39:. Given a reference of a legal decision, a citator allows the researcher to find newer documents which cite the original document and thus to reconstruct the judicial history of cases and statutes. A citator can also be used to determine whether a statute or regulation has been amended, repealed, superseded, or held unconstitutional. Using a citator in this way is
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Another important application is to determine whether the conclusions of one case have been followed, overturned, or modified in later cases, especially by higher courts. This is important for legal systems in which the binding authority of a case is contingent on
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Because cases cite related cases, citators can be used to find cases which are on topics related to a given topic. A common research strategy is to use "one good case" to find related cases.
174:(1783). Simon Greenleaf (1821) published an alphabetical list of cases with notes on later decisions affecting the precedential authority of the original decision.
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Frank
Shepard Company started publishing citators in New York City in 1873 and other companies provided similar services at around the same time,
223:"Mastering The Lawless Science Of Our Law: A Story Of Legal Citation Indexes." Patti Ogden, Law Library Journal Winter 1993 (85 Law Libr. J. 1)
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226:"Citators: Past, Present, and Future." Laura C. Dabney, Legal Reference Services Quarterly 27 (2-3), 2004 (27 L. Reference Servs. Q. 165)
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Citators often include annotations indicating the history and treatment of a case in citing opinions. Shepard's notes 'history' as
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Although originally distributed only as printed and bound volumes, citators are now typically on-line services such as
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Fred R. Shapiro, "Origins of
Bibliometrics, Citation Indexing, and Citation Analysis: The Neglected Legal Literature"
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In
English legal literature, volumes of judicial reports included lists of cases cited in that volume starting with
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Massachusetts citations: a table of cases, overruled, denied, doubted, criticised, approved, and cited by the
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The name 'citator' appears to have been coined by the
Citator Publishing Company (Detroit) in 1908 in
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185:. But the most important and best-known citation index came with the 1873 publication of
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The first true citation index dates to the 1860 publication of Labatt's
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The
Citator: an annotated compilation of citations of the
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of legal resources, one of the best-known of which in the
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Citation indexes to the Bible date to the 13th century.
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Journal of the
American Society of Information Science
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151:'s BCite, and the Oxford Law Citator of
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139:, Justis Publishing's provider-neutral
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14:
16:Citation index of legal resources
43:referred to as "Shepardizing".
179:Table of Cases...California...
1:
181:, followed in 1872 by Wait's
183:Table of Cases...New York...
96:acated; and 'treatment' as
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279:Using KeyCite on Westlaw
196:George Fred Williams's
170:(1743) and followed by
153:Oxford University Press
200:Supreme Judicial Court
60:Establishing authority
47:Use in legal research
210:Kansas Supreme Court
116:consenting opinion,
112:dissenting opinion,
187:Shepard's Citations
137:Shepard's Citations
37:Shepard's Citations
298:from Bloomberg Law
287:How to Shepardize
265::5:337-339 (1992)
172:Douglas's Reports
168:Raymond's Reports
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290:from LexisNexis.
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203:(Boston, 1878).
52:Topical research
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104:istinguished,
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41:colloquially
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295:Using BCite
128:uestioned.
100:riticised,
306:Categories
135:'s online
133:LexisNexis
108:xplained,
88:ame case,
84:eversed,
80:odified,
76:ffirmed,
67:precedent
246:article.
141:JustCite
120:imited,
159:History
145:Westlaw
25:citator
231:Notes
27:is a
242:see
194:e.g.
23:, a
212:...
35:is
19:In
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118:L
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110:j
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