1057:. The ice crystals in these clouds vary depending upon the height in the cloud. Towards the bottom, at temperatures of around −35 to −45 °C (−31 to −49 °F), the crystals tend to be long, solid, hexagonal columns. Towards the top of the cloud, at temperatures of around −47 to −52 °C (−53 to −62 °F), the predominant crystal types are thick, hexagonal plates and short, solid, hexagonal columns. These clouds commonly produce halos, and sometimes the halo is the only indication that such clouds are present. They are formed by warm, moist air being lifted slowly to a very high altitude. When a warm front approaches, cirrostratus clouds become thicker and descend forming altostratus clouds, and rain usually begins 12 to 24 hours later.
554:
221:
772:
247:
33:
993:
277:
515:
484:, cirrus clouds form 13,500 m (44,300 ft) above sea level on average. Across the globe, cirrus clouds can form anywhere from 4,000 to 20,000 m (13,000 to 66,000 ft) above sea level. Cirrus clouds form with a vast range of thicknesses. They can be as little as 100 m (330 ft) from top to bottom to as thick as 8,000 m (26,000 ft). Cirrus cloud thickness is usually somewhere between those two extremes, with an average thickness of 1,500 m (4,900 ft).
1041:
4417:
1066:
235:
1077:
866:
924:
1113:". These clouds formed during the Martian night in two layers, one around 4,000 m (13,000 ft) above ground and the other at surface level. They lasted through early morning before being burned away by the Sun. The crystals in these clouds were formed at a temperature of −65 °C (−85 °F), and they were shaped roughly like ellipsoids 0.127 millimeters long and 0.042 millimeters wide.
209:
261:
1006:
in from the ends. Towards the top of the cloud, these crystals have a tendency to clump together. These clouds do not last long, and they tend to change into cirrus because as the water vapor continues to deposit on the ice crystals, they eventually begin to fall, destroying the upward convection. The cloud then dissipates into cirrus. Cirrocumulus clouds come in four species:
632:
697:, developed the first hurricane forecasting system; he mainly used the motion of these clouds in formulating his predictions. He would observe the clouds hourly from 4:00 am to 10:00 pm. After accumulating enough information, Viñes began accurately predicting the paths of hurricanes; he summarized his observations in his book
828:. The size of each ice crystal is typically 0.25 millimeters, but they range from as short as 0.01 millimeters up to several millimeters. The ice crystals in contrails can be much smaller than those in naturally-occurring cirrus cloud, being around 0.001 millimeters to 0.1 millimeters in length.
688:
Within the tropics, 36 hours prior to the center passage of a tropical cyclone, a veil of white cirrus clouds approaches from the direction of the cyclone. In the mid- to late-19th century, forecasters used these cirrus veils to predict the arrival of hurricanes. In the early 1870s the president
1048:
Cirrostratus clouds can appear as a milky sheen in the sky or as a striated sheet. They are sometimes similar to altostratus and are distinguishable from the latter because the Sun or Moon is always clearly visible through transparent cirrostratus, in contrast to altostratus which tends to be opaque
4353:
Wolf, Martin J.; Zhang, Yue; Zawadowicz, Maria A.; Goodell, Megan; Froyd, Karl; Freney, Evelyn; Sellegri, Karine; Rösch, Michael; Cui, Tianqu; Winter, Margaux; Lacher, Larissa; Axisa, Duncan; DeMott, Paul J.; Levin, Ezra J. T.; Gute, Ellen; Abbatt, Jonathan; Koss, Abigail; Kroll, Jesse H.; Surratt,
1005:
processes. Significant growth of these patches indicates high-altitude instability and can signal the approach of poorer weather. The ice crystals in the bottoms of cirrocumulus clouds tend to be in the form of hexagonal cylinders. They are not solid, but instead tend to have stepped funnels coming
717:
radiation while only marginally reflecting the incoming sunlight. When cirrus clouds are 100 m (330 ft) thick, they reflect only around 9% of the incoming sunlight, but they prevent almost 50% of the outgoing infrared radiation from escaping, thus raising the temperature of the atmosphere
576:
at the tropopause prevents the warm, moist air forming the thunderstorm from rising any higher, thus creating the flat top. In the tropics, these thunderstorms occasionally produce copious amounts of cirrus from their anvils. High-altitude winds commonly push this dense mat out into an anvil shape
416:
satellite data, cirrus covers an average of 31% to 32% of the Earth's surface. Cirrus cloud cover varies wildly by location, with some parts of the tropics reaching up to 70% cirrus cloud cover. Polar regions, on the other hand, have significantly less cirrus cloud cover, with some areas having a
1104:
using lidar. Near the end of its mission, the
Phoenix Lander detected more thin clouds close to the north pole of Mars. Over the course of several days, they thickened, lowered, and eventually began snowing. The total precipitation was only a few thousandths of a millimeter. James Whiteway from
4297:
Whiteway JA, Komguem L, Dickinson C, Cook C, Illnicki M, Seabrook J, Popovici V, Duck TJ, Davy R, Taylor PA, Pathak J, Fisher D, Carswell AI, Daly M, Hipkin V, Zent AP, Hecht MH, Wood SE, Tamppari LK, Renno N, Moores JE, Lemmon MT, Daerden F, Smith PH (3 July 2009). "Mars Water-Ice Clouds and
808:
gives information on the cirrus cloud cover by measuring reflected infrared radiation of various specific frequencies during the day. During the night, it determines cirrus cover by detecting the Earth's infrared emissions. The cloud reflects this radiation back to the ground, thus enabling
1154:
to dozens of light years across. While they are not technically cirrus clouds, the dust clouds are referred to as "cirrus" because of their similarity to the clouds on Earth. They emit infrared radiation, similar to the way cirrus clouds on Earth reflect heat being radiated out into space.
856:
Cirrus clouds are usually colder than −20 °C (−4 °F). At temperatures above −68 °C (−90 °F), most cirrus clouds have relative humidities of roughly 100% (that is they are saturated). Cirrus can supersaturate, with relative humidities over ice that can exceed 200%. Below
831:
In addition to forming in different sizes, the ice crystals in cirrus clouds can crystallize in different shapes: solid columns, hollow columns, plates, rosettes, and conglomerations of the various other types. The shape of the ice crystals is determined by the air temperature,
681:, it is because they are blown off the anvil, and the next clouds to arrive are the cumulonimbus clouds. Kelvin-Helmholtz waves indicate extreme wind shear at high levels. When a jet streak creates a large arc of cirrus, weather conditions may be right for the development of
584:
Individual cirrus cloud formations can be the remnants of anvil clouds formed by thunderstorms. In the dissipating stage of a cumulonimbus cloud, when the normal column rising up to the anvil has evaporated or dissipated, the mat of cirrus in the anvil is all that is left.
877:
around the Sun and Moon. Halos are caused by interaction of the light with hexagonal ice crystals present in the clouds which, depending on their shape and orientation, can result in a wide variety of white and colored rings, arcs and spots in the sky, including
3849:
Lolli, Simone; Campbell, James R.; Lewis, Jasper R.; Gu, Yu; Marquis, Jared W.; Chew, Boon Ning; Liew, Soo-Chin; Salinas, Santo V.; Welton, Ellsworth J. (9 February 2017). "Daytime Top-of-the-Atmosphere Cirrus Cloud
Radiative Forcing Properties at Singapore".
844:
exceeds 100%). Cirrus in temperate regions typically have the various ice crystal shapes separated by type. The columns and plates concentrate near the top of the cloud, whereas the rosettes and conglomerations concentrate near the base. In the northern
824:). The concentration ranges from as low as 1 ice crystal per 10 cubic meters to as high as 100 million ice crystals per 10 cubic meters (just under 1 ice crystal per 10 cubic yards to 77 million ice crystals per 10 cubic yards), a difference of eight
1000:
Cirrocumulus clouds form in sheets or patches and do not cast shadows. They commonly appear in regular, rippling patterns or in rows of clouds with clear areas between. Cirrocumulus are, like other members of the cumuliform category, formed via
905:. A glory is a set of concentric, faintly-colored glowing rings that appear around the shadow of the observer, and are best observed from a high viewpoint or from a plane. Cirrus clouds only form glories when the constituent ice crystals are
791:
measure the humidity of the cirrus cloud but are not accurate enough to measure the depth of the cloud. Radar units give information on the altitudes and thicknesses of cirrus clouds. Another data source is satellite measurements from the
965:
droplets or ice crystals if the temperature at cloud level is below freezing. Three additional genera usually form in the low-altitude range, but may be based at higher levels under conditions of very low humidity. They are the genera
1670:
612:
is that persistent contrails can form into large mats of cirrus, and increased air traffic has been implicated as one possible cause of the increasing frequency and amount of cirrus in Earth's atmosphere.
604:
condenses on particles, which come from either the surrounding air or the exhaust itself, and freezes, leaving behind a visible trail. The exhaust can trigger the formation of cirrus by providing
305:, meaning that the sun can be seen through them. Ice crystals in the clouds cause them to usually appear white, but the rising or setting sun can color them various shades of yellow or red. At
4427:
101:
of ice crystals. These crystals dissipate, melt, and evaporate as they fall through warmer and drier air and never reach ground. Cirrus clouds warm the earth, potentially contributing to
713:
Cirrus clouds cover up to 25% of the Earth (up to 70% in the tropics at night) and have a net heating effect. When they are thin and translucent, the clouds efficiently absorb outgoing
978:. These are sometimes classified separately as clouds of vertical development, especially when their tops are high enough to be composed of supercooled water droplets or ice crystals.
1868:
131:. Cirrostratus looks like a sheet of cloud, whereas cirrocumulus looks like a pattern of small cloud tufts. Unlike cirrus and cirrostratus, cirrocumulus clouds contain droplets of
809:
satellites to see the "shadow" it casts into space. Visual observations from aircraft or the ground provide additional information about cirrus clouds. Particle
Analysis by Laser
1282:
849:
region, cirrus clouds tend to be composed of only the columns, plates, and conglomerations, and these crystals tend to be at least four times larger than the minimum size. In
417:
yearly average of only around 10% coverage. These percentages treat clear days and nights, as well as days and nights with other cloud types, as lack of cirrus cloud cover.
741:
act as additional nucleation seeds, potentially increasing cirrus cloud cover and thus contributing further to climate change. Aircraft in the upper troposphere can create
894:. Circumhorizontal arcs are only visible when the Sun rises higher than 58° above the horizon, preventing observers at higher latitudes from ever being able to see them.
942:
In the intermediate range, from 2,000 to 6,100 m (6,500 to 20,000 ft), are the mid-level clouds, which are given the prefix "alto-". They comprise two genera,
564:
can form dense cirrus at their tops. As the cumulonimbus cloud in a thunderstorm grows vertically, the liquid water droplets freeze when the air temperature reaches the
657:
species, this usually indicates an approaching weather front. If it is a warm front, the cirrus clouds spread out into cirrostratus, which then thicken and lower into
2156:
1238:
1662:
289:
Cirrus are wispy clouds made of long strands of ice crystals that are described as feathery, hair-like, or layered in appearance. First defined scientifically by
1969:
3638:
3109:
3063:
2981:
2083:
805:
506:
points for ice crystal formation. However, research suggests that cirrus clouds more commonly form on rocky or metallic particles rather than on organic ones.
3771:
3439:
935:
and cirrostratus. High-level clouds usually form above 6,100 m (20,000 ft). Cirrocumulus and cirrostratus are sometimes informally referred to as
857:−68 °C (−90 °F) there are more of both undersaturated and supersaturated cirrus clouds. The more supersaturated clouds are probably young cirrus.
1124:
disappeared, one hypothesis put forward by Glenn Orten was that a large quantity of ammonia cirrus clouds had formed above it, hiding it from view. NASA's
3067:
2985:
3113:
5050:
3972:
2580:
1895:
3347:
70:
onto rocky or metallic dust particles at high altitudes. Globally, they form anywhere between 4,000 and 20,000 meters (13,000 and 66,000 feet) above
3706:
Krämer M, Schiller C, Afchine A, Bauer R, Gensch I, Mangold A, Schlicht S, Spelten N, Sitnikov N, Borrmann S, de Reus M, Spichtinger P (June 2009).
793:
4037:
Miyazaki, Ryo; Yoshida, Satoru; Dobashit, Yoshinori; Nishita, Tomoyula (2001). "A method for modeling clouds based on atmospheric fluid dynamics".
3830:
3174:
2087:
1594:
3740:
2674:
2610:
2482:
1440:
220:
1184:
laser to vaporize aerosol particles in a vacuum. The ionized particles are analyzed with a mass spectrometer to determine mass and composition.
909:; researchers suggest that the ice crystals must be between 0.009 millimeters and 0.015 millimeters in length for a glory to appear.
2713:
1410:
4449:
4279:
4064:
3985:
3953:
3918:
3688:
3667:
3589:
3557:
3374:
3298:
3277:
3239:
800:
is absorbed in the atmosphere, and if it is absorbed at cirrus altitudes, then it is assumed that there are cirrus clouds in that location.
931:
Cirrus clouds are one of three different genera of high-level clouds, all of which are given the prefix "cirro-". The other two genera are
4120:
1825:
953:
Low-level clouds usually form below 2,000 m (6,500 ft) and do not have a prefix. The two genera that are strictly low-level are
722:. Averaged worldwide, cloud formation results in a temperature loss of 5 °C (9 °F) at the earth's surface, mainly the result of
1860:
643:
or upper air disturbance. The appearance of cirrus signals a change in weather—usually more stormy—in the near future. If the cloud is a
2018:
2276:
1278:
626:
2648:
2152:
4469:
2717:
1504:
123:, can be produced by light interacting with ice crystals in cirrus clouds. There are two other high-level cirrus-like clouds called
63:. Cirrus clouds typically appear delicate and wispy with white strands. Cirrus are usually formed when warm, dry air rises, causing
5338:
3135:
377:
2148:
1470:
1227:
639:
Random, isolated cirrus do not have any particular significance. A large number of cirrus clouds can be a sign of an approaching
609:
759:. Cirrus cloud thinning would involve injecting particles into the upper troposphere to reduce the amount of cirrus clouds. The
5161:
2452:
2194:
1939:
649:, there might be instability at the high altitude level. When the clouds deepen and spread, especially when they are of the
1474:
4813:
3599:
Heymsfield; Krämer; Luebke; Brown; Cziczo; Franklin; Lawson; Lohmann; McFarquhar; Ulanowski; Van Tricht (1 January 2017).
2848:
1729:
426:
302:
67:
4407:
5307:
1359:
760:
246:
464:, cirrus clouds form, on average, only 7,000 m (23,000 ft) above sea level. In temperate regions, at roughly
380:
being a form of cirrus intortus that has been twisted into loops by layers of wind blowing at different speeds, called
5312:
5166:
4860:
4823:
1961:
1534:
167:
3600:
2787:
1564:
3460:
Philosophical
Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences
2764:
5297:
5176:
5171:
2306:
898:
678:
97:
or storms. Although they are a sign that rain and maybe storms are on the way, cirrus themselves drop no more than
3760:
3428:
553:
5046:
4717:
4712:
4569:
4550:
4442:
2791:
1333:
874:
120:
4259:
4234:
4224:
4197:
3818:
3418:
3393:
3008:
5072:
4833:
4702:
4630:
4235:"The Relevance of the Microphysical and Radiative Properties of Cirrus Clouds to Climate and Climatic Feedback"
4028:
4003:
3055:
645:
1136:
ice exist on Uranus. On
Neptune, thin wispy clouds which could possibly be cirrus have been detected over the
529:
of tropical cyclones. (The eye wall is the ring of storm clouds surrounding the eye of a tropical cyclone.) A
2973:
495:, bands of faster-moving air in the jet stream, can create arcs of cirrus cloud hundreds of kilometers long.
445:
is low at such high altitudes, this genus tends to be fairly transparent. Cirrus clouds can also form inside
336:
Cirrus castellanus has cumuliform tops caused by high-altitude convection rising up from the main cloud body.
5181:
5042:
5036:
4938:
4202:
3101:
734:
106:
2588:
1586:
5292:
5287:
4753:
4645:
4315:
4143:
4042:
3318:
1906:
813:(PALMS) is used to identify the type of nucleation seeds that spawned the ice crystals in a cirrus cloud.
530:
461:
325:
79:
3991:
1761:
5186:
5031:
4748:
4666:
3791:
3187:
2079:
1314:
1121:
748:
573:
538:
429:
onto rocky or metallic dust particles at high altitudes. The average cirrus cloud altitude increases as
405:
produced in liquid–water clouds. The sizes and shapes of fall streaks are determined by the wind shear.
357:
147:
1150:
and are therefore not true cirrus clouds, which are composed of frozen crystals. They range from a few
763:
expressed low confidence in the cooling effect of cirrus cloud thinning, due to limited understanding.
3707:
2670:
2019:"Computer-simulated Thunderstorms with Ice Clouds Reveal Insights for Next-generation Computer Models"
5415:
5236:
5124:
4707:
4650:
4435:
4367:
4320:
4307:
4246:
4211:
4135:
4091:
4015:
3859:
3806:
3722:
3612:
3516:
3467:
3405:
3331:
2618:
2474:
2353:
1432:
891:
833:
329:
155:
771:
5378:
5144:
4982:
4933:
4838:
4818:
4461:
4416:
4148:
4047:
2721:
1402:
958:
950:. These clouds are formed from ice crystals, supercooled water droplets, or liquid water droplets.
918:
825:
723:
622:
597:
469:
465:
457:
453:
163:
44:
5241:
4960:
4914:
4887:
4870:
4731:
4685:
4671:
4341:
4070:
4039:
Proceedings Ninth
Pacific Conference on Computer Graphics and Applications. Pacific Graphics 2001
3893:
3534:
3491:
1965:
1101:
1035:
987:
975:
971:
932:
797:
666:
534:
481:
477:
361:
313:
179:
143:
86:
787:) gives highly accurate information on the cloud's altitude, length, and width. Balloon-carried
733:. As their greenhouse effect is stronger than their reflection of sunlight, this would act as a
492:
234:
4177:
2617:. University of the City of Santa Barbara Department of Geology. 29 August 2009. Archived from
1817:
1065:
5328:
5282:
5108:
4852:
4796:
4496:
4393:
4333:
4285:
4275:
4169:
4161:
4107:
4060:
3981:
3959:
3949:
3945:
3924:
3914:
3885:
3822:
3694:
3684:
3678:
3663:
3655:
3585:
3563:
3553:
3547:
3483:
3380:
3370:
3364:
3304:
3294:
3273:
3245:
3235:
3229:
2387:
2369:
1864:
1181:
1147:
962:
947:
943:
841:
810:
719:
662:
658:
442:
369:
175:
112:
4269:
3576:
3505:"Cirrus Cloud Properties as Seen by the CALIPSO Satellite and ECHAM-HAM Global Climate Model"
3288:
2026:
5252:
4988:
4828:
4383:
4375:
4325:
4254:
4219:
4153:
4099:
4052:
4023:
3875:
3867:
3814:
3730:
3628:
3620:
3524:
3475:
3413:
3339:
3268:. Foundations of Earth Science Series. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. p.
2377:
2361:
1110:
961:. These clouds are composed of water droplets, except during winter when they are formed of
519:
349:
Cirrus spissatus is a particularly dense form of cirrus that often forms from thunderstorms.
90:
4233:
Stephens, Graeme L.; Tsay, Si-Chee; Stackhouse, Paul W. Jr.; Flatau, Piotr J. (July 1990).
2268:
1328:
992:
5410:
5333:
5302:
5227:
5067:
4635:
4119:
Sassen, Kenneth; Arnott, W. Patrick; Barnett, Jennifer M.; Aulenbach, Steve (March 1998).
3257:
2640:
2160:
1143:
1137:
1106:
837:
446:
365:
317:
1496:
412:. During the day, cirrus cloud cover drops, and during the night, it increases. Based on
4371:
4311:
4250:
4215:
4139:
4095:
4019:
3863:
3810:
3761:"Chapter 4: Future global climate: scenario-based projections and near-term information"
3726:
3616:
3520:
3471:
3409:
3335:
3139:
2357:
514:
472:, their average altitude increases to 9,500 m (31,200 ft) above sea level. In
425:
Cirrus clouds are usually formed as warm, dry air rises, causing water vapor to undergo
5343:
4640:
4421:
4388:
4355:
2382:
2341:
1242:
1092:
1090:
Cirrus clouds have been observed on several other planets. In 2008, the
Martian Lander
816:
Cirrus clouds have an average ice crystal concentration of 300,000 ice crystals per 10
756:
752:
730:
608:
when there is an insufficient naturally-occurring supply in the atmosphere. One of the
565:
321:
136:
102:
3624:
865:
393:
Duplicatus variety occurs when cirrus clouds are arranged above one another in layers.
387:
Radiatus variety has large, radial bands of cirrus clouds that stretch across the sky.
352:
Cirrus uncinus clouds are hooked and are the form that is usually called mare's tails.
5404:
5348:
5153:
5103:
5095:
5086:
5026:
5018:
5007:
4925:
4805:
4740:
4694:
4622:
4532:
4465:
4345:
4103:
3938:
3907:
3897:
3538:
3458:
Franks, Felix (15 March 2003). "Nucleation of ice and its management in ecosystems".
1125:
967:
954:
902:
745:
if local weather conditions are right. These contrails contribute to climate change.
738:
640:
526:
491:, a high-level wind band, can stretch cirrus clouds long enough to cross continents.
409:
105:. A warming earth will likely produce more cirrus clouds, potentially resulting in a
94:
3495:
3269:
2444:
5246:
5214:
4595:
4074:
3792:"Influence of Cirrus Clouds on Weather and Climate Processes: A Global Perspective"
1129:
718:
beneath the clouds by an average of 10 °C (18 °F)—a process known as the
694:
682:
561:
132:
128:
124:
60:
3429:"Chapter 7: The Earth's energy budget, climate feedbacks, and climate sensitivity"
2198:
2025:. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. December 2009. p. 42. Archived from
1040:
779:
Scientists have studied the properties of cirrus using several different methods.
401:, made of heavier ice crystals that fall from the cloud. These are similar to the
390:
Vertebratus variety occurs when cirrus clouds are arranged side-by-side like ribs.
276:
208:
3759:
Lee, June-Yi; Marotzke, Jochem; Bala, Govindasamy; Cao, Cao; et al. (2021).
1931:
1308:
1069:
A composite black-and-white photograph showing cirrus clouds over the surface of
853:, cirrus are usually composed of only columns which are much longer than normal.
5208:
4478:
4356:"A biogenic secondary organic aerosol source of cirrus ice nucleating particles"
3343:
1462:
1304:
1023:
906:
887:
883:
817:
674:
569:
398:
290:
260:
183:
64:
32:
4379:
4002:
Minnis, Patrick; Ayers, J. Kirk; Palikonda, Rabindra; Phan, Dung (April 2004).
2855:
2365:
1739:
631:
4965:
4954:
4056:
3826:
3186:. European Space Agency. pp. 123–124. ESA-SCI (2005)-1 V2. Archived from
1151:
1097:
1002:
850:
821:
788:
670:
605:
601:
503:
488:
438:
434:
381:
4165:
3963:
3889:
3871:
3698:
3529:
3504:
3384:
3249:
2523:
2521:
2519:
2373:
1351:
1026:
when the constituent supercooled water droplets are all about the same size.
17:
4993:
4329:
4289:
4111:
3928:
3735:
3567:
3308:
3262:
1734:
1082:
1076:
923:
542:
71:
4397:
4337:
4173:
3549:
A World of
Weather: Fundamentals of Meteorology: A Text / Laboratory Manual
3487:
3479:
3231:
Meteorology Today: An
Introduction to Weather, Climate, and the Environment
2391:
1526:
1128:
detected these clouds on Saturn and thin water-ice cirrus on Saturn's moon
927:
Heights of various cloud genera including high-, mid-, and low-level clouds
3503:
Gasparini, B; Meyer, A; Neubauer, D; Münch, S; Lohmann, U (1 March 2018).
2795:
1556:
545:—and sometimes even the eye—difficult to detect in satellite photographs.
4157:
3633:
3427:
Forster, P.; Storelvmo, T.; Armour, K.; Collins, W.; et al. (2021).
3016:
2760:
742:
714:
593:
578:
430:
3880:
2298:
1133:
1117:
879:
499:
473:
413:
171:
159:
116:
75:
4082:
Parungo, F. (May 1995). "Ice
Crystals in High Clouds and Contrails".
3020:
2023:
Atmospheric Sciences & Global Change Division Research Highlights
846:
690:
339:
Cirrus fibratus looks striated and is the most common cirrus species.
151:
343:
2854:. Georgia Institute of Technology. p. 2, 10–13. Archived from
2078:
Cook-Anderson, Gretchen; Rink, Chris; Cole, Julia (27 April 2004).
1824:. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. 28 November 2019.
5353:
4458:
1075:
1064:
1039:
991:
922:
901:, more commonly associated with liquid water-based clouds such as
864:
784:
780:
770:
630:
552:
513:
402:
294:
98:
56:
52:
31:
4464:
and selected species, supplementary features, and other airborne
1593:. Department of Atmospheric Sciences at University of Illinois.
1070:
801:
306:
267:
4431:
3660:
Boater's Bowditch: The Small Craft American Practical Navigator
1663:"The origins of cirrus: Earth's highest clouds have dusty core"
5129:
2275:. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. 3 June 2010.
600:
of cirrus cloud formed when water vapor from the exhaust of a
5047:
Cumulus castellanus (unofficial alternative name for Cu con))
3324:
Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy & Radiative Transfer
2816:
2327:
2080:"Clouds Caused By Aircraft Exhaust May Warm The U.S. Climate"
1669:. National Oceanic and Aerospace Administration. 9 May 2013.
518:
A vast shield of cirrus clouds accompanying the west side of
3662:(2nd ed.). International Marine/Ragged Mountain Press.
3041:
2695:
2243:
4579:
No differentiated sub-types; tends to resemble cirrostratus
4260:
10.1175/1520-0469(1990)047<1742:TROTMA>2.0.CO;2
4225:
10.1175/1520-0434(1990)005<0185:TNHCPA>2.0.CO;2
3819:
10.1175/1520-0493(1986)114<1167:IOCCOW>2.0.CO;2
3419:
10.1175/1520-0450(1990)029<0970:ASOTPP>2.0.CO;2
2708:
2706:
2704:
2510:
2062:
1642:
1630:
1618:
437:. These conditions commonly occur at the leading edge of a
186:
smaller than a thousandth of a millimeter, are also called
4029:
10.1175/1520-0442(2004)017<1671:CCTAC>2.0.CO;2
2551:
2539:
2527:
1846:
3974:
McGraw-Hill Yearbook of Science & Technology for 2005
1100:
photograph of a group of cirrus clouds moving across the
4198:"The National Hurricane Center—Past, Present and Future"
3392:
Dowling, David R.; Radke, Lawrence F. (September 1990).
2475:"Aerosol Properties & Processes: Instruments: PALMS"
2197:. Cable News Network, Inc. 11 March 1998. Archived from
2108:
541:
of tropical cyclones, and these can make the underlying
376:
Intortus variety has an extremely contorted shape, with
3708:"Ice Supersaturations and Cirrus Cloud Crystal Numbers"
3394:"A Summary of the Physical Properties of Cirrus Clouds"
873:
Cirrus clouds can produce several optical effects like
397:
Cirrus clouds often produce hair-like filaments called
2581:"Photo in the News: Rare "Rainbow" Spotted Over Idaho"
2445:"Particle Analysis by Laser Mass Spectrometry (PALMS)"
1905:. NASA (NexSat). p. 2, 3, & 5. Archived from
1221:
1219:
1217:
1215:
1213:
1211:
1209:
1207:
1205:
4405:
3363:
Dougherty, Michele; Esposito, Larry (November 2009).
3102:"Surprise Hidden in Titan's Smog: Cirrus-Like Clouds"
1140:. As on Uranus, these are probably methane crystals.
1109:
concluded that "precipitation is a component of the
729:
Cirrus clouds are likely becoming more common due to
5053:
term for Cu con and "Cu cas" is Towering cumulus ))
2342:"Formation and radiative forcing of contrail cirrus"
2219:
897:
More rarely, cirrus clouds are capable of producing
502:(particles produced by plants) acting as additional
433:
decreases, but the altitude is always capped by the
5362:
5321:
5275:
5266:
5224:
5199:
5152:
5143:
5117:
5094:
5085:
5060:
5017:
5006:
4975:
4947:
4924:
4913:
4904:
4880:
4869:
4851:
4804:
4795:
4786:
4766:
4739:
4730:
4693:
4684:
4659:
4621:
4612:
4603:
4594:
4568:
4549:
4540:
4531:
4495:
4486:
4477:
4271:
Mountain Meteorology: Fundamentals and Applications
2788:"Plymouth State Meteorology Program Cloud Boutique"
2481:. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
1938:. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
1890:
1888:
1886:
1358:. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
939:because of their frequent association with cirrus.
703:
Practical Hints in Regard to West Indian Hurricanes
356:Each species is divided into up to four varieties:
5374:(Mother cloud)+mutatus (e.g. cumulomutatus (cumut)
5371:(Mother cloud)+genitus (e.g. cumulogenitus (cugen)
3937:
3906:
3317:
3261:
2562:
2560:
2404:
1861:"A better understanding of how cirrus clouds form"
1171:A hygrometer is a device used to measure humidity.
1049:or translucent. Cirrostratus come in two species,
525:Sheets of cirrus clouds commonly fan out from the
498:Cirrus cloud formation may be effected by organic
3683:(6th ed.). Jones & Bartlett Publishers.
3552:(3rd ed.). Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company.
3515:(5). American Meteorological Society: 1983–2003.
3319:"The prevalence of the 22° halo in cirrus clouds"
3088:
2451:. National Aeronautics and Space Administration.
2305:. National Aeronautics and Space Administration.
2303:International Satellite Cloud Climatology Program
1657:
1655:
1653:
1651:
1614:
1612:
699:Apuntes Relativos a los Huracanes de las Antilles
293:in an 1803 paper, their name is derived from the
3611:(1). American Meteorological Society: 2.1–2.26.
2843:
2841:
2839:
2837:
1146:are composed of tiny dust grains smaller than a
312:Cirrus comes in five visually-distinct species:
3909:National Audubon Society Field Guide to Weather
3768:Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis
3436:Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis
2157:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
178:, much like water ice in cirrus on Earth. Some
36:Sky containing different types of cirrus clouds
4354:Jason D.; Cziczo, Daniel J. (1 October 2020).
4274:(1st ed.). Oxford University Press, USA.
3852:Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology
2905:
2903:
2878:
2876:
2743:
2741:
2739:
2427:
2425:
2131:
2129:
2073:
2071:
2001:
1999:
1785:
1783:
1711:
1709:
1707:
1705:
1703:
1690:
1688:
1337:(1st ed.). Oxford University Press. 1933.
665:. The next set of clouds are the rain-bearing
342:Cirrus floccus species looks like a series of
166:, one of Saturn's larger moons. Some of these
4443:
3110:National Aeronautics and Space Administration
3064:National Aeronautics and Space Administration
2982:National Aeronautics and Space Administration
2944:
2942:
2084:National Aeronautics and Space Administration
1812:
1810:
1385:
1383:
1381:
1379:
1377:
806:Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer
8:
3546:Grenci, Lee M.; Nese, Jon M. (August 2001).
2431:
2416:
1962:"Tropical Cyclone SSMI – Composite Tutorial"
1801:
1789:
1694:
775:Cirrus clouds merging to cirrocumulus clouds
74:, with the higher elevations usually in the
2849:"Common Cloud Names, Shapes, and Altitudes"
2566:
2506:
2504:
2502:
2500:
2058:
2056:
1346:
1344:
1273:
1271:
1269:
1267:
1265:
1263:
1228:"Cloud Classifications and Characteristics"
5272:
5149:
5091:
5014:
4921:
4910:
4877:
4801:
4792:
4736:
4690:
4618:
4609:
4600:
4546:
4537:
4492:
4483:
4450:
4436:
4428:
2047:
2005:
1116:On Jupiter, cirrus clouds are composed of
1080:Cirrus clouds on Neptune, captured during
4551:Nacreous polar stratospheric clouds (PSC)
4387:
4319:
4258:
4223:
4147:
4046:
4027:
3879:
3734:
3632:
3528:
3417:
2381:
755:approach to reduce climate damage due to
142:Cirrus clouds form in the atmospheres of
4472:Latin terminology except where indicated
3211:
2960:
2135:
796:program. These satellites measure where
794:Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment
537:typically accompanies the high altitude
85:Cirrus clouds can form from the tops of
4775:Mutatus non-height specific (see below)
4412:
4004:"Contrails, Cirrus Trends, and Climate"
2933:
2909:
2894:
2882:
2828:
2747:
1990:
1715:
1389:
1201:
1164:
301:, meaning 'curl' or 'fringe'. They are
3316:Diedenhoven, Bastiaan (October 2014).
3160:
2948:
2231:
2181:
2120:
3777:from the original on 5 September 2021
3654:Hubbard, Richard Keith (5 May 2000).
3056:"Big Mystery: Jupiter Loses a Stripe"
2767:from the original on 23 February 2022
2761:"Cirriform – Glossary of Meteorology"
2647:. World Meteorological Organization.
1942:from the original on 16 November 2021
1597:from the original on 25 November 2010
1439:. World Meteorological Organization.
1409:. World Meteorologizal Organization.
1285:from the original on 23 February 2022
739:Metallic particles from human sources
93:and sometimes predict the arrival of
7:
4268:Whiteman, Charles David (May 2000).
4121:"Can Cirrus Clouds Produce Glories?"
3971:McGraw-Hill Editorial Staff (2005).
3746:from the original on 19 January 2022
3445:from the original on 1 February 2022
3009:"How Martian Clouds Create Snowfall"
2309:from the original on 30 January 2020
2255:
1972:from the original on 4 December 2010
1310:Essay on the Modifications of Clouds
5177:Stratocumulus stratiformis (Sc str)
5172:Stratocumulus lenticularis (Sc len)
4239:Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences
3575:Hamilton, Gina (1 September 2007).
3228:Ahrens, C. Donald (February 2006).
2921:
2763:. American Meteorological Society.
1768:. World Meteorological Organization
1563:. American Meteorological Society.
1533:. American Meteorological Society.
1356:National Weather Service: Jetstream
1281:. Meteorological Office of the UK.
5162:Stratocumulus castellanus (Sc cas)
4718:Cirrocumulus stratiformis (Cc str)
4713:Cirrocumulus lenticularis (Cc len)
3641:from the original on 29 March 2022
3350:from the original on 15 March 2022
3176:Planck: The Scientific Programme (
3116:from the original on 16 April 2011
3070:from the original on 20 April 2011
2269:"Global Warming: Feature Articles"
1828:from the original on 18 March 2022
1537:from the original on 17 March 2022
1477:from the original on 15 March 2022
1413:from the original on 19 March 2022
996:Large field of cirrocumulus clouds
627:Tropical cyclone track forecasting
25:
4834:Altocumulus stratiformis (Ac str)
4829:Altocumulus lenticularis (Ac len)
4703:Cirrocumulus castellanus (Cc cas)
3936:Lydolph, Paul E. (January 1985).
3905:Ludlum, David McWilliams (2000).
3715:Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics
3625:10.1175/AMSMONOGRAPHS-D-16-0010.1
2974:"Clouds Move Across Mars Horizon"
2720:. 18 January 2017. Archived from
2718:World Meteorological Organization
2677:from the original on 3 April 2012
2579:Gilman, Victoria (19 June 2006).
2479:NOAA Chemical Sciences Laboratory
1859:Cziczo, Daniel (1 October 2020).
1180:The PALMS instrument utilizes an
610:environmental impacts of aviation
78:and the lower elevations in more
4939:Cumulonimbus capillatus (Cb cap)
4814:Altocumulus castellanus (Ac cas)
4572:polar stratospheric clouds (PSC)
4415:
3944:. Rowman and Allenheld. p.
3836:from the original on 14 May 2011
3677:Koupelis, Theo (February 2010).
3466:(1804): 557–74, discussion 574.
3007:Thompson, Andrea (2 July 2009).
2988:from the original on 2 June 2016
2511:McGraw-Hill Editorial Staff 2005
2149:Central Pacific Hurricane Center
2090:from the original on 18 May 2011
2063:McGraw-Hill Editorial Staff 2005
1728:Palmer, Chad (16 October 2005).
1673:from the original on 21 May 2022
1471:British Broadcasting Corporation
1362:from the original on 21 May 2022
751:has been proposed as a possible
275:
266:Cirrus uncinus, commonly called
259:
245:
233:
219:
207:
5118:St-only genitus cloud and other
4754:Cirrostratus nebulosus (Cs neb)
4196:Sheets, Robert C. (June 1990).
2651:from the original on 3 May 2022
2485:from the original on 3 May 2022
2455:from the original on 3 May 2022
2279:from the original on 5 May 2020
2153:"Tropical Cyclone Observations"
1871:from the original on 3 May 2022
1587:"Cirrus Clouds: Thin and Wispy"
1567:from the original on 3 May 2022
1507:from the original on 3 May 2022
1443:from the original on 3 May 2022
669:. When cirrus clouds precede a
581:as much as several kilometers.
5187:Stratocumulus volutus (Sc vol)
5167:Stratocumulus floccus (Sc flo)
4948:Cb-only supplementary features
4749:Cirrostratus fibratus (Cs fib)
3980:. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
3398:Journal of Applied Meteorology
3054:Phillips, Tony (20 May 2010).
635:High cloud weather map symbols
557:White cirrus in an anvil cloud
282:Fall streaks in a cirrus cloud
1:
5125:Stratus silvagenitus (St sil)
4983:Cumulonimbus flumen ((Cb flu)
4976:Cb-only accessories and other
4824:Altocumulus lacunosus (Ac la)
4708:Cirrocumulus floccus (Cc flo)
3234:(8th ed.). Brooks Cole.
3089:Dougherty & Esposito 2009
2673:. The Hong Kong Observatory.
2449:NASA Airborne Science Program
1463:"Cloud-busting: Mares' Tails"
820:(270,000 ice crystals per 10
4934:Cumulonimbus calvus (Cb cal)
4839:Altocumulus volutus (Ac vol)
4819:Altocumulus floccus (Ac flo)
4513:Noctilucent type III billows
4104:10.1016/0169-8095(94)00096-V
3287:Day, John A. (August 2005).
3173:Planck Science Team (2005).
3138:. Scholastic. Archived from
1932:"Tropical Cyclone Structure"
1132:. Cirrus clouds composed of
572:takes its shape because the
4888:Nimbostratus virga (Ns vir)
4631:Cirrus castellanus (Ci cas)
3790:Liou, Kuo-Nan (June 1986).
3366:Saturn from Cassini-Huygens
3344:10.1016/j.jqsrt.2014.01.012
1903:Satellite Product Tutorials
1433:"Cirrus spissatus (Ci spi)"
1241:. p. 1. Archived from
761:2021 IPCC Assessment Report
5432:
5109:Stratus nebulosus (St neb)
5043:Cumulus congestus (Cu con)
5037:Cumulus mediocris (Cu med)
4672:Cirrus vertebratus (Ci ve)
4516:Noctilucent type IV whirls
4380:10.1038/s41467-020-18424-6
3369:(1st ed.). Springer.
2366:10.1038/s41467-018-04068-0
2330:, 7:66, Section 7.4.2.4.2.
1144:Interstellar cirrus clouds
1033:
985:
916:
701:, published in English as
679:multicellular thunderstorm
620:
408:Cirrus cloud cover varies
170:cirrus clouds are made of
27:Genus of atmospheric cloud
4966:Cumulonimbus murus ((mur)
4955:Cumulonimbus cauda ((cau)
4646:Cirrus spissatus (Ci spa)
4510:Noctilucent type II bands
4057:10.1109/PCCGA.2001.962893
3605:Meteorological Monographs
3060:Nasa Headline News – 2010
2792:Plymouth State University
2645:International Cloud Atlas
1766:International Cloud Atlas
1501:International Cloud Atlas
1437:International Cloud Atlas
1407:International Cloud Atlas
1403:"Cirrus floccus (Ci flo)"
1334:Oxford English Dictionary
1315:John Churchill & Sons
840:(the amount by which the
735:self-reinforcing feedback
5104:Stratus fractus (St fra)
5032:Cumulus humilis (Cu hum)
5011:Variable vertical extent
4961:Cumulonimbus incus (inc)
4636:Cirrus fibratus (Ci fib)
4507:Noctilucent type I veils
4501:Polar mesospheric clouds
3940:The Climate of The Earth
3872:10.1175/JAMC-D-16-0262.1
3680:In Quest of the Universe
3530:10.1175/JCLI-D-16-0608.1
2585:National Geographic News
2432:Dowling & Radke 1990
2417:Dowling & Radke 1990
2407:, 4:89, Section 4.6.3.3.
1896:"Cirrus Cloud Detection"
1802:Dowling & Radke 1990
1790:Dowling & Radke 1990
1695:Dowling & Radke 1990
1313:(3rd ed.). London:
913:Relation to other clouds
309:, they can appear gray.
201:Species of cirrus clouds
5182:Stratocumulus Undulatus
4667:Cirrus intortus (Ci in)
4651:Cirrus uncinus (Ci unc)
4641:Cirrus floccus (Ci flo)
4330:10.1126/science.1172344
4203:Weather and Forecasting
3736:10.5194/acp-9-3505-2009
3584:. Milliken Publishing.
2340:Kärcher, Bernd (2018).
1561:Glossary of Meteorology
1531:Glossary of Meteorology
449:(also called "cavum").
5322:Supplementary features
5202:supplementary features
3799:Monthly Weather Review
3480:10.1098/rsta.2002.1141
2671:"The Mysterious Glory"
2641:"Circumhorizontal arc"
2048:Grenci & Nese 2001
2006:Grenci & Nese 2001
1822:NASA Earth Observatory
1619:Heymsfield et al. 2017
1087:
1073:
1045:
997:
928:
870:
776:
743:contrail cirrus clouds
636:
558:
531:large shield of cirrus
522:
378:Kelvin–Helmholtz waves
37:
5365:and human-made clouds
4861:Altostratus undulatus
4570:Nitric acid and water
4360:Nature Communications
2984:. 19 September 2008.
2786:Koermer, Jim (2011).
2346:Nature Communications
1643:Gasparini et al. 2018
1631:Gasparini et al. 2018
1122:South Equatorial Belt
1079:
1068:
1043:
995:
926:
892:circumhorizontal arcs
868:
774:
749:Cirrus cloud thinning
634:
574:temperature inversion
556:
517:
107:self-reinforcing loop
35:
4158:10.1364/AO.37.001427
4084:Atmospheric Research
3042:Whiteway et al. 2009
3023:on 23 September 2020
2817:Miyazaki et al. 2001
2714:"Classifying clouds"
2244:Stephens et al. 1990
1497:"Cirrus – Varieties"
869:Circumhorizontal arc
834:atmospheric pressure
724:stratocumulus clouds
689:of Belén College in
182:, made of grains of
45:cloud classification
5383:Homomutatus (homut)
5379:Homogenitus (hogen)
5349:Praecipitatio (pra)
4561:Lenticular nacreous
4372:2020NatCo..11.4834W
4312:2009Sci...325...68W
4251:1990JAtS...47.1742S
4216:1990WtFor...5..185S
4140:1998ApOpt..37.1427S
4096:1995AtmRe..38..249P
4020:2004JCli...17.1671M
3913:. Alfred A. Knopf.
3864:2017JApMC..56.1249L
3811:1986MWRv..114.1167L
3727:2009ACP.....9.3505K
3617:2017MetMo..58....2H
3521:2018JCli...31.1983G
3472:2003RSPTA.361..557F
3410:1990JApMe..29..970D
3336:2014JQSRT.146..475V
3142:on 2 September 2011
3112:. 3 February 2011.
2978:Phoenix Photographs
2724:on 18 December 2023
2358:2018NatCo...9.1824K
2328:Forster et al. 2021
2299:"Cloud Climatology"
1248:on 27 November 2014
919:List of cloud types
826:orders of magnitude
667:nimbostratus clouds
623:Weather forecasting
180:interstellar clouds
5145:Stratocumulus (Sc)
5132:(Fg) Surface level
5073:Trade wind cumulus
4558:Cirriform nacreous
4008:Journal of Climate
3997:on 6 October 2008.
3509:Journal of Climate
3290:The Book of Clouds
3193:on 31 October 2013
2696:Sassen et al. 1998
2552:Krämer et al. 2009
2540:Krämer et al. 2009
2528:Krämer et al. 2009
2234:, pp. 557–574
2195:"Father Hurricane"
2109:Minnis et al. 2004
1966:United States Navy
1742:on 8 November 2008
1352:"Ten Basic Clouds"
1235:The Science Corner
1088:
1074:
1046:
1044:Cirrostratus cloud
1036:Cirrostratus cloud
998:
988:Cirrocumulus cloud
929:
871:
798:infrared radiation
777:
709:Effects on climate
646:cirrus castellanus
637:
617:Use in forecasting
559:
523:
214:Cirrus castellanus
38:
5398:
5397:
5394:
5393:
5390:
5389:
5308:Translucidus (tr)
5262:
5261:
5195:
5194:
5139:
5138:
5081:
5080:
5002:
5001:
4918:Towering vertical
4915:Cumulonimbus (Cb)
4900:
4899:
4896:
4895:
4871:Nimbostratus (Ns)
4847:
4846:
4782:
4781:
4762:
4761:
4732:Cirrostratus (Cs)
4726:
4725:
4686:Cirrocumulus (Cc)
4680:
4679:
4660:Ci-only varieties
4590:
4589:
4586:
4585:
4527:
4526:
4523:
4522:
4281:978-0-19-513271-7
4066:978-0-7695-1227-3
3987:978-0-07-144504-7
3955:978-0-86598-119-5
3920:978-0-679-40851-2
3721:(11): 3505–3522.
3690:978-0-7637-6858-4
3669:978-0-07-136136-1
3591:978-1-4291-1613-8
3578:Blue Planet – Air
3559:978-0-7872-7716-1
3376:978-1-4020-9216-9
3300:978-1-4027-2813-6
3279:978-0-13-947762-1
3241:978-0-495-01162-0
2615:News & Events
2591:on 7 January 2007
2273:Earth Observatory
2220:Lolli et al. 2017
1865:Purdue University
1120:. When Jupiter's
963:supercooled water
861:Optical phenomena
842:relative humidity
811:Mass Spectrometry
720:greenhouse effect
510:Tropical cyclones
443:absolute humidity
113:Optical phenomena
91:tropical cyclones
16:(Redirected from
5423:
5273:
5253:Actinoform cloud
5150:
5092:
5015:
4989:Overshooting top
4922:
4911:
4878:
4853:Altostratus (As)
4802:
4797:Altocumulus (Ac)
4793:
4737:
4691:
4619:
4610:
4601:
4547:
4538:
4493:
4484:
4452:
4445:
4438:
4429:
4420:
4419:
4411:
4401:
4391:
4349:
4323:
4321:10.1.1.1032.6898
4300:Science Magazine
4298:Precipitation".
4293:
4264:
4262:
4229:
4227:
4192:
4190:
4188:
4182:
4176:. Archived from
4151:
4134:(9): 1427–1433.
4125:
4115:
4090:(1–4): 249–262.
4078:
4050:
4033:
4031:
3998:
3996:
3990:. Archived from
3979:
3967:
3943:
3932:
3912:
3901:
3883:
3858:(5): 1249–1257.
3845:
3843:
3841:
3835:
3805:(6): 1167–1199.
3796:
3786:
3784:
3782:
3776:
3765:
3755:
3753:
3751:
3745:
3738:
3712:
3702:
3673:
3650:
3648:
3646:
3636:
3595:
3583:
3571:
3542:
3532:
3499:
3454:
3452:
3450:
3444:
3433:
3423:
3421:
3388:
3359:
3357:
3355:
3321:
3312:
3283:
3267:
3253:
3215:
3209:
3203:
3202:
3200:
3198:
3192:
3185:
3170:
3164:
3158:
3152:
3151:
3149:
3147:
3132:
3126:
3125:
3123:
3121:
3098:
3092:
3086:
3080:
3079:
3077:
3075:
3051:
3045:
3044:, pp. 68–70
3039:
3033:
3032:
3030:
3028:
3019:. Archived from
3004:
2998:
2997:
2995:
2993:
2970:
2964:
2958:
2952:
2946:
2937:
2931:
2925:
2919:
2913:
2907:
2898:
2892:
2886:
2880:
2871:
2870:
2868:
2866:
2860:
2853:
2845:
2832:
2826:
2820:
2814:
2808:
2807:
2805:
2803:
2794:. Archived from
2783:
2777:
2776:
2774:
2772:
2757:
2751:
2745:
2734:
2733:
2731:
2729:
2710:
2699:
2693:
2687:
2686:
2684:
2682:
2667:
2661:
2660:
2658:
2656:
2637:
2631:
2630:
2628:
2626:
2607:
2601:
2600:
2598:
2596:
2587:. Archived from
2576:
2570:
2567:Diedenhoven 2014
2564:
2555:
2549:
2543:
2537:
2531:
2525:
2514:
2508:
2495:
2494:
2492:
2490:
2471:
2465:
2464:
2462:
2460:
2441:
2435:
2429:
2420:
2414:
2408:
2402:
2396:
2395:
2385:
2337:
2331:
2325:
2319:
2318:
2316:
2314:
2295:
2289:
2288:
2286:
2284:
2265:
2259:
2253:
2247:
2241:
2235:
2229:
2223:
2217:
2211:
2210:
2208:
2206:
2191:
2185:
2179:
2173:
2172:
2170:
2168:
2163:on 22 March 2017
2159:. Archived from
2151:(23 July 2006).
2145:
2139:
2133:
2124:
2118:
2112:
2106:
2100:
2099:
2097:
2095:
2075:
2066:
2060:
2051:
2045:
2039:
2038:
2036:
2034:
2015:
2009:
2003:
1994:
1988:
1982:
1981:
1979:
1977:
1958:
1952:
1951:
1949:
1947:
1928:
1922:
1921:
1919:
1917:
1911:
1900:
1892:
1881:
1880:
1878:
1876:
1856:
1850:
1847:Wolf et al. 2020
1844:
1838:
1837:
1835:
1833:
1814:
1805:
1799:
1793:
1787:
1778:
1777:
1775:
1773:
1758:
1752:
1751:
1749:
1747:
1738:. Archived from
1725:
1719:
1713:
1698:
1692:
1683:
1682:
1680:
1678:
1659:
1646:
1640:
1634:
1628:
1622:
1616:
1607:
1606:
1604:
1602:
1583:
1577:
1576:
1574:
1572:
1553:
1547:
1546:
1544:
1542:
1523:
1517:
1516:
1514:
1512:
1493:
1487:
1486:
1484:
1482:
1459:
1453:
1452:
1450:
1448:
1429:
1423:
1422:
1420:
1418:
1399:
1393:
1387:
1372:
1371:
1369:
1367:
1348:
1339:
1338:
1325:
1319:
1318:
1301:
1295:
1294:
1292:
1290:
1275:
1258:
1257:
1255:
1253:
1247:
1232:
1223:
1185:
1178:
1172:
1169:
1111:hydrologic cycle
937:cirriform clouds
767:Cloud properties
539:outflowing winds
520:Hurricane Isabel
474:tropical regions
452:At latitudes of
447:fallstreak holes
279:
263:
252:Cirrus spissatus
249:
237:
223:
211:
168:extraterrestrial
21:
5431:
5430:
5426:
5425:
5424:
5422:
5421:
5420:
5401:
5400:
5399:
5386:
5375:
5364:
5358:
5329:Asperitas (asp)
5317:
5298:Perlucidus (pe)
5283:Duplicatus (du)
5268:
5258:
5255:(Stratocumulus)
5228:accessory cloud
5226:
5220:
5201:
5191:
5135:
5113:
5077:
5056:
5010:
4998:
4971:
4943:
4917:
4906:
4892:
4873:
4865:
4843:
4788:
4778:
4768:
4767:High-level-only
4758:
4722:
4676:
4655:
4605:
4582:
4571:
4564:
4542:
4541:Very high-level
4519:
4500:
4488:
4473:
4456:
4426:
4414:
4406:
4404:
4352:
4306:(5936): 68–70.
4296:
4282:
4267:
4232:
4195:
4186:
4184:
4183:on 21 June 2004
4180:
4123:
4118:
4081:
4067:
4041:. p. 363.
4036:
4001:
3994:
3988:
3977:
3970:
3956:
3935:
3921:
3904:
3848:
3839:
3837:
3833:
3794:
3789:
3780:
3778:
3774:
3763:
3758:
3749:
3747:
3743:
3710:
3705:
3691:
3676:
3670:
3653:
3644:
3642:
3601:"Cirrus Clouds"
3598:
3592:
3581:
3574:
3560:
3545:
3502:
3457:
3448:
3446:
3442:
3431:
3426:
3391:
3377:
3362:
3353:
3351:
3315:
3301:
3286:
3280:
3256:
3242:
3227:
3218:
3210:
3206:
3196:
3194:
3190:
3183:
3172:
3171:
3167:
3159:
3155:
3145:
3143:
3134:
3133:
3129:
3119:
3117:
3100:
3099:
3095:
3087:
3083:
3073:
3071:
3053:
3052:
3048:
3040:
3036:
3026:
3024:
3006:
3005:
3001:
2991:
2989:
2972:
2971:
2967:
2959:
2955:
2947:
2940:
2932:
2928:
2920:
2916:
2908:
2901:
2893:
2889:
2881:
2874:
2864:
2862:
2858:
2851:
2847:
2846:
2835:
2827:
2823:
2815:
2811:
2801:
2799:
2785:
2784:
2780:
2770:
2768:
2759:
2758:
2754:
2746:
2737:
2727:
2725:
2712:
2711:
2702:
2694:
2690:
2680:
2678:
2669:
2668:
2664:
2654:
2652:
2639:
2638:
2634:
2624:
2622:
2611:"Fire Rainbows"
2609:
2608:
2604:
2594:
2592:
2578:
2577:
2573:
2565:
2558:
2554:, p. 3517.
2550:
2546:
2542:, p. 3505.
2538:
2534:
2530:, p. 3516.
2526:
2517:
2509:
2498:
2488:
2486:
2473:
2472:
2468:
2458:
2456:
2443:
2442:
2438:
2430:
2423:
2415:
2411:
2405:Lee et al. 2021
2403:
2399:
2339:
2338:
2334:
2326:
2322:
2312:
2310:
2297:
2296:
2292:
2282:
2280:
2267:
2266:
2262:
2254:
2250:
2242:
2238:
2230:
2226:
2218:
2214:
2204:
2202:
2201:on 25 July 2011
2193:
2192:
2188:
2180:
2176:
2166:
2164:
2147:
2146:
2142:
2134:
2127:
2119:
2115:
2107:
2103:
2093:
2091:
2077:
2076:
2069:
2061:
2054:
2046:
2042:
2032:
2030:
2017:
2016:
2012:
2004:
1997:
1989:
1985:
1975:
1973:
1960:
1959:
1955:
1945:
1943:
1930:
1929:
1925:
1915:
1913:
1912:on 3 April 2019
1909:
1898:
1894:
1893:
1884:
1874:
1872:
1858:
1857:
1853:
1845:
1841:
1831:
1829:
1816:
1815:
1808:
1800:
1796:
1788:
1781:
1771:
1769:
1760:
1759:
1755:
1745:
1743:
1730:"Cirrus Clouds"
1727:
1726:
1722:
1714:
1701:
1693:
1686:
1676:
1674:
1661:
1660:
1649:
1641:
1637:
1629:
1625:
1617:
1610:
1600:
1598:
1585:
1584:
1580:
1570:
1568:
1555:
1554:
1550:
1540:
1538:
1525:
1524:
1520:
1510:
1508:
1495:
1494:
1490:
1480:
1478:
1473:. 4 July 2016.
1461:
1460:
1456:
1446:
1444:
1431:
1430:
1426:
1416:
1414:
1401:
1400:
1396:
1388:
1375:
1365:
1363:
1350:
1349:
1342:
1327:
1326:
1322:
1303:
1302:
1298:
1288:
1286:
1279:"Cirrus clouds"
1277:
1276:
1261:
1251:
1249:
1245:
1230:
1225:
1224:
1203:
1194:
1189:
1188:
1179:
1175:
1170:
1166:
1161:
1138:Great Dark Spot
1107:York University
1063:
1038:
1032:
990:
984:
921:
915:
863:
838:supersaturation
769:
711:
655:cirrus fibratus
651:cirrus radiatus
629:
619:
598:artificial type
591:
577:that stretches
551:
512:
423:
287:
286:
285:
284:
283:
280:
272:
271:
264:
255:
254:
253:
250:
242:
241:
238:
229:
228:
227:
226:Cirrus fibratus
224:
216:
215:
212:
203:
202:
196:
99:falling streaks
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5429:
5427:
5419:
5418:
5413:
5403:
5402:
5396:
5395:
5392:
5391:
5388:
5387:
5385:
5384:
5381:
5376:
5372:
5368:
5366:
5363:Mother clouds
5360:
5359:
5357:
5356:
5351:
5346:
5341:
5336:
5331:
5325:
5323:
5319:
5318:
5316:
5315:
5313:Undulatus (un)
5310:
5305:
5300:
5295:
5290:
5288:Lacunosus (la)
5285:
5279:
5277:
5270:
5264:
5263:
5260:
5259:
5257:
5256:
5249:
5244:
5239:
5233:
5231:
5225:Low-level-only
5222:
5221:
5219:
5218:
5212:
5205:
5203:
5200:Low-level-only
5197:
5196:
5193:
5192:
5190:
5189:
5184:
5179:
5174:
5169:
5164:
5158:
5156:
5147:
5141:
5140:
5137:
5136:
5134:
5133:
5127:
5121:
5119:
5115:
5114:
5112:
5111:
5106:
5100:
5098:
5089:
5083:
5082:
5079:
5078:
5076:
5075:
5070:
5064:
5062:
5058:
5057:
5055:
5054:
5039:
5034:
5029:
5023:
5021:
5012:
5004:
5003:
5000:
4999:
4997:
4996:
4991:
4986:
4979:
4977:
4973:
4972:
4970:
4969:
4963:
4958:
4951:
4949:
4945:
4944:
4942:
4941:
4936:
4930:
4928:
4919:
4908:
4902:
4901:
4898:
4897:
4894:
4893:
4891:
4890:
4884:
4882:
4875:
4867:
4866:
4864:
4863:
4857:
4855:
4849:
4848:
4845:
4844:
4842:
4841:
4836:
4831:
4826:
4821:
4816:
4810:
4808:
4799:
4790:
4784:
4783:
4780:
4779:
4777:
4776:
4772:
4770:
4764:
4763:
4760:
4759:
4757:
4756:
4751:
4745:
4743:
4734:
4728:
4727:
4724:
4723:
4721:
4720:
4715:
4710:
4705:
4699:
4697:
4688:
4682:
4681:
4678:
4677:
4675:
4674:
4669:
4663:
4661:
4657:
4656:
4654:
4653:
4648:
4643:
4638:
4633:
4627:
4625:
4616:
4607:
4598:
4592:
4591:
4588:
4587:
4584:
4583:
4581:
4580:
4576:
4574:
4566:
4565:
4563:
4562:
4559:
4555:
4553:
4544:
4535:
4529:
4528:
4525:
4524:
4521:
4520:
4518:
4517:
4514:
4511:
4508:
4504:
4502:
4490:
4481:
4475:
4474:
4457:
4455:
4454:
4447:
4440:
4432:
4425:
4424:
4403:
4402:
4350:
4294:
4280:
4265:
4230:
4210:(2): 185–232.
4193:
4149:10.1.1.21.1512
4128:Applied Optics
4116:
4079:
4065:
4048:10.1.1.76.7428
4034:
3999:
3986:
3968:
3954:
3933:
3919:
3902:
3846:
3787:
3756:
3703:
3689:
3674:
3668:
3651:
3596:
3590:
3572:
3558:
3543:
3500:
3455:
3424:
3389:
3375:
3360:
3313:
3299:
3284:
3278:
3254:
3240:
3224:
3217:
3216:
3204:
3165:
3153:
3127:
3093:
3081:
3046:
3034:
2999:
2965:
2953:
2938:
2926:
2914:
2899:
2887:
2872:
2861:on 12 May 2011
2833:
2821:
2809:
2798:on 10 May 2009
2778:
2752:
2735:
2700:
2698:, p. 1433
2688:
2662:
2632:
2621:on 12 May 2011
2602:
2571:
2556:
2544:
2532:
2515:
2496:
2466:
2436:
2421:
2409:
2397:
2332:
2320:
2290:
2260:
2258:, p. 1191
2248:
2246:, p. 1742
2236:
2224:
2212:
2186:
2174:
2140:
2125:
2113:
2111:, p. 1671
2101:
2067:
2052:
2040:
2029:on 14 May 2011
2010:
1995:
1983:
1953:
1923:
1882:
1851:
1839:
1818:"A Cirrus Arc"
1806:
1794:
1779:
1753:
1720:
1699:
1684:
1647:
1645:, p. 1985
1635:
1633:, p. 1987
1623:
1608:
1578:
1548:
1518:
1488:
1454:
1424:
1394:
1373:
1340:
1320:
1296:
1259:
1200:
1193:
1190:
1187:
1186:
1173:
1163:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1062:
1059:
1034:Main article:
1031:
1028:
986:Main article:
983:
980:
914:
911:
862:
859:
768:
765:
757:carbon dioxide
753:geoengineering
731:climate change
710:
707:
641:frontal system
618:
615:
590:
587:
566:freezing point
550:
547:
511:
508:
422:
419:
395:
394:
391:
388:
385:
354:
353:
350:
347:
340:
337:
281:
274:
273:
265:
258:
257:
256:
251:
244:
243:
240:Cirrus floccus
239:
232:
231:
230:
225:
218:
217:
213:
206:
205:
204:
200:
199:
198:
197:
195:
192:
137:freezing point
103:climate change
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5428:
5417:
5414:
5412:
5409:
5408:
5406:
5382:
5380:
5377:
5373:
5370:
5369:
5367:
5361:
5355:
5352:
5350:
5347:
5345:
5342:
5340:
5339:Fluctus (flu)
5337:
5335:
5332:
5330:
5327:
5326:
5324:
5320:
5314:
5311:
5309:
5306:
5304:
5303:Radiatus (ra)
5301:
5299:
5296:
5294:
5291:
5289:
5286:
5284:
5281:
5280:
5278:
5274:
5271:
5265:
5254:
5250:
5248:
5245:
5243:
5240:
5238:
5235:
5234:
5232:
5229:
5223:
5217:Funnel cloud)
5216:
5213:
5210:
5207:
5206:
5204:
5198:
5188:
5185:
5183:
5180:
5178:
5175:
5173:
5170:
5168:
5165:
5163:
5160:
5159:
5157:
5155:
5151:
5148:
5146:
5142:
5131:
5128:
5126:
5123:
5122:
5120:
5116:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5102:
5101:
5099:
5097:
5093:
5090:
5088:
5084:
5074:
5071:
5069:
5066:
5065:
5063:
5059:
5052:
5048:
5044:
5040:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5025:
5024:
5022:
5020:
5016:
5013:
5009:
5005:
4995:
4992:
4990:
4987:
4984:
4981:
4980:
4978:
4974:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4959:
4956:
4953:
4952:
4950:
4946:
4940:
4937:
4935:
4932:
4931:
4929:
4927:
4923:
4920:
4916:
4912:
4909:
4903:
4889:
4886:
4885:
4883:
4879:
4876:
4872:
4868:
4862:
4859:
4858:
4856:
4854:
4850:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4812:
4811:
4809:
4807:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4794:
4791:
4785:
4774:
4773:
4771:
4769:mutatus cloud
4765:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4746:
4744:
4742:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4729:
4719:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4700:
4698:
4696:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4683:
4673:
4670:
4668:
4665:
4664:
4662:
4658:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4628:
4626:
4624:
4620:
4617:
4615:
4611:
4608:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4593:
4578:
4577:
4575:
4573:
4567:
4560:
4557:
4556:
4554:
4552:
4548:
4545:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4533:Stratospheric
4530:
4515:
4512:
4509:
4506:
4505:
4503:
4498:
4494:
4491:
4487:Extreme-level
4485:
4482:
4480:
4476:
4471:
4467:
4463:
4460:
4453:
4448:
4446:
4441:
4439:
4434:
4433:
4430:
4423:
4418:
4413:
4409:
4399:
4395:
4390:
4385:
4381:
4377:
4373:
4369:
4365:
4361:
4357:
4351:
4347:
4343:
4339:
4335:
4331:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4313:
4309:
4305:
4301:
4295:
4291:
4287:
4283:
4277:
4273:
4272:
4266:
4261:
4256:
4252:
4248:
4244:
4240:
4236:
4231:
4226:
4221:
4217:
4213:
4209:
4205:
4204:
4199:
4194:
4179:
4175:
4171:
4167:
4163:
4159:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4141:
4137:
4133:
4129:
4122:
4117:
4113:
4109:
4105:
4101:
4097:
4093:
4089:
4085:
4080:
4076:
4072:
4068:
4062:
4058:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4040:
4035:
4030:
4025:
4021:
4017:
4013:
4009:
4005:
4000:
3993:
3989:
3983:
3976:
3975:
3969:
3965:
3961:
3957:
3951:
3947:
3942:
3941:
3934:
3930:
3926:
3922:
3916:
3911:
3910:
3903:
3899:
3895:
3891:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3873:
3869:
3865:
3861:
3857:
3853:
3847:
3832:
3828:
3824:
3820:
3816:
3812:
3808:
3804:
3800:
3793:
3788:
3773:
3769:
3762:
3757:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3728:
3724:
3720:
3716:
3709:
3704:
3700:
3696:
3692:
3686:
3682:
3681:
3675:
3671:
3665:
3661:
3657:
3652:
3640:
3635:
3634:1721.1/118399
3630:
3626:
3622:
3618:
3614:
3610:
3606:
3602:
3597:
3593:
3587:
3580:
3579:
3573:
3569:
3565:
3561:
3555:
3551:
3550:
3544:
3540:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3522:
3518:
3514:
3510:
3506:
3501:
3497:
3493:
3489:
3485:
3481:
3477:
3473:
3469:
3465:
3461:
3456:
3441:
3437:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3411:
3407:
3403:
3399:
3395:
3390:
3386:
3382:
3378:
3372:
3368:
3367:
3361:
3349:
3345:
3341:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3325:
3320:
3314:
3310:
3306:
3302:
3296:
3292:
3291:
3285:
3281:
3275:
3271:
3266:
3265:
3259:
3258:Battan, Louis
3255:
3251:
3247:
3243:
3237:
3233:
3232:
3226:
3225:
3223:
3222:
3214:, p. 368
3213:
3212:Koupelis 2010
3208:
3205:
3189:
3182:
3181:
3177:
3169:
3166:
3162:
3157:
3154:
3141:
3137:
3131:
3128:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3103:
3097:
3094:
3091:, p. 118
3090:
3085:
3082:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3050:
3047:
3043:
3038:
3035:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3003:
3000:
2987:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2969:
2966:
2962:
2961:Hamilton 2007
2957:
2954:
2951:, p. 120
2950:
2945:
2943:
2939:
2936:, p. 256
2935:
2930:
2927:
2923:
2918:
2915:
2912:, p. 254
2911:
2906:
2904:
2900:
2897:, p. 252
2896:
2891:
2888:
2885:, p. 448
2884:
2879:
2877:
2873:
2857:
2850:
2844:
2842:
2840:
2838:
2834:
2831:, p. 251
2830:
2825:
2822:
2819:, p. 364
2818:
2813:
2810:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2782:
2779:
2766:
2762:
2756:
2753:
2750:, p. 340
2749:
2744:
2742:
2740:
2736:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2709:
2707:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2692:
2689:
2676:
2672:
2666:
2663:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2636:
2633:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2606:
2603:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2575:
2572:
2569:, p. 475
2568:
2563:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2548:
2545:
2541:
2536:
2533:
2529:
2524:
2522:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2507:
2505:
2503:
2501:
2497:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2470:
2467:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2440:
2437:
2434:, p. 972
2433:
2428:
2426:
2422:
2419:, p. 971
2418:
2413:
2410:
2406:
2401:
2398:
2393:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2336:
2333:
2329:
2324:
2321:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2294:
2291:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2264:
2261:
2257:
2252:
2249:
2245:
2240:
2237:
2233:
2228:
2225:
2221:
2216:
2213:
2200:
2196:
2190:
2187:
2184:, p. 190
2183:
2178:
2175:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2144:
2141:
2137:
2136:Whiteman 2000
2132:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2117:
2114:
2110:
2105:
2102:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2074:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2059:
2057:
2053:
2050:, p. 213
2049:
2044:
2041:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2014:
2011:
2008:, p. 212
2007:
2002:
2000:
1996:
1993:, p. 122
1992:
1987:
1984:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1957:
1954:
1941:
1937:
1936:NWS JetStream
1933:
1927:
1924:
1908:
1904:
1897:
1891:
1889:
1887:
1883:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1855:
1852:
1848:
1843:
1840:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1813:
1811:
1807:
1804:, p. 974
1803:
1798:
1795:
1792:, p. 977
1791:
1786:
1784:
1780:
1767:
1763:
1757:
1754:
1741:
1737:
1736:
1731:
1724:
1721:
1718:, p. 447
1717:
1712:
1710:
1708:
1706:
1704:
1700:
1697:, p. 973
1696:
1691:
1689:
1685:
1672:
1668:
1667:NOAA Research
1664:
1658:
1656:
1654:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1639:
1636:
1632:
1627:
1624:
1621:, p. 2.4
1620:
1615:
1613:
1609:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1582:
1579:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1552:
1549:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1527:"Vertebratus"
1522:
1519:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1492:
1489:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1458:
1455:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1428:
1425:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1398:
1395:
1392:, p. 446
1391:
1386:
1384:
1382:
1380:
1378:
1374:
1361:
1357:
1353:
1347:
1345:
1341:
1336:
1335:
1330:
1324:
1321:
1316:
1312:
1311:
1306:
1300:
1297:
1284:
1280:
1274:
1272:
1270:
1268:
1266:
1264:
1260:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1229:
1222:
1220:
1218:
1216:
1214:
1212:
1210:
1208:
1206:
1202:
1199:
1198:
1191:
1183:
1177:
1174:
1168:
1165:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1126:Cassini probe
1123:
1119:
1114:
1112:
1108:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1094:
1085:
1084:
1078:
1072:
1067:
1061:Other planets
1060:
1058:
1056:
1052:
1042:
1037:
1029:
1027:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1013:
1009:
1004:
994:
989:
981:
979:
977:
973:
969:
964:
960:
959:stratocumulus
956:
951:
949:
945:
940:
938:
934:
925:
920:
912:
910:
908:
904:
900:
895:
893:
889:
885:
881:
876:
867:
860:
858:
854:
852:
848:
843:
839:
835:
829:
827:
823:
819:
814:
812:
807:
803:
799:
795:
790:
786:
783:(laser-based
782:
773:
766:
764:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
744:
740:
736:
732:
727:
725:
721:
716:
708:
706:
704:
700:
696:
692:
686:
684:
683:winter storms
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
647:
642:
633:
628:
624:
616:
614:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
588:
586:
582:
580:
575:
571:
567:
563:
562:Thunderstorms
555:
549:Thunderstorms
548:
546:
544:
543:bands of rain
540:
536:
532:
528:
521:
516:
509:
507:
505:
501:
496:
494:
490:
485:
483:
479:
476:, at roughly
475:
471:
467:
463:
462:polar regions
459:
455:
450:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
420:
418:
415:
411:
406:
404:
400:
392:
389:
386:
383:
379:
375:
374:
373:
371:
367:
363:
359:
351:
348:
345:
341:
338:
335:
334:
333:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
310:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
278:
269:
262:
248:
236:
222:
210:
193:
191:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
140:
138:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
87:thunderstorms
83:
81:
80:polar regions
77:
73:
69:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
42:
34:
30:
19:
18:Cirrus clouds
5247:Pannus (pan)
5237:Pileus (pil)
5209:Arcus ((arc)
5087:Stratus (St)
5008:Cumulus (Cu)
4985:Beaver tail)
4787:Medium-level
4613:
4596:Tropospheric
4466:hydrometeors
4363:
4359:
4303:
4299:
4270:
4245:(14): 1742.
4242:
4238:
4207:
4201:
4185:. Retrieved
4178:the original
4131:
4127:
4087:
4083:
4038:
4011:
4007:
3992:the original
3973:
3939:
3908:
3855:
3851:
3838:. Retrieved
3802:
3798:
3779:. Retrieved
3767:
3748:. Retrieved
3718:
3714:
3679:
3659:
3643:. Retrieved
3608:
3604:
3577:
3548:
3512:
3508:
3463:
3459:
3447:. Retrieved
3438:. In Press.
3435:
3401:
3397:
3365:
3352:. Retrieved
3327:
3323:
3293:. Sterling.
3289:
3263:
3230:
3221:Bibliography
3220:
3219:
3207:
3195:. Retrieved
3188:the original
3179:
3175:
3168:
3163:, p. 12
3156:
3144:. Retrieved
3140:the original
3130:
3118:. Retrieved
3106:Mission News
3105:
3096:
3084:
3072:. Retrieved
3059:
3049:
3037:
3025:. Retrieved
3021:the original
3012:
3002:
2990:. Retrieved
2977:
2968:
2963:, p. 24
2956:
2934:Parungo 1995
2929:
2924:, p. 56
2917:
2910:Parungo 1995
2895:Parungo 1995
2890:
2883:Audubon 2000
2863:. Retrieved
2856:the original
2829:Parungo 1995
2824:
2812:
2800:. Retrieved
2796:the original
2781:
2769:. Retrieved
2755:
2748:Hubbard 2000
2726:. Retrieved
2722:the original
2691:
2679:. Retrieved
2665:
2653:. Retrieved
2644:
2635:
2623:. Retrieved
2619:the original
2614:
2605:
2593:. Retrieved
2589:the original
2584:
2574:
2547:
2535:
2487:. Retrieved
2478:
2469:
2457:. Retrieved
2448:
2439:
2412:
2400:
2349:
2345:
2335:
2323:
2311:. Retrieved
2302:
2293:
2281:. Retrieved
2272:
2263:
2251:
2239:
2227:
2215:
2203:. Retrieved
2199:the original
2189:
2177:
2165:. Retrieved
2161:the original
2143:
2138:, p. 84
2123:, p. 74
2116:
2104:
2092:. Retrieved
2043:
2031:. Retrieved
2027:the original
2022:
2013:
1991:Lydolph 1985
1986:
1974:. Retrieved
1956:
1944:. Retrieved
1935:
1926:
1914:. Retrieved
1907:the original
1902:
1873:. Retrieved
1854:
1842:
1830:. Retrieved
1821:
1797:
1772:26 September
1770:. Retrieved
1765:
1756:
1746:13 September
1744:. Retrieved
1740:the original
1733:
1723:
1716:Audubon 2000
1675:. Retrieved
1666:
1638:
1626:
1599:. Retrieved
1590:
1581:
1569:. Retrieved
1560:
1557:"Duplicatus"
1551:
1539:. Retrieved
1530:
1521:
1509:. Retrieved
1500:
1491:
1479:. Retrieved
1466:
1457:
1445:. Retrieved
1436:
1427:
1415:. Retrieved
1406:
1397:
1390:Audubon 2000
1364:. Retrieved
1355:
1332:
1323:
1317:. p. 3.
1309:
1305:Howard, Luke
1299:
1287:. Retrieved
1250:. Retrieved
1243:the original
1234:
1196:
1195:
1176:
1167:
1142:
1115:
1091:
1089:
1081:
1054:
1050:
1047:
1030:Cirrostratus
1019:
1015:
1012:lenticularis
1011:
1008:stratiformis
1007:
999:
982:Cirrocumulus
976:nimbostratus
972:cumulonimbus
952:
941:
936:
933:cirrocumulus
930:
896:
872:
855:
830:
818:cubic meters
815:
778:
747:
728:
712:
702:
698:
695:Benito Viñes
687:
654:
650:
644:
638:
592:
583:
560:
535:cirrostratus
524:
497:
486:
451:
424:
407:
399:fall streaks
396:
355:
311:
298:
288:
187:
141:
129:cirrocumulus
125:cirrostratus
111:
84:
61:ice crystals
48:
40:
39:
29:
5416:Cloud types
5354:Virga (vir)
5344:Mamma (mam)
5334:Cavum (cav)
5293:Opacus (op)
5242:Velum (vel)
5215:Tuba ((tub)
4968:Wall cloud)
4957:Tail cloud)
4874:Multi-level
4614:Cirrus (Ci)
4497:Noctilucent
4479:Mesospheric
4366:(1): 4834.
4014:(8): 1671.
3881:11603/17229
3781:19 February
3750:24 February
3449:19 February
3330:: 475–479.
3161:Ahrens 2006
2949:Ahrens 2006
2865:12 February
2771:23 February
2513:, p. 1
2352:(1): 1824.
2232:Franks 2003
2222:, Section 3
2205:22 February
2182:Sheets 1990
2121:Battan 1974
2065:, p. 2
1976:18 February
1849:, p. 1
1591:Cloud Types
1511:23 February
1467:BBC Weather
1289:23 February
1252:23 February
1226:Funk, Ted.
1182:ultraviolet
1152:light years
1102:Martian sky
1022:. They are
1016:castellanus
948:altocumulus
944:altostratus
822:cubic yards
789:hygrometers
675:squall line
663:altostratus
659:altocumulus
653:variety or
570:anvil cloud
493:Jet streaks
460:, close to
362:vertebratus
314:castellanus
303:transparent
291:Luke Howard
194:Description
176:methane ice
133:supercooled
65:water vapor
5405:Categories
5267:Non-height
4604:High-level
4187:29 January
3840:29 January
3827:4645992610
3656:"Glossary"
3404:(9): 970.
2625:31 January
2595:30 January
2283:16 October
2033:30 January
1916:29 January
1601:29 January
1192:References
1148:micrometer
1098:time-lapse
1024:iridescent
1003:convective
917:See also:
907:aspherical
851:Antarctica
836:, and ice
671:cold front
621:See also:
606:ice nuclei
602:jet engine
504:nucleation
489:jet stream
466:45° N
454:65° N
441:. Because
439:warm front
435:tropopause
427:deposition
382:wind shear
370:duplicatus
115:, such as
68:deposition
5276:Varieties
5230:and other
5068:Horseshoe
4994:Hot tower
4905:Low-level
4881:Varieties
4346:206519222
4316:CiteSeerX
4166:264468338
4144:CiteSeerX
4043:CiteSeerX
3964:300400246
3898:125708865
3890:1558-8424
3699:489012016
3539:134648921
3385:527635272
3250:693475796
3178:Blue Book
3013:Space.com
2374:2041-1723
2256:Liou 1986
1735:USA Today
1307:(1865) .
1197:Footnotes
1083:Voyager 2
1055:nebulosus
693:, Father
594:Contrails
589:Contrails
527:eye walls
478:5° N
421:Formation
410:diurnally
326:spissatus
162:; and on
139:) water.
72:sea level
5269:specific
4543:15–30 km
4489:80–85 km
4398:33004794
4338:19574386
4290:41002851
4174:18268731
4112:90987092
3929:56559729
3831:Archived
3772:Archived
3741:Archived
3645:19 March
3639:Archived
3568:51160155
3496:25606767
3488:12662454
3440:Archived
3354:15 March
3348:Archived
3309:61240837
3260:(1974).
3146:16 April
3136:"Uranus"
3120:16 April
3114:Archived
3074:15 April
3068:Archived
3027:15 April
3017:NBC News
2992:15 April
2986:Archived
2922:Day 2005
2765:Archived
2728:14 March
2675:Archived
2655:15 March
2649:Archived
2489:18 March
2483:Archived
2459:18 March
2453:Archived
2392:29739923
2307:Archived
2277:Archived
2088:Archived
1970:Archived
1946:18 March
1940:Archived
1875:14 March
1869:Archived
1832:18 March
1826:Archived
1677:17 March
1671:Archived
1595:Archived
1571:17 March
1565:Archived
1541:17 March
1535:Archived
1505:Archived
1481:15 March
1475:Archived
1447:19 March
1441:Archived
1417:19 March
1411:Archived
1366:17 March
1360:Archived
1329:"Cirrus"
1283:Archived
1086:'s flyby
1051:fibratus
888:22° halo
884:46° halo
880:sun dogs
715:infrared
579:downwind
500:aerosols
431:latitude
366:radiatus
358:intortus
318:fibratus
270:'s tails
117:sun dogs
59:made of
55:of high
47:symbol:
5251:Other-
5154:Species
5096:Species
5027:Fractus
5019:Species
4926:Species
4806:Species
4741:Species
4695:Species
4623:Species
4606:3–18 km
4422:Weather
4389:7529764
4368:Bibcode
4308:Bibcode
4247:Bibcode
4212:Bibcode
4136:Bibcode
4092:Bibcode
4075:6656499
4016:Bibcode
3860:Bibcode
3807:Bibcode
3723:Bibcode
3613:Bibcode
3582:(eBook)
3517:Bibcode
3468:Bibcode
3406:Bibcode
3332:Bibcode
3264:Weather
2802:2 April
2681:27 June
2383:5940853
2354:Bibcode
2313:12 July
2094:24 June
1762:"Cavum"
1134:methane
1118:ammonia
1096:took a
1093:Phoenix
1020:floccus
968:cumulus
955:stratus
903:stratus
899:glories
596:are an
414:CALIPSO
330:uncinus
322:floccus
172:ammonia
160:Neptune
148:Jupiter
135:(below
76:tropics
51:) is a
5411:Cirrus
5211:Shelf)
4907:0–2 km
4789:2–8 km
4462:genera
4408:Portal
4396:
4386:
4344:
4336:
4318:
4288:
4278:
4172:
4164:
4146:
4110:
4073:
4063:
4045:
3984:
3962:
3952:
3927:
3917:
3896:
3888:
3825:
3697:
3687:
3666:
3588:
3566:
3556:
3537:
3494:
3486:
3383:
3373:
3307:
3297:
3276:
3248:
3238:
3197:8 July
2390:
2380:
2372:
1018:, and
974:, and
970:, and
957:, and
890:, and
886:, the
882:, the
847:Arctic
691:Havana
568:. The
368:, and
328:, and
299:cirrus
188:cirrus
158:, and
156:Uranus
152:Saturn
41:Cirrus
5061:Other
4499:(NLC)
4459:Cloud
4342:S2CID
4181:(PDF)
4124:(PDF)
4071:S2CID
3995:(PDF)
3978:(PDF)
3894:S2CID
3834:(PDF)
3795:(PDF)
3775:(PDF)
3764:(PDF)
3744:(PDF)
3711:(PDF)
3535:S2CID
3492:S2CID
3443:(PDF)
3432:(PDF)
3191:(PDF)
3184:(PDF)
2859:(PDF)
2852:(PDF)
2167:5 May
1910:(PDF)
1899:(PDF)
1246:(PDF)
1231:(PDF)
1159:Notes
1130:Titan
875:halos
785:radar
781:Lidar
403:virga
344:tufts
297:word
295:Latin
164:Titan
121:halos
57:cloud
53:genus
5051:ICAO
4394:PMID
4334:PMID
4286:OCLC
4276:ISBN
4189:2011
4170:PMID
4162:OCLC
4108:OCLC
4061:ISBN
3982:ISBN
3960:OCLC
3950:ISBN
3925:OCLC
3915:ISBN
3886:ISSN
3842:2011
3823:OCLC
3783:2022
3752:2022
3695:OCLC
3685:ISBN
3664:ISBN
3647:2022
3586:ISBN
3564:OCLC
3554:ISBN
3484:PMID
3451:2022
3381:OCLC
3371:ISBN
3356:2022
3305:OCLC
3295:ISBN
3274:ISBN
3246:OCLC
3236:ISBN
3199:2009
3148:2011
3122:2011
3076:2011
3029:2011
2994:2011
2867:2011
2804:2012
2773:2022
2730:2022
2683:2011
2657:2022
2627:2011
2597:2011
2491:2022
2461:2022
2388:PMID
2370:ISSN
2315:2011
2285:2012
2207:2011
2169:2008
2096:2011
2035:2011
1978:2011
1948:2022
1918:2011
1877:2022
1834:2022
1774:2022
1748:2008
1679:2022
1603:2011
1573:2022
1543:2022
1513:2022
1483:2022
1449:2022
1419:2022
1368:2022
1291:2022
1254:2022
1239:NOAA
1071:Mars
1053:and
946:and
802:NASA
661:and
625:and
533:and
487:The
307:dusk
268:mare
184:dust
144:Mars
127:and
119:and
95:rain
89:and
5130:Fog
4470:WMO
4384:PMC
4376:doi
4326:doi
4304:325
4255:doi
4220:doi
4154:doi
4100:doi
4053:doi
4024:doi
3946:122
3876:hdl
3868:doi
3815:doi
3803:114
3731:doi
3629:hdl
3621:doi
3525:doi
3476:doi
3464:361
3414:doi
3340:doi
3328:146
2378:PMC
2362:doi
804:'s
677:or
480:or
468:or
456:or
174:or
5407::
4468:-
4392:.
4382:.
4374:.
4364:11
4362:.
4358:.
4340:.
4332:.
4324:.
4314:.
4302:.
4284:.
4253:.
4243:47
4241:.
4237:.
4218:.
4206:.
4200:.
4168:.
4160:.
4152:.
4142:.
4132:37
4130:.
4126:.
4106:.
4098:.
4088:38
4086:.
4069:.
4059:.
4051:.
4022:.
4012:17
4010:.
4006:.
3958:.
3948:.
3923:.
3892:.
3884:.
3874:.
3866:.
3856:56
3854:.
3829:.
3821:.
3813:.
3801:.
3797:.
3770:.
3766:.
3739:.
3729:.
3717:.
3713:.
3693:.
3658:.
3637:.
3627:.
3619:.
3609:58
3607:.
3603:.
3562:.
3533:.
3523:.
3513:31
3511:.
3507:.
3490:.
3482:.
3474:.
3462:.
3434:.
3412:.
3402:29
3400:.
3396:.
3379:.
3346:.
3338:.
3326:.
3322:.
3303:.
3272:.
3270:74
3244:.
3108:.
3104:.
3066:.
3062:.
3058:.
3015:.
3011:.
2980:.
2976:.
2941:^
2902:^
2875:^
2836:^
2790:.
2738:^
2716:.
2703:^
2643:.
2613:.
2583:.
2559:^
2518:^
2499:^
2477:.
2447:.
2424:^
2386:.
2376:.
2368:.
2360:.
2348:.
2344:.
2301:.
2271:.
2155:.
2128:^
2086:.
2082:.
2070:^
2055:^
2021:.
1998:^
1968:.
1964:.
1934:.
1901:.
1885:^
1867:.
1863:.
1820:.
1809:^
1782:^
1764:.
1732:.
1702:^
1687:^
1665:.
1650:^
1611:^
1589:.
1559:.
1529:.
1503:.
1499:.
1469:.
1465:.
1435:.
1405:.
1376:^
1354:.
1343:^
1331:.
1262:^
1237:.
1233:.
1204:^
1014:,
1010:,
737:.
726:.
705:.
685:.
673:,
372::
364:,
360:,
332::
324:,
320:,
316:,
190:.
154:,
150:,
146:,
109:.
82:.
49:Ci
5049:(
5045:(
5041:(
4451:e
4444:t
4437:v
4410::
4400:.
4378::
4370::
4348:.
4328::
4310::
4292:.
4263:.
4257::
4249::
4228:.
4222::
4214::
4208:5
4191:.
4156::
4138::
4114:.
4102::
4094::
4077:.
4055::
4032:.
4026::
4018::
3966:.
3931:.
3900:.
3878::
3870::
3862::
3844:.
3817::
3809::
3785:.
3754:.
3733::
3725::
3719:9
3701:.
3672:.
3649:.
3631::
3623::
3615::
3594:.
3570:.
3541:.
3527::
3519::
3498:.
3478::
3470::
3453:.
3422:.
3416::
3408::
3387:.
3358:.
3342::
3334::
3311:.
3282:.
3252:.
3201:.
3180:)
3150:.
3124:.
3078:.
3031:.
2996:.
2869:.
2806:.
2775:.
2732:.
2685:.
2659:.
2629:.
2599:.
2493:.
2463:.
2394:.
2364::
2356::
2350:9
2317:.
2287:.
2209:.
2171:.
2098:.
2037:.
1980:.
1950:.
1920:.
1879:.
1836:.
1776:.
1750:.
1681:.
1605:.
1575:.
1545:.
1515:.
1485:.
1451:.
1421:.
1370:.
1293:.
1256:.
482:S
470:S
458:S
384:.
346:.
43:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
