471: 299:Gregoria de Jesús 212:November 30, 1863 137:(as President of 18:Ciriaco Bonifacio 16:(Redirected from 7457: 7325:Emilio Aguinaldo 7263:Andrés Bonifacio 7253: 7083:Philippine pearl 7078:Philippine eagle 7009: 7008: 6999: 6992: 6985: 6976: 6959: 6957:José Abad Santos 6950:Tagalog Republic 6947: 6935: 6923: 6899: 6897:Emilio Aguinaldo 6890:Tagalog Republic 6887: 6885:Andrés Bonifacio 6867: 6860: 6853: 6844: 6828: 6825:Emilio Aguinaldo 6796: 6792: 6780: 6778: 6776: 6767:. 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Quezon 2621:La Liga Filipina 2456:Tagalog Republic 2399:Adrian Cristobal 2387:Lazaro Macapagal 2367:Emilio Aguinaldo 2126:Santiago Álvarez 2032:Perez Dasmariñas 2022:Emilio Aguinaldo 1976:Emilio Aguinaldo 1946:argued that the 1854:, and he was an 1706:Emilio Aguinaldo 1625:, Pantayanin in 1566:Emilio Aguinaldo 1522:Emilio Aguinaldo 1411:Enrique Pacheco 1372:Secretary of War 1343: 1294:San Pedro Macati 1260:(now Marikina), 1194: 1130:Emilio Aguinaldo 1126:Santiago Alvarez 1023:Deodato Arellano 948:La Liga Filipina 937: 934: 848:Western Mindanao 836:La Liga Filipina 826:La Liga Filipina 816:in his infancy. 656:of Manila whose 587:Lázaro Macapagal 576:Tagalog Republic 572:República Tagala 494: 489: 485: 480: 462:Battle of Balara 402: 401: 400: 392:Tagalog Republic 390: 380: 365:Military service 344: 311: 309: 289: 262:La Liga Filipina 235: 211: 209: 193:Personal details 179: 167: 158: 135:Emilio Aguinaldo 131:Office abolished 127: 115: 106: 75: 70: 60:Andrés Bonifacio 51: 21: 7465: 7464: 7460: 7459: 7458: 7456: 7455: 7454: 7365: 7364: 7363: 7354: 7345:Melchora Aquino 7330:Gabriela Silang 7303: 7272: 7249: 7247:National heroes 7241: 7215:Philippine peso 7105: 7094: 7056:Lupang Hinirang 7013: 7006: 7003: 6973: 6968: 6876: 6871: 6827: 6818: 6783: 6774: 6772: 6759: 6755:Filipiniana.net 6742:Filipiniana.net 6716: 6695: 6690: 6682: 6680: 6673: 6658: 6647:Zaide, Gregorio 6645: 6639: 6624: 6616: 6614: 6612: 6595: 6585: 6575: 6558: 6551: 6545: 6529: 6516: 6514: 6495: 6489: 6473: 6464: 6462: 6455: 6437: 6431: 6418: 6409: 6407: 6388: 6382: 6366: 6360: 6345: 6331: 6322: 6320: 6302: 6293: 6291: 6284: 6266: 6257: 6255: 6243: 6234: 6232: 6225: 6206: 6197: 6195: 6188: 6170: 6157: 6151: 6138: 6132: 6119: 6113: 6095: 6086: 6084: 6077: 6062: 6045: 6035: 6029: 6017:, Quezon City: 6007: 5998: 5996: 5989: 5971: 5967: 5962: 5961: 5951: 5949: 5935: 5934: 5911: 5905:Wayback Machine 5896: 5892: 5884: 5880: 5870: 5868: 5859: 5858: 5851: 5846:Wayback Machine 5833: 5829: 5821: 5817: 5809: 5805: 5797: 5790: 5782: 5778: 5771: 5767: 5759: 5755: 5747: 5743: 5735: 5722: 5714: 5710: 5696: 5695: 5691: 5679: 5678: 5674: 5668:Villanueva 1989 5666: 5662: 5654: 5650: 5642: 5638: 5632:Villanueva 1989 5630: 5626: 5620:Villanueva 1989 5618: 5614: 5606: 5599: 5591: 5587: 5581:Villanueva 1989 5579: 5572: 5564: 5560: 5554:Villanueva 1989 5552: 5548: 5540: 5536: 5528: 5524: 5516: 5507: 5499: 5495: 5487: 5483: 5475: 5471: 5463: 5454: 5446: 5442: 5434: 5430: 5422: 5415: 5409: 5391: 5390: 5386: 5378: 5374: 5366: 5362: 5354: 5350: 5342: 5338: 5330: 5326: 5313: 5311: 5307: 5302: 5298: 5286: 5282: 5274: 5270: 5258: 5254: 5246: 5239: 5231: 5227: 5223:, pp. 4–5. 5219: 5215: 5207: 5203: 5195: 5191: 5183: 5176: 5168: 5164: 5156: 5152: 5144: 5140: 5132: 5128: 5120: 5113: 5105: 5098: 5090: 5075: 5067: 5052: 5044: 5040: 5032: 5021: 5013: 5009: 5001: 4997: 4989: 4982: 4974: 4970: 4962: 4955: 4947: 4943: 4935: 4928: 4920: 4916: 4908: 4904: 4896: 4887: 4879: 4868: 4860: 4856: 4848: 4844: 4836: 4832: 4824: 4817: 4809: 4805: 4798: 4794: 4786: 4782: 4774: 4770: 4762: 4755: 4747: 4743: 4735: 4731: 4723: 4716: 4709:Wayback Machine 4699: 4695: 4687: 4683: 4675: 4664: 4656: 4652: 4644: 4640: 4632: 4617: 4609: 4605: 4597: 4593: 4585: 4578: 4568: 4566: 4550: 4549: 4545: 4535: 4533: 4526: 4511: 4510: 4506: 4496: 4494: 4484: 4483: 4479: 4471: 4467: 4459: 4452: 4444: 4440: 4432: 4425: 4417: 4413: 4403: 4401: 4394: 4379: 4378: 4374: 4364: 4362: 4355: 4337: 4336: 4332: 4322: 4320: 4313: 4298: 4297: 4290: 4280: 4278: 4271: 4256: 4255: 4251: 4241: 4239: 4232: 4217: 4216: 4212: 4202: 4200: 4193: 4178: 4177: 4173: 4163: 4161: 4154: 4139: 4138: 4134: 4124: 4122: 4109: 4108: 4104: 4094: 4092: 4078: 4077: 4073: 4063: 4061: 4054: 4039: 4038: 4034: 4024: 4022: 4011: 4010: 4006: 3996: 3994: 3982: 3981: 3977: 3967: 3965: 3952: 3951: 3947: 3937: 3935: 3928: 3913: 3912: 3908: 3898: 3896: 3882: 3881: 3874: 3858: 3857: 3853: 3843: 3841: 3827: 3826: 3822: 3813: 3811: 3804: 3786: 3785: 3781: 3767: 3766: 3762: 3752: 3750: 3743: 3728: 3727: 3723: 3717:Villanueva 1989 3715: 3711: 3701: 3699: 3692: 3677: 3676: 3672: 3662: 3660: 3646: 3645: 3641: 3633: 3629: 3620: 3618: 3611: 3593: 3592: 3588: 3579: 3577: 3570: 3551: 3550: 3546: 3536: 3534: 3523: 3522: 3518: 3508: 3506: 3501:. p. 211. 3494: 3493: 3489: 3479: 3478: 3474: 3460: 3450: 3443: 3441: 3436: 3435: 3431: 3421: 3419: 3413: 3412: 3408: 3398: 3396: 3387: 3386: 3382: 3375: 3362: 3361: 3352: 3342: 3340: 3333: 3318: 3317: 3313: 3309:, pp. 245. 3305: 3301: 3293: 3289: 3272: 3268: 3251: 3250: 3233: 3223: 3221: 3203: 3202: 3179: 3171: 3167: 3159: 3155: 3145: 3143: 3131: 3130: 3115: 3106: 3099: 3095: 3094: 3087: 3057: 3056: 3052: 3042: 3040: 3027: 3026: 3022: 2987: 2983: 2973: 2971: 2964: 2945: 2944: 2937: 2932: 2798:Lupang Hinirang 2722: 2674: 2562: 2556: 2414: 2408: 2383: 2309: 2292: 2204:In April 1897, 2189:In late April, 2179: 2147:Pascual Alvarez 2143:Mariano Alvarez 2139:Artemio Ricarte 2135:Acta de Tejeros 2122:Acta de Tejeros 2115:Artemio Ricarte 2103: 2084:Artemio Ricarte 2048:Hong Kong Junta 1990: 1984: 1784:Mariano Álvarez 1720:Mariano Álvarez 1674: 1574:Mariano Llanera 1562:Mariano Alvarez 1554: 1403:Briccio Pantas 1311: 1270:San Felipe Neri 1188: 1166: 1161: 1155: 935: 873: 867: 828: 822: 799:Catholic Church 764: 737:Noli Me Tángere 697:Bernardo Carpio 611: 487: 478: 413: 398: 396: 355: 314: 313: 310: 1893) 305: 301: 291: 287: 283: 264: 258:Political party 237: 233: 213: 207: 205: 204: 203: 177: 165: 159: 154: 133: 125: 113: 107: 102: 93: 77: 61: 58: 49: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7463: 7461: 7453: 7452: 7450:Tagalog people 7447: 7442: 7437: 7432: 7427: 7422: 7417: 7412: 7407: 7402: 7397: 7392: 7387: 7382: 7377: 7367: 7366: 7360: 7359: 7356: 7355: 7353: 7352: 7347: 7342: 7337: 7332: 7327: 7322: 7320:Corazon Aquino 7317: 7311: 7309: 7305: 7304: 7302: 7301: 7296: 7291: 7286: 7280: 7278: 7274: 7273: 7271: 7270: 7265: 7259: 7257: 7250: 7243: 7242: 7240: 7239: 7232: 7227: 7222: 7217: 7212: 7207: 7202: 7197: 7192: 7187: 7182: 7180:Juan dela Cruz 7177: 7172: 7167: 7162: 7157: 7148: 7139: 7134: 7129: 7124: 7119: 7113: 7111: 7107: 7106: 7097: 7095: 7093: 7092: 7085: 7080: 7075: 7068: 7059: 7052: 7047: 7042: 7037: 7032: 7027: 7021: 7019: 7015: 7014: 7004: 7002: 7001: 6994: 6987: 6979: 6970: 6969: 6967: 6966: 6954: 6942: 6930: 6918: 6894: 6881: 6878: 6877: 6872: 6870: 6869: 6862: 6855: 6847: 6839: 6838: 6823: 6820: 6807: 6801: 6800: 6794: 6793: 6781: 6757: 6744: 6735: 6729: 6720: 6705: 6694: 6693:External links 6691: 6689: 6688: 6671: 6656: 6643: 6637: 6622: 6610: 6593: 6583: 6573: 6549: 6543: 6531:Ocampo, Ambeth 6527: 6497:Ocampo, Ambeth 6493: 6487: 6475:Ocampo, Ambeth 6471: 6453: 6435: 6429: 6416: 6386: 6380: 6364: 6358: 6343: 6334:Sulyap Kultura 6329: 6309:Sulyap Kultura 6300: 6282: 6264: 6241: 6223: 6204: 6186: 6168: 6155: 6149: 6136: 6130: 6117: 6111: 6093: 6075: 6060: 6033: 6027: 6005: 5987: 5968: 5966: 5963: 5960: 5959: 5909: 5890: 5878: 5849: 5827: 5815: 5803: 5799:Agoncillo 1990 5788: 5776: 5773:Ronquillo 1996 5765: 5753: 5751:, p. 196. 5741: 5720: 5716:Agoncillo 1996 5708: 5689: 5672: 5660: 5658:, p. 189. 5648: 5636: 5624: 5612: 5597: 5585: 5570: 5558: 5546: 5534: 5522: 5518:Agoncillo 1990 5505: 5493: 5481: 5477:Agoncillo 1990 5469: 5452: 5450:, p. 193. 5440: 5436:Agoncillo 1990 5428: 5426:, p. 194. 5413: 5407: 5384: 5382:, p. 247. 5372: 5360: 5356:Agoncillo 1990 5348: 5346:, p. 192. 5336: 5334:, pp. 188 5324: 5305: 5296: 5280: 5268: 5252: 5248:Agoncillo 1990 5237: 5225: 5213: 5201: 5189: 5174: 5162: 5150: 5138: 5126: 5124:, p. 190. 5111: 5096: 5092:Aguinaldo 1964 5073: 5069:Cristobal 2005 5050: 5038: 5019: 5007: 4995: 4980: 4968: 4953: 4949:Agoncillo 1990 4941: 4939:, p. 173. 4926: 4924:, p. 104. 4914: 4902: 4885: 4881:Agoncillo 1990 4866: 4864:, p. 107. 4854: 4850:Agoncillo 1990 4842: 4838:Agoncillo 1996 4830: 4815: 4811:Guerrero 1996b 4803: 4792: 4780: 4768: 4753: 4751:, p. 176. 4741: 4729: 4727:, p. 175. 4714: 4693: 4681: 4677:Guerrero 1996a 4662: 4660:, p. 150. 4650: 4646:Agoncillo 1990 4638: 4615: 4611:Agoncillo 1990 4603: 4601:, p. 151. 4591: 4587:Agoncillo 1990 4576: 4543: 4524: 4504: 4477: 4473:Agoncillo 1996 4465: 4463:, p. 149. 4450: 4446:Agoncillo 1990 4438: 4423: 4421:, p. 132. 4411: 4392: 4372: 4353: 4330: 4311: 4288: 4269: 4249: 4230: 4210: 4191: 4171: 4152: 4132: 4102: 4071: 4052: 4032: 4004: 3975: 3945: 3926: 3906: 3872: 3851: 3820: 3802: 3779: 3760: 3741: 3721: 3709: 3690: 3670: 3639: 3627: 3609: 3586: 3568: 3544: 3516: 3487: 3472: 3429: 3416:"Did you know" 3406: 3380: 3373: 3350: 3331: 3311: 3299: 3295:Agoncillo 1996 3287: 3266: 3231: 3210:Sulyap Kultura 3177: 3175:, p. 146. 3173:Agoncillo 1990 3165: 3161:Agoncillo 1996 3153: 3113: 3085: 3066:(4): 570–577. 3050: 3020: 2981: 2962: 2934: 2933: 2931: 2928: 2927: 2926: 2915: 2906: 2893: 2886: 2873: 2860: 2847: 2828: 2815: 2802: 2786: 2767: 2754: 2747: 2730: 2721: 2718: 2694:Ermita, Manila 2673: 2670: 2555: 2552: 2505:Carlos Quirino 2473:their language 2418:Ramón Villegas 2407: 2404: 2382: 2379: 2308: 2305: 2291: 2288: 2280:Emilio Jacinto 2254:Mariano Noriel 2178: 2175: 2163:Indang, Cavite 2159:Mariano Noriel 2102: 2099: 1986:Main article: 1983: 1980: 1755:Emilio Jacinto 1673: 1670: 1553: 1550: 1501: 1500: 1497: 1494: 1491: 1488: 1423:Pío Valenzuela 1413: 1412: 1409: 1405: 1404: 1401: 1397: 1396: 1393: 1389: 1388: 1386:Emilio Jacinto 1383: 1379: 1378: 1373: 1369: 1368: 1363: 1362:Vice President 1359: 1358: 1355: 1351: 1350: 1347: 1313:Influenced by 1310: 1307: 1165: 1162: 1157:Main article: 1154: 1151: 1066:Pío Valenzuela 1050:Emilio Jacinto 1037:involved, the 915:secret society 905:, or in full, 869:Main article: 866: 863: 824:Main article: 821: 818: 803:Binondo Church 770:. She died of 763: 760: 727:Le Juif errant 717:Les Misérables 631:Tutuban Center 610: 607: 595:Mariano Noriel 470: 469: 466: 465: 464: 463: 460: 457: 452: 447: 442: 437: 427: 423: 422: 419: 415: 414: 412: 411: 394: 384: 373: 371: 367: 366: 362: 361: 350: 346: 345: 338: 334: 333: 328: 324: 323: 320: 316: 315: 303: 297: 296: 295: 294: 288:(died) 285: 281: 280: 279: 278: 275: 273: 269: 268: 259: 255: 254: 251: 247: 246: 236:(aged 33) 230: 226: 225: 223:Spanish Empire 201: 199: 195: 194: 190: 189: 186: 185: 180: 174: 173: 168: 162: 161: 151: 150: 143: 142: 128: 122: 121: 116: 110: 109: 99: 98: 83: 82: 79: 78: 71: 63: 62: 59: 54: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7462: 7451: 7448: 7446: 7443: 7441: 7438: 7436: 7433: 7431: 7428: 7426: 7423: 7421: 7418: 7416: 7413: 7411: 7408: 7406: 7403: 7401: 7398: 7396: 7393: 7391: 7388: 7386: 7383: 7381: 7378: 7376: 7373: 7372: 7370: 7351: 7348: 7346: 7343: 7341: 7338: 7336: 7333: 7331: 7328: 7326: 7323: 7321: 7318: 7316: 7313: 7312: 7310: 7306: 7300: 7297: 7295: 7292: 7290: 7287: 7285: 7282: 7281: 7279: 7275: 7269: 7266: 7264: 7261: 7260: 7258: 7254: 7251: 7248: 7244: 7238: 7237: 7236:Waling-waling 7233: 7231: 7228: 7226: 7223: 7221: 7218: 7216: 7213: 7211: 7210:National Seal 7208: 7206: 7203: 7201: 7198: 7196: 7193: 7191: 7188: 7186: 7183: 7181: 7178: 7176: 7173: 7171: 7168: 7166: 7163: 7161: 7158: 7155: 7154: 7149: 7147: 7143: 7140: 7138: 7135: 7133: 7130: 7128: 7125: 7123: 7120: 7118: 7115: 7114: 7112: 7108: 7101: 7091: 7090: 7086: 7084: 7081: 7079: 7076: 7074: 7073: 7069: 7066: 7065: 7060: 7057: 7053: 7051: 7048: 7046: 7043: 7041: 7038: 7036: 7033: 7031: 7028: 7026: 7023: 7022: 7020: 7016: 7012: 7000: 6995: 6993: 6988: 6986: 6981: 6980: 6977: 6963: 6958: 6955: 6951: 6946: 6945:Macario Sakay 6943: 6939: 6934: 6933:Miguel Malvar 6931: 6927: 6922: 6919: 6915: 6911: 6907: 6903: 6898: 6895: 6891: 6886: 6883: 6882: 6879: 6875: 6868: 6863: 6861: 6856: 6854: 6849: 6848: 6845: 6836: 6835: 6834: 6826: 6817: 6816: 6812: 6806: 6802: 6797: 6790: 6786: 6782: 6770: 6766: 6762: 6758: 6756: 6752: 6748: 6745: 6743: 6739: 6736: 6733: 6730: 6728: 6724: 6721: 6713: 6709: 6706: 6704: 6700: 6697: 6696: 6692: 6678: 6674: 6668: 6664: 6663: 6657: 6652: 6648: 6644: 6640: 6634: 6630: 6629: 6623: 6613: 6611:9789711004040 6607: 6602: 6601: 6594: 6589: 6584: 6579: 6574: 6569: 6563: 6555: 6550: 6546: 6544:971-27-0920-5 6540: 6536: 6532: 6528: 6524: 6512: 6508: 6507: 6502: 6498: 6494: 6490: 6488:971-27-1151-X 6484: 6480: 6476: 6472: 6460: 6456: 6454:971-707-048-2 6450: 6446: 6445: 6440: 6439:Nakpil, Julio 6436: 6432: 6430:971-556-018-0 6426: 6422: 6417: 6405: 6401: 6400: 6395: 6391: 6387: 6383: 6381:0-8078-4948-0 6377: 6373: 6369: 6365: 6361: 6359:962-258-228-1 6355: 6351: 6350: 6344: 6339: 6335: 6330: 6318: 6314: 6310: 6306: 6301: 6289: 6285: 6283:971-550-386-1 6279: 6275: 6274: 6269: 6265: 6253: 6249: 6248: 6242: 6230: 6226: 6224:971-550-358-6 6220: 6216: 6215: 6210: 6205: 6193: 6189: 6187:971-8958-00-2 6183: 6179: 6178: 6173: 6169: 6164: 6160: 6156: 6152: 6146: 6142: 6137: 6133: 6131:971-542-471-6 6127: 6123: 6118: 6114: 6112:971-550-077-3 6108: 6104: 6103: 6098: 6094: 6082: 6078: 6072: 6068: 6067: 6061: 6056: 6050: 6042: 6038: 6034: 6030: 6028:971-8711-06-6 6024: 6020: 6016: 6015: 6010: 6006: 5994: 5990: 5988:971-10-2415-2 5984: 5980: 5979: 5974: 5970: 5969: 5964: 5947: 5943: 5939: 5932: 5930: 5928: 5926: 5924: 5922: 5920: 5918: 5916: 5914: 5910: 5906: 5902: 5899: 5894: 5891: 5887: 5886:Morallos 1998 5882: 5879: 5866: 5862: 5856: 5854: 5850: 5847: 5843: 5840: 5836: 5831: 5828: 5824: 5819: 5816: 5812: 5807: 5804: 5801:, p. 160 5800: 5795: 5793: 5789: 5785: 5780: 5777: 5774: 5769: 5766: 5762: 5757: 5754: 5750: 5749:Guerrero 1998 5745: 5742: 5738: 5733: 5731: 5729: 5727: 5725: 5721: 5717: 5712: 5709: 5704: 5700: 5693: 5690: 5685: 5684: 5676: 5673: 5669: 5664: 5661: 5657: 5656:Guerrero 1998 5652: 5649: 5645: 5640: 5637: 5633: 5628: 5625: 5621: 5616: 5613: 5610:, p. 190 5609: 5604: 5602: 5598: 5594: 5589: 5586: 5582: 5577: 5575: 5571: 5567: 5562: 5559: 5555: 5550: 5547: 5543: 5538: 5535: 5532:, p. 191 5531: 5526: 5523: 5519: 5514: 5512: 5510: 5506: 5502: 5497: 5494: 5490: 5489:Guerrero 1998 5485: 5482: 5479:, p. 180 5478: 5473: 5470: 5466: 5461: 5459: 5457: 5453: 5449: 5448:Guerrero 1998 5444: 5441: 5437: 5432: 5429: 5425: 5424:Guerrero 1998 5420: 5418: 5414: 5410: 5404: 5400: 5396: 5395: 5388: 5385: 5381: 5376: 5373: 5369: 5364: 5361: 5357: 5352: 5349: 5345: 5344:Guerrero 1998 5340: 5337: 5333: 5328: 5325: 5320: 5316: 5309: 5306: 5303:Álvarez 1992. 5300: 5297: 5294: 5293:1-881261-05-0 5290: 5284: 5281: 5278:, p. 185 5277: 5272: 5269: 5265: 5261: 5256: 5253: 5250:, p. 178 5249: 5244: 5242: 5238: 5235:, p. 224 5234: 5229: 5226: 5222: 5217: 5214: 5210: 5209:Guerrero 1998 5205: 5202: 5198: 5193: 5190: 5187:, p. 184 5186: 5181: 5179: 5175: 5171: 5170:Guerrero 1998 5166: 5163: 5159: 5154: 5151: 5147: 5146:Guerrero 1998 5142: 5139: 5136:, p. 182 5135: 5130: 5127: 5123: 5122:Guerrero 1998 5118: 5116: 5112: 5108: 5103: 5101: 5097: 5093: 5088: 5086: 5084: 5082: 5080: 5078: 5074: 5070: 5065: 5063: 5061: 5059: 5057: 5055: 5051: 5047: 5042: 5039: 5035: 5030: 5028: 5026: 5024: 5020: 5016: 5011: 5008: 5005:, p. 180 5004: 4999: 4996: 4992: 4991:Guerrero 1998 4987: 4985: 4981: 4978:, p. 179 4977: 4972: 4969: 4965: 4960: 4958: 4954: 4951:, p. 152 4950: 4945: 4942: 4938: 4937:Guerrero 1998 4933: 4931: 4927: 4923: 4918: 4915: 4911: 4906: 4903: 4899: 4894: 4892: 4890: 4886: 4883:, p. 173 4882: 4877: 4875: 4873: 4871: 4867: 4863: 4858: 4855: 4852:, p. 173 4851: 4846: 4843: 4839: 4834: 4831: 4827: 4826:Guerrero 1998 4822: 4820: 4816: 4812: 4807: 4804: 4801: 4796: 4793: 4789: 4784: 4781: 4777: 4776:Guerrero 1998 4772: 4769: 4766:, p. 177 4765: 4760: 4758: 4754: 4750: 4745: 4742: 4738: 4737:Guerrero 1998 4733: 4730: 4726: 4721: 4719: 4715: 4711: 4710: 4706: 4703: 4697: 4694: 4690: 4689:Guerrero 1998 4685: 4682: 4678: 4673: 4671: 4669: 4667: 4663: 4659: 4658:Guerrero 1998 4654: 4651: 4648:, p. 152 4647: 4642: 4639: 4635: 4630: 4628: 4626: 4624: 4622: 4620: 4616: 4613:, p. 163 4612: 4607: 4604: 4600: 4599:Guerrero 1998 4595: 4592: 4589:, p. 166 4588: 4583: 4581: 4577: 4564: 4560: 4559: 4554: 4547: 4544: 4531: 4527: 4521: 4517: 4516: 4508: 4505: 4492: 4488: 4481: 4478: 4475:, p. 216 4474: 4469: 4466: 4462: 4461:Guerrero 1998 4457: 4455: 4451: 4448:, p. 149 4447: 4442: 4439: 4435: 4430: 4428: 4424: 4420: 4419:Guerrero 1998 4415: 4412: 4399: 4395: 4393:9789712341540 4389: 4385: 4384: 4376: 4373: 4360: 4356: 4354:9781610694223 4350: 4346: 4345: 4340: 4334: 4331: 4318: 4314: 4312:9781468315455 4308: 4304: 4303: 4295: 4293: 4289: 4276: 4272: 4270:9789838840514 4266: 4262: 4261: 4253: 4250: 4237: 4233: 4231:9780810872462 4227: 4223: 4222: 4214: 4211: 4198: 4194: 4192:9789711108908 4188: 4184: 4183: 4175: 4172: 4159: 4155: 4153:9789711108908 4149: 4145: 4144: 4136: 4133: 4120: 4116: 4112: 4106: 4103: 4090: 4086: 4082: 4075: 4072: 4059: 4055: 4053:9789715422154 4049: 4045: 4044: 4036: 4033: 4020: 4016: 4015: 4008: 4005: 3992: 3988: 3987: 3979: 3976: 3963: 3959: 3955: 3949: 3946: 3933: 3929: 3927:9789716300918 3923: 3919: 3918: 3910: 3907: 3894: 3890: 3886: 3879: 3877: 3873: 3868: 3864: 3863: 3855: 3852: 3839: 3835: 3831: 3824: 3821: 3809: 3805: 3799: 3795: 3791: 3790: 3783: 3780: 3775: 3771: 3764: 3761: 3748: 3744: 3742:9789716300918 3738: 3734: 3733: 3725: 3722: 3719:, p. 30. 3718: 3713: 3710: 3697: 3693: 3691:9789716300918 3687: 3683: 3682: 3674: 3671: 3658: 3654: 3650: 3643: 3640: 3636: 3631: 3628: 3616: 3612: 3606: 3602: 3598: 3597: 3590: 3587: 3575: 3571: 3565: 3561: 3557: 3556: 3548: 3545: 3532: 3528: 3527: 3520: 3517: 3504: 3500: 3499: 3491: 3488: 3483: 3476: 3473: 3468: 3455: 3444:September 27, 3439: 3433: 3430: 3417: 3410: 3407: 3394: 3390: 3384: 3381: 3376: 3370: 3366: 3359: 3357: 3355: 3351: 3338: 3334: 3332:9781851099511 3328: 3324: 3323: 3315: 3312: 3308: 3303: 3300: 3296: 3291: 3288: 3283: 3277: 3269: 3267:962-258-228-1 3263: 3259: 3255: 3248: 3246: 3244: 3242: 3240: 3238: 3236: 3232: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3200: 3198: 3196: 3194: 3192: 3190: 3188: 3186: 3184: 3182: 3178: 3174: 3169: 3166: 3162: 3157: 3154: 3142: 3138: 3134: 3128: 3126: 3124: 3122: 3120: 3118: 3114: 3105: 3098: 3092: 3090: 3086: 3081: 3077: 3073: 3069: 3065: 3061: 3054: 3051: 3038: 3034: 3030: 3024: 3021: 3016: 3011: 3010:United States 3007: 3006:Latin America 3003: 2998: 2992: 2985: 2982: 2969: 2965: 2959: 2955: 2951: 2950: 2942: 2940: 2936: 2929: 2924: 2920: 2916: 2913: 2912: 2907: 2904: 2900: 2899: 2894: 2891: 2887: 2884: 2883: 2878: 2877:Jhong Hilario 2875:Portrayed by 2874: 2871: 2870: 2865: 2862:Portrayed by 2861: 2858: 2857: 2852: 2851:Robin Padilla 2849:Portrayed by 2848: 2845: 2844: 2839: 2838: 2833: 2830:Portrayed by 2829: 2826: 2825: 2820: 2817:Portrayed by 2816: 2813: 2812: 2811:El Presidente 2807: 2806:Cesar Montano 2804:Portrayed by 2803: 2800: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2788:Portrayed by 2787: 2784: 2783: 2778: 2777: 2772: 2771:Alfred Vargas 2769:Portrayed by 2768: 2765: 2764: 2759: 2758:Gardo Versoza 2756:Portrayed by 2755: 2752: 2748: 2745: 2744: 2739: 2735: 2732:Portrayed by 2731: 2728: 2727:Eddie del Mar 2725:Portrayed by 2724: 2723: 2719: 2717: 2715: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2698:Ambeth Ocampo 2695: 2691: 2687: 2683: 2679: 2668: 2665: 2660: 2658: 2654: 2653: 2652:Bonifacio Day 2648: 2647: 2642: 2637: 2632: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2618: 2614: 2609: 2608:Ambeth Ocampo 2604: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2577: 2570: 2566: 2561: 2553: 2550: 2546: 2544: 2540: 2534: 2532: 2528: 2524: 2520: 2519: 2513: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2501:Harì ng Bayan 2498: 2494: 2490: 2486: 2482: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2466: 2465: 2459: 2457: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2444: 2439: 2435: 2431: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2413: 2405: 2403: 2400: 2396: 2390: 2388: 2380: 2378: 2374: 2372: 2371:Mariano Trías 2368: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2343: 2337: 2335: 2331: 2327: 2322: 2317: 2313: 2306: 2304: 2302: 2298: 2289: 2287: 2285: 2284:Macario Sakay 2281: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2260: 2255: 2251: 2250:Pío del Pilar 2246: 2244: 2240: 2235: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2216: 2211: 2207: 2202: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2183: 2176: 2174: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2155:Pio del Pilar 2152: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2118: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2100: 2098: 2095: 2091: 2090: 2085: 2081: 2080:Daniel Tirona 2077: 2076:Mariano Trías 2071: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2028: 2023: 2018: 2016: 2015:republicanism 2013:, upon which 2012: 2007: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1989: 1981: 1979: 1977: 1973: 1972: 1971:carte blanche 1967: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1954: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1932: 1927: 1926: 1920: 1918: 1917:Daniel Tirona 1914: 1913: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1899: 1894: 1893: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1863: 1859: 1858: 1853: 1849: 1844: 1841: 1840: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1826: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1802:general from 1801: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1780: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1762: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1743: 1742: 1737: 1736: 1731: 1727: 1726: 1721: 1717: 1716: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1702: 1697: 1696: 1691: 1683: 1682:General Trias 1678: 1671: 1669: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1646: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1615: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1594: 1590: 1589:no man's land 1585: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1568:and others), 1567: 1563: 1559: 1551: 1549: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1514: 1512: 1511: 1506: 1498: 1495: 1492: 1489: 1486: 1485: 1484: 1481: 1479: 1478: 1473: 1469: 1468: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1454: 1449: 1443: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1410: 1407: 1406: 1402: 1399: 1398: 1394: 1391: 1390: 1387: 1384: 1381: 1380: 1377: 1376:Teodoro Plata 1374: 1371: 1370: 1367: 1364: 1361: 1360: 1356: 1353: 1352: 1348: 1345: 1344: 1341: 1339: 1336:" or "Cry of 1335: 1331: 1327: 1322: 1321: 1316: 1308: 1306: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1288:, Mariquina, 1287: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1249: 1244: 1242: 1239:into an open 1238: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1201: 1197: 1192: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1163: 1160: 1152: 1150: 1148: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1114: 1109: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1078: 1073: 1072: 1067: 1063: 1062: 1057: 1056: 1051: 1046: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1007: 1005: 1001: 1000: 995: 991: 987: 983: 979: 975: 971: 967: 963: 959: 954: 950: 949: 944: 939: 930: 929: 924: 920: 919:armed revolt. 916: 912: 908: 904: 903: 894: 890: 886: 882: 877: 872: 864: 862: 860: 855: 853: 849: 845: 841: 837: 833: 827: 819: 817: 815: 810: 808: 804: 800: 796: 792: 788: 784: 783:Teodoro Plata 780: 775: 773: 769: 761: 759: 757: 753: 749: 746:. Aside from 745: 744: 739: 738: 733: 729: 728: 723: 719: 718: 713: 709: 705: 700: 698: 694: 693:theater actor 690: 686: 682: 678: 674: 669: 665: 663: 659: 655: 651: 647: 643: 639: 632: 628: 624: 620: 615: 608: 606: 604: 600: 596: 592: 588: 583: 581: 577: 573: 569: 565: 561: 557: 553: 548: 546: 542: 538: 534: 533: 528: 524: 520: 516: 511: 509: 505: 502: 498: 493: 484: 476: 467: 461: 458: 456: 453: 451: 448: 446: 443: 441: 438: 436: 433: 432: 431: 428: 424: 420: 416: 409: 405: 395: 393: 389: 385: 383: 379: 375: 374: 372: 368: 363: 359: 354: 351: 347: 343: 339: 335: 332: 331:Self-educated 329: 325: 321: 317: 300: 293: 292: 277: 276: 274: 270: 267: 263: 260: 256: 252: 248: 244: 240: 231: 227: 224: 220: 216: 215:Tondo, Manila 200: 196: 191: 187: 184: 181: 175: 172: 169: 163: 157: 152: 149: 144: 140: 136: 132: 129: 123: 120: 117: 111: 105: 100: 96: 92: 88: 84: 80: 69: 64: 57: 52: 47: 43: 39: 35: 30: 19: 7262: 7234: 7151: 7087: 7070: 7062: 7030:Coat of arms 6906:Biak-na-Bato 6884: 6830: 6829: 6809: 6804: 6788: 6775:November 17, 6773:. Retrieved 6769:the original 6764: 6750: 6683:November 12, 6681:, retrieved 6661: 6650: 6627: 6615:, retrieved 6599: 6587: 6577: 6553: 6534: 6522: 6515:. Retrieved 6506:INQUIRER.net 6504: 6478: 6465:November 28, 6463:, retrieved 6443: 6420: 6408:, retrieved 6398: 6371: 6348: 6337: 6333: 6321:, retrieved 6317:the original 6312: 6308: 6292:, retrieved 6272: 6258:November 28, 6256:, retrieved 6246: 6235:November 28, 6233:, retrieved 6213: 6196:, retrieved 6176: 6162: 6140: 6121: 6101: 6087:November 28, 6085:, retrieved 6065: 6040: 6013: 5997:, retrieved 5977: 5950:. Retrieved 5946:the original 5941: 5893: 5881: 5869:. Retrieved 5830: 5825:, p. 15 5818: 5806: 5784:Quirino 1969 5779: 5768: 5756: 5744: 5711: 5703:the original 5692: 5682: 5675: 5663: 5651: 5639: 5627: 5615: 5588: 5561: 5549: 5537: 5525: 5496: 5484: 5472: 5443: 5431: 5393: 5387: 5375: 5363: 5351: 5339: 5327: 5319:the original 5308: 5299: 5283: 5271: 5263: 5260:Álvarez 1992 5255: 5228: 5216: 5204: 5192: 5165: 5153: 5141: 5129: 5041: 5010: 4998: 4971: 4944: 4922:Salazar 1994 4917: 4905: 4898:Salazar 1994 4862:Salazar 1994 4857: 4845: 4833: 4806: 4795: 4783: 4771: 4744: 4732: 4700: 4696: 4684: 4653: 4641: 4634:Álvarez 1992 4606: 4594: 4567:. Retrieved 4556: 4546: 4536:November 28, 4534:. Retrieved 4514: 4507: 4495:. Retrieved 4480: 4468: 4441: 4414: 4402:. Retrieved 4382: 4375: 4363:. Retrieved 4347:. ABC-CLIO. 4343: 4333: 4321:. Retrieved 4301: 4279:. Retrieved 4259: 4252: 4240:. Retrieved 4220: 4213: 4201:. Retrieved 4181: 4174: 4162:. Retrieved 4142: 4135: 4123:. Retrieved 4114: 4105: 4093:. Retrieved 4084: 4074: 4062:. Retrieved 4042: 4035: 4023:. Retrieved 4013: 4007: 3995:. Retrieved 3985: 3978: 3966:. Retrieved 3957: 3948: 3936:. Retrieved 3916: 3909: 3897:. Retrieved 3888: 3861: 3854: 3842:. Retrieved 3833: 3823: 3814:November 28, 3812:, retrieved 3788: 3782: 3773: 3763: 3751:. Retrieved 3731: 3724: 3712: 3700:. Retrieved 3680: 3673: 3661:. Retrieved 3653:philstar.com 3652: 3642: 3630: 3619:, retrieved 3595: 3589: 3578:, retrieved 3554: 3547: 3535:. Retrieved 3525: 3519: 3507:. Retrieved 3497: 3490: 3481: 3475: 3463:|lasto= 3442:. Retrieved 3432: 3420:. Retrieved 3409: 3397:. Retrieved 3392: 3383: 3364: 3341:. Retrieved 3321: 3314: 3302: 3290: 3257: 3222:. Retrieved 3218:the original 3213: 3209: 3168: 3163:, p. 41 3156: 3144:. Retrieved 3104:the original 3063: 3059: 3053: 3043:December 31, 3041:. Retrieved 3032: 3023: 3001: 2984: 2972:. Retrieved 2948: 2918: 2909: 2896: 2889: 2880: 2879:in the film 2869:Heneral Luna 2867: 2866:in the film 2864:Nico Antonio 2854: 2853:in the film 2841: 2835: 2822: 2819:Jolo Revilla 2809: 2808:in the film 2796: 2780: 2774: 2773:in the film 2761: 2760:in the film 2741: 2737: 2736:in the film 2710:World War II 2675: 2666: 2662: 2650: 2644: 2635: 2633: 2616: 2605: 2574: 2548: 2542: 2538: 2535: 2530: 2526: 2522: 2515: 2512:Haring Bayan 2511: 2500: 2469:ethnic group 2462: 2460: 2447: 2441: 2433: 2429: 2415: 2391: 2384: 2375: 2362: 2350: 2346: 2338: 2329: 2314: 2310: 2293: 2257: 2247: 2236: 2203: 2198: 2188: 2119: 2104: 2093: 2088: 2072: 2063: 2054:under which 2039: 2035: 2026: 2019: 2001: 1997: 1991: 1969: 1957: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1929: 1923: 1921: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1896: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1855: 1847: 1845: 1837: 1824: 1819: 1811: 1807: 1799: 1777: 1773: 1765: 1763: 1739: 1733: 1729: 1723: 1718:, headed by 1713: 1704:, headed by 1699: 1693: 1687: 1661: 1647: 1618: 1616: 1586: 1555: 1515: 1508: 1505:Julio Nakpil 1502: 1482: 1475: 1471: 1465: 1461: 1458:Haring Bayan 1457: 1451: 1447: 1445: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1429:thus wrote: 1418: 1416: 1329: 1318: 1312: 1301: 1251: 1246: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1224: 1212: 1208: 1206: 1169: 1167: 1147:Antonio Luna 1117: 1112: 1110: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1075: 1069: 1059: 1053: 1047: 1038: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1008: 997: 969: 961: 957: 952: 946: 942: 940: 926: 910: 906: 900: 898: 881:Recto Avenue 856: 829: 811: 776: 765: 741: 735: 725: 715: 701: 688: 680: 672: 670: 666: 662:Tondo Church 654:patron saint 635: 590: 584: 571: 567: 563: 560:nation-state 555: 551: 549: 530: 526: 522: 514: 512: 474: 473: 426:Battles/wars 357: 352: 234:(1897-05-10) 232:May 10, 1897 182: 178:Succeeded by 155: 130: 126:Succeeded by 118: 103: 97:(unofficial) 45: 41: 34:Spanish name 29: 7380:1897 deaths 7375:1863 births 7146:Baro't saya 6323:December 7, 5823:Friend 1965 5737:Ocampo 2001 5465:Ocampo 1999 5315:"Katipunan" 5034:Mabini 1969 4964:Nakpil 1964 3635:Ocampo 2016 3526:Archipelago 3438:"Ambeth R." 3399:January 11, 3224:December 7, 2840:(2013) and 2516:Pangulo ng 2359:Regionalism 2027:in absentia 1604:Nueva Ecija 1593:hit-and-run 1450:documents: 1338:Pugad Lawin 1315:Freemasonry 1189: [ 1120:leaders in 1031:comptroller 999:Katipuneros 994:Nueva Ecija 928:May pag-asa 923:Freemasonry 895:was founded 885:San Nicolas 840:Philippines 712:Victor Hugo 541:Philippines 349:Nickname(s) 166:Preceded by 146:Supremo of 114:Preceded by 7369:Categories 7268:José Rizal 7127:Bahay kubo 7110:Unofficial 7089:Sampaguita 7050:Great Seal 6805:New office 6753:posted in 6617:August 18, 6294:October 1, 6198:October 1, 5999:October 1, 5965:References 5952:August 27, 5380:Zaide 1999 5368:Zaide 1999 4910:Zaide 1984 4404:August 19, 4365:October 1, 4323:August 19, 4305:. Abrams. 4281:August 19, 4242:October 1, 4203:August 19, 4164:August 19, 4125:August 19, 4095:August 19, 4064:August 19, 4025:August 18, 3997:August 19, 3968:August 18, 3938:August 19, 3899:August 19, 3865:. p. 3844:August 18, 3753:October 1, 3702:August 18, 3663:August 18, 3537:August 19, 3509:August 19, 3343:August 19, 3307:Zaide 1983 2832:Sid Lucero 2763:José Rizal 2734:Julio Diaz 2678:Maragondon 2606:Historian 2576:José Rizal 2558:See also: 2410:See also: 2264:Maragondon 2025:President 1875:Presidente 1712:, and the 1708:'s cousin 1532:(Spanish: 1182:Manila Bay 1138:José Rizal 1027:Román Basa 861:in Spain. 859:reformists 832:José Rizal 732:José Rizal 722:Eugène Sue 673:mandatario 570:(Spanish: 504:Revolution 501:Philippine 370:Allegiance 239:Maragondon 208:1863-11-30 171:Román Basa 7335:Juan Luna 7230:Tinikling 6011:(1996) , 5975:(1990) , 5871:March 22, 5221:Linn 2000 3834:ThoughtCo 3465:ignored ( 3454:cite news 3276:cite book 3072:0031-7837 3002:Bonifacio 2882:Unli Life 2843:Ilustrado 2837:Katipunan 2682:sugarcane 2646:Rizal Day 2617:Katipunan 2531:Katipunan 2527:Magdiwang 2509:neologism 2497:Magdiwang 2461:The term 2448:Filipinas 2434:Katipunan 2430:Katipunan 2381:Execution 2351:Katipunan 2347:Katipunan 2342:Katipunan 2330:Katipunan 2259:bona fide 2206:Aguinaldo 2199:Magdiwang 2191:Aguinaldo 2089:Magdiwang 2006:Katipunan 2002:Magdiwang 1966:Maura Law 1958:Katipunan 1953:Magdiwang 1948:Katipunan 1931:Magdiwang 1903:Magdiwang 1898:Magdiwang 1887:Katipunan 1883:Katipunan 1848:Katipunan 1839:Magdiwang 1820:Magdiwang 1800:Katipunan 1796:Aguinaldo 1779:Magdiwang 1768:leaders. 1741:Magdiwang 1730:Katipunan 1715:Magdiwang 1695:Katipunan 1662:Katipunan 1658:Montalban 1654:Mariquina 1650:San Mateo 1623:Mariquina 1619:Katipunan 1612:tactician 1448:Katipunan 1419:Katipunan 1354:President 1330:Katipunan 1320:Katipunan 1302:Katipunan 1278:Santa Ana 1266:Montalban 1262:San Mateo 1258:Mariquina 1237:Katipunan 1233:Katipunan 1225:Katipunan 1209:Katipunan 1170:Katipunan 1118:Katipunan 1113:Katipunan 1090:Katipunan 1061:Decalogue 1039:Katipunan 1019:Katipunan 1011:Katipunan 970:Katipunan 962:Katipunan 943:Katipunan 902:Katipunan 893:Katipunan 871:Katipunan 865:Katipunan 795:Freemason 762:Marriages 689:bodeguero 658:feast day 552:Katipunan 537:Katipunan 529:) of the 421:1896–1897 408:Magdiwang 404:Katipunan 382:Katipunan 353:Maypagasa 337:Signature 327:Education 266:Katipunan 253:Execution 156:In office 148:Katipunan 104:In office 46:de Castro 42:Bonifacio 7220:Sinigang 7205:Milkfish 7170:Cariñosa 7160:Baybayin 7153:Bayan Ko 7137:Balangay 7018:Official 6751:Kalayaan 6712:LibriVox 6677:archived 6649:(1984), 6562:citation 6556:, Manila 6533:(1999), 6511:Archived 6477:(2001), 6459:archived 6410:July 18, 6404:archived 6392:(1969), 6370:(2000), 6288:archived 6252:archived 6229:archived 6192:archived 6174:(1975), 6081:archived 6049:citation 6043:, Manila 6039:(1964), 5993:archived 5901:Archived 5865:Archived 5842:Archived 4705:Archived 4563:Archived 4530:Archived 4491:Archived 4398:Archived 4359:Archived 4317:Archived 4275:Archived 4236:Archived 4197:Archived 4158:Archived 4119:Archived 4089:Archived 4058:Archived 4019:Archived 3991:Archived 3962:Archived 3932:Archived 3893:Archived 3838:Archived 3808:archived 3747:Archived 3696:Archived 3657:Archived 3615:archived 3574:archived 3531:Archived 3503:Archived 3422:April 6, 3393:GMA News 3337:Archived 3256:(1998). 3146:June 26, 3080:42634247 3037:Archived 3008:and the 3004:in both 2974:April 9, 2968:Archived 2911:GomBurZa 2489:Mindanao 2369:and Don 2276:Batangas 2228:Gregoria 2220:Tagalogs 2215:carabaos 1860:paid by 1816:Noveleta 1747:Procopio 1627:Antipolo 1608:Pampanga 1346:Position 1290:Caloocan 1282:Pandacan 1274:Sampaloc 1241:de facto 1178:Dapitan. 1132:both of 1106:Mindanao 1086:Kalayaan 1071:Kalayaan 1055:Kartilya 1035:province 990:Pampanga 974:Batangas 891:, where 814:smallpox 791:Caloocan 787:Gregoria 681:corredor 642:Zambales 599:sedition 497:Filipino 488:Spanish: 479:Tagalog: 319:Children 32:In this 7256:Implied 7175:Jeepney 7165:Carabao 6902:Tejeros 6813:of the 6701:at the 6517:June 7, 6021:Press, 4569:May 22, 4497:May 22, 4085:Sunstar 3774:Rappler 3621:June 7, 3580:June 7, 3141:ABS-CBN 2914:(2023). 2892:(2021). 2885:(2018). 2872:(2015). 2859:(2014). 2846:(2014). 2827:(2013). 2814:(2012). 2785:(2012). 2782:Supremo 2766:(1998). 2746:(1995). 2613:Dapitan 2493:Magdalo 2485:Visayas 2464:Tagalog 2224:Ciriaco 2086:of the 2046:", the 1998:Magdalo 1994:Tejeros 1944:Magdalo 1940:Magdalo 1925:Magdalo 1915:leader 1912:Magdalo 1907:Magdalo 1892:Magdalo 1877:, i.e. 1871:Supremo 1867:Supremo 1825:Magdalo 1812:Magdalo 1808:Magdalo 1774:Magdalo 1766:Magdalo 1751:Ciriaco 1735:Magdalo 1725:Magdalo 1701:Magdalo 1643:Bulacan 1572:(under 1570:Bulacan 1560:(under 1524:at the 1421:member 1286:Pateros 1213:cedulas 1142:Dapitan 1102:Visayas 1100:in the 1045:level. 986:Bulacan 964:. 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